--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120930/diff-20120712.html Sun Sep 30 16:18:38 2012 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,21002 @@
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+</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED" /><script>window["_GOOG_TRANS_EXT_VER"] = "1";</script>
+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='undefined://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+<style type='text/css'>
+.diff-old-a {
+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
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+.diff-new:before,
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+.diff-old:after
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+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body>
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<img width="72" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" />
+</a>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+API
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+An
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</h2>
+<h2 id="w3c-editor-s-draft-30-september-2012">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Working
+</del>
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Editor's
+</ins>
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">12
+July
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">30
+September
+</ins>
+2012
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+This
+version:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-json-ld-api-20120712/
+</del>
+<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Latest
+published
+version:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Latest
+editor's
+draft:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">
+http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<del class="diff-old">Dave
+Longley
+,
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a href="diff-20120712.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
+Copyright
+</a>
+©
+2010-2012
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<sup>
+®
+</sup>
+(
+<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/">
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">
+MIT
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.ercim.eu/">
+<abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">
+ERCIM
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">
+Keio
+</a>
+),
+All
+Rights
+Reserved.
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">
+liability
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">
+trademark
+</a>
+and
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">
+document
+use
+</a>
+rules
+apply.
+</p>
+<hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+JSON-LD
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+harmonizes
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON
+by
+outlining
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+This
+document
+outlines
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+programmatically
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+documents
+in
+order
+to
+make
+them
+easier
+to
+work
+with
+in
+programming
+environments
+like
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+and
+Ruby.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="sotd" class="introductory">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+describes
+the
+status
+of
+this
+document
+at
+the
+time
+of
+its
+publication.
+Other
+documents
+may
+supersede
+this
+document.
+A
+list
+of
+current
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+publications
+and
+the
+latest
+revision
+of
+this
+technical
+report
+can
+be
+found
+in
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+technical
+reports
+index
+</a>
+at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+has
+been
+under
+development
+for
+over
+18
+months
+in
+the
+JSON
+for
+Linking
+Data
+Community
+Group.
+The
+document
+has
+recently
+been
+transferred
+to
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+for
+review,
+improvement,
+and
+publication
+along
+the
+Recommendation
+track.
+<del class="diff-old">While
+this
+is
+a
+First
+Public
+Working
+Draft
+publication,
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins>
+specification
+has
+undergone
+significant
+development,
+review,
+and
+changes
+during
+the
+course
+of
+the
+last
+18
+<del class="diff-old">months
+and
+is
+more
+mature
+than
+the
+First
+Public
+Working
+Draft
+status
+implies.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">months.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+currently
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">
+five
+interoperable
+implementations
+</a>
+of
+this
+specification.
+There
+is
+a
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">
+fairly
+complete
+test
+suite
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">
+live
+JSON-LD
+editor
+</a>
+that
+is
+capable
+of
+demonstrating
+the
+features
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+While
+development
+on
+implementations,
+the
+test
+suite
+and
+the
+live
+editor
+will
+continue,
+they
+are
+believed
+to
+be
+mature
+enough
+to
+be
+integrated
+into
+a
+non-production
+system
+at
+this
+point
+in
+time
+with
+the
+expectation
+that
+they
+could
+be
+used
+in
+a
+production
+system
+within
+the
+next
+year.
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<span>
+Issue
+<del class="diff-old">1
+</del>
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+It
+is
+important
+for
+readers
+to
+understand
+that
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+document
+is
+currently
+under
+debate
+and
+new
+features
+may
+be
+added
+to
+the
+specification.
+Existing
+features
+may
+be
+modified
+heavily
+or
+removed
+entirely
+from
+the
+specification
+upon
+further
+review
+and
+feedback
+from
+the
+broader
+community.
+This
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress
+and
+publication
+as
+a
+<del class="diff-old">First
+Public
+</del>
+Working
+Draft
+does
+not
+require
+that
+all
+Working
+Group
+members
+agree
+on
+the
+content
+of
+the
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</ins></p><ul><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+you
+want
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+your
+feedback
+is
+formally
+addressed
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group,
+you
+should
+send
+it
+to
+public-rdf-comments:
+</ins><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/"><ins class="diff-new">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</ins></a></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Ad-hoc
+technical
+discussion
+primarily
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+community
+mailing
+list:
+</ins><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/"><ins class="diff-new">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</ins></a></li><li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Public
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+teleconferences
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+open
+to
+the
+public.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Wednesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+limited
+to
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+members.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues"><ins class="diff-new">
+issue
+tracker
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+you
+do
+not
+want
+to
+send
+an
+e-mail
+to
+the
+public-rdf-comments
+mailing
+list.
+</ins></li><li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec"><ins class="diff-new">
+Source
+code
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld"><ins class="diff-new">
+#json-ld
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</ins></li></ul><p>
+This
+document
+was
+published
+by
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+</a>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">a
+First
+Public
+Working
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+Editor's
+</ins>
+Draft.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+document
+is
+intended
+to
+become
+a
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</del>
+If
+you
+wish
+to
+make
+comments
+regarding
+this
+document,
+please
+send
+them
+to
+<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</a>
+(
+<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">
+subscribe
+</a>,
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
+archives
+</a>
+).
+All
+feedback
+is
+welcome.
+</p>
+<p>
+Publication
+as
+<del class="diff-old">a
+Working
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+Editor's
+</ins>
+Draft
+does
+not
+imply
+endorsement
+by
+the
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Membership.
+This
+is
+a
+draft
+document
+and
+may
+be
+updated,
+replaced
+or
+obsoleted
+by
+other
+documents
+at
+any
+time.
+It
+is
+inappropriate
+to
+cite
+this
+document
+as
+other
+than
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+was
+produced
+by
+a
+group
+operating
+under
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">
+5
+February
+2004
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Patent
+Policy
+</a>.
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+maintains
+a
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status" rel="disclosure">
+public
+list
+of
+any
+patent
+disclosures
+</a>
+made
+in
+connection
+with
+the
+deliverables
+of
+the
+group;
+that
+page
+also
+includes
+instructions
+for
+disclosing
+a
+patent.
+An
+individual
+who
+has
+actual
+knowledge
+of
+a
+patent
+which
+the
+individual
+believes
+contains
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">
+Essential
+Claim(s)
+</a>
+must
+disclose
+the
+information
+in
+accordance
+with
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">
+section
+6
+of
+the
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Patent
+Policy
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="toc">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Preface
+1.1
+Contributing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Introduction
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#features" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Introduction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Features
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Conversion
+to
+and
+from
+</del>
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">2.4
+Framing
+and
+Normalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Conversion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Callbacks
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldprocessingerror" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.3.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Methods
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdCallback
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.3.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+QuadCallback
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#conformancecallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.2.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.3.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Methods
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ConformanceCallback
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Data
+Structures
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.2
+</span>
+JsonLdOptions
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#quad" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.3
+</span>
+Quad
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.3.1
+Attributes
+</del>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#node" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.4
+</span>
+Node
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.5.1
+Attributes
+</del>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.6
+</span>
+Blank
+Node
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.6.1
+Attributes
+</del>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#literal" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.7
+</span>
+Literal
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.7.1
+Attributes
+</del>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.2
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.4.1
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.4.2
+</span>
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.5
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.6
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.7
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.7.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.8
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.8.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.9
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Flattening
+</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+4.9.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+4.9.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+4.9.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</ins></a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+4.10
+</ins></span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#parsing-examples" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Parsing
+Examples
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+List
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+Initial
+Context
+</del>
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="introduction">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Preface
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Introduction
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Web
+authors
+and
+developers
+that
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+and
+the
+API
+operates.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">1.1
+Contributing
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+If
+you
+want
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+your
+feedback
+is
+formally
+addressed
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group,
+you
+should
+send
+it
+to
+public-rdf-comments:
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+Ad-hoc
+technical
+discussion
+primarily
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+community
+mailing
+list:
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+Public
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Wednesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+limited
+to
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+members.
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+issue
+tracker
+if
+you
+do
+not
+want
+to
+send
+an
+e-mail
+to
+the
+public-rdf-comments
+mailing
+list.
+Source
+code
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+The
+#json-ld
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</del>
+</section>
+<section id="features">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Introduction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Features
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+outlines
+a
+language
+that
+may
+be
+used
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+Often,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+be
+able
+to
+transform
+JSON-LD
+documents
+so
+that
+they
+may
+be
+easily
+processed
+in
+a
+programming
+environment
+like
+JavaScript,
+Python
+or
+Ruby.
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+<del class="diff-old">three
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">four
+</ins>
+major
+types
+of
+transformation
+that
+are
+discussed
+in
+this
+document;
+compaction,
+expansion,
+and
+RDF
+conversion.
+</p>
+<section id="expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Software
+algorithms
+are
+easiest
+to
+write
+when
+the
+data
+that
+they
+are
+processing
+have
+a
+regular
+form.
+Since
+information
+can
+be
+represented
+by
+JSON-LD
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+different
+ways,
+transforming
+all
+of
+these
+methods
+into
+a
+uniform
+structure
+allows
+the
+developer
+to
+simplify
+their
+processing
+code.
+For
+example,
+note
+that
+the
+following
+input
+uses
+only
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+and
+is
+fairly
+compact:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span></div><pre class="example">var input1 = {
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+next
+input
+example
+uses
+one
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+express
+a
+property,
+but
+leaves
+the
+rest
+of
+the
+information
+untouched.
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span></div><pre class="example">var input2 = {
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+While
+both
+inputs
+are
+valid
+JSON-LD,
+writing
+a
+program
+to
+handle
+every
+permutation
+of
+possible
+inputs
+can
+be
+difficult,
+especially
+when
+the
+incoming
+context
+could
+change
+as
+well.
+To
+ensure
+that
+the
+data
+can
+be
+given
+a
+more
+uniform
+structure,
+JSON-LD
+introduces
+the
+notion
+of
+expansion.
+<dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">
+Expansion
+</dfn>
+performs
+two
+important
+operations.
+The
+first
+is
+to
+expand
+all
+values
+that
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s
+to
+their
+fully
+expanded
+form.
+The
+second
+is
+to
+express
+all
+values
+in
+<dfn title="expanded_form" id="dfn-expanded_form">
+expanded
+form
+</dfn>.
+To
+transform
+both
+inputs
+above
+to
+the
+same
+representation,
+the
+developer
+could
+do
+the
+following:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span></div><pre class="example">function expansionCallback(output) {
+ console.log(output);
+}
+// the second parameter is 'null' because the developer does not wish to
+// inject another context value
+jsonld.expand(input1, null, expansionCallback);
+jsonld.expand(input2,
+null,
+expansionCallback);
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+output
+for
+both
+calls
+above
+will
+be:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+in
+the
+example
+above;
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+definitions
+have
+been
+removed,
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+and
+prefixes
+have
+been
+expanded
+to
+full
+IRIs,
+and
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+s
+are
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+While
+the
+output
+is
+more
+difficult
+for
+a
+human
+to
+read,
+it
+is
+easier
+for
+a
+software
+program
+to
+process
+because
+of
+its
+very
+regular
+structure.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+While
+expansion
+expands
+a
+given
+input
+as
+much
+as
+possible,
+compaction
+performs
+the
+opposite
+operation
+-
+expressing
+a
+given
+input
+as
+succinctly
+as
+possible.
+While
+expansion
+is
+meant
+to
+produce
+something
+that
+is
+easy
+to
+process
+by
+software
+programs,
+compaction
+is
+meant
+to
+produce
+something
+that
+is
+easy
+to
+<del class="diff-old">ready
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">read
+</ins>
+by
+software
+developers.
+Compaction
+uses
+a
+developer-supplied
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+to
+compresses
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es,
+and
+compacts
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+s
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+as
+much
+as
+possible.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+expresses
+input
+that
+has
+already
+been
+fully
+expanded:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span></div><pre class="example">var expandedInput = [{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+A
+developer
+that
+wants
+to
+transform
+the
+data
+above
+into
+a
+more
+human-readable
+form,
+could
+do
+the
+following
+using
+the
+JSON-LD
+API:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span></div><pre class="example">function compactionCallback(output) {
+ console.log(output);
+}
+jsonld.compact(expandedInput,
+"http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+compactionCallback);
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+following
+would
+be
+the
+result
+of
+the
+call
+above:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+all
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+have
+been
+compressed
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+has
+been
+injected
+into
+the
+output.
+While
+compacted
+output
+is
+most
+useful
+to
+humans,
+it
+can
+also
+be
+carefully
+used
+to
+generate
+structures
+that
+are
+easy
+to
+use
+for
+developers
+to
+program
+against
+as
+well.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Conversion
+to
+and
+from
+</del>
+RDF
+<ins class="diff-new">Conversion
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+losslessly
+express
+the
+RDF
+data
+model
+as
+described
+in
+the
+RDF
+Concepts
+document
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+This
+ensures
+that
+data
+can
+be
+round-tripped
+from
+any
+RDF
+syntax,
+like
+N-Triples
+or
+TURTLE,
+without
+any
+loss
+in
+the
+fidelity
+of
+the
+data.
+Assume
+the
+following
+RDF
+input
+in
+N-Triples
+format:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span></div><pre class="example">var data = "
+<http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> \"Manu Sporny\" .\n
+<http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+<http://manu.sporny.org/>
+.";
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+A
+developer
+can
+use
+the
+JSON-LD
+API
+to
+transform
+the
+markup
+above
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span></div><pre class="example">function conversionCallback(result)
+{
+ console.log("JSON-LD Document: ", result);
+};
+jsonld.fromRDF(data,
+conversionCallback,
+{"format":
+"ntriples"});
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+following
+expanded
+output
+would
+be
+the
+result
+of
+the
+call
+above:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+output
+above,
+could
+easily
+be
+compacted
+to
+produce
+the
+following
+using
+the
+technique
+outlined
+in
+the
+previous
+section:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Transforming
+the
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+above
+back
+to
+RDF
+is
+as
+simple
+as
+calling
+the
+<code>
+toRDF()
+</code>
+method:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span></div><pre class="example">var jsonldDocument = ...; // assign the JSON-LD document here
+function rdfCallback(quads)
+{
+ console.log("RDF Data: ", quads);
+};
+jsonld.toRDF(jsonldDocument,
+rdfCallback);
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">2.4
+Framing
+and
+Normalization
+Issue
+2
+There
+are
+currently
+two
+other
+API
+methods
+that
+are
+in
+active
+development
+and
+were
+not
+ready
+for
+publication
+at
+the
+time
+this
+document
+was
+published.
+Framing
+allows
+a
+developer
+to
+force
+a
+different
+layout
+for
+the
+data
+and
+effectively
+perform
+query-by-example
+on
+JSON-LD
+documents
+-
+this
+is
+most
+useful
+when
+a
+JSON-LD-based
+REST
+API
+does
+not
+know
+the
+exact
+form
+of
+the
+data
+it
+is
+getting
+in,
+but
+still
+wants
+to
+operate
+upon
+it
+if
+some
+bare
+essentials
+are
+found
+in
+the
+data.
+JSON-LD
+normalization
+allows
+JSON-LD
+documents
+to
+be
+deterministically
+serialized
+such
+that
+they
+can
+be
+digitally
+signed
+or
+be
+used
+to
+find
+the
+differences
+between
+two
+linked
+data
+graph
+s.
+It
+is
+expected
+that
+framing
+will
+be
+a
+part
+of
+the
+final
+API.
+It
+is
+expected
+that
+normalization
+will
+be
+an
+optional
+feature
+that
+JSON-LD
+processors
+may
+implement.
+</del>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+easier
+to
+work
+with
+in
+various
+programming
+languages.
+If
+a
+JSON-LD
+API
+is
+provided
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+API
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+implemented.
+</p>
+<section id="general-terminology">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</h3>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<span>
+Issue
+<del class="diff-old">3
+</del>
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+The
+intent
+of
+the
+Working
+Group
+and
+the
+Editors
+of
+this
+specification
+is
+to
+eventually
+align
+terminology
+used
+in
+this
+document
+with
+the
+terminology
+used
+in
+the
+RDF
+Concepts
+document
+to
+the
+extent
+to
+which
+it
+makes
+sense
+to
+do
+so.
+In
+general,
+if
+there
+is
+an
+analogue
+to
+terminology
+used
+in
+this
+document
+in
+the
+RDF
+Concepts
+document,
+the
+preference
+is
+to
+use
+the
+terminology
+in
+the
+RDF
+Concepts
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+following
+is
+an
+explanation
+of
+the
+general
+terminology
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name-value
+pairs.
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+that
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+(UTF-8)
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes
+(if
+necessary).
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Values
+that
+are
+used
+to
+express
+one
+of
+two
+possible
+boolean
+states.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">Unless
+otherwise
+specified,
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+must
+act
+as
+if
+a
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+body
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+use
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON-LD
+document
+was
+never
+declared
+when
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+equals
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">.
+If
+@value
+,
+@list
+,
+or
+@set
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+within
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">used
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+in
+expanded
+form,
+then
+the
+entire
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ignore
+or
+reset
+values.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins>
+JSON
+<del class="diff-old">object
+is
+ignored.
+If
+@context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+that
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specific
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD,
+specified
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+reset
+and
+when
+used
+within
+a
+context
+,
+it
+removes
+any
+definition
+associated
+with
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key,
+unless
+otherwise
+specified.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+titled
+</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</ins></a></cite>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+definition
+</del>
+<dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+used
+to
+represent
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+of
+rules
+for
+interpreting
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+specified
+in
+</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#the-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+Context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+one
+or
+more
+properties
+</del>
+</cite>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">that
+subject.
+A
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+a
+subject
+definition
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+they
+keys
+@value
+,
+@list
+or
+@set
+and
+it
+has
+one
+or
+more
+keys
+other
+than
+@id
+.
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+specification.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+reference
+</del>
+<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3987
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">used
+to
+reference
+a
+subject
+having
+only
+the
+@id
+key.
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</dfn>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+dataset
+</del>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+<del class="diff-old">node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+are
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">object
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+node
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Blank
+Nodes
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+other
+values.
+</ins>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">piece
+of
+information
+that
+is
+represented
+in
+a
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+generalized
+representation
+of
+a
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+graph
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="named_graph" id="dfn-named_graph">
+named
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">has
+one
+or
+more
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+identified
+by
+an
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+are
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+it.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+is
+a
+reference
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifying
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
+named
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+When
+executing
+an
+algorithm,
+the
+graph
+where
+data
+should
+be
+placed
+if
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
+named
+graph
+</a>
+is
+not
+specified.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">Any
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+piece
+of
+information
+that
+is
+represented
+</ins>
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node_definition" id="dfn-node_definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+definition
+</ins></dfn>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+used
+to
+represent
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+one
+or
+more
+properties
+of
+that
+node.
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+node
+definition
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+keys
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+it
+has
+one
+or
+more
+keys
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>.</dd><dt>
+<dfn title="node_reference" id="dfn-node_reference">
+<ins class="diff-new">node
+reference
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+RFC3987
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">]).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">used
+to
+reference
+a
+node
+having
+only
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">
+<ins class="diff-chg">blank
+node
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+de-referenceable
+identifier
+because
+it
+is
+either
+ephemeral
+in
+nature
+or
+does
+not
+contain
+information
+that
+needs
+to
+be
+linked
+to
+from
+outside
+of
+the
+linked
+data
+graph.
+A
+blank
+node
+is
+assigned
+an
+identifier
+starting
+</ins>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+prefix
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_:
+</ins></code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+edge
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+label
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+edge
+in
+a
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge,
+related
+to
+an
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+through
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></dfn>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="quad" id="dfn-quad">
+quad
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+piece
+of
+information
+that
+contains
+four
+items;
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+contains
+rules
+for
+interpreting
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expressed
+as
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+document.
+keyword
+A
+JSON
+key
+that
+is
+specific
+to
+JSON-LD,
+specified
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+JSON-LD
+]
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+such
+as
+a
+string,
+number
+or
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+section
+titled
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+form.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="jsonldprocessor">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">Processor
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processor
+</ins>
+interface
+is
+the
+high-level
+programming
+structure
+that
+developers
+use
+to
+access
+the
+JSON-LD
+transformation
+methods.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Note
+</ins></span></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+API
+signatures
+are
+the
+same
+across
+all
+programming
+languages.
+Due
+to
+the
+fact
+that
+asynchronous
+programming
+is
+uncommon
+in
+certain
+languages,
+developers
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+implement
+a
+processor
+with
+a
+synchronous
+interface
+instead.
+In
+that
+case,
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+parameter
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must not"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+not
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+included
+and
+the
+result
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+returned
+as
+a
+return
+value
+instead.
+</ins></p></div>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section id="methods">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+context
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+compacted
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+<del class="diff-old">exception
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">thrown.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">returned
+via
+the
+callback.
+</ins><dl title="InvalidContext"><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+this
+error
+would
+be
+returned
+via
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+callback
+</ins></code>.</dd><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+LOAD_ERROR
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+There
+was
+a
+problem
+encountered
+loading
+a
+remote
+context.
+</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError"><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+LOSSY_COMPACTION
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+compaction
+would
+lead
+to
+a
+loss
+of
+information,
+such
+as
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+value.
+</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+CONFLICTING_DATATYPES
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+target
+datatype
+specified
+in
+the
+coercion
+rule
+and
+the
+datatype
+for
+the
+typed
+literal
+do
+not
+match.
+</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+list
+of
+lists
+was
+detected.
+The
+list
+of
+lists
+feature
+is
+not
+supported
+in
+this
+version
+of
+JSON-LD
+due
+to
+the
+algorithmic
+complexity
+associated
+with
+conversion
+to
+RDF.
+</ins></dd></dl>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+compaction
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+compact.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+expansion
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+also
+includes
+<code>
+optimize
+</code>,
+which
+if
+set
+will
+cause
+processor-specific
+optimization.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+expanded
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+expansion
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+<del class="diff-old">exception
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">thrown.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">returned
+via
+the
+callback.
+</ins><dl title="InvalidContext"><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+this
+error
+type
+will
+be
+set
+in
+the
+error
+sent
+to
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+callback
+</ins></code>.</dd><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+LOAD_ERROR
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+There
+was
+a
+problem
+encountered
+loading
+a
+remote
+context.
+</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError"><dt><ins class="diff-chg">
+LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+list
+of
+lists
+was
+detected.
+The
+list
+of
+lists
+feature
+is
+not
+supported
+in
+this
+version
+of
+JSON-LD
+due
+to
+the
+algorithmic
+complexity
+associated
+with
+conversion
+to
+RDF.
+</ins></dd></dl>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+expand.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+optional
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+expansion
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+fromRDF
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Creates
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+given
+an
+set
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
+<code>
+Quads
+</code>
+</a>.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+[]
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+<del class="diff-old">dataset
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">s
+</ins>
+represented
+as
+an
+array
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
+<code>
+Quads
+</code>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+will
+affect
+the
+algorithm.
+This
+includes
+<code>
+notType
+</code>,
+which
+if
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+causes
+the
+resulting
+document
+to
+use
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+as
+a
+property,
+instead
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+toRDF
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Processes
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>,
+calling
+the
+provided
+<code>
+callback
+</code>
+for
+each
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+generated.
+<dl title="InvalidContext">
+<dt>
+<ins class="diff-new">INVALID_SYNTAX
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+this
+error
+will
+be
+returned.
+</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
+LOAD_ERROR
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+There
+was
+a
+problem
+encountered
+loading
+a
+remote
+context.
+</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError"><dt><ins class="diff-new">
+LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+list
+of
+lists
+was
+detected.
+This
+is
+not
+supported
+in
+this
+version
+of
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></dd></dl>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+convert
+to
+RDF
+or
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+convert
+to
+RDF.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+QuadCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+a
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+created
+from
+processing
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+conversion
+to
+RDF
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="callbacks">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Callbacks
+</h3>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/153">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Issue
+153
+</ins></span></a></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-chg">
+Developers
+should
+note
+that
+the
+details
+of
+error
+handling
+and
+conformance
+handling
+are
+being
+actively
+debated.
+</ins></p></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+processors
+utilize
+a
+variety
+of
+callbacks
+in
+order
+to
+return
+information
+in
+an
+asynchronous
+manner
+to
+calling
+applications.
+This
+section
+details
+the
+parameters
+sent
+to
+those
+callbacks
+as
+well
+as
+the
+desired
+operation
+of
+the
+callbacks.
+</ins></p><section id="jsonldprocessingerror">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.3.1
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+is
+used
+to
+encapsulate
+a
+variety
+of
+parameters
+that
+outline
+the
+cause
+of
+a
+particular
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdProcessor
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+error.
+</ins></p> <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdProcessingError</span> {<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-type">type</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-operation">operation</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-source">source</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceKey">sourceKey</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object[] or string or number</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceValue">sourceValue</a></span>;</span><ins class="diff-new">
+};
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonldprocessingerror-members"><ins class="diff-new">
+Dictionary
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+Members
+</ins></h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-operation"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+operation
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+string
+representing
+the
+operation
+that
+was
+being
+performed
+when
+the
+conformance
+issue
+was
+raised.
+Valid
+values
+for
+the
+string
+include
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+expand
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+toRDF
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+fromRDF
+</ins></code>.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-source"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+source
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+array
+of
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+or
+object
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+object
+reference
+to
+the
+original
+JSON-LD
+document
+being
+processed.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceKey"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+sourceKey
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+key
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+value
+that
+triggered
+the
+conformance
+issue.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceValue"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+sourceValue
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+string
+or
+number
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+value
+that
+triggered
+the
+conformance
+issue.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-type"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+string
+representing
+the
+particular
+error
+type,
+such
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+as
+described
+in
+the
+various
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+</ins></dd></dl></section></section><section id="jsonldcallback"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+3.3.2
+</ins></span>
+JsonLdCallback
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+used
+to
+return
+a
+processed
+JSON-LD
+representation
+as
+the
+result
+of
+processing
+an
+API
+method.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-processingComplete-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-object-or-objectArray-document">processingComplete</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">document</span></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="methods-1">
+Methods
+</h5>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-processingComplete-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-object-or-objectArray-document">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">jsonLd
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processingComplete
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+when
+processing
+is
+complete.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+<del class="diff-old">jsonld
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+no
+error
+occurred.
+If
+the
+value
+is
+non-
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+processing
+error
+occurred
+and
+the
+details
+will
+be
+contained
+within
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+object.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object
+</a>
+[]
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+processed
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="quadcallback">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.3.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+QuadCallback
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+QuadCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+called
+whenever
+the
+processor
+generates
+a
+quad
+during
+<del class="diff-old">the
+quad()
+call.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-QuadCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.2.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="methods-2">
+Methods
+</h5>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-Quad-quad">
+<code>
+quad
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+whenever
+a
+quad
+is
+generated
+by
+the
+processor.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+no
+error
+occurred.
+If
+the
+value
+is
+non-
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+processing
+error
+occurred
+and
+the
+details
+will
+be
+contained
+within
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+object.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">
+quad
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+<del class="diff-old">The
+quad.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+there
+is
+no
+error,
+the
+quad
+that
+was
+generated.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="conformancecallback">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">3.3.4
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+ConformanceCallback
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-ConformanceCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ConformanceCallback
+</ins></code></a><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+specified
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdOptions
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+via
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+conformanceCallback
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+parameter.
+If
+specified,
+the
+callback
+is
+called
+whenever
+a
+recoverable
+conformance
+issue
+is
+detected.
+The
+developer
+may
+then
+determine
+whether
+or
+not
+processing
+should
+continue
+based
+on
+the
+type
+of
+conformance
+issue.
+</ins></p> <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-ConformanceCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]<ins class="diff-new">
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">ConformanceCallback</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-ConformanceCallback-issue-void-JsonLdProcessingError-issue-function-callback">issue</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">issue</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>function</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>);</span><ins class="diff-new">
+};
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="methods-3"><ins class="diff-new">
+Methods
+</ins></h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-ConformanceCallback-issue-void-JsonLdProcessingError-issue-function-callback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+issue
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+when
+a
+conformance
+issue
+is
+detected
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor.
+</ins><table class="parameters"><tr><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Parameter
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Type
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Nullable
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Optional
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Description
+</ins></th></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+issue
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdProcessingError
+</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+Details
+about
+the
+conformance
+issue.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+function
+</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+function
+that
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+called
+when
+the
+program
+has
+determined
+how
+to
+respond
+to
+the
+conformance
+issue.
+A
+single
+parameter
+must
+be
+passed
+to
+the
+callback.
+The
+value
+of
+the
+parameter
+should
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+processing
+should
+continue
+by
+acting
+as
+if
+the
+key-value
+that
+triggered
+the
+issue
+never
+existed.
+The
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+issue
+</ins></code><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+passed
+to
+the
+callback
+without
+modification
+if
+processing
+should
+stop.
+</ins></td></tr></table><div><em><ins class="diff-new">
+Return
+type:
+</ins></em><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+void
+</ins></a></code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-structures">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Data
+Structures
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+section
+describes
+datatype
+definitions
+used
+within
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+</p>
+<section id="iri">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+datatype
+is
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<pre class="idl">
+<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-IRI">
+typedef
+<span class="idlTypedefType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>
+<span class="idlTypedefID">
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</span>
+;
+</span>
+</pre>
+<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+This
+datatype
+indicates
+that
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></em>
+is
+interpreted
+as
+<del class="diff-old">a
+Universal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+Internationalized
+</ins>
+Resource
+<del class="diff-old">Locator
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Identifier
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+</ins>
+identifying
+a
+document,
+which
+when
+parsed
+as
+JSON
+yields
+either
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="jsonldoptions">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.2
+</span>
+JsonLdOptions
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+type
+is
+used
+to
+<del class="diff-old">convert
+a
+set
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">pass
+various
+</ins>
+options
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+interface
+method.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType">
+<del class="diff-old">typedef
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdProcessor
+</ins></code>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdOptions
+;
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">methods.
+</ins></p> <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-flatten">flatten</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize">optimize</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">useRdfType</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">useNativeTypes</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>function</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-conformanceCallback">conformanceCallback</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span><ins class="diff-chg">
+};
+</ins>
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h5 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Dictionary
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdOptions
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">Members
+</ins></h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base"><code>
+base
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></code></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+nullable
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+Base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+use
+when
+expanding
+the
+document.
+This
+overrides
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+if
+it
+is
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">URL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+not
+specified
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></code></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+defaults
+to
+the
+current
+document
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+in
+a
+browser
+context,
+</ins>
+or
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+empty
+string
+if
+there
+is
+no
+document
+context.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+boolean
+</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+replaces
+arrays
+with
+just
+one
+element
+with
+that
+element
+during
+compaction.
+If
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+all
+arrays
+will
+remain
+arrays
+even
+</ins>
+if
+<ins class="diff-new">they
+have
+just
+one
+element.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-conformanceCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+conformanceCallback
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+function
+</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+purpose
+of
+this
+option
+is
+to
+instruct
+the
+processor
+about
+whether
+or
+not
+</ins>
+it
+<ins class="diff-new">should
+continue
+processing.
+If
+the
+value
+</ins>
+is
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">null
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+processor
+should
+ignore
+any
+key-value
+pair
+associated
+with
+any
+recoverable
+conformance
+issue
+and
+continue
+processing.
+More
+details
+about
+this
+feature
+can
+be
+found
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-ConformanceCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ConformanceCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+section.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-flatten"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+flatten
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+boolean
+</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+that
+is
+not
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+must
+modify
+the
+output
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#compaction-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+coalescing
+all
+properties
+associated
+with
+each
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+via
+the
+</ins><a href="#flattening-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+flatten
+</ins>
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+<ins class="diff-new">must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+either
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+representing
+the
+name
+of
+the
+graph
+to
+flatten,
+</ins>
+or
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">object[]
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins>
+</code>.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+the
+first
+graph
+encountered
+in
+the
+input
+document
+is
+selected
+and
+flattened.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">boolean
+</del>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize">
+<code>
+optimize
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+boolean
+</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+is
+allowed
+to
+optimize
+the
+output
+of
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+produce
+even
+compacter
+representations.
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compaction
+optimization
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification
+and
+thus
+not
+defined.
+Consequently,
+different
+implementations
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+implement
+different
+optimization
+algorithms.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">useNativeTypes
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a>
+boolean
+<del class="diff-old">noType
+</del>
+</a>
+</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+will
+<del class="diff-old">not
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">try
+to
+convert
+datatyped
+literals
+to
+JSON
+native
+types
+instead
+of
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">expanded
+object
+form
+when
+</ins><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+converting
+from
+RDF
+</ins></a>.
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:boolean
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a>.<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">property
+when
+generating
+the
+output,
+</del>
+and
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">xsd:double
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+numbers
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+useRdfType
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+boolean
+</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
+defaulting
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+</ins>
+will
+use
+the
+expanded
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+as
+the
+property
+instead
+of
+<code>
+@type
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">when
+</ins><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+converting
+from
+RDF
+</ins></a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<p>
+The
+following
+data
+structures
+are
+used
+for
+representing
+data
+about
+RDF
+quads.
+They
+are
+used
+for
+normalization,
+<del class="diff-old">fromRDF
+,
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">from
+toRDF
+interfaces.
+</del>
+<a href="#rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+conversion
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<section id="quad">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.3
+</span>
+Quad
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+interface
+represents
+an
+RDF
+Quad.
+See
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+definition
+for
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</a>
+</cite>,
+which
+most
+closely
+aligns
+to
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Quad">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span>
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-graph">graph</a></span>;</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.3.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="attributes">
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-Quad-graph">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">graphName
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins>
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+present,
+the
+name
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+identifying
+it
+as
+a
+member
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
+named
+graph
+</a>.
+If
+it
+is
+missing,
+the
+quad
+is
+a
+member
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>.
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/125">
+<span>
+Issue
+<del class="diff-old">4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">125
+</ins>
+</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+<div class="">
+This
+element
+is
+at
+risk,
+and
+may
+be
+removed.
+</div>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-object">
+<code>
+object
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-property">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">predicate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins>
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">predicate
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins></a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+an
+<dfn title="rdf_predicate" id="dfn-rdf_predicate">
+RDF
+predicate
+</dfn>
+is
+refered
+to
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-subject">
+<code>
+subject
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="node">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.4
+</span>
+Node
+</h4>
+<p>
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Node" href="#idl-def-Node">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+the
+base
+class
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>,
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
+<code>
+Literal
+</code>
+</a>.
+It
+is
+the
+IDL
+representation
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>.
+</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Node">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-1">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</h4>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+that
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-IRI-1">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-value">value</a></span>;</span>
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.5.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="attributes-1">
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-IRI-value">
+<code>
+value
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+identifier
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+as
+a
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">
+UNICODE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+string.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="blank-node">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.6
+</span>
+Blank
+Node
+</h4>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+that
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+de-reference-able
+identifier
+because
+it
+is
+either
+ephemeral
+in
+nature
+or
+does
+not
+contain
+information
+that
+needs
+to
+be
+linked
+to
+from
+outside
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+A
+blank
+node
+is
+assigned
+an
+identifier
+starting
+with
+the
+prefix
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+and
+an
+implementation
+dependent,
+auto-generated
+suffix
+that
+is
+unique
+to
+all
+information
+associated
+with
+the
+particular
+blank
+node.
+</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-BlankNode">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-identifier">identifier</a></span>;</span>
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.6.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="attributes-2">
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-BlankNode-identifier">
+<code>
+identifier
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+temporary
+identifier
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+identifier
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+relied
+upon
+in
+any
+way
+between
+two
+separate
+processing
+runs
+of
+the
+same
+document
+or
+with
+a
+different
+document.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Developers
+and
+authors
+must
+not
+assume
+that
+the
+value
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+will
+remain
+the
+same
+between
+two
+processing
+runs.
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+values
+are
+only
+valid
+for
+the
+most
+recent
+processing
+run
+on
+the
+document.
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+values
+will
+often
+be
+generated
+differently
+by
+different
+processors.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Implementers
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+values
+are
+unique
+within
+the
+current
+environment,
+two
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
+<code>
+BlankNodes
+</code>
+</a>
+are
+considered
+equal
+if,
+and
+only
+if,
+their
+values
+are
+strictly
+equal.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="literal">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4.7
+</span>
+Literal
+</h4>
+<p>
+Literals
+represent
+values
+such
+as
+numbers,
+dates
+and
+strings
+in
+RDF
+data.
+A
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
+<code>
+Literal
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+comprised
+of
+three
+attributes:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+a
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+<code>
+value
+</code>
+</li>
+<li>
+an
+optional
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+tag
+</li>
+<li>
+a
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+specified
+by
+an
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Literals
+representing
+plain
+text
+in
+a
+natural
+language
+may
+have
+a
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+tag
+specified
+by
+a
+string
+token,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+normalized
+to
+lowercase
+(e.g.,
+<code>
+'en'
+</code>,
+<code>
+'fr'
+</code>,
+<code>
+'en-gb'
+</code>
+).
+They
+also
+have
+a
+datatype
+attribute
+such
+as
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>.
+If
+unspecified,
+the
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+defaults
+to
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Literals
+representing
+values
+with
+a
+specific
+datatype,
+such
+as
+the
+integer
+72,
+may
+have
+a
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+attribute
+specified
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+IRI
+</code>
+</a>
+(e.g.,
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+).
+</p>
+<p>
+See[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+definition
+for
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+</cite>.
+</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Literal">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-value">value</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
+<del class="diff-old">};
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">};
+</ins></span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4.7.1
+</del>
+<h5 id="attributes-3">
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-Literal-datatype">
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+IRI
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+optional
+datatype
+identified
+by
+a
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Literal-language">
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+optional
+language
+tag
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+normalized
+to
+lowercase.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Literal-value">
+<code>
+value
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+Literal's
+value.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+intended
+to
+operate
+on
+language-native
+data
+structures.
+That
+is,
+the
+serialization
+to
+a
+text-based
+JSON
+document
+isn't
+required
+as
+input
+or
+output
+to
+any
+of
+these
+algorithms
+and
+language-native
+data
+structures
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+applicable.
+</p>
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h3>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">initial
+context
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+to
+the
+algorithm
+before
+processing
+begins.
+The
+contents
+of
+the
+initial
+context
+is
+defined
+in
+Appendix
+A
+.
+</del>
+<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+property
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+The
+active
+property
+is
+represented
+in
+the
+original
+lexical
+form,
+which
+is
+used
+for
+finding
+coercion
+mappings
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+object
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+the
+context
+contained
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+and
+is
+used
+as
+a
+way
+of
+expressing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+without
+needing
+to
+define
+separate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+definitions
+for
+each
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+contained
+within
+a
+common
+vocabulary
+identified
+by
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>,
+which
+includes
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+is
+managed
+as
+a
+stack
+with
+elements
+from
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copied
+into
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+when
+entering
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+produced
+as
+output
+by
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+term
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+in
+a
+context
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+vocabulary
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+It
+is
+typically
+used
+along
+with
+a
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+to
+form
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+create
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+within
+a
+vocabulary.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="language-tagged_string" id="dfn-language-tagged_string">
+language-tagged
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
+language-tagged
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+without
+a
+datatype,
+including
+a
+language.
+See
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">
+<ins class="diff-chg">languaged-tagged
+string
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+with
+an
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+See
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">language-tagged
+string
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="context-processing">
+<h3 id="context">
+<span class="secno">
+4.2
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+</h3>
+<p>
+Processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+is
+managed
+recursively.
+During
+processing,
+each
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Processing
+begins
+by
+pushing
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">stack
+and
+initializing
+the
+active
+context
+with
+the
+initial
+context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">stack.
+</ins>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+encountered,
+information
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+used
+for
+expanding
+properties
+and
+values
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+(or
+elements
+of
+an
+array)
+using
+a
+<dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</dfn>.
+It
+is
+also
+used
+to
+maintain
+<dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">
+coercion
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+from
+terms
+to
+datatypes,
+<dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+from
+terms
+to
+language
+codes,
+and
+<dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">
+list
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+and
+<dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">
+set
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+for
+terms.
+Processors
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+use
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+property
+when
+creating
+a
+mapping,
+as
+lookup
+is
+performed
+on
+lexical
+forms,
+not
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+representations.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+identified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+having
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+value.
+When
+processing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+special
+processing
+rules
+apply:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new,
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+be
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="process-context">
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">reset
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">clear
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+initial
+context
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+element
+as
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+in
+order
+by
+starting
+at
+<a href="#process-context">
+Step
+2.1
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+lexical
+form
+of
+<del class="diff-old">absolute
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Expand
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+according
+to
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+</ins></a>.</li><li>
+Dereference
+<em>
+context
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+resulting
+document
+is
+a
+JSON
+document,
+extract
+the
+top-level
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+element
+using
+the
+JSON
+Pointer
+"/@context"
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">
+JSON-POINTER
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Set
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+to
+the
+extracted
+content
+and
+process
+it
+by
+starting
+at
+<a href="#process-context">
+Step
+2.1
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">with
+the
+lexical
+form
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"><ins class="diff-new">
+BCP47
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+],
+</ins>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Add
+the
+language
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+it
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Add
+the
+vocabulary
+mapping
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li>
+<li id="object-context">
+Otherwise,
+for
+each
+property
+in
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+property's
+value
+is
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+value
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+property
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>,
+unless
+the
+property
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+in
+which
+case
+<del class="diff-old">throw
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">exception.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+property's
+value
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+remove
+mapping,
+coercion,
+container
+and
+language
+information
+associated
+with
+property
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+'s
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+has
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+properties,
+<del class="diff-old">throw
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">exception.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error.
+</ins>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<span>
+Issue
+<del class="diff-old">5
+</del>
+</span>
+</div>
+<div class="">
+Undecided
+if
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+can
+take
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+with
+<code>
+@set
+</code>.
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+its
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+string
+value
+which
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+has
+the
+form
+of
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+have
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+string
+value
+which
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+absolute
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+its
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+merge
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">
+coercion
+mapping
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+property,
+its
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>.
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">
+list
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">
+set
+mapping
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+but
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Repeat
+<a href="#object-context">
+Step
+2.4.2
+</a>
+until
+no
+entries
+are
+added
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+It
+can
+be
+difficult
+to
+distinguish
+between
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+may
+seem
+to
+be
+a
+valid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>.
+When
+performing
+repeated
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion,
+a
+term
+used
+as
+a
+prefix
+may
+not
+have
+a
+valid
+mapping
+due
+to
+dependencies
+in
+resolving
+term
+definitions.
+By
+continuing
+<a href="#object-context">
+Step
+2.3.2
+</a>
+until
+no
+changes
+are
+made,
+mappings
+to
+IRIs
+created
+using
+an
+undefined
+term
+prefix
+will
+eventually
+<del class="diff-old">resolve
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expand
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">Issue
+6
+Issue
+43
+concerns
+performing
+IRI
+expansion
+in
+the
+key
+position
+of
+a
+context
+definition.
+</del>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Keys
+and
+some
+values
+are
+evaluated
+to
+produce
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+a
+value
+representing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+into
+an
+actual
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+as
+a
+value
+relative
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+containing
+a
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>
+along
+with
+<em>
+path
+</em>
+and
+optional
+<em>
+query
+</em>
+and
+fragment
+segments.
+A
+<dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+relative
+some
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+;
+in
+the
+case
+of
+JSON-LD
+this
+is
+the
+base
+location
+of
+the
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+mapping
+for
+the
+value
+using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison,
+use
+the
+mapped
+value
+as
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+split
+the
+value
+into
+a
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+from
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+':'.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+a
+'_'
+(underscore),
+the
+value
+represents
+a
+named
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+mapping
+for
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison,
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+does
+not
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+'//'
+(i.e.,
+it
+does
+not
+match
+a
+<em>
+hier-part
+</em>
+including
+<em>
+authority
+</em>
+(as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+]),
+generate
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+by
+prepending
+the
+mapped
+prefix
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+Note
+that
+an
+empty
+suffix
+and
+no
+suffix
+(meaning
+the
+value
+contains
+no
+':'
+string
+at
+all)
+are
+treated
+equivalently.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+directly
+as
+an
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Note
+Previous
+versions
+</del>
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">being
+processed
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+colon
+and
+is
+a
+property,
+i.e.,
+a
+key
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+the
+value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">this
+specification
+used
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@base
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+active
+context
+has
+a
+</ins>
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">mapping,
+join
+the
+mapped
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">define
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">prefixes
+used
+to
+resolve
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">being
+processed
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+colon
+and
+is
+not
+a
+property,
+i.e.,
+not
+a
+key
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+treat
+it
+as
+a
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">
+relative
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+.
+It
+was
+determined
+that
+this
+added
+too
+much
+complexity,
+but
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+resolve
+it
+against
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">issue
+can
+be
+re-examined
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+per
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3986
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+using
+only
+the
+basic
+algorithm
+in
+section
+5.2.
+Neither
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+Syntax-Based
+Normalization
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+(described
+in
+sections
+6.2.2
+and
+6.2.3
+of
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3986
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+])
+are
+performed.
+Characters
+additionally
+allowed
+in
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+references
+are
+treated
+</ins>
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">future
+based
+on
+community
+input.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+way
+that
+unreserved
+characters
+are
+treated
+in
+URI
+references,
+per
+section
+6.5
+of
+[
+</ins><cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+use
+the
+value
+directly
+as
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.</li></ol><p></p></section><section id="iri-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+keys
+and
+values
+are
+expressed
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+(
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+)
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+specified
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+an
+optional
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</p>
+<section id="iri-compaction-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+4.4.1
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+an
+empty
+list
+of
+terms
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+that
+will
+be
+populated
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+that
+are
+ranked
+according
+to
+how
+closely
+they
+match
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+Initialize
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+0
+</code>,
+and
+set
+a
+flag
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+complete
+match
+against
+<em>
+iri
+</em>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+by
+passing
+passing
+<em>
+term
+</em>,
+<em>
+value
+</em>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a href="#term-rank-algorithm">
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+<code>
+0
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+then
+add
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+false
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+clear
+<em>
+terms
+</em>,
+set
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>,
+and
+add
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>,
+clear
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+and
+set
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+is
+empty,
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+is
+a
+prefix
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+where
+the
+resulting
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+resulting
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+the
+unmatched
+part
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+terms
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+empty,
+</ins>
+add
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+representation
+of
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+for
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+which
+maps
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+is
+a
+prefix
+for
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+where
+the
+resulting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+partially
+matched
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+concatenated
+with
+a
+colon
+(:)
+character
+and
+the
+unmatched
+part
+of
+<em>
+iri
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+is
+empty,
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+being
+processed
+is
+a
+property
+or
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+null
+and
+matches
+the
+beginning
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+return
+the
+unmatched
+portion
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise
+</ins>
+return
+<em>
+iri
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+the
+shortest
+and
+lexicographically
+least
+value
+in
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="term-rank-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+4.4.2
+</span>
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+When
+selecting
+among
+multiple
+possible
+terms
+for
+a
+given
+property,
+it
+may
+be
+that
+multiple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+are
+defined
+with
+the
+same
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+but
+differ
+in
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+The
+purpose
+of
+this
+algorithm
+is
+to
+take
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+and
+a
+value
+and
+give
+it
+a
+<dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</dfn>.
+The
+selection
+can
+then
+be
+based,
+partly,
+on
+the
+term
+having
+the
+highest
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Given
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+<em>
+term
+</em>,
+<em>
+value
+</em>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+determine
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+is
+an
+empty
+array,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+the
+sum
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+s
+for
+every
+entry
+in
+the
+list.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+definition
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+reference
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+having
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+matching
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coercion
+for
+<em>
+term
+</em>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coercion
+and
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+it
+is
+<code>
+2
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+or
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+matching
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+definition
+for
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+(or
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+definition
+and
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+matches
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+),
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coercion
+and
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coercion
+and
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="value-expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.5
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+compact
+form.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+expanded
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+expanding
+a
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+takes
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+already
+expanded.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+or
+the
+target
+of
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+coercion,
+expand
+the
+value
+into
+an
+object
+with
+a
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+then
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+into
+an
+object:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+the
+first
+key-value
+pair
+to
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+and
+the
+unexpanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+typed
+literal
+coercion,
+set
+the
+second
+key-value
+pair
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+the
+associated
+coercion
+datatype
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+language
+tagging,
+set
+the
+second
+key-value
+pair
+to
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+value
+of
+the
+language
+tagging
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+already
+expanded.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<section id="value-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.6
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values,
+such
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literals
+</a>,
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+an
+expanded
+form
+<ins class="diff-new">(
+</ins><dfn title="expanded_value" id="dfn-expanded_value"><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+</ins>
+in
+JSON-LD.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+compacted
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compacting
+an
+expanded
+value
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+takes
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+only
+has
+one
+property
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+no
+default
+language,
+then
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+coercion
+target
+for
+the
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+expression
+of
+the
+value,
+compact
+the
+value
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+with
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+which
+matches
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+of
+the
+value,
+or
+the
+value
+has
+only
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+value
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+not
+modified.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<section id="expansion-1">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.7
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+all
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>,
+datatypes,
+and
+literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+JSON-LD
+document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+of
+other
+JSON-LD
+API
+methods.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<section id="expansion-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+4.7.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing,
+<a href="#context-processing">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<em>
+context
+</em>,
+or
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+initial
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins>
+if
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+If
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+any
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+or
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+a
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+<del class="diff-old">throw
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">exception,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error,
+</ins>
+as
+lists
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+allowed.
+If
+the
+expanded
+entry
+is
+null,
+drop
+it.
+If
+it's
+an
+array,
+merge
+its
+entries
+with
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+'s
+entries.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+object
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+<a href="#context-processing">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+and
+remove
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+Then,
+proceed
+and
+process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Remove
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+expand
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+original
+un-expanded
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+does
+not
+expand
+to
+a
+keyword
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(i.e.,
+it
+doesn't
+contain
+a
+colon),
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+property
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+property
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+Expand
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+according
+to
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+expand
+according
+to
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+reference
+,
+the
+expanded
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+IRI
+Expansion
+on
+the
+value
+of
+@id
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+value
+is
+a
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</a>,
+it
+must
+be
+empty
+(used
+for
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld-framing/#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+</cite>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+all
+elements
+must
+be
+<del class="diff-old">either
+a
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+subject
+reference
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">s.
+</ins>
+Expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+for
+each
+of
+its
+entries
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+previous
+three
+steps.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">according
+to
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+active
+property
+</em>.
+If
+the
+expanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+any
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+<del class="diff-old">throw
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">exception,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error,
+</ins>
+as
+lists
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+supported.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+a
+keyword
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+the
+expanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+convert
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+with
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+(unless
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+already
+in
+that
+form).
+</li>
+<li>
+Convert
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+form
+unless
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+either
+merge
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+into
+an
+existing
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+property
+of
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+or
+create
+a
+new
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+property
+with
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+value.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+processed
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+have
+more
+than
+one
+other
+property,
+which
+can
+either
+be
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+if
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+replace
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+with
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+and
+its
+value
+is
+not
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+the
+only
+property.
+Set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+;
+leave
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+untouched.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+just
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+expand
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+resulting
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+just
+a
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+property,
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+'s
+value.
+Finally,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+it
+is
+wrapped
+into
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="compaction-1">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.8
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+the
+most
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+is
+typically
+expressed
+in
+a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+IRIs
+are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+the
+API,
+provides
+a
+way
+to
+compact
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 17</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+to
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</p>
+<section id="compaction-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+4.8.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+compacted.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#context-processing">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<em>
+context
+</em>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+single
+<del class="diff-old">item,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+and
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+option
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+that
+item;
+otherwise
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+object:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property
+or
+element
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+reference
+</a>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+mapping
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+corresponding
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+recursively
+compact
+that
+property's
+value
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+ensuring
+that
+the
+result
+is
+an
+array
+<del class="diff-old">and
+removing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+all
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">values.
+Return
+either
+the
+result
+as
+an
+array,
+as
+an
+object
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">values
+removed.
+If
+there
+already
+exists
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+full
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+of
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+also
+coerced
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+@list
+<del class="diff-old">(or
+appropriate
+alias
+from
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+an
+error.
+Otherwise
+store
+the
+resulting
+array
+as
+value
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+empty
+or
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+construct
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+as
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+used
+for
+returning
+the
+result
+of
+compacting
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+For
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element:
+</em>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Perform
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+every
+entry
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+contains
+just
+one
+<del class="diff-old">entry,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+and
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+option
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code>,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+that
+entry.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compact
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+by
+recursively
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+an
+entry
+already
+exists
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+if
+necessary,
+and
+append
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+mapping
+to
+<code>
+@set
+<del class="diff-old">,
+create
+an
+entry
+in
+output
+for
+active
+property
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+if
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compactArrays
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">option
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+convert
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Create
+</ins>
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+as
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<span>
+Issue
+<del class="diff-old">7
+</del>
+</span>
+</div>
+<div class="">
+Perhaps
+this
+should
+also
+call
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+native
+types
+and
+strings,
+which
+could
+consolidate
+potential
+transformation
+in
+one
+place.
+</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+resulting
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+put
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+into
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+property
+of
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+then
+set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+Finally,
+add
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property
+to
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+and
+set
+it
+to
+the
+initially
+passed
+<em>
+context
+</em>.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="flattening">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">4.9
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+</ins><a href="#expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
+expanding
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+it,
+labeling
+all
+unlabeled
+nodes
+with
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+identifier,
+and
+returning
+an
+array
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-new">
+nodes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+defined
+in
+the
+document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 18</span></div><pre class="example">{<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Flattening
+algorithm
+for
+the
+merged
+graph
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p><div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 19</span></div><pre class="example">[<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [ { "@id": "_:t0" } ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" } ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" } ]
+ }
+]
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<section id="flattening-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.9.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+input
+variables,
+an
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+flatten
+and
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+which
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+definitions
+should
+be
+returned.
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+set,
+it
+will
+default
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+represents
+the
+result
+of
+merging
+all
+graphs
+including
+the
+default
+graph
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+).
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expand
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Generate
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+the
+</ins><a href="#node-map-generation"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+array
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+property
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+definitions
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Foreach
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+definitions
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></section><section id="node-map-generation"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+4.9.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+input
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+results
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+holding
+a
+flat
+representation
+of
+the
+graphs
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+represented
+in
+the
+document.
+All
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+are
+not
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+get
+assigned
+a
+(new)
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier.
+The
+resulting
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+will
+have
+a
+property
+for
+every
+graph
+in
+the
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+another
+object
+with
+a
+property
+for
+every
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+represented
+in
+the
+document.
+While
+the
+default
+graph
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+and
+the
+merged
+graph
+under
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property,
+all
+other
+graphs
+are
+stored
+under
+their
+respective
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+input
+the
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+initially
+empty
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em>.</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+an
+array,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+recursively,
+using
+this
+algorithm
+and
+return.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+if
+it
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property,
+then
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+return.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+if
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+exists
+and
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+value,
+otherwise
+set
+it
+to
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+created
+by
+the
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+algorithm.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+reference
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+the
+value
+for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+the
+value
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+if
+no
+such
+value
+exists,
+insert
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+the
+key
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+the
+value
+for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+each
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+use
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+use
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+then
+continue.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+is
+a
+keyword,
+merge
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+then
+continue.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+value
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+array
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+reference
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+property
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+it
+does
+not
+exist,
+map
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+new
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+avoid
+collisions.
+If
+one
+does
+not
+already
+exist,
+add
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+reference
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+the
+property
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+with
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+a
+new
+array
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+flattenedList
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+the
+property
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+flattenedList
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+add
+it
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+generate
+a
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+new
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+add
+it
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+add
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+After
+the
+above
+outlined
+algorithm
+has
+been
+executed,
+the
+node
+map
+for
+all
+graphs
+including
+the
+default
+graph
+are
+contained
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+To
+also
+create
+the
+node
+map
+for
+the
+merged
+graph,
+execute
+the
+algorithm
+again,
+but
+pass
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>.</p></section><section id="generate-blank-node-identifier"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+4.9.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+algorithm
+is
+used
+by
+the
+</ins><a href="#node-map-generation"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+deterministically
+name
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifiers.
+It
+uses
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+takes
+a
+possibly
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+and
+returns
+a
+new
+identifier
+based
+on
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></em>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+variable
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+next
+identifier
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+initialized
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+appended
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+0
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+default
+value
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_:t
+</ins></code>.</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+old
+identifier
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+is
+in
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+old
+identifier
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+initialized
+to
+the
+current
+value
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+next
+identifier
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Increment
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+next
+identifier
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+adding
+one
+to
+the
+integer
+suffix.
+Return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+increment
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+next
+identifier
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+adding
+one
+to
+the
+integer
+suffix
+and
+return
+its
+original
+value.
+</ins></li></ol></section></section><section id="rdf-conversion-1">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+converted
+between
+other
+RDF-compatible
+document
+formats
+using
+the
+algorithms
+specified
+in
+this
+section.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Model
+describes
+processing
+rules
+for
+extracting
+RDF
+from
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+and
+for
+transforming
+an
+array
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+retrieved
+by
+processing
+another
+serialization
+format
+into
+JSON-LD.
+Note
+that
+many
+uses
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+not
+require
+generation
+of
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+processing
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+provided
+in
+order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+one
+might
+implement
+a
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+to
+produce
+the
+same
+type
+and
+number
+of
+quads
+during
+the
+output
+process
+and
+are
+not
+required
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+</p>
+<section class="informative" id="overview">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+have
+an
+easy
+to
+parse
+grammar
+that
+closely
+models
+existing
+practice
+in
+using
+JSON
+for
+describing
+object
+representations.
+This
+allows
+the
+use
+of
+existing
+libraries
+for
+parsing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+As
+with
+other
+grammars
+used
+for
+describing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+a
+key
+concept
+is
+that
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+Nodes
+may
+be
+of
+three
+basic
+types.
+The
+first
+is
+the
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>,
+which
+is
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+s
+in
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+s.
+The
+second
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+which
+are
+nodes
+for
+which
+an
+external
+name
+does
+not
+exist,
+or
+is
+not
+known.
+The
+third
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+Literal
+</a>,
+which
+express
+values
+such
+as
+strings,
+dates
+and
+other
+information
+having
+a
+lexical
+form,
+possibly
+including
+an
+explicit
+language
+or
+datatype.
+</p>
+<p>
+Data
+described
+with
+JSON-LD
+may
+be
+considered
+to
+be
+a
+graph
+made
+up
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+nodes
+</a>
+related
+via
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>.
+Specific
+implementations
+may
+also
+choose
+to
+operate
+on
+the
+document
+as
+a
+normal
+JSON
+description
+of
+objects
+having
+attributes.
+Both
+approaches
+are
+valid
+ways
+to
+interact
+with
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="parsing-examples">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Parsing
+Examples
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+examples
+show
+simple
+transformations
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents
+to
+Turtle
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE-TR">
+TURTLE-TR
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+first
+example
+uses
+a
+simple
+document
+containing
+a
+simple
+FOAF
+profile:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 20</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+This
+translates
+fairly
+directly
+to
+a
+similar
+Turtle
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 21</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+<http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg";
+foaf:knows
+[
+a
+foaf:Person;
+foaf:name
+"Manu
+Sporny"].
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+actual
+parsing
+steps
+first
+require
+that
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+be
+expanded,
+to
+eliminate
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">[{
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 22</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Gregg Kellogg"}],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [{
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}]
+ }]
+}]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+process
+of
+translating
+this
+to
+RDF
+then
+operates
+over
+each
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+definition
+</a>
+to
+find
+a
+subject,
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+to
+find
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf_predicate" href="#dfn-rdf_predicate">
+RDF
+predicate
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>,
+and
+each
+value
+of
+that
+property
+to
+find
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>.
+In
+this
+case,
+each
+property
+has
+just
+a
+single
+object:
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+identifies
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+foaf:knows
+</code>
+identifies
+a
+second
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+definition
+</a>
+similar
+to
+Turtle's
+<code>
+blankNodePropertyList
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+After
+expansion,
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+booleans
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">typed-
+and
+language-tagged-
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+<ins class="diff-chg">typed
+</ins>
+literals
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
+<ins class="diff-new">language-tagged-strings
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+become
+explicit,
+and
+can
+be
+directly
+transformed
+into
+their
+RDF
+representations.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">[{
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 23</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Gregg Kellogg"}],
+ <span class="diff">"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject": [{"@id": "http://json-ld.org/"}],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/birthday": [{
+ "@value": "1957-02-27",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
+ }],</span>
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [{
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}]
+ }]
+}]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Translates
+to:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 24</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.
+<http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg";
+ <span class="diff">foaf:currentProject <http://json-ld.org/>;
+ foaf:birthday "1957-02-27"^^xsd:date;</span>
+foaf:knows
+[
+a
+foaf:Person;
+foaf:name
+"Manu
+Sporny"].
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+below
+is
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+implementing
+RDF
+conversion
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+set
+of
+RDF
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="quad" href="#dfn-quad">
+Quads
+</a>
+that
+the
+following
+algorithm
+generates:
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+<del class="diff-old">five
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">four
+</ins>
+input
+variables:
+a
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+converted,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+are
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+context
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="processing-step-associative">
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+as
+defined
+in
+the
+section
+<a href="#data-round-tripping">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>.
+Set
+datatype
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+either
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+is
+<strong>
+true
+</strong>
+or
+<strong>
+false
+</strong>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+created
+from
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value.
+Set
+datatype
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
+language-tagged
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>
+as
+the
+datatype.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+the
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Process
+its
+value
+as
+a
+list
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#list-conversion">
+List
+Conversion
+</a>
+using
+the
+return
+value
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+neither
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+representing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li id="processing-step-subject">
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property,
+the
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+previously
+expanded
+value
+(either
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+newly
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+ordered
+by
+<em>
+property
+</em>,
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+process
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+algorithm
+recursively,
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+and
+null
+values
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+then
+proceed
+to
+next
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+skip
+this
+step.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+value
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+as
+follows,
+process
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+using
+copies
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+then
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+must
+be
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+so
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+any
+of
+these
+steps
+created
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+and
+neither
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<section id="list-conversion">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+List
+Conversion
+</h4>
+<p>
+List
+Conversion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+values
+and
+adding
+them
+to
+a
+newly
+created
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
+RDF
+Collection
+</a>
+</cite>
+(see
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
+RDF-SCHEMA
+</a>
+</cite>
+])
+by
+linking
+each
+element
+of
+the
+list
+using
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+rdf:next
+</code>,
+terminating
+the
+list
+with
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>
+using
+the
+following
+sequence:
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+is
+invoked
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<em>
+array
+</em>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+returns
+a
+value
+to
+be
+used
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+calling
+location.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<div class="">
+This
+algorithm
+does
+not
+support
+lists
+containing
+lists.
+</div>
+</div>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+is
+empty
+return
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+a
+newly
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+identified
+as
+<em>
+first
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+element
+in
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+other
+than
+the
+last
+element:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+processor
+state
+using
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+1
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Unless
+this
+is
+the
+last
+element
+in
+<em>
+array
+</em>,
+generate
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+identified
+as
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>,
+otherwise
+use
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+new
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>,
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.9.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+In
+some
+cases,
+data
+exists
+natively
+in
+Triples
+or
+Quads
+form;
+for
+example,
+if
+the
+data
+was
+originally
+represented
+in
+an
+RDF
+graph
+or
+triple/quad
+store.
+This
+algorithm
+is
+designed
+to
+simply
+translate
+an
+array
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
+<code>
+Quads
+</code>
+</a>
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+expanding
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+values
+having
+a
+datatype
+of
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>,
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+set
+to
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>
+and
+the
+resulting
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+only
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+conversion
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+single
+parameter
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+array
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Quad
+</code>
+</a>
+representations.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="new_graph">
+Construct
+<em>
+defaultGraph
+</em>
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
+</ins>
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+listMap
+</em>,
+each
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Construct
+<em>
+graphs
+</em>
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+<em>
+defaultGraph
+</em>
+identified
+by
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+quad
+in
+<em>
+input
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+graph
+</em>
+to
+the
+entry
+in
+<em>
+graphs
+</em>
+identified
+by
+<em>
+name
+</em>,
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+entry
+using
+the
+mechanism
+described
+in
+<a href="#new_graph">
+Step
+1
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>,
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+<em>
+graph.listMap
+</em>
+indexed
+by
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+if
+nesessary.
+Represent
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+in
+expanded
+form,
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>.
+Add
+the
+resulting
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>
+to
+the
+entry
+indexed
+by
+<em>
+first
+</em>,
+and
+skip
+to
+the
+next
+quad.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+<em>
+graph.listMap
+</em>
+indexed
+by
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+if
+necessary.
+Add
+the
+<em>
+nominalValue
+</em>
+of
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+to
+the
+entry
+indexed
+by
+<em>
+rest
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Skip
+to
+the
+next
+quad.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+name
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.nodes
+</ins>
+</em>
+does
+not
+contain
+an
+entry
+for
+<em>
+name
+</em>,
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+for
+<em>
+name
+</em>
+from
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+key/value
+pair
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+name
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+the
+entry
+from
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">graph.subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph.nodes
+</ins>
+</em>
+for
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+key/value
+pair
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+and
+the
+<del class="diff-old">notType
+</del>
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">
+<ins class="diff-chg">useRdfType
+</ins></a></code>
+option
+is
+<del class="diff-old">present
+and
+</del>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">present
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins>
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Append
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes"><ins class="diff-new">
+useNativeTypes
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+option
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+literal's
+type
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+the
+literal
+matches
+the
+value
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+the
+literal
+matches
+the
+value
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+literal's
+type
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+try
+to
+convert
+the
+literal
+to
+a
+JSON
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
+number
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+conversion
+is
+successful,
+store
+the
+result
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+otherwise
+set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+do
+not
+perform
+a
+conversion.
+Set
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Append
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+the
+key,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+necessary.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+key
+</em>
+be
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+an
+empty
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+representation
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+<em>
+key
+</em>,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+key
+</em>
+be
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+let
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>
+be
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+represented
+in
+expanded
+form
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+<em>
+graph.listMap
+</em>
+indexed
+by
+<em>
+object
+</em>,
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+if
+nesessary.
+Add
+an
+entry
+for
+<em>
+head
+</em>
+with
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+<em>
+key
+</em>,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+name
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+graph
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+graphs
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+graph
+</em>
+where
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+has
+both
+<em>
+head
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+first
+</em>
+keys:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+head
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+entry
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+entry
+for
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+an
+entry
+to
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+for
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+initialized
+to
+a
+new
+array
+containing
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+first
+</em>
+from
+<em>
+entry
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+While
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+has
+a
+key
+for
+<em>
+rest
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+graph.listMap
+</em>
+for
+<em>
+entry.rest
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+the
+value
+for
+<em>
+entry.first
+</em>
+to
+the
+list
+array.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+as
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.nodes
+</ins>
+</em>
+ordered
+by
+<em>
+subject
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+array
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+graphs
+</em>
+has
+an
+entry
+for
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+add
+a
+property
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+in
+<em>
+entry
+</em>
+containing
+the
+ordered
+entries
+from
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">graphs[subject].subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graphs[subject].nodes
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+as
+the
+result.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-round-tripping">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</h2>
+<p>
+When
+<del class="diff-old">coercing
+</del>
+<a href="#rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-native
+types
+such
+as
+</ins><em>
+numbers
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+booleans
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+automatically
+coerced
+</ins>
+to
+<strong>
+xsd:integer
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+<del class="diff-old">as
+it,
+e.g.,
+happens
+during
+RDF
+Conversion
+,
+implementers
+</del>
+</strong>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></strong>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Implementers
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+the
+result
+is
+a
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+<dfn title="canonical_lexical_form" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+set
+of
+literals
+from
+among
+the
+valid
+set
+of
+literals
+for
+a
+datatype
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+one-to-one
+mapping
+between
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+and
+a
+value
+in
+the
+value
+space
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">]].
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+In
+other
+words,
+every
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+deterministic
+string
+representation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+<em>
+integer
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+without
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+<strong>
+xsd:integer
+</strong>,
+is
+a
+finite-length
+sequence
+of
+decimal
+digits
+(
+<code>
+0-9
+</code>
+)
+with
+an
+optional
+leading
+minus
+sign;
+leading
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited.
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+<del class="diff-old">23
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">25
+</ins>
+</span>
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+(value).toFixed(0).toString()
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+a
+<em>
+double
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+with
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>,
+consists
+of
+a
+mantissa
+followed
+by
+the
+character
+"E",
+followed
+by
+an
+exponent.
+The
+mantissa
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+decimal
+number.
+The
+exponent
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+integer.
+Leading
+zeroes
+and
+a
+preceding
+plus
+sign
+(
+<code>
++
+</code>
+)
+are
+prohibited
+in
+the
+exponent.
+If
+the
+exponent
+is
+zero,
+it
+must
+be
+indicated
+by
+<code>
+E0
+</code>.
+For
+the
+mantissa,
+the
+preceding
+optional
+plus
+sign
+is
+prohibited
+and
+the
+decimal
+point
+is
+required.
+Leading
+and
+trailing
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited
+subject
+to
+the
+following:
+number
+representations
+must
+be
+normalized
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+single
+digit
+which
+is
+non-zero
+to
+the
+left
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+and
+at
+least
+a
+single
+digit
+to
+the
+right
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+unless
+the
+value
+being
+represented
+is
+zero.
+The
+canonical
+representation
+for
+zero
+is
+<code>
+0.0E0
+</code>.
+<strong>
+<ins class="diff-new">xsd:double
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+the
+IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985"><ins class="diff-new">
+IEEE-754-1985
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+];
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+mantissa
+is
+rounded
+to
+15
+digits
+after
+the
+decimal
+point.
+</ins></p><p>
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+<del class="diff-old">24
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">26
+</ins>
+</span>
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')
+</ins>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+the
+IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+IEEE-754-1985
+].
+</del>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+When
+data
+such
+as
+decimals
+need
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+should
+not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+is
+due
+to
+the
+lossy
+nature
+of
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values.
+Authors
+should
+instead
+use
+the
+expanded
+object
+form
+to
+set
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+directly.
+</p>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">Note
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+boolean
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+the
+strings
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></strong>.</p><p>
+When
+JSON-native
+<del class="diff-old">datatypes,
+like
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+s,
+are
+type
+coerced,
+lossless
+data
+round-tripping
+can
+not
+be
+<del class="diff-old">guaranted.
+Consider
+the
+following
+code
+example:
+var myObj1 = {
+ "@context": {
+ "number": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+
+ }
+ },
+ "number" :
+ };
+// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
+var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
+// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
+var
+myObj2
+=
+jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
+At
+this
+point,
+myObj1
+and
+myObj2
+will
+have
+different
+values
+for
+the
+"number"
+property.
+myObj1
+will
+have
+the
+number
+42
+,
+while
+myObj2
+have
+an
+object
+consisting
+of
+@value
+set
+to
+the
+string
+"42"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">guaranted
+as
+rounding
+errors
+might
+occur.
+Additionally,
+only
+literals
+typed
+as
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></strong>,<strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></strong>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+set
+</del>
+<strong>
+<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:boolean
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+automatically
+converted
+back
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+expanded
+value
+of
+xsd:nonNegativeInteger
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">their
+JSON-native
+counterparts
+in
+when
+</ins><a href="#rdf-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+converting
+from
+RDF
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation
+in
+some
+versions,
+backslash-escape
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://example.com/
+</code>
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+<code>
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</code>.
+This
+is
+problematic
+as
+other
+JSON
+parsers
+might
+not
+understand
+those
+escaping
+characters.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section class="appendix" id="acknowledgements">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Initial
+Context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Acknowledgements
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<del class="diff-old">Issue
+8
+It
+is
+still
+being
+discussed
+whether
+JSON-LD
+has
+the
+notion
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+large
+amount
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">an
+initial
+context
+or
+not.
+If
+JSON-LD
+has
+an
+initial
+context,
+it
+must
+be
+specified
+external
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">thanks
+goes
+out
+</ins>
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">Syntax
+specification
+at
+a
+well-known
+location.
+B.
+Acknowledgements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Community
+Group
+participants
+who
+worked
+through
+many
+of
+the
+technical
+issues
+on
+the
+mailing
+list
+and
+the
+weekly
+telecons
+-
+of
+special
+mention
+are
+Niklas
+Lindström,
+François
+Daoust,
+and
+Zdenko
+'Denny'
+Vrandečić.
+</ins>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+<del class="diff-old">RDFj,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDFj.
+The
+work
+of
+</ins>
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+<del class="diff-old">who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+appreciated
+for
+reviewing,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">performed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">performing
+</ins>
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">specification,
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification.
+</ins>
+Ian
+<del class="diff-old">Davis,
+who
+created
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Davis
+is
+thanked
+for
+this
+work
+on
+</ins>
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Josh
+Mandel,
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+David
+Wood,
+Guus
+Schreiber,
+Pat
+Hayes,
+Sandro
+Hawke,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="references" class="appendix">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<section id="normative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A.
+Phillips;
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
+[IEEE-754-1985]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+IEEE.
+<cite>
+IEEE
+Standard
+for
+Binary
+Floating-Point
+Arithmetic.
+</cite>
+See
+<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
+http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/">
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</a>
+</cite>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+Editors.
+World
+Wide
+Web
+Consortium
+(work
+in
+progress).
+22
+May
+2012.
+Editor's
+Draft.
+This
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+is
+http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/.
+The
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+latest
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</a>
+is
+available
+at
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
+[JSON-POINTER]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">
+JSON
+Pointer
+</a>
+</cite>
+P.
+Bryan,
+Ed.
+IETF
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/">
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax
+</a>
+</cite>
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+World
+Wide
+Web
+Consortium
+(work
+in
+progress).
+30
+May
+2012.
+Editor's
+Draft.
+This
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+is
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/.
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">
+latest
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</a>
+is
+available
+at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
+[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+<cite>
+RDF
+Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+[RFC3986]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+<cite>
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+M.
+Dürst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">
+Web
+IDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+Cameron
+McCormack,
+Editor.
+World
+Wide
+Web
+Consortium.
+19
+April
+2012.
+Candidate
+Recommendataion.
+This
+edition
+of
+Web
+IDL
+is
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/.
+The
+<a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/">
+latest
+edition
+of
+Web
+IDL
+</a>
+is
+available
+at
+http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+[XMLSCHEMA11-2]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Henry
+S.
+Thompson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+<cite>
+W3C
+XML
+Schema
+Definition
+Language
+(XSD)
+1.1
+Part
+2:
+Datatypes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+5
+April
+2012.
+W3C
+Recommendation
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="informative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">December
+1999.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">June
+2011.
+</ins>
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-TURTLE-TR">
+[TURTLE-TR]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+Gavin
+Carothers.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</a>
+</cite>
+09
+August
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-UNICODE">
+[UNICODE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+Unicode
+Consortium.
+<a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html">
+<cite>
+The
+Unicode
+Standard.
+</cite>
+</a>
+2003.
+Defined
+by:
+The
+Unicode
+Standard,
+Version
+4.0
+(Boston,
+MA,
+Addison-Wesley,
+ISBN
+0-321-18578-1),
+as
+updated
+from
+time
+to
+time
+by
+the
+publication
+of
+new
+versions
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html">
+http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120930/index.html Sun Sep 30 16:18:38 2012 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,2711 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'>
+<html dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" typeof="bibo:Document">
+<head>
+<title>JSON-LD API 1.0</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+
+<!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+
+<style type="text/css">
+.diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+</style>
+<style>/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec 3 CSS
+ * Robin Berjon - http://berjon.com/
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+}
+
+dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+cite .bibref {
+ font-style: normal;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- --- */
+ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+/* --- TOC --- */
+.toc a, .tof a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a .secno, a .figno {
+ color: #000;
+}
+
+ul.tof, ol.tof {
+ list-style: none outside none;
+}
+
+.caption {
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+/* --- TABLE --- */
+table.simple {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
+}
+
+.simple th {
+ background: #005a9c;
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.simple th[scope="row"] {
+ background: inherit;
+ color: inherit;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple tr:nth-child(even) {
+ background: #f0f6ff;
+}
+
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+</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-ED" /><script>window["_GOOG_TRANS_EXT_VER"] = "1";</script>
+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='undefined://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body><div class="head">
+ <p>
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" /></a>
+
+ </p>
+ <h1 class="title" id="title">JSON-LD API 1.0</h1>
+
+ <h2 id="subtitle">An Application Programming Interface for the JSON-LD Syntax</h2>
+
+ <h2 id="w3c-editor-s-draft-30-september-2012"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Editor's Draft 30 September 2012</h2>
+ <dl>
+
+ <dt>This version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html</a></dd>
+ <dt>Latest published version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Authors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document is also available in this non-normative format:
+
+ <a href="diff-20120712.html">diff to previous version</a>
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2010-2012
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+ (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved.
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and
+messaging format. JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] harmonizes the representation of
+Linked Data in JSON by outlining a common JSON representation format for
+expressing directed graphs; mixing both Linked Data and non-Linked Data in
+a single document. This document outlines an Application Programming
+Interface and a set of algorithms for programmatically transforming
+JSON-LD documents in order to make them easier to work with in programming
+environments like JavaScript, Python, and Ruby.
+</p>
+</section><section id="sotd" class="introductory"><h2>Status of This Document</h2>
+
+
+
+ <p>
+ <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other
+ documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision
+ of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports
+ index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
+ </p>
+
+<p>This document has been under development for over 18 months in the
+JSON for Linking Data Community Group. The document has recently been
+transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and publication
+along the Recommendation track. The specification has undergone significant
+development, review, and changes during the course of the last 18 months.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are currently
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">five interoperable implementations</a>
+of this specification. There is
+a <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">fairly complete test suite</a>
+and a
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">live JSON-LD editor</a>
+that is capable of demonstrating the features described in
+this document. While development on implementations, the test suite
+and the live editor will continue, they are believed to be mature enough
+to be integrated into a non-production system at this point in time with
+the expectation that they could be used in a production system within the
+next year.
+</p>
+<div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><p class="">
+It is important for readers to understand that the scope of this document is
+currently under debate and new features may be added to the specification.
+Existing features may be modified heavily or removed entirely from the
+specification upon further review and feedback from the broader community.
+This is a work in progress and publication as a Working Draft
+does not require that all Working Group members agree on the content of the
+document.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>If you want to make sure that your feedback is formally addressed by
+ the RDF Working Group, you should send it to public-rdf-comments:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li>Ad-hoc technical discussion primarily occurs on the public community mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public JSON-LD Community Group teleconferences</a>
+ are held on Tuesdays at 1500UTC every week. Participation is open to the
+ public.</li>
+
+ <li>RDF Working Group teleconferences are held on Wednesdays at 1500UTC
+ every week. Participation is limited to RDF Working Group members.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>
+ if you do not want to send an e-mail to the public-rdf-comments mailing
+ list.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a>
+ for the specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+ <p>
+ This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> as an Editor's Draft.
+
+ If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
+ <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">archives</a>).
+
+
+ All feedback is welcome.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Publication as an Editor's Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership.
+ This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at
+ any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document was produced by a group operating under the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+
+
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
+
+ made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for
+ disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the
+ information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
+ 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#features" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>RDF Conversion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>The Application Programming Interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>General Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>JsonLdProcessor</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Callbacks</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldprocessingerror" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3.1 </span>JsonLdProcessingError</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3.2 </span>JsonLdCallback</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3.3 </span>QuadCallback</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conformancecallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3.4 </span>ConformanceCallback</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Data Structures</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.2 </span>JsonLdOptions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#quad" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.3 </span>Quad</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.4 </span>Node</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.6 </span>Blank Node</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#literal" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4.7 </span>Literal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Context Processing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.4.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.4.2 </span>Term Rank Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Value Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Value Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Expansion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Compaction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Flattening</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10 </span>RDF Conversion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#overview" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10.1 </span>Overview</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#parsing-examples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10.2 </span>Parsing Examples</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10.3 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10.4 </span>List Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10.5 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Data Round Tripping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+
+<section id="introduction">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document is a detailed specification for an Application Programming
+Interface for the JSON-LD Syntax. The document is primarily intended for
+the following audiences:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Web authors and developers that want a very detailed view of how
+ a JSON-LD processor and the API operates.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. You must also understand the
+JSON-LD Syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], which is the base syntax used by all of the
+algorithms in this document. To understand the API and how it is
+intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="features">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</h2>
+
+<p>
+The JSON-LD Syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] outlines a language that may be
+used to express Linked Data in JSON. Often, it is useful to be able to
+transform JSON-LD documents so that they may be easily processed in
+a programming environment like JavaScript, Python or Ruby.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are four major types of transformation that are discussed in this
+document; compaction, expansion, and RDF conversion.
+</p>
+
+<section id="expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</h3>
+ <p>
+Software algorithms are easiest to write when the data that they are processing
+have a regular form. Since information can be represented by JSON-LD in a
+variety of different ways, transforming all of these methods into a uniform
+structure allows the developer to simplify their processing code. For example,
+note that the following input uses only <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s and is fairly
+compact:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span></div><pre class="example">var input1 = {
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+The next input example uses one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to express a property, but
+leaves the rest of the information untouched.
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span></div><pre class="example">var input2 = {
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+While both inputs are valid JSON-LD, writing a program to handle every
+permutation of possible inputs can be difficult, especially when the incoming
+context could change as well. To ensure that the data can be given a more
+uniform structure, JSON-LD introduces the notion of expansion.
+<dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">Expansion</dfn> performs two important operations. The first is to
+expand all values that are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s to their fully expanded form.
+The second is to express all values in <dfn title="expanded_form" id="dfn-expanded_form">expanded form</dfn>. To
+transform both inputs above to the same representation, the developer could
+do the following:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span></div><pre class="example">function expansionCallback(output) {
+ console.log(output);
+}
+
+// the second parameter is 'null' because the developer does not wish to
+// inject another context value
+jsonld.expand(input1, null, expansionCallback);
+jsonld.expand(input2, null, expansionCallback);</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+The output for both calls above will be:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+Note that in the example above; all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definitions have
+been removed, all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and prefixes have been expanded to full
+IRIs, and all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>s are expressed in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">expanded form</a>.
+While the output is more difficult for a human to read, it is easier for a
+software program to process because of its very regular structure.
+ </p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</h3>
+ <p>
+While expansion expands a given input as much as possible, compaction performs
+the opposite operation - expressing a given input as succinctly as possible.
+While expansion is meant to produce something that is easy to process by
+software programs, compaction is meant to produce something that is easy to
+read by software developers. Compaction uses a developer-supplied
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to compresses all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s
+or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es, and compacts all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>s expressed
+in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">expanded form</a> as much as possible.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+The following example expresses input that has already been fully expanded:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span></div><pre class="example">var expandedInput = [{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+A developer that wants to transform the data above into a more human-readable
+form, could do the following using the JSON-LD API:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span></div><pre class="example">function compactionCallback(output) {
+ console.log(output);
+}
+
+jsonld.compact(expandedInput, "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld", compactionCallback);</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+The following would be the result of the call above:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld"
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+Note that all of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s have been compressed and
+the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> has been injected into the output. While compacted
+output is most useful to humans, it can also be carefully used to generate
+structures that are easy to use for developers to program against as well.
+ </p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>RDF Conversion</h3>
+ <p>
+JSON-LD can be used to losslessly express the RDF data model as described in
+the RDF Concepts document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]. This ensures that
+data can be round-tripped from any RDF syntax, like N-Triples or TURTLE,
+without any loss in the fidelity of the data. Assume the following RDF input
+in N-Triples format:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span></div><pre class="example">var data = "
+<http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> \"Manu Sporny\" .\n
+<http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage> <http://manu.sporny.org/> .";</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+A developer can use the JSON-LD API to transform the markup above into a
+JSON-LD document:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span></div><pre class="example">function conversionCallback(result)
+{
+ console.log("JSON-LD Document: ", result);
+};
+
+jsonld.fromRDF(data, conversionCallback, {"format": "ntriples"});</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+The following expanded output would be the result of the call above:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{
+ "@value": "Manu Sporny"
+ }],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [{
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }]
+}]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+Note that the output above, could easily be compacted to produce the following
+using the technique outlined in the previous section:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+Transforming the node above back to RDF is as simple as calling the
+<code>toRDF()</code> method:
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span></div><pre class="example">var jsonldDocument = ...; // assign the JSON-LD document here
+
+function rdfCallback(quads)
+{
+ console.log("RDF Data: ", quads);
+};
+
+jsonld.toRDF(jsonldDocument, rdfCallback);</pre></div>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>The Application Programming Interface</h2>
+
+ <p>This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert
+ JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are easier to work
+ with in various programming languages. If a JSON-LD API is provided in
+ a programming environment, the entirety of the following API <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ implemented.
+ </p>
+
+<section id="general-terminology">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>General Terminology</h3>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><p class="">The intent of the Working Group and the Editors of this
+ specification is to eventually align terminology used in this document
+ with the terminology used in the RDF Concepts document to the extent to
+ which it makes sense to do so. In general, if there is an analogue to
+ terminology used in this document in the RDF Concepts document, the
+ preference is to use the terminology in the RDF Concepts document.
+ </p></div>
+
+ <p>The following is an explanation of the general terminology used in this
+ document:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">JSON object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
+ more name-value pairs. A name is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A single colon comes after
+ each name, separating the name from the value. A single comma separates a value
+ from a following name. The names within an object <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be unique.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An array is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more
+ values that are separated by commas.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode (UTF-8) characters,
+ wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes (if necessary). A
+ character is represented as a single character string.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A number is similar to that used in most programming languages, except
+ that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading
+ zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Values that are used to express one of two possible boolean states.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The use of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> value within JSON-LD is used to ignore or reset values.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keyword</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A JSON key that is specific to JSON-LD, specified in the JSON-LD Syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>]
+ in the section titled <cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></cite>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A a set of rules for interpreting a JSON-LD document as specified in
+ <cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#the-context">The Context</a></cite> of the [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] specification.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A set of documents, each containing a representation of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An unordered labeled directed graph, where <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> are
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">Blank Nodes</a>, or other values.
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> is a generalized representation of a
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graph</a></cite>
+ as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="named_graph" id="dfn-named_graph">named graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> that is identified by an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">graph name</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> identifying a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">named graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">default graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>When executing an algorithm, the graph where data should be placed
+ if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">named graph</a> is not specified.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A piece of information that is represented in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node_definition" id="dfn-node_definition">node definition</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used to represent a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> and
+ one or more properties of that node. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> is a
+ node definition if it does not contain the keys <code>@value</code>,
+ <code>@list</code> or <code>@set</code> and it has one or more keys
+ other than <code>@id</code>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node_reference" id="dfn-node_reference">node reference</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used to reference a node having only the
+ <code>@id</code> key.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">blank node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> that does not contain a de-referenceable
+ identifier because it is either ephemeral in nature or does not contain information that needs to be
+ linked to from outside of the linked data graph. A blank node is assigned an identifier starting with
+ the prefix <code>_:</code>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> label of an edge in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge, related to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> node through a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="quad" id="dfn-quad">quad</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A piece of information that contains four items; a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>, and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> expressed as a value such as a string, number or in expanded form.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="jsonldprocessor">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>JsonLdProcessor</h3>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD processor interface is the high-level programming structure that developers
+ use to access the JSON-LD transformation methods.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">The JSON-LD API signatures are the same across all programming languages. Due
+ to the fact that asynchronous programming is uncommon in certain languages, developers <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em>
+ implement a processor with a synchronous interface instead. In that case, the <code>callback</code>
+ parameter <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be included and the result <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be returned as a return value instead.</p></div>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section id="methods"><h4><span class="secno">3.2.1 </span>Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>compact</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#compaction">Compacts</a> the given <code>input</code> using the
+ <code>context</code> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, compacted and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the compaction fails, an appropriate error <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ returned via the callback.
+
+
+
+ <dl title="InvalidContext">
+ <dt>INVALID_SYNTAX</dt>
+ <dd>A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, this error
+ would be returned via the <code>callback</code>.</dd>
+ <dt>LOAD_ERROR</dt>
+ <dd>There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <dl title="ProcessingError">
+ <dt>LOSSY_COMPACTION</dt>
+ <dd>The compaction would lead to a loss of information, such as a
+ <code>@language</code> value.</dd>
+ <dt>CONFLICTING_DATATYPES</dt>
+ <dd>The target datatype specified in the coercion rule and the
+ datatype for the typed literal do not match.</dd>
+ <dt>LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED</dt>
+ <dd>A list of lists was detected. The list of lists feature is
+ not supported in this version of JSON-LD due to the algorithmic
+ complexity associated with conversion to RDF.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the compaction upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to compact.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or IRI</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the <code>input</code>; either in the
+ form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the expansion algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. This also includes <code>optimize</code>,
+ which if set will cause processor-specific optimization.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>expand</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#expansion">Expands</a> the given <code>input</code> according to
+ the steps in the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, expanded and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the expansion fails, an appropriate error <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ returned via the callback.
+
+
+
+ <dl title="InvalidContext">
+ <dt>INVALID_SYNTAX</dt>
+ <dd>A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, this error type
+ will be set in the error sent to the <code>callback</code>.</dd>
+ <dt>LOAD_ERROR</dt>
+ <dd>There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <dl title="ProcessingError">
+ <dt>LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED</dt>
+ <dd>A list of lists was detected. The list of lists feature is
+ not supported in this version of JSON-LD due to the algorithmic
+ complexity associated with conversion to RDF.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the expansion upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to expand.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or IRI</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">An optional external context to use additionally to the context embedded in
+ <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the expansion algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>fromRDF</code></dt><dd>Creates a JSON-LD document given an set of <a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad"><code>Quads</code></a>.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>s represented as an array of <a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad"><code>Quads</code></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that will affect the algorithm. This includes <code>notType</code>,
+ which if set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> causes the resulting document to use <code>rdf:type</code>
+ as a property, instead of <code>@type</code>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>toRDF</code></dt><dd>
+ Processes the <code>input</code> according to the
+ <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Convert to RDF Algorithm</a>, calling
+ the provided <code>callback</code> for each <a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad"><code>Quad</code></a> generated.
+
+
+ <dl title="InvalidContext">
+ <dt>INVALID_SYNTAX</dt>
+ <dd>A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, this error will
+ be returned.</dd>
+ <dt>LOAD_ERROR</dt>
+ <dd>There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <dl title="ProcessingError">
+ <dt>LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED</dt>
+ <dd>A list of lists was detected. This is not supported in this
+ version of JSON-LD.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to convert to RDF or a <a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>
+ referencing the JSON-LD document to convert to RDF.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when a <a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad"><code>Quad</code></a> is created from processing
+ the given <code>input</code>.
+ </td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the conversion to RDF such as, e.g.,
+ the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="callbacks">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Callbacks</h3>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/153"><span>Issue 153</span></a></div><p class="">
+ Developers should note that the details of error handling and
+ conformance handling are being actively debated.
+ </p></div>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD processors utilize a variety of callbacks in order to return
+ information in an asynchronous manner to calling applications. This section
+ details the parameters sent to those callbacks as well as the desired
+ operation of the callbacks.
+ </p>
+
+ <section id="jsonldprocessingerror">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.3.1 </span>JsonLdProcessingError</h4>
+ <p>The <a>JsonLdError</a> type is used to encapsulate a variety of
+ parameters that outline the cause of a particular
+ <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> error.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdProcessingError</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-type">type</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-operation">operation</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-source">source</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceKey">sourceKey</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object[] or string or number</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceValue">sourceValue</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonldprocessingerror-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-operation"><code>operation</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span></dt><dd>a string representing the operation that was being performed
+ when the conformance issue was raised. Valid values for the
+ string include <code>compact</code>, <code>expand</code>,
+ <code>toRDF</code>, and <code>fromRDF</code>.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-source"><code>source</code> of type array of <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object</a></span></dt><dd>An object reference to the original JSON-LD document being
+ processed.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceKey"><code>sourceKey</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span></dt><dd>The key value associated with the value that triggered the
+ conformance issue.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-sourceValue"><code>sourceValue</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object[] or string or number</a></span></dt><dd>The value that triggered the conformance issue.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessingError-type"><code>type</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>string</a></span></dt><dd>a string representing the particular error type,
+ such as <code>LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED</code>, as described in
+ the various algorithms in this document.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="jsonldcallback">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.3.2 </span>JsonLdCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a> is used to return a processed JSON-LD
+ representation as the result of processing an API method.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-processingComplete-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-object-or-objectArray-document">processingComplete</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">document</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="methods-1">Methods</h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-processingComplete-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-object-or-objectArray-document"><code>processingComplete</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked when processing is complete.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">error</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">If the value is <code>null</code>, then no error occurred. If
+ the value is non-<code>null</code>, a processing error occurred
+ and the details will be contained within the <code>error</code>
+ object.
+ </td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">document</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object</a>[]</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The processed JSON-LD document.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="quadcallback">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.3.3 </span>QuadCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a> is called whenever the processor generates a
+ quad during processing.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-QuadCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="methods-2">Methods</h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-JsonLdProcessingError-error-Quad-quad"><code>quad</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked whenever a quad is generated by the processor.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">error</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">If the value is <code>null</code>, then no error occurred. If
+ the value is non-<code>null</code>, a processing error occurred
+ and the details will be contained within the <code>error</code>
+ object.
+ </td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">quad</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">If there is no error, the quad that was generated.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="conformancecallback">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.3.4 </span>ConformanceCallback</h4>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-ConformanceCallback" class="idlType"><code>ConformanceCallback</code></a> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be specified in the
+ <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> via the <code>conformanceCallback</code> parameter.
+ If specified, the callback is called whenever a recoverable conformance
+ issue is detected. The developer may then determine whether or not
+ processing should continue based on the type of conformance issue.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-ConformanceCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">ConformanceCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-ConformanceCallback-issue-void-JsonLdProcessingError-issue-function-callback">issue</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">issue</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>function</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="methods-3">Methods</h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-ConformanceCallback-issue-void-JsonLdProcessingError-issue-function-callback"><code>issue</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked when a conformance issue is detected by
+ the JSON-LD processor.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">issue</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessingError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessingError</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">Details about the conformance issue.
+ </td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>function</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A function that <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be called when the program has determined
+ how to respond to the conformance issue. A single parameter must be
+ passed to the callback. The value of the parameter should be
+ <code>null</code> if processing should continue by acting as if the
+ key-value that triggered the issue never existed. The
+ <code>issue</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be passed to the callback without
+ modification if processing should stop.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="data-structures">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Data Structures</h3>
+ <p>This section describes datatype definitions used within the JSON-LD API.</p>
+
+ <section id="iri">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a> datatype is a string representation of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-IRI">typedef <span class="idlTypedefType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlTypedefID">IRI</span>;</span></pre><div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+ This datatype indicates that the <em>string</em> is interpreted as an Internationalized
+ Resource Identifier [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] identifying a document, which when parsed as JSON yields
+ either a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ </div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="jsonldoptions">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.2 </span>JsonLdOptions</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> type is used to pass various options to the <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> methods.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-flatten">flatten</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize">optimize</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">useRdfType</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">useNativeTypes</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>function</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-conformanceCallback">conformanceCallback</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base"><code>base</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a></span>, nullable</dt><dd>The Base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to use when expanding the document. This overrides the value of
+ <em>input</em> if it is a <a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>. If not specified and <em>input</em> is not
+ an <a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>, the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> defaults to the current document <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> if in a browser context,
+ or the empty string if there is no document context.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><code>compactArrays</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>true</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor replaces arrays with just
+ one element with that element during compaction. If set to <code>false</code>,
+ all arrays will remain arrays even if they have just one element.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-conformanceCallback"><code>conformanceCallback</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>function</a></span>, defaulting to <code>null</code></dt><dd>The purpose of this option is to instruct the processor about whether
+ or not it should continue processing. If the value is <code>null</code>,
+ the processor should ignore any key-value pair associated with any
+ recoverable conformance issue and continue processing. More details
+ about this feature can be found in the <a href="#idl-def-ConformanceCallback" class="idlType"><code>ConformanceCallback</code></a>
+ section.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-flatten"><code>flatten</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>false</code></dt><dd>If set to a value that is not <code>false</code>,
+ the JSON-LD processor must modify the output of the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>
+ or the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> by
+ coalescing all properties associated with each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> via the
+ <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening Algorithm</a>. The value
+ of <code>flatten</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> value
+ representing the name of the graph to flatten, or <code>true</code>.
+ If the value is <code>true</code>, then the first graph encountered in
+ the input document is selected and flattened.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize"><code>optimize</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>false</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor is allowed to
+ optimize the output of the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>
+ to produce even compacter representations. The algorithm for compaction
+ optimization is beyond the scope of this specification and thus
+ not defined. Consequently, different implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> implement
+ different optimization algorithms.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes"><code>useNativeTypes</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>true</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor will try to convert
+ datatyped literals to JSON native types instead of using the
+ expanded object form when <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">converting from RDF</a>.
+ <code>xsd:boolean</code> values will be converted to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.
+ <code>xsd:integer</code> and <code>xsd:double</code> values will be
+ converted to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">JSON numbers</a>.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType"><code>useRdfType</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>false</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor will use the
+ expanded <code>rdf:type</code> <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> as the property instead of
+ <code>@type</code> when <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">converting from RDF</a>.
+ </dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <p>The following data structures are used for representing data about
+ RDF quads. They are used for normalization, and <a href="#rdf-conversion">RDF conversion</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <section id="quad">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.3 </span>Quad</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> interface represents an RDF Quad.
+ See [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a></cite>,
+ which most closely aligns to <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.
+ </p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Quad">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-graph">graph</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="attributes">Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-Quad-graph"><code>graph</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>If present, the name associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> identifying
+ it as a member of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">named graph</a>. If it is missing, the quad
+ is a member of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">default graph</a>.
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/125"><span>Issue 125</span></a></div><div class="">This element is at risk, and may be removed.</div></div>
+ </dd><dt id="widl-Quad-object"><code>object</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.</dd><dt id="widl-Quad-property"><code>property</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.
+ Within JSON-LD, an <dfn title="rdf_predicate" id="dfn-rdf_predicate">RDF predicate</dfn> is refered to as a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a></dd><dt id="widl-Quad-subject"><code>subject</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="node">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.4 </span>Node</h4>
+ <p><a class="datatype idlType" title="Node" href="#idl-def-Node"><code>Node</code></a> is the base class of <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>,
+ <a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode"><code>BlankNode</code></a>, and <a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal"><code>Literal</code></a>. It is the IDL
+ representation of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Node">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
+};</span></pre>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="iri-1">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></h4>
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> that is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-IRI-1">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-value">value</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="attributes-1">Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-IRI-value"><code>value</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> identifier of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> as a [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">UNICODE</a></cite>] string.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="blank-node">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.6 </span>Blank Node</h4>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> that
+ does not contain a de-reference-able identifier because it is either
+ ephemeral in nature or does not contain information that needs to be linked
+ to from outside of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.
+ A blank node is assigned an identifier starting
+ with the prefix <code>_:</code> and an implementation dependent,
+ auto-generated suffix that is unique to all information associated with the
+ particular blank node.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-BlankNode">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-identifier">identifier</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="attributes-2">Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-BlankNode-identifier"><code>identifier</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The temporary identifier of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.
+ The <code>identifier</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be relied upon in any way between two
+ separate processing runs of the same document or with a different document.</dd></dl></section>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Developers and authors must not assume that the
+ value of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> will remain the same between two
+ processing runs. <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> values are only valid for the
+ most recent processing run on the document. <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>
+ values will often be generated differently by different processors.</p></div>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> ensure that <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> values are unique
+ within the current environment, two <a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode"><code>BlankNodes</code></a>
+ are considered equal if, and only if, their values are strictly equal.</p></div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="literal">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.4.7 </span>Literal</h4>
+ <p>Literals represent values such as numbers, dates and strings in
+ RDF data. A <a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal"><code>Literal</code></a> is comprised of three attributes:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>a lexical form of the <code>value</code></li>
+ <li>an optional <code>language</code> tag</li>
+ <li>a <code>datatype</code> specified by an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Literals representing plain text in a natural language may have a
+ <code>language</code> tag specified by a string token, as specified in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], normalized to lowercase
+ (e.g., <code>'en'</code>, <code>'fr'</code>, <code>'en-gb'</code>).
+ They also have a datatype attribute such as <code>xsd:string</code>.
+ If unspecified, the <code>datatype</code> defaults to <code>xsd:string</code>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Literals representing values with a specific datatype, such as
+ the integer 72, may have a <code>datatype</code> attribute specified in the form
+ of a <a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a> (e.g.,
+ <code>xsd:integer</code>).</p>
+
+ <p> See[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">literal</a></cite>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Literal">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-value">value</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="attributes-3">Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-Literal-datatype"><code>datatype</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>An optional datatype identified by a <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</dd><dt id="widl-Literal-language"><code>language</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>An optional language tag as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], normalized to lowercase.</dd><dt id="widl-Literal-value"><code>value</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The lexical form of the Literal's value.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Algorithms</h2>
+
+<p>All algorithms described in this section are intended to operate on
+language-native data structures. That is, the serialization to a text-based
+JSON document isn't required as input or output to any of these algorithms and
+language-native data structures <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be used where applicable.</p>
+
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Algorithm Terms</h3>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">active subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active subject that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">active property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active property that the processor should use when
+ processing. The active property is represented in the original lexical form, which
+ is used for finding coercion mappings in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">active object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active object that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s while the processing
+ algorithm is running. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is the context
+ contained within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is has the form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and <em>suffix</em> and is used as a way
+ of expressing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> without needing to define separate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definitions for
+ each <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> contained within a common vocabulary identified by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is specified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ specified via the <code>@context</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">processor state</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>, which includes the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active
+ context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> is managed
+ as a stack with elements from the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>
+ copied into a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> when entering a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is provided as input to the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is produced as output by the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a short word defined in a context that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be expanded to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that expands to a vocabulary base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. It
+ is typically used along with a <em>suffix</em> to form a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to create an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ within a vocabulary.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="language-tagged_string" id="dfn-language-tagged_string">language-tagged string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">language-tagged string</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> without a datatype, including
+ a language. See <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">languaged-tagged string</a></cite>
+ in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> with an associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ which indicates the literal's datatype. See <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">literal</a></cite>
+ in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+
+<section id="context-processing">
+ <h3 id="context"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Context Processing</h3>
+ <p>Processing of JSON-LD data structure is managed recursively.
+ During processing, each rule is applied using information provided by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ Processing begins by pushing a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> onto the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> stack.
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is encountered, information from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is merged
+ into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</p>
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is used for expanding properties and values of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> (or elements
+ of an array) using a <dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</dfn>. It is also used to maintain
+ <dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</dfn>s from terms to datatypes, <dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">language mapping</dfn>s from terms to language codes,
+ and <dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">list mapping</dfn>s and <dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">set mapping</dfn>s for terms. Processors <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> use the
+ lexical form of the property when creating a mapping, as lookup is performed on lexical forms, not
+ expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> representations.</p>
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is identified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a <code>@context</code>
+ property with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> value.
+ When processing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>, special processing rules apply:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new, empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>context</em> be the value of <code>@context</code>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="process-context">If <em>context</em> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, clear the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each element as <em>context</em> in order
+ by starting at <a href="#process-context">Step 2.1</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a lexical form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <em>context</em> according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Dereference <em>context</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the resulting document is a JSON document, extract the top-level <code>@context</code>
+ element using the JSON Pointer "/@context" as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">JSON-POINTER</a></cite>]. Set <em>context</em>
+ to the extracted content and process it by starting at <a href="#process-context">Step 2.1</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>context</em> has a <code>@language</code> property, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a value of a
+ simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> with the lexical form described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Add the language to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@vocab</code> key, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a value of a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>
+ with the lexical form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Add the vocabulary mapping to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li id="object-context">Otherwise, for each property in <em>context</em> perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the property's value is a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping value by
+ performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value. If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the property into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>, unless the property is a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, in which
+ case return an error.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the property's value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> remove mapping, coercion,
+ container and language information associated with property from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the <em>property</em>'s <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> is a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and the value has
+ <code>@id</code>, <code>@language</code> or <code>@type</code> properties, return an error.
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><div class="">Undecided if <code>@type</code> or <code>@graph</code> can take a
+ <code>@container</code> with <code>@set</code>.
+ </div></div>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> has the form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, its <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have an
+ <code>@id</code> property with a string value which <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping
+ by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value.
+ If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the
+ <em>property</em> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> has the form of of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> have a <code>@id</code> property with a string value which <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the
+ form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated
+ value. If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the
+ <em>property</em> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@type</code> property, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> <code>@id</code>.
+ Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value.
+ If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <code>@id</code>, merge into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</a> using the lexical value of the <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@container</code> property, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be <code>@list</code> or
+ <code>@set</code>. Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">list mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">set mapping</a> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> using the lexical value of the <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@language</code> property but no <code>@type</code> property, the value of the
+ <code>@language</code> property <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.
+ Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">language mapping</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> using the lexical value of the
+ <em>property</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Repeat <a href="#object-context">Step 2.4.2</a> until no entries are added to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local
+ context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">It can be difficult to distinguish between a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> may seem to be a valid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <em>scheme</em>. When performing repeated <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion,
+ a term used as a prefix may not have a valid mapping due to dependencies in resolving term definitions. By
+ continuing <a href="#object-context">Step 2.3.2</a> until no changes are made, mappings to IRIs created
+ using an undefined term prefix will eventually expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s.</p></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="iri-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Keys and some values are evaluated to produce an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. This section defines an algorithm for
+ transforming a value representing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> into an actual <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</p>
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> may be represented as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or as a value relative to <code>@vocab</code>.</p>
+ <p>An <dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] containing a <em>scheme</em> along with
+ <em>path</em> and optional <em>query</em> and fragment segments. A <dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ that is relative some other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>; in the case of JSON-LD this is the base location
+ of the document.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for generating an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping for the value using
+ a case-sensitive comparison, use the mapped value as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, split the value into a <em>prefix</em> and <em>suffix</em> from the first occurrence of ':'.</li>
+ <li>If the prefix is a '_' (underscore), the value represents a named <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping for <em>prefix</em> using
+ a case-sensitive comparison, and <em>suffix</em> does not does not begin with '//'
+ (i.e., it does not match a <em>hier-part</em> including
+ <em>authority</em> (as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]), generate an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ by prepending the mapped prefix to the (possibly empty) suffix using textual concatenation. Note that an empty
+ suffix and no suffix (meaning the value contains no ':' string at all) are treated equivalently.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> being processed does not contain a colon and is a property, i.e., a key in
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, or the value of <code>@type</code> and the active context has a
+ <code>@vocab</code> mapping, join the mapped value to the suffix using textual concatenation.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> being processed does not contain a colon and is not a property, i.e., not a key in a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> treat it as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and resolve it against the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> as
+ per [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] using only the basic algorithm in section 5.2. Neither <em>Syntax-Based Normalization</em>
+ nor <em>Scheme-Based Normalization</em> (described in sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]) are performed.
+ Characters additionally allowed in <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> references are treated in the same way that unreserved characters are
+ treated in URI references, per section 6.5 of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, use the value directly as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="iri-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some keys and values are expressed using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s. This section defines an
+ algorithm for transforming an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> (<em>iri</em>) to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s specified in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> using an optional <em>value</em>.</p>
+
+<section id="iri-compaction-algorithm">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.4.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>The algorithm for generating a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create an empty list of terms <em>terms</em> that will be populated with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s that are ranked according to how closely they match
+ <em>value</em>. Initialize <em>highest rank</em> to <code>0</code>,
+ and set a flag <em>list container</em> to <code>false</code>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>term</em> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <em>term</em>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is not a complete match against
+ <em>iri</em>, continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>term</em> has a <code>@container</code> set to <code>@set</code>, continue
+ to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>list container</em> is <code>true</code> and <em>term</em> does not have a
+ <code>container</code> set to <code>@list</code> and <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code> set to <code>@list</code>,
+ continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>rank</em> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> of <em>value</em> by passing
+ passing <em>term</em>, <em>value</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> to
+ the <a href="#term-rank-algorithm">Term Rank Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>rank</em> is greater than <code>0</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code> set to <code>@set</code>, then add
+ <code>1</code> to <em>rank</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>
+ and <em>list container</em> is <code>false</code> and <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code>
+ set to <code>@list</code>, then set <em>list container</em> to <code>true</code>, clear
+ <em>terms</em>, set <em>highest rank</em> to <em>rank</em>, and add <em>term</em> to <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>rank</em> is greater than or equal to <em>highest rank</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>rank</em> is greater than <em>highest rank</em>, clear <em>terms</em> and set
+ <em>highest rank</em> to <em>rank</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add <em>term</em> to <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>terms</em> is empty, and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> has a <code>@vocab</code>
+ which is a prefix of <em>iri</em> where
+ the resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. The resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is the
+ unmatched part of <em>iri</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>terms</em> is empty, add a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> representation of <em>iri</em>
+ for each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> which
+ maps to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> which is a prefix for <em>iri</em> where
+ the resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. The resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> associated with the partially
+ matched <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> concatenated with a
+ colon (:) character and the unmatched part of <em>iri</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>terms</em> is empty, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> being processed is a property or the
+ value of <code>@type</code> and <code>@vocab</code> is not null and matches the beginning
+ of <em>iri</em>, return the unmatched portion of <em>iri</em>. Otherwise return
+ <em>iri</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the shortest and lexicographically least value in <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-rank-algorithm">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.4.2 </span>Term Rank Algorithm</h4>
+<p>When selecting among multiple possible terms for a given property, it may be that multiple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> are defined with the same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, but differ in <code>@type</code>, <code>@container</code>
+ or <code>@language</code>. The purpose of this algorithm is to take a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ and a value and give it a <dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">term rank</dfn>. The selection can then be based, partly, on
+ the term having the highest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>.</p>
+<p>Given a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <em>term</em>, <em>value</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>
+ determine the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> using the following steps:</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <code>@list</code> property is an empty array, if <em>term</em> has <code>@container</code>
+ set to <code>@list</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the sum of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>s for every entry in the list.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">node definition</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">node reference</a>,
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a <code>@value</code>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@value</code> property:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@type</code> property matching a
+ <code>@type</code> coercion for <em>term</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>
+ is <code>3</code>, otherwise if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code>
+ coercion and no <code>@language</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <code>@value</code> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, if <em>term</em> has
+ no <code>@type</code> or <code>@language</code> it is <code>2</code>, otherwise <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has no <code>@language</code> property, if <em>term</em> has
+ <code>@language</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, or <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> or
+ <code>@language</code> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> has no <code>@language</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has a <code>@language</code> property matching a
+ <code>@language</code> definition for <em>term</em> (or
+ <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> or <code>@language</code> definition and
+ <code>@language</code> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> matches the
+ <em>value</em> <code>@language</code>), <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>3</code>, otherwise if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code>
+ coercion and no <code>@language</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>term</em> has <code>@type</code> coerced to <code>@id</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>, otherwise
+ if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> coercion and no <code>@language</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="value-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Value Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Some values in JSON-LD can be expressed in a compact form. These values
+ are required to be expanded at times when processing JSON-LD documents.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for expanding a <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, the <em>value</em> is already expanded.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is <code>@graph</code> or the target of an <code>@id</code> coercion,
+ expand the value into an object with a key-value pair where the key is <code>@id</code> and the value is
+ the expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> according to the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, then expand <em>value</em> into an
+ object:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set the first key-value pair to <code>@value</code> and the unexpanded <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of typed literal coercion, set the second key-value pair
+ to <code>@type</code> and the associated coercion datatype expanded according to the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of language tagging, set the second key-value
+ pair to <code>@language</code> and value of the language tagging from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> is already expanded.</li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+
+<section id="value-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Value Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some values, such as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literals</a>, may be expressed in an
+ expanded form (<dfn title="expanded_value" id="dfn-expanded_value">expanded value</dfn>) in JSON-LD. These values are required to be compacted at
+ times when processing JSON-LD documents.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for compacting an expanded value <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> only has one property and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> has no default language,
+ then the compacted value is the value of <code>@value</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is <code>@graph</code>, the compacted value is the
+ value associated with the <code>@id</code> key, processed according to
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a coercion target for the
+ key that matches the expression of the value, compact the value using the
+ following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the coercion target is an <code>@id</code>, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key,
+ processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>If the coercion target is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> contains an <code>@id</code> key, the compacted value is <em>value</em> with
+ the value of <code>@id</code> processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <code>@language</code>, which
+ matches the <code>@language</code> of the value, or the value has only a <code>@value</code> key, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value contains a <code>@type</code> key, the compacted value
+ is <em>value</em> with the <code>@type</code> value processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the value is not modified.</li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+
+<section id="expansion-1">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Expansion</h3>
+
+<p>Expansion is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that all <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, datatypes, and literal values are expanded so
+ that the context is no longer necessary. JSON-LD document expansion
+ is typically used as a part of other JSON-LD API methods.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Expansion algorithm against the JSON-LD input document
+ provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+<section id="expansion-algorithm">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, and an <em>element</em> to be expanded. To
+ begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is set to the result of performing, <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> on the passed
+ <em>context</em>, or empty if <em>context</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and
+ <em>element</em> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>.</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ If has a <code>@container</code> set to <code>@list</code> and any entry in <em>element</em> is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, or is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing a <code>@list</code> property,
+ return an error, as lists of lists are not allowed.
+ If the expanded entry is null, drop it. If it's an array, merge its entries with <em>element</em>'s entries.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an object
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has a <code>@context</code> property, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> according to
+ the steps outlined in <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> and remove the <code>@context</code>
+ property.</li>
+ <li>Then, proceed and process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element</em> as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Remove <em>property</em> from <em>element</em>, expand
+ <em>property</em> according to the steps outlined in <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.
+ Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the original un-expanded <em>property</em> if
+ <em>property</em> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> does not expand to a keyword or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (i.e., it doesn't contain a colon),
+ continue with the next property from <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and <em>property</em> is not <code>@value</code>, continue with the next
+ property from <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> is <code>@id</code> the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.
+ Expand the <em>value</em> according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, expand according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>, it must be empty (used for
+ <cite><a href="../json-ld-framing/#framing">Framing</a></cite>).</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, all elements must be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>s.
+ Expand <em>value</em> for each of its entries according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@value</code> or <code>@language</code> the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@list</code> or <code>@set</code> expand <em>value</em>
+ recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <em>active property</em>. If the expanded
+ <em>value</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, convert it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ If <em>property</em> is <code>@list</code> and any entry in <em>value</em> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing an <code>@list</code> property, return an error, as
+ lists of lists are not supported.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand <em>value</em> recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is not a keyword
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> has a <code>@container</code> <code>@list</code>
+ and the expanded <em>value</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ convert <em>value</em> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with an <code>@list</code> property whose value is
+ set to <em>value</em> (unless <em>value</em> is already in that form).</li>
+ <li>Convert <em>value</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> form unless <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <em>property</em> is
+ <code>@id</code>, <code>@type</code>, <code>@value</code>, or <code>@language</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, either merge <em>value</em> into an existing <em>property</em> property of
+ <em>element</em> or create a new <em>property</em> property with <em>value</em> as value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the processed <em>element</em> has an <code>@value</code> property
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li><em>element</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> have more than one other property, which can either be <code>@language</code> or <code>@type</code>
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value.</li>
+ <li>if the value of <code>@value</code> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ replace <em>element</em> with the value of <code>@value</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> has an <code>@type</code> property and its value is not in the form of an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, convert it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has an <code>@set</code> or <code>@list</code> property, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be the only property.
+ Set <em>element</em> to the value of <code>@set</code>; leave <code>@list</code> untouched.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has just a <code>@language</code> property, set <em>element</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand <em>element</em> according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a> rules,
+ passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with just a <code>@graph</code>
+ property, <em>element</em> is set to the value of <code>@graph</code>'s value. Finally, if <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ it is wrapped into an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="compaction-1">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Compaction</h3>
+
+<p>Compaction is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that the most compact form of the document is generated. JSON
+ is typically expressed in a very compact, key-value format. That is, full
+ IRIs are rarely used as keys. At times, a JSON-LD document may be received
+ that is not in its most compact form. JSON-LD, via the API, provides a way
+ to compact a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD context:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Compaction algorithm given the context supplied above
+ against the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following
+ output:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 17</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The compaction algorithm also enables the developer to map any expanded
+ format into an application-specific compacted format. While the context
+ provided above mapped <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> to
+ <strong>name</strong>, it could have also mapped it to any arbitrary string
+ provided by the developer.</p>
+
+<section id="compaction-algorithm">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and an <em>element</em> to be compacted. To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is
+ set to the result of performing <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> on the passed <em>context</em>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>element</em> is set to the result of performing the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> on the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>. This removes any existing
+ context to allow the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> to be cleanly applied.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing a copy of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ If <em>element</em> has a single item and the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code> option is set to
+ <code>true</code>, the compacted value is that item; otherwise the compacted value is <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an object:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has an <code>@value</code> property or element is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">node reference</a>,
+ return the result of performing
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction</a> on <em>element</em> using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> has a <code>@container</code> mapping to <code>@list</code>
+ and <em>element</em> has a corresponding <code>@list</code> property, recursively compact that
+ property's value passing a copy of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> ensuring
+ that the result is an array with all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> values removed. If there already exists a value for
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> in <em>element</em> and the full <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of <em>property</em> is also coerced to
+ <code>@list</code>, return an error. Otherwise store the resulting array as value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ if empty or <em>property</em> otherwise.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, construct <em>output</em> as a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used for returning the result
+ of compacting <em>element</em>. For each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element:</em>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the compacted <em>value</em> is the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Perform <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>
+ on every entry of <em>value</em>. If <em>value</em> contains just one entry and the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code> option is set to
+ <code>true</code>, <em>value</em> is set to that entry.</li>
+ <li>Add <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the compacted <em>value</em> to <em>output</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is empty:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Create an entry in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>value</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <em>item</em> in <em>value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>
+ for <em>property</em> and <em>item</em> using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Compact <em>item</em> by recursively performing this algorithm passing a copy of
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If an entry already exists in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, convert it
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> if necessary, and append the compacted <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the compacted <em>value</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ has a <code>@container</code> mapping to <code>@set</code> or if the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code> option is set to
+ <code>false</code>, convert <em>value</em> to an array.</li>
+ <li>Create an entry in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>value</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <em>element</em> as the compacted <em>element</em>.
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><div class="">Perhaps this should also call <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction</a> on
+ native types and strings, which could consolidate potential transformation in one place.</div></div>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, put <em>element</em> into the
+ <code>@graph</code> property of a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> and then set <em>element</em> to that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ Finally, add a <code>@context</code> property to <em>element</em> and set it to the initially passed <em>context</em>.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="flattening">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Flattening</h3>
+
+<p>Flattening is the process of taking a JSON-LD document, <a href="#expansion">expanding</a>
+ it, labeling all unlabeled nodes with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifier, and returning
+ an array of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> defined in the document.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 18</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Flattening algorithm for the merged graph (<code>@merged</code>) against
+ the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 19</span></div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [ { "@id": "_:t0" } ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" } ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" } ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+<section id="flattening-algorithm">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</h4>
+<p>The algorithm takes two input variables, an <em>element</em> to flatten and the
+ <em>graph</em> for which the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> definitions should be returned. If <em>graph</em>
+ is not set, it will default to <code>@merged</code> which represents the result of
+ merging all graphs including the default graph (<code>@default</code>).</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <em>element</em> according the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a <em>nodeMap</em> according the <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty array <em>result</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>nodeMap</em> has no property <em>graph</em>, return <em>result</em>, otherwise set <em>definitions</em> to its value.</li>
+ <li>Foreach <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> of of <em>definitions</em> ordered by <em>property</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>value</em> to <em>result</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <em>result</em>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="node-map-generation">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</h4>
+<p>The Node Map Generation algorithm takes as input an expanded JSON-LD document and results in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ <em>nodeMap</em> holding a flat representation of the graphs and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> represented in the document. All <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> that are not
+ uniquely identified by an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> get assigned a (new) <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifier. The resulting <em>nodeMap</em>
+ document will have a property for every graph in the document whose value is another object with a property for every
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> represented in the document. While the default graph is stored under the <code>@default</code> property and the merged graph
+ under the <code>@merged</code> property, all other graphs are stored under their respective <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes as input the expanded JSON-LD document as <em>element</em>, the initially empty <em>nodeMap</em>,
+ <code>@default</code> as <em>graph</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> as <em>list</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> as <em>id</em>.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an array, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively, using this algorithm
+ and return.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or if it has a <code>@value</code> property,
+ then if <em>list</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, append <em>element</em> to <em>list</em> and return.</li>
+ <li>If <em>id</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and if the <code>@id</code>
+ property exists and is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, set <em>id</em> to its value,
+ otherwise set it to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifier created by the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier</a>
+ algorithm.</li>
+ <li>If <em>list</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, append a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">node reference</a> to <em>list</em> using
+ <em>id</em> as the value for <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>nodes</em> be the value in <em>nodeMap</em> where the key is <em>graph</em>; if no such
+ value exists, insert a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> for the key <em>graph</em>. If <em>id</em> is not in
+ <em>nodes</em>, create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> <em>node</em> with <em>id</em> as the value
+ for <code>@id</code>. Let <em>node</em> be the value of <em>id</em> in <em>nodes</em>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>property</em> that is not <code>@id</code> and each <em>value</em> in <em>element</em> ordered
+ by <em>property</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>@graph</code>, recursively call this algorithm passing <em>value</em>
+ for <em>element</em>, <em>nodeMap</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <em>list</em> and if <em>graph</em>
+ is <code>@merged</code> use <em>graph</em>, otherwise use <em>id</em> for <em>graph</em> and then continue.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is not <code>@type</code> and is a keyword, merge <code>property</code> and
+ <code>value</code> into <code>node</code> and then continue.</li>
+ <li>For each value <em>v</em> in the array <em>value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>v</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">node definition</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">node reference</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the property <code>@id</code> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or it does not exist,
+ map <em>v</em> to a <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">new blank node
+ identifier</a> <em>name</em> to avoid collisions. If one does
+ not already exist, add a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">node reference</a> for
+ <em>v</em> into <em>node</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively call this algorithm passing <em>v</em> for <em>value</em>, <em>nodeMap</em>,
+ <em>graph</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <em>list</em>, and <em>name</em> for <em>id</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise if <em>v</em> has the property <code>@list</code> then recursively call this algorithm
+ with the value of <code>@list</code> as <em>element</em>, <em>nodeMap</em>, <em>graph</em>, and
+ a new array <em>flattenedList</em> as <em>list</em>. Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with the
+ property <code>@list</code> set to <em>flattenedList</em> and add it to <em>node</em> for
+ <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code> and <em>v</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ generate a <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">new blank node identifier</a> and add it
+ to <em>node</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, add <em>v</em> to <em>node</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>After the above outlined algorithm has been executed, the node map for all graphs including the default graph are contained in
+ <em>nodeMap</em>. To also create the node map for the merged graph, execute the algorithm again, but pass <code>@merged</code>
+ for <em>graph</em>.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<h4><span class="secno">4.9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</h4>
+<p>This algorithm is used by the <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation Algorithm</a> to
+ deterministically name <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifiers. It uses a <em>identifier map</em>
+ and <em>prefix</em> and takes a possibly <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> identifier and returns a new identifier based
+ on <em>prefix</em>.</p>
+<p>The variable <em>next identifier</em> is initialized to <em>prefix</em> appended with <code>0</code>. The
+ default value of <em>prefix</em> is <code>_:t</code>.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the old identifier is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and is in the <em>identifier map</em>,
+ return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the old identifier is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, create a new entry in
+ <em>identifier map</em> initialized to the current value of <em>next identifier</em>. Increment
+ <em>next identifier</em> by adding one to the integer suffix. Return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, increment <em>next identifier</em> by adding one to the integer suffix and return its
+ original value.</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="rdf-conversion-1">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.10 </span>RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD document <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be converted between other RDF-compatible document
+ formats using the algorithms specified in this section.</p>
+
+<p>The JSON-LD Processing Model describes processing rules for extracting RDF
+ from a JSON-LD document, and for transforming an array of <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> retrieved by processing
+ another serialization format into JSON-LD. Note that many uses of JSON-LD may not require
+ generation of RDF.</p>
+
+<p>The processing algorithms described in this section are provided in
+ order to demonstrate how one might implement a JSON-LD to RDF processor.
+ Conformant implementations are only required to produce the same type and
+ number of quads during the output process and are not required to
+ implement the algorithm exactly as described.</p>
+
+<section class="informative" id="overview">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.10.1 </span>Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD is intended to have an easy to parse grammar that closely models existing
+ practice in using JSON for describing object representations. This allows the use
+ of existing libraries for parsing JSON.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ As with other grammars used for describing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, a key
+ concept is that of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.
+ Nodes may be of three basic types.
+ The first is the <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>, which is used to refer to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>s in other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>s.
+ The second is the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>, which are nodes for which an external name does not
+ exist, or is not known. The third is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">Literal</a>, which express
+ values such as strings, dates and other information having a lexical
+ form, possibly including an explicit language or datatype.
+ </p>
+ <p>Data described with JSON-LD may be considered to be a graph made
+ up of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> related via a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>. Specific implementations may also choose to operate
+ on the document as a normal JSON description of objects having
+ attributes. Both approaches are valid ways to interact with JSON-LD
+ documents.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="parsing-examples">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.10.2 </span>Parsing Examples</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The following examples show simple transformations of JSON-LD documents to Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE-TR">TURTLE-TR</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>The first example uses a simple document containing a simple FOAF profile:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 20</span></div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>This translates fairly directly to a similar Turtle document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 21</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+
+<http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg";
+ foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Manu Sporny"].</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The actual parsing steps first require that the JSON-LD document be expanded,
+ to eliminate the <code>@context</code>:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 22</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Gregg Kellogg"}],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [{
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}]
+ }]
+}]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The process of translating this to RDF then operates over each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">node definition</a> to find a subject,
+ each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> to find an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf_predicate" href="#dfn-rdf_predicate">RDF predicate</a>,
+ and each value of that property to find an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>.
+ In this case, each property has just a single object:
+ <code>foaf:name</code> identifies a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>, and
+ <code>foaf:knows</code> identifies a second <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">node definition</a>
+ similar to Turtle's <code>blankNodePropertyList</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>After expansion, JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">booleans</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literals</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">language-tagged-strings</a>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> become explicit, and can be directly
+ transformed into their RDF representations.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 23</span></div><pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Gregg Kellogg"}],
+ <span class="diff">"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject": [{"@id": "http://json-ld.org/"}],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/birthday": [{
+ "@value": "1957-02-27",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
+ }],</span>
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [{
+ "@type": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [{"@value": "Manu Sporny"}]
+ }]
+}]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Translates to:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 24</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
+@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.
+
+<http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg";
+ <span class="diff">foaf:currentProject <http://json-ld.org/>;
+ foaf:birthday "1957-02-27"^^xsd:date;</span>
+ foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Manu Sporny"].</pre></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.10.3 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>
+ The algorithm below is designed for in-memory implementations with random access to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> elements.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A conforming JSON-LD processor implementing RDF conversion <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> implement a
+ processing algorithm that results in the same set of RDF <a class="tref internalDFN" title="quad" href="#dfn-quad">Quads</a> that the following
+ algorithm generates:
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes four input variables: a <em>element</em> to be converted, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>
+ are set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>element</em> is
+ set to the result of performing the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> on
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>. This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly
+ applied.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="processing-step-associative">
+ If <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ If <em>element</em> has a <code>@value</code> property:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value of <code>@value</code> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> using a string representation
+ of the value as defined in the section <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ Set datatype to the value of the <code>@type</code> property if it exists, otherwise
+ either <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code>, depending
+ on if the value contains a fractional and/or an exponential component.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of <code>@value</code> is <strong>true</strong> or <strong>false</strong>,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> created from the
+ string representation of the value. Set datatype to the value of the <code>@type</code>
+ property if it exists, otherwise <code>xsd:boolean</code>.</li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <em>element</em> contains a <code>@type</code> property, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <em>element</em> contains a <code>@language</code> property, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">language-tagged string</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>
+ using <code>xsd:string</code> as the datatype.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If <em>element</em> has a <code>@list</code> property the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ Process its value as a list as described in <a href="#list-conversion">List Conversion</a> using
+ the return value as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If neither <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>
+ representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li id="processing-step-subject">If <em>element</em> has a <code>@id</code> property,
+ the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> to the previously
+ expanded value (either a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> or an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>).</li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <em>element</em> does not have a <code>@id</code> property, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active
+ subject</a> to newly generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ Process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element</em>, ordered by
+ <em>property</em>, as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ to <code>rdf:type</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is <code>@graph</code>,
+ process <em>value</em> algorithm recursively, using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>
+ and null values for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and then
+ proceed to next property.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, skip this step.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> value of <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Process <em>value</em> recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each value in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ as follows, process <em>element</em> recursively using this algorithm, using copies of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ must be <code>rdf:type</code> so set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If any of these steps created an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> and neither <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>
+ nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+<section id="list-conversion">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.10.4 </span>List Conversion</h4>
+
+ <p>List Conversion is the process of taking an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of values and adding them to a newly
+ created <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a></cite> (see
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>]) by linking each element of the list using <code>rdf:first</code> and <code>rdf:next</code>,
+ terminating the list with <code>rdf:nil</code> using the following sequence:</p>
+ <p>The algorithm is invoked with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <em>array</em>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and returns a value to be used as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> in the calling location.</p>
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><div class="">This algorithm does not support lists containing lists.</div></div>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If <em>array</em> is empty return <code>rdf:nil</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and a newly generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identified as <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ For each element in <em>array</em> other than the last element:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a processor state using
+ <em>first blank node</em> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <code>rdf:first</code> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Process the value starting at <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 1</a>.</li>
+ <li>Proceed using the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Unless this is the last element in <em>array</em>, generate a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identified as
+ <em>rest blank node</em>, otherwise use <code>rdf:nil</code>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a new <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using <em>first blank node</em>,
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> and <em>rest blank node</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>first blank node</em> to
+ <em>rest blank node</em>.</li>
+ <li>Return <em>first blank node</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+
+<section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h4><span class="secno">4.10.5 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>In some cases, data exists natively in Triples or Quads form; for example, if the data was originally
+ represented in an RDF graph or triple/quad store. This algorithm is designed to simply translate
+ an array of <a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad"><code>Quads</code></a> into a JSON-LD document.</p>
+ <p>When expanding <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> values having a datatype of <code>xsd:string</code>,
+ the <code>@type</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be set to <code>xsd:string</code> and the resulting value
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have only a <code>@value</code> property.</p>
+
+ <p>The conversion algorithm takes a single parameter <em>input</em> in the form of an
+ array of <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> representations.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="new_graph">Construct <em>defaultGraph</em> as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ containing <em>nodes</em> and <em>listMap</em>, each an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Construct <em>graphs</em> as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing <em>defaultGraph</em>
+ identified by
+ an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each quad in <em>input</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>graph</em> to the entry in <em>graphs</em> identified
+ by <em>name</em>, initializing it to a new entry using the mechanism
+ described in <a href="#new_graph">Step 1</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:first</code>,
+ use the entry in <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>subject</em>,
+ initializing it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if nesessary. Represent
+ <em>object</em> in expanded form, as described in
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>. Add the
+ resulting <em>object representation</em> to the entry indexed by
+ <em>first</em>, and skip to the next quad.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:rest</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>object</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>, use the entry in
+ <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>subject</em>, initializing it
+ to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if necessary. Add the <em>nominalValue</em> of
+ <em>object</em> to the entry indexed by <em>rest</em>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Skip to the next quad.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>name</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>defaultGraph.nodes</em>
+ does not contain an entry for <em>name</em>,
+ create a new entry for <em>name</em> from a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with key/value pair of <code>@id</code> and
+ a string representation of <em>name</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>value</em> as the entry from <em>graph.nodes</em> for
+ <em>subject</em>, initializing it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with key/value pair of <code>@id</code> and
+ a string representation of <em>subject</em> if necessary.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:type</code> and the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">useRdfType</a></code>
+ option is not present or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Append the string representation of <em>object</em> to the array value for the
+ key <code>@type</code>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If <em>object</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> and the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">useNativeTypes</a></code>
+ option is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Generate a <em>converted value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the literal's type is <code>xsd:boolean</code>, the
+ <em>converted value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if the literal
+ matches the value <code>true</code> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> if
+ the literal matches the value <code>false</code>.</li>
+ <li>If the literal's type is <code>xsd:integer</code> or
+ <code>xsd:double</code>, try to convert the literal to a
+ JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>. If the conversion is successful,
+ store the result in <em>converted value</em>, otherwise
+ set <em>converted value</em> to <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, do not perform a conversion. Set
+ the <em>converted value</em> to the <em>value</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Append the <em>converted value</em> to the array value for the
+ key, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>object</em> is <code>rdf:nil</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Let <em>key</em> be the string representation of <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Append an empty <code>@list</code> representation to the array value for
+ <em>key</em>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Let <em>key</em> be the string representation of <em>property</em> and let
+ <em>object representation</em>
+ be <em>object</em> represented in expanded form as described in
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>object</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>,
+ use the entry in <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>object</em>,
+ initializing it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if nesessary.
+ Add an entry for <em>head</em> with <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ <li>Append <em>object representation</em> to the array value for
+ <em>key</em>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <em>name</em> and <em>graph</em> in <em>graphs</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <em>subject</em> and <em>entry</em> in <em>graph</em>
+ where <em>entry</em> has both <em>head</em> and <em>first</em> keys:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>value</em> to the value of <em>head</em> in <em>entry</em>.</li>
+ <li>Remove the entry for <code>@id</code> in <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add an entry to <em>value</em> for <code>@list</code> initialized to a new array
+ containing the value of <em>first</em> from <em>entry</em>.</li>
+ <li>While <em>entry</em> has a key for <em>rest</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>entry</em> to the value of <em>graph.listMap</em> for <em>entry.rest</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add the value for <em>entry.first</em> to the list array.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Create <em>array</em> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>subject</em> and <em>entry</em> in <em>defaultGraph.nodes</em>
+ ordered by <em>subject</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>entry</em> to <em>array</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>graphs</em> has an entry for <em>subject</em>, add a property
+ <code>@graph</code> in <em>entry</em> containing the ordered entries
+ from <em>graphs[subject].nodes</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <em>array</em> as the result.</li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="data-round-tripping">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Data Round Tripping</h2>
+
+<p>When <a href="#rdf-conversion">converting JSON-LD to RDF</a> JSON-native types such as
+ <em>numbers</em> and <em>booleans</em> are automatically coerced to <strong>xsd:integer</strong>,
+ <strong>xsd:double</strong>, or <strong>xsd:boolean</strong>. Implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> ensure that the
+ result is a canonical lexical form in the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A
+ <dfn title="canonical_lexical_form" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_form">canonical lexical form</dfn> is a set of literals from among the valid set of literals for
+ a datatype such that there is a one-to-one mapping between the canonical lexical form and a value
+ in the value space as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]. In other words, every value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be converted
+ to a deterministic string representation.</p>
+
+<p>The canonical lexical form of an <em>integer</em>, i.e., a number without fractions
+ or a number coerced to <strong>xsd:integer</strong>, is a finite-length sequence of decimal
+ digits (<code>0-9</code>) with an optional leading minus sign; leading zeroes are prohibited.
+ To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 25</span></div><pre class="example">(value).toFixed(0).toString()</pre></div>
+
+<p>The canonical lexical form of a <em>double</em>, i.e., a number with fractions
+ or a number coerced to <strong>xsd:double</strong>, consists of a mantissa followed by the
+ character "E", followed by an exponent. The mantissa <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a decimal number. The exponent
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an integer. Leading zeroes and a preceding plus sign (<code>+</code>) are prohibited
+ in the exponent. If the exponent is zero, it must be indicated by <code>E0</code>.
+ For the mantissa, the preceding optional plus sign is prohibited and the decimal point is
+ required. Leading and trailing zeroes are prohibited subject to the following: number
+ representations must be normalized such that there is a single digit which is non-zero to the
+ left of the decimal point and at least a single digit to the right of the decimal point unless
+ the value being represented is zero. The canonical representation for zero is <code>0.0E0</code>.
+ <strong>xsd:double</strong>'s value space is defined by the IEEE double-precision 64-bit
+ floating point type [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985">IEEE-754-1985</a></cite>]; in JSON-LD the mantissa is rounded to 15 digits after the
+ decimal point.</p>
+
+<p>To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 26</span></div><pre class="example">(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')</pre></div>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">When data such as decimals need to be normalized, JSON-LD authors should
+ not use values that are going to undergo automatic conversion. This is due to the lossy nature
+ of <strong>xsd:double</strong> values. Authors should instead use the expanded object form to
+ set the canonical lexical form directly.</p></div>
+
+<p>The canonical lexical form of the <em>boolean</em> values <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>
+ are the strings <strong>true</strong> and <strong>false</strong>.</p>
+
+<p>When JSON-native <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>s, are type coerced, lossless data round-tripping can not
+ be guaranted as rounding errors might occur. Additionally, only literals typed as
+ <strong>xsd:integer</strong>, <strong>xsd:double</strong>, and <strong>xsd:boolean</strong> are
+ automatically converted back to their JSON-native counterparts in when
+ <a href="#rdf-conversion">converting from RDF</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Some JSON serializers, such as PHP's native implementation in some versions,
+ backslash-escape the forward slash character. For example, the value
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> would be serialized as <code>http:\/\/example.com\/</code>.
+ This is problematic as other JSON parsers might not understand those escaping characters.
+ There is no need to backslash-escape forward slashes in JSON-LD. To aid interoperability
+ between JSON-LD processors, a JSON-LD serializer <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> backslash-escape forward slashes.</p></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+<p>A large amount of thanks goes out to the JSON-LD Community Group
+participants who worked through many of the technical issues on the mailing
+list and the weekly telecons - of special mention are Niklas Lindström,
+François Daoust, and Zdenko 'Denny' Vrandečić.
+The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj.
+The work of Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson are appreciated for reviewing,
+and performing several implementations of the specification. Ian Davis is
+thanked for this work on RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham,
+Bradley P. Allen,
+Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant, Danny Ayers, Ted
+Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Josh Mandel, Eric Prud'hommeaux,
+David Wood, Guus Schreiber, Pat Hayes, Sandro Hawke, and Richard
+Cyganiak for their input on the specification.
+</p></section>
+
+
+
+<section id="references" class="appendix">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd>A. Phillips; M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a> September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">[IEEE-754-1985]</dt><dd>IEEE. <cite>IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic.</cite> See <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd><cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/">The JSON-LD Syntax</a></cite> Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler Editors. World Wide Web Consortium (work in progress). 22 May 2012. Editor's Draft. This edition of the JSON-LD Syntax specification is http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/. The <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">latest edition of the JSON-LD Syntax</a> is available at http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">[JSON-POINTER]</dt><dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">JSON Pointer</a></cite> P. Bryan, Ed. IETF Draft. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">[RDF-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</a></cite> Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Editors. World Wide Web Consortium (work in progress). 30 May 2012. Editor's Draft. This edition of the JSON-LD Syntax specification is http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/. The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">latest edition of the JSON-LD Syntax</a> is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd>Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd>T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd>M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd>D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">Web IDL</a></cite> Cameron McCormack, Editor. World Wide Web Consortium. 19 April 2012. Candidate Recommendataion. This edition of Web IDL is http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/. The <a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/">latest edition of Web IDL</a> is available at http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">[XMLSCHEMA11-2]</dt><dd>Henry S. Thompson; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/"><cite>W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes.</cite></a> 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification.</cite></a> June 2011. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE-TR">[TURTLE-TR]</dt><dd>Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/">Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> 09 August 2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-UNICODE">[UNICODE]</dt><dd>The Unicode Consortium. <a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html"><cite>The Unicode Standard.</cite></a> 2003. Defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as updated from time to time by the publication of new versions URL: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>