--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20111023/diff-20111016.html Sun Oct 23 17:51:53 2011 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,18933 @@
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+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+The
+JSON-LD
+API
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+An
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</h2>
+<h2 id="unofficial-draft-24-october-2011">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">16
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">24
+</ins>
+October
+2011
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+</ins><a href="diff-20111016.html"><ins class="diff-new">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+JSON-LD
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+harmonizes
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON
+by
+outlining
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+This
+document
+outlines
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+programmatically
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldtriplecallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1
+Coerce
+3.3.2
+Initial
+Context
+3.4
+IRI
+Expansion
+3.5
+IRI
+Compaction
+3.6
+Value
+Expansion
+</del>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.8.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.5.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.9.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.6.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normalization" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normalization-state" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+State
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#node-relabeling-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#deterministic-labeling-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#shallow-comparison-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#object-comparison-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#deep-comparison-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#serialization-label-generation-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#combinatorial-serialization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#serialization-comparison-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.12
+</ins>
+</span>
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#label-serialization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.14
+</ins>
+</span>
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+simple
+language
+for
+representing
+data
+on
+the
+Web.
+Linked
+Data
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+graph
+of
+interlinked
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+or
+Web
+sites.
+Data
+entities
+are
+described
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+s,
+which
+are
+typically
+dereferencable
+and
+thus
+may
+be
+used
+to
+find
+more
+information
+about
+an
+entity,
+creating
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"Web
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Web
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Knowledge".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Knowledge".
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+simple
+publishing
+method
+for
+expressing
+not
+only
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+but
+also
+for
+adding
+semantics
+to
+existing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+light-weight
+syntax
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+and
+other
+Web-based
+programming
+environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+interoperable
+Web
+services
+and
+when
+storing
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+document
+storage
+engines.
+It
+is
+practical
+and
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+That
+is,
+it
+supports
+every
+major
+Web-based
+structured
+data
+model
+in
+use
+today.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+syntax
+does
+not
+necessarily
+require
+applications
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+allows
+to
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+adding
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+either
+in-band
+or
+out-of-band.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+easy
+to
+parse,
+efficient
+to
+generate,
+convertible
+to
+RDF
+in
+one
+pass,
+and
+require
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</p>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Authors
+that
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+JSON-LD
+processors
+operate.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+Examples
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+existing
+vocabularies
+and
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+to
+refer
+to
+Web
+Vocabularies.
+The
+following
+is
+a
+list
+of
+all
+vocabularies
+and
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+abbreviations,
+as
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
+Dublin
+Core
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+dc
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+dc:title
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
+Friend
+of
+a
+Friend
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+foaf:knows
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+RDF
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+rdf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
+XSD
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+several
+terms
+which
+are
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name/value
+pairs
+(or
+members).
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+an
+ordered
+collection
+of
+values.
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+array
+order
+is
+not
+preserved
+by
+default,
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+(see
+<a href="#lists">
+Lists
+</a>
+).
+This
+is
+because
+the
+basic
+data
+model
+of
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">directed
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+<ins class="diff-chg">linked
+data
+</ins>
+graph
+</a>,
+which
+is
+inherently
+unordered.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes.
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Boolean
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+use
+of
+the
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+value
+is
+undefined
+within
+JSON-LD.
+<div class="issue">
+Supporting
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+in
+JSON-LD
+might
+have
+a
+number
+of
+advantages
+and
+should
+be
+evaluated.
+This
+is
+currently
+an
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">
+open
+issue
+</a>.
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="linked-data" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+</ins></p><ol><li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]).
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><dfn title="object" id="dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+object
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="property" id="dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</ins></p></div><div id="contributing" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</h3>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Technical
+discussion
+typically
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+on
+the
+second
+and
+fourth
+week
+of
+each
+month.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="the-application-programming-interface" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+easier
+to
+work
+with
+in
+various
+programming
+languages.
+If
+a
+JSON-LD
+API
+is
+provided
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+API
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+implemented.
+</p>
+<div id="jsonldprocessor" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+interface {
+};
+</del>
+<pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>, <span class="idlRaises"><a>ProcessingError</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidFrame</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-object-object-input-object-context">normalize</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-object-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context">triples</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdTripleCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">tripleCallback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+};</span>
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+compacted
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+an
+appropirate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+compaction
+on.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+base
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+a
+string
+or
+an
+array
+of
+strings,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+a
+single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+a
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+ProcessingError
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+LOSSY_COMPACTION
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+The
+compaction
+would
+lead
+to
+a
+loss
+of
+information,
+such
+as
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+value.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+CONFLICTING_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+The
+target
+datatype
+specified
+in
+the
+coercion
+rule
+and
+the
+datatype
+for
+the
+typed
+literal
+do
+not
+match.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+expanded
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+expansion
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+copy
+and
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+a
+string
+or
+an
+array
+of
+strings,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+a
+single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+a
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options">
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#framing">
+Frames
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+is
+used
+to
+build
+the
+framed
+output
+and
+is
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+there
+are
+no
+matches
+for
+the
+frame,
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+returned.
+Exceptions
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown
+if
+there
+are
+errors.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+framing
+on.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+frame
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+frame
+to
+use
+when
+re-arranging
+the
+data.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+will
+affect
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidFrame
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+frame
+must
+be
+either
+an
+object
+or
+an
+array
+of
+objects,
+if
+the
+frame
+is
+neither
+of
+these
+types,
+this
+exception
+is
+thrown.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_EMBEDS
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+subject
+IRI
+was
+specified
+in
+more
+than
+one
+place
+in
+the
+input
+frame.
+More
+than
+one
+embed
+of
+a
+given
+subject
+IRI
+is
+not
+allowed,
+and
+if
+requested,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+result
+in
+this
+exception.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-object-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+normalize
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#normalization">
+Normalizes
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm">
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+normalized
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+returned.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+normalization
+upon.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+a
+string
+or
+an
+array
+of
+strings,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+a
+single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+a
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-object-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context">
+<code>
+triples
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Processes
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm">
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</a>,
+calling
+the
+provided
+<code>
+tripleCallback
+</code>
+for
+each
+triple
+generated.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+process
+when
+outputting
+triples.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+tripleCallback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+whenever
+a
+processing
+error
+occurs
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+<div class="issue">
+This
+callback
+should
+be
+aligned
+with
+the
+RDF
+API.
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+a
+string
+or
+an
+array
+of
+strings,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+a
+single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+a
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="jsonldtriplecallback" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+is
+called
+whenever
+the
+processor
+generates
+a
+triple
+during
+the
+<code>
+triple()
+</code>
+call.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+interface {
+};
+</del>
+<pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdTripleCallback</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language">triple</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">subject</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">property</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">objectType</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">object</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">datatype</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">language</span></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+};</span>
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods-1" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language">
+<code>
+triple
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+whenever
+a
+triple
+is
+generated
+by
+the
+processor.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+subject
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+subject
+IRI
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+property
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+property
+IRI
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+objectType
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+type
+of
+object
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+Valid
+values
+are
+<code>
+IRI
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+literal
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+object
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+object
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+subject
+and
+the
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+datatype
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+datatype
+associated
+with
+the
+object.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+language
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+language
+associated
+with
+the
+object
+in
+BCP47
+format.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+No
+exceptions.
+</em>
+</div>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithms" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+intended
+to
+operate
+on
+language-native
+data
+structures.
+That
+is,
+the
+serialization
+to
+a
+text-based
+JSON
+document
+isn't
+required
+as
+input
+or
+output
+to
+any
+of
+these
+algorithms
+and
+language-native
+data
+structures
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+applicable.
+</p>
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+keywords
+that
+are
+using
+in
+all
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+IRI
+for
+all
+object
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+IRI
+for
+all
+property
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+type
+coercion
+rules.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+a
+literal
+value.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+an
+IRI
+value.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+language
+for
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+datatype
+for
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>:
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+mechanism.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Sets
+the
+active
+subject.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+type
+of
+the
+active
+subject.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h3>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+to
+the
+algorithm
+before
+processing
+begins.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+property
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+object
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+es
+and
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+the
+context
+contained
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>,
+which
+includes
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">current
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins>
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">current
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins>
+property
+</a>.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+is
+managed
+as
+a
+stack
+with
+elements
+from
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copied
+into
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+when
+entering
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+produced
+as
+output
+by
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+with
+a
+</ins><a href="#context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a></dd><dt><dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary
+base
+IRI.
+It
+is
+typically
+used
+along
+with
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+suffix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+create
+an
+IRI
+within
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+without
+a
+datatype,
+possibly
+including
+a
+language.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+an
+associated
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+</ins></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="context-1" class="section">
+<h3 id="context">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+Processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+is
+managed
+recursively.
+During
+processing,
+each
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Processing
+begins
+by
+pushing
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+stack
+and
+initializing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+encountered,
+information
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+used
+for
+expanding
+keys
+and
+values
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+(or
+elements
+of
+a
+list
+(see
+<span a="#list-processing">
+List
+Processing
+</span>
+)).
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+identified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+having
+a
+key
+of
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-new">array
+</ins>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+value.
+When
+processing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+special
+processing
+rules
+apply:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new,
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code></li><ol id="process-context" class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+process
+each
+element
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+in
+order
+using
+</ins><a href="#process-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>
+is
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+lexical
+form
+of
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+and
+used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI.
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">initialize
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+result
+of
+performing
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+on
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+is
+not
+an
+absolute
+IRI,
+abort
+this
+processing
+step.
+Otherwise,
+Dereference
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+resulting
+document
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+</del>
+JSON
+<del class="diff-old">document
+which
+replaces
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document,
+extract
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">top-level
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+using
+the
+JSON
+Pointer
+"/@context"
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-POINTER
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+Set
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">for
+subsequent
+processing.
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+extracted
+content,
+or
+an
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+no
+value
+exists.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+key,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+absolute
+IRI.
+Add
+the
+base
+mapping
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+<p class="issue">
+Turtle
+allows
+@base
+to
+be
+relative.
+If
+we
+did
+this,
+we
+would
+have
+to
+add
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+key,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+absolute
+IRI.
+Add
+the
+vocabulary
+mapping
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+after
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+key,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+Add
+the
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value(s).
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+the
+key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+it
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Add
+the
+language
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+for
+each
+key
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+having
+</ins>
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/#NT-NCName">
+NCName
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</cite>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">it's
+value
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+</ins>
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+IRI.
+Merge
+the
+key-value
+pair
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Merge
+the
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+as
+described
+<a href="#coerce">
+below
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Merge
+all
+entries
+other
+than
+the
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+overwriting
+any
+duplicate
+values.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1
+</del>
+<div class="section">
+<h4 id="coerce">
+Coerce
+</h4>
+<p>
+Map
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping,
+overwriting
+any
+duplicate
+values
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping.
+The
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping
+has
+either
+a
+single
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix:suffix
+</ins>
+</code>
+value,
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+value
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix:suffix
+</ins>
+</code>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+values.
+When
+merging
+with
+an
+existing
+mapping
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+map
+all
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+and
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+values
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+form
+and
+replace
+with
+the
+union
+of
+the
+value
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+If
+the
+result
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+with
+a
+single
+value,
+the
+processor
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+represent
+this
+as
+a
+string
+value.
+</p>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.2
+</del>
+<div class="section">
+<h4 id="initial-context">
+Initial
+Context
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>
+is
+initialized
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+is
+set
+using
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+a
+Base
+URI
+</a>
+<a>
+</a>
+</cite>
+<a>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Processors
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+provide
+a
+means
+of
+setting
+the
+base
+IRI
+programatically.
+</a>
+</li>
+<a>
+<li>
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+is
+set
+with
+a
+single
+mapping
+from
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</li>
+</a>
+</ul>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@base": ,
+ "@coerce": {
+ "@iri": "@type"
+ }
+</del>
+<a>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@base": <span class="diff">document-location</span>,
+ "@coerce": {
+ "@iri": "@type"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</a>
+</div>
+<a>
+</a>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">3.4
+</del>
+<a>
+<div class="section">
+<h3 id="iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Keys
+and
+some
+values
+are
+evaluated
+to
+produce
+an
+IRI.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+a
+value
+representing
+an
+IRI
+into
+an
+actual
+IRI.
+</p>
+<p>
+IRIs
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+absolute
+IRI,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">:
+term
+</del>
+</a>:suffix
+construct,
+or
+as
+a
+value
+relative
+to
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+an
+IRI
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Split
+the
+value
+into
+a
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+from
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+':'.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+a
+'_'
+(underscore),
+the
+IRI
+is
+unchanged.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+</ins>
+mapping
+for
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>,
+generate
+an
+IRI
+by
+prepending
+the
+mapped
+prefix
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+Note
+that
+an
+empty
+suffix
+and
+no
+suffix
+(meaning
+the
+value
+contains
+no
+':'
+string
+at
+all)
+are
+treated
+equivalently.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+IRI
+being
+processed
+is
+for
+a
+property
+(i.e.,
+a
+key's
+value
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+or
+a
+value
+in
+a
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+mapping)
+and
+the
+active
+context
+has
+a
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+mapping,
+join
+the
+mapped
+value
+to
+the
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+IRI
+being
+processed
+is
+for
+a
+subject
+or
+object
+(i.e.,
+not
+a
+property)
+and
+the
+active
+context
+has
+a
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+mapping,
+join
+the
+mapped
+value
+to
+the
+suffix
+using
+the
+method
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+use
+the
+value
+directly
+as
+an
+IRI.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">3.5
+</del>
+<div class="section">
+<h3 id="iri-compaction">
+IRI
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+keys
+and
+values
+are
+expressed
+using
+IRIs.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+an
+IRI
+to
+a
+compact
+IRI
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+<del class="diff-old">and
+prefix
+es
+</del>
+specified
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+a
+compacted
+IRI
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Search
+every
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+is
+a
+complete
+match
+against
+the
+IRI.
+If
+a
+complete
+match
+is
+found,
+the
+resulting
+compacted
+IRI
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+IRI
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+complete
+match
+is
+not
+found,
+search
+for
+a
+partial
+match
+from
+the
+beginning
+of
+the
+IRI.
+For
+all
+matches
+that
+are
+found,
+the
+resulting
+compacted
+IRI
+is
+the
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+partially
+matched
+IRI
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+concatenated
+with
+a
+colon
+(:)
+character
+and
+the
+unmatched
+part
+of
+the
+string.
+If
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+compacted
+IRI
+produced,
+the
+final
+value
+is
+the
+shortest
+and
+lexicographically
+least
+value
+of
+the
+entire
+set
+of
+compacted
+IRIs.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.6
+</del>
+<div class="section">
+<a>
+<h2 id="value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</h2>
+<p>
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+compact
+form.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+expanded
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+expanding
+a
+value
+is:
+</p>
+</a>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<a>
+</a>
+<li>
+<a>
+If
+the
+key
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+value
+has
+an
+associated
+coercion
+entry
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+the
+resulting
+expansion
+is
+an
+object
+populated
+according
+to
+the
+following
+steps:
+</a>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<a>
+</a>
+<li>
+<a>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>,
+expand
+the
+value
+by
+adding
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+expanded
+IRI
+according
+to
+the
+</a>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+a
+typed
+literal,
+expand
+the
+value
+by
+adding
+two
+new
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+and
+the
+unexpanded
+value.
+The
+second
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+and
+the
+associated
+coercion
+datatype
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="value-compaction" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values,
+such
+as
+IRIs
+and
+typed
+literals,
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+an
+expanded
+form
+in
+JSON-LD.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+compacted
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compacting
+a
+value
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+coercion
+target
+for
+the
+key
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+value,
+compact
+the
+value
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+an
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+IRI
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+a
+typed
+literal,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+not
+modified.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="expansion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">As
+stated
+previously,
+expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+</ins>
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">input
+and
+expanding
+all
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+literals
+to
+their
+fully-expanded
+form.
+The
+output
+will
+not
+contain
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">applying
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+</del>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">declaration
+and
+will
+have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">such
+that
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI,
+datatypes,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+literals
+fully
+expanded.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+JSON-LD
+document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+of
+</ins><a href="#normalization"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Framing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#normalization"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Normalization
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<div id="expansion-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.8.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.5.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</ins></p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+top-level
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+top-level
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+is
+an
+object,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+the
+<a href="#context">
+context
+</a>
+section.
+Process
+each
+key,
+expanding
+the
+key
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Process
+each
+value
+associated
+with
+each
+key:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+object,
+process
+the
+object
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+check
+to
+see
+the
+associated
+key
+has
+an
+associated
+coercion
+rule.
+If
+the
+value
+should
+be
+coerced,
+expand
+the
+value
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+If
+the
+value
+does
+not
+need
+to
+be
+coerced,
+leave
+the
+value
+as-is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+context
+from
+the
+object.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">What
+are
+the
+implications
+for
+expanding
+lists?
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="compaction" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">As
+stated
+previously,
+compaction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Compaction
+</ins>
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">compacting
+all
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+the
+most
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+is
+typically
+expressed
+in
+a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+</ins>
+IRIs
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+the
+API,
+provides
+a
+way
+to
+compact
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins>
+given
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">output
+will
+contain
+a
+single
+top-level
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+the
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">declaration
+and
+will
+only
+use
+term
+s
+and
+prefix
+es
+and
+will
+ensure
+that
+all
+typed
+literals
+are
+fully
+compacted.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">provided
+above
+mapped
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div id="compaction-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.9.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.6.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</ins></p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Perform
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+context
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+given
+context.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+top-level
+item
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+recursively,
+starting
+at
+this
+step.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+top-level
+item
+is
+an
+object,
+compress
+each
+key
+using
+the
+steps
+defined
+in
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+IRI
+Compaction
+</a>
+and
+compress
+each
+value
+using
+the
+steps
+defined
+in
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">What
+are
+the
+implications
+for
+compacting
+lists?
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="framing" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+Framing
+allows
+developers
+to
+query
+by
+example
+and
+force
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specific
+tree
+layout
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+directed
+graph.
+A
+single
+directed
+graph
+can
+have
+many
+different
+serializations,
+each
+expressing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information.
+Developers
+typically
+<del class="diff-old">don't
+</del>
+work
+<del class="diff-old">directly
+with
+graphs,
+but
+rather,
+prefer
+trees
+when
+dealing
+</del>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">JSON.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">trees,
+represented
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s.
+</ins>
+While
+mapping
+a
+graph
+to
+a
+tree
+can
+be
+done,
+the
+layout
+of
+the
+end
+result
+must
+be
+specified
+in
+advance.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Frame
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+used
+by
+a
+developer
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+</del>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">graph.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Framing
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+which
+expresses
+a
+graph
+of
+information,
+and
+applying
+a
+specific
+</ins>
+graph
+<ins class="diff-new">layout
+(called
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-new">
+Frame
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+document
+below
+expresses
+a
+library,
+a
+book
+and
+a
+chapter:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "contains"
+ },
+ },
+ "@subject":
+ [{
+ "@subject": "http://example.com/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "creator": "Plato",
+ "title": "The Republic",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ "description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ "title": "The Introduction"
+ }]
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Developers
+typically
+like
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">operate
+on
+items
+in
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">tree
+given
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">hierarchical,
+tree-based
+fashion.
+Ideally,
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">developer
+would
+want
+the
+data
+above
+sorted
+into
+top-level
+libraries,
+then
+the
+books
+that
+are
+contained
+in
+each
+library,
+and
+then
+the
+chapters
+contained
+in
+each
+book.
+To
+achieve
+that
+layout,
+the
+developer
+can
+define
+the
+following
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+frame
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Chapter"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+When
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+is
+run
+against
+the
+previously
+defined
+JSON-LD
+document,
+paired
+with
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-chg">
+frame
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+above,
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+the
+end
+result:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new"> "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@type": "Book",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"creator": "Plato",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Republic",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "contains": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Introduction"</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ },
+ },
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</ins></p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+initial
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+frame
+</a>
+provided
+to
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+containing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+objects
+should
+be
+directly
+embedded
+in
+the
+output,
+instead
+of
+being
+referred
+to
+by
+their
+IRI.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+for
+properties
+to
+be
+included
+in
+the
+output,
+they
+must
+be
+explicitly
+declared
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="omit_missing_properties_flag" id="dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+properties
+that
+are
+missing
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+should
+be
+omitted
+from
+the
+output.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">
+<ins class="diff-new">omit
+default
+flag
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+Referenced
+from
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+framing
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+but
+not
+defined
+</ins></dd><dt>
+<dfn title="match_limit" id="dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+value
+specifying
+the
+maximum
+number
+of
+matches
+to
+accept
+when
+building
+arrays
+of
+values
+during
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+A
+value
+of
+-1
+specifies
+that
+there
+is
+no
+match
+limit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="map_of_embedded_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+map
+that
+tracks
+if
+a
+subject
+has
+been
+embedded
+in
+the
+output
+of
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="framing-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.7.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+framing
+algorithm
+takes
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+that
+has
+been
+normalized
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm">
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+</strong>
+),
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>
+that
+has
+been
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+),
+and
+a
+number
+of
+options
+and
+produces
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+The
+following
+series
+of
+steps
+is
+the
+recursive
+portion
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>
+by
+setting
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>,
+clearing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>,
+and
+clearing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>.
+Override
+these
+values
+based
+on
+input
+options
+provided
+to
+the
+algorithm
+by
+the
+application.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+<dfn title="list_of_frames" id="dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</dfn>
+by
+processing
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+1,
+place
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+and
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+place
+an
+empty
+object
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+and
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+-1.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+a
+non-empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+add
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+and
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+-1.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<dfn title="match_array" id="dfn-match_array">
+match
+array
+</dfn>
+for
+each
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>
+halting
+when
+either
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+is
+zero
+or
+the
+end
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>
+is
+reached.
+If
+an
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+not
+an
+object,
+the
+processor
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+throw
+a
+<code>
+Invalid
+Frame
+Format
+</code>
+exception.
+Add
+each
+matching
+item
+from
+the
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+</strong>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="matches_array" href="#dfn-matches_array">
+matches
+array
+</a>
+and
+decrement
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+by
+1
+if:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+has
+an
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+that
+exists
+in
+the
+item's
+list
+of
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+s.
+Note:
+the
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+can
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+but
+only
+one
+value
+needs
+to
+be
+in
+common
+between
+the
+item
+and
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+for
+a
+match.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+property,
+but
+every
+property
+in
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+exists
+in
+the
+item.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p class="issue">
+<dfn title="matches_array" id="dfn-matches_array">
+<ins class="diff-new">matches
+array
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+not
+defined
+anywhere.
+</ins></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_array" href="#dfn-match_array">
+match
+array
+</a>
+with
+its
+associated
+<dfn title="match_frame" id="dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</dfn>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@embed
+</code>
+keyword,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@explicit
+</code>
+keyword,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+Note:
+if
+the
+keyword
+exists,
+but
+the
+value
+is
+neither
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+set
+the
+associated
+flag
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+cleared
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+property,
+replace
+the
+item
+with
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+property,
+and
+its
+IRI
+is
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</a>,
+throw
+a
+<code>
+Duplicate
+Embed
+</code>
+exception.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+property
+and
+its
+IRI
+is
+not
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set,
+then
+delete
+any
+key
+from
+the
+item
+that
+does
+not
+exist
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>,
+except
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>,
+except
+for
+keywords
+and
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+in
+the
+item,
+then
+build
+a
+new
+<dfn title="recursion_input_list" id="dfn-recursion_input_list">
+recursion
+input
+list
+</dfn>
+using
+the
+object
+or
+objects
+associated
+with
+the
+key.
+If
+any
+object
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+value
+that
+exists
+in
+the
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</strong>,
+replace
+the
+object
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">recusion
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">
+<ins class="diff-chg">recursion
+</ins>
+input
+list
+</a>
+with
+a
+new
+object
+containing
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key
+where
+the
+value
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>,
+and
+all
+of
+the
+other
+key-value
+pairs
+for
+that
+subject.
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="recursion_match_frame" id="dfn-recursion_match_frame">
+recursion
+match
+frame
+</dfn>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+'s
+key.
+Replace
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+by
+recursively
+calling
+this
+algorithm
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">
+recursion
+input
+list
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_match_frame" href="#dfn-recursion_match_frame">
+recursion
+match
+frame
+</a>
+as
+input.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+not
+in
+the
+item,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+the
+item
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+array
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+key's
+value
+is
+an
+array
+or
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+otherwise.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+item's
+key
+is
+<code>
+null
+</code>,
+process
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+is
+an
+array,
+use
+the
+first
+frame
+from
+the
+array
+as
+the
+<dfn title="property_frame" id="dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</dfn>,
+otherwise
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+object.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@omitDefault
+</code>
+keyword,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+Note:
+if
+the
+keyword
+exists,
+but
+the
+value
+is
+neither
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+set
+the
+associated
+flag
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set,
+delete
+the
+key
+in
+the
+item.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+keyword
+is
+set
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+set
+the
+item's
+value
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@default
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+set
+it
+to
+the
+item,
+otherwise,
+append
+the
+item
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+The
+final,
+non-recursive
+step
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+requires
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+be
+compacted
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+by
+using
+the
+context
+provided
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+value
+is
+the
+final
+output
+of
+the
+compaction
+algorithm
+and
+is
+what
+should
+be
+returned
+to
+the
+application.
+</div>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">What
+are
+the
+implications
+for
+framing
+lists?
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="normalization" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+</h3>
+<p class="issue">
+This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Normalization
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+and
+performing
+a
+deterministic
+transformation
+on
+that
+input
+that
+results
+in
+all
+aspects
+of
+the
+graph
+being
+fully
+expanded
+and
+named
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+The
+normalized
+output
+is
+generated
+in
+such
+a
+way
+that
+any
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+will
+generate
+identical
+output
+given
+the
+same
+input.
+The
+problem
+is
+a
+fairly
+difficult
+technical
+problem
+to
+solve
+because
+it
+requires
+a
+directed
+graph
+to
+be
+ordered
+into
+a
+set
+of
+nodes
+and
+edges
+in
+a
+deterministic
+way.
+This
+is
+easy
+to
+do
+when
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+have
+unique
+names,
+but
+very
+difficult
+to
+do
+when
+some
+of
+the
+nodes
+are
+not
+labeled.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Normalization
+is
+useful
+when
+comparing
+two
+graphs
+against
+one
+another,
+when
+generating
+a
+detailed
+list
+of
+differences
+between
+two
+graphs,
+and
+when
+generating
+a
+cryptographic
+digital
+signature
+for
+information
+contained
+in
+a
+graph
+or
+when
+generating
+a
+hash
+of
+the
+information
+contained
+in
+a
+graph.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+example
+below
+is
+an
+un-normalized
+JSON-LD
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": ["homepage"]
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+example
+below
+is
+the
+normalized
+form
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+above:
+</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-new">
+Whitespace
+is
+used
+below
+to
+aid
+readability.
+The
+normalization
+algorithm
+for
+JSON-LD
+removes
+all
+unnecessary
+whitespace
+in
+the
+fully
+normalized
+form.
+</ins></p><pre class="example">[{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@subject":
+ {
+ "@iri": "_:c14n0"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+}]
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Notice
+how
+all
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+have
+been
+expanded
+and
+sorted
+in
+alphabetical
+order.
+Also,
+notice
+how
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+been
+labeled
+with
+a
+</ins><dfn title="blank_node_identifier" id="dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Normalization
+ensures
+that
+any
+arbitrary
+graph
+containing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information
+would
+be
+normalized
+to
+exactly
+the
+same
+form
+shown
+above.
+</ins></p><p>
+In
+time,
+there
+may
+be
+more
+than
+one
+normalization
+algorithm
+that
+will
+need
+to
+be
+identified.
+For
+identification
+purposes,
+this
+algorithm
+is
+named
+<del class="diff-old">"Universal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Universal
+</ins>
+Graph
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">2011"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2011"
+</ins>
+(
+<abbr title="Universal Graph Normalization Algorithm 2011">
+UGNA2011
+</abbr>
+).
+</p>
+<div id="normalization-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="label" id="dfn-label">
+label
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+subject
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+associated
+with
+a
+graph
+node.
+The
+subject
+IRI
+is
+expressed
+using
+a
+key-value
+pair
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+string
+that
+is
+an
+IRI
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+the
+key
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+and
+a
+value
+that
+is
+a
+string
+that
+is
+an
+IRI.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="list_of_expanded_nodes" id="dfn-list_of_expanded_nodes">
+list
+of
+expanded
+nodes
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+list
+of
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+graph
+containing
+no
+embedded
+objects
+and
+having
+all
+keys
+and
+values
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="alpha" id="dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="beta" id="dfn-beta">
+beta
+</dfn>
+values
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+words
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+refer
+to
+the
+first
+and
+second
+nodes
+or
+values
+being
+examined
+in
+an
+algorithm.
+The
+names
+are
+merely
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+each
+input
+value
+to
+a
+comparison
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="renaming_counter" id="dfn-renaming_counter">
+renaming
+counter
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+counter
+that
+is
+used
+during
+the
+<a href="#node-relabeling-algorithm">
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+counter
+typically
+starts
+at
+one
+(1)
+and
+counts
+up
+for
+every
+node
+that
+is
+relabeled.
+There
+will
+be
+two
+such
+renaming
+counters
+in
+an
+implementation
+of
+the
+normalization
+algorithm.
+The
+first
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>
+and
+the
+second
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="deterministic_labeling_counter" href="#dfn-deterministic_labeling_counter">
+deterministic
+labeling
+counter
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="serialization_label" id="dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+identifier
+that
+is
+created
+to
+aid
+in
+the
+normalization
+process
+in
+the
+<a href="#deep-comparison-algorithm">
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+value
+typically
+takes
+the
+form
+of
+<code>
+s<NUMBER>
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+c<NUMBER>
+</code>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="normalization-state" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+State
+</h4>
+<p>
+When
+performing
+the
+steps
+required
+by
+the
+normalization
+algorithm,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+track
+the
+many
+pieces
+of
+information
+in
+a
+data
+structure
+called
+the
+<dfn title="normalization_state" id="dfn-normalization_state">
+normalization
+state
+</dfn>.
+Many
+of
+these
+pieces
+simply
+provide
+indexes
+into
+the
+graph.
+The
+information
+contained
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="normalization_state" href="#dfn-normalization_state">
+normalization
+state
+</a>
+is
+described
+below.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node_state" id="dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Each
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+will
+be
+assigned
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>.
+This
+state
+contains
+the
+information
+necessary
+to
+deterministically
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph.
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+includes:
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node_reference" id="dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+is
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+node
+in
+the
+graph.
+For
+a
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+refers
+to
+the
+node
+that
+the
+state
+is
+for.
+When
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+is
+created,
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+should
+be
+to
+the
+node
+it
+is
+created
+for.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="outgoing_list" id="dfn-outgoing_list">
+outgoing
+list
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Lists
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+for
+all
+nodes
+that
+are
+properties
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>.
+This
+list
+should
+be
+initialized
+by
+iterating
+over
+every
+object
+associated
+with
+a
+property
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+adding
+its
+label
+if
+it
+is
+another
+node.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="incoming_list" id="dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Lists
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+for
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph
+for
+which
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+is
+a
+property.
+This
+list
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+list.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="outgoing_serialization_map" id="dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Maps
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s.
+This
+map
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+When
+this
+map
+is
+populated,
+it
+will
+be
+filled
+with
+keys
+that
+are
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+of
+every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+with
+a
+label
+that
+begins
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+and
+that
+has
+a
+path,
+via
+properties,
+that
+starts
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="outgoing_serialization" id="dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+that
+can
+be
+lexicographically
+compared
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</a>
+s
+of
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+s.
+It
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+and
+other
+related
+information.
+This
+string
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="incoming_serialization_map" id="dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Maps
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s.
+This
+map
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+When
+this
+map
+is
+populated,
+it
+will
+be
+filled
+with
+keys
+that
+are
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+of
+every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+that
+begins
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+and
+that
+has
+a
+path,
+via
+properties,
+that
+ends
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="incoming_serialization" id="dfn-incoming_serialization">
+incoming
+serialization
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+that
+can
+be
+lexicographically
+compared
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</a>
+s
+of
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+s.
+It
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+and
+other
+related
+information.
+This
+string
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node_state_map" id="dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+mapping
+from
+a
+node's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="labeling_prefix" id="dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+labeling
+prefix
+is
+a
+string
+that
+is
+used
+as
+the
+beginning
+of
+a
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>.
+It
+should
+be
+initialized
+to
+a
+random
+base
+string
+that
+starts
+with
+the
+characters
+<code>
+_:
+</code>,
+is
+not
+used
+by
+any
+other
+node's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>,
+and
+does
+not
+start
+with
+the
+characters
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>.
+The
+prefix
+has
+two
+uses.
+First
+it
+is
+used
+to
+temporarily
+name
+nodes
+during
+the
+normalization
+algorithm
+in
+a
+way
+that
+doesn't
+collide
+with
+the
+names
+that
+already
+exist
+as
+well
+as
+the
+names
+that
+will
+be
+generated
+by
+the
+normalization
+algorithm.
+Second,
+it
+will
+eventually
+be
+set
+to
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+to
+generate
+the
+final,
+deterministic
+labels
+for
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph.
+This
+prefix
+will
+be
+concatenated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>
+to
+produce
+a
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>.
+For
+example,
+<code>
+_:j8r3k
+</code>
+is
+a
+proper
+initial
+value
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="labeling_counter" id="dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+counter
+that
+is
+used
+to
+label
+nodes.
+It
+is
+appended
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>
+to
+create
+a
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="deterministic_labeling_counter" id="dfn-deterministic_labeling_counter">
+<ins class="diff-new">deterministic
+labeling
+counter
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+Not
+defined.
+</ins></dd><dt>
+<dfn title="map_of_flattened_nodes" id="dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+map
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph
+where
+the
+key
+is
+a
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+no
+nested
+sub-objects
+and
+has
+had
+all
+properties
+for
+the
+same
+node
+merged
+into
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="normalization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+normalization
+algorithm
+expands
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>,
+flattens
+the
+data
+structure,
+and
+creates
+an
+initial
+set
+of
+names
+for
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph.
+The
+flattened
+data
+structure
+is
+then
+processed
+by
+a
+node
+labeling
+algorithm
+in
+order
+to
+get
+a
+fully
+expanded
+and
+named
+list
+of
+nodes
+which
+is
+then
+sorted.
+The
+result
+is
+a
+deterministically
+named
+and
+ordered
+list
+of
+graph
+nodes.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Expand
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+and
+store
+the
+result
+as
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+input
+</strong>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="normalization_state" href="#dfn-normalization_state">
+normalization
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>
+by
+recursively
+processing
+every
+<dfn title="expanded_node" id="dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</dfn>
+in
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+input
+</strong>
+in
+depth-first
+order:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+is
+an
+unlabeled
+node,
+add
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+concatenation
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+the
+string
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>.
+Increment
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+is
+already
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>
+merge
+all
+properties
+from
+the
+entry
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Go
+through
+every
+property
+associated
+with
+an
+array
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+and
+remove
+any
+duplicate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+entries
+from
+the
+array.
+If
+the
+resulting
+array
+only
+has
+one
+IRI
+entry,
+change
+it
+from
+an
+array
+to
+an
+object.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+entry
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+After
+exiting
+the
+recursive
+step,
+replace
+the
+reference
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_node" href="#dfn-expanded_node">
+expanded
+node
+</a>
+with
+an
+object
+containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key
+in
+the
+node.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+every
+entry
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>,
+insert
+a
+key-value
+pair
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state_map" href="#dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+key
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+where
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+refers
+to
+the
+value
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_nodes" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_nodes">
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Populate
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+for
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+by
+iterating
+over
+every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+and
+adding
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+associated
+with
+each
+node
+found
+in
+its
+properties.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+every
+entry
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state_map" href="#dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</a>
+that
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+that
+begins
+with
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>,
+relabel
+the
+node
+using
+the
+<a href="#node-relabeling-algorithm">
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Label
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+that
+contain
+a
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key
+associated
+with
+a
+value
+starting
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#deterministic-labeling-algorithm">
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="node-relabeling-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+renames
+a
+node
+by
+generating
+a
+unique
+<dfn title="new_label" id="dfn-new_label">
+new
+label
+</dfn>
+and
+updating
+all
+references
+to
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state_map" href="#dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</a>.
+The
+<dfn title="old_label" id="dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</dfn>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="normalization_state" href="#dfn-normalization_state">
+normalization
+state
+</a>
+must
+be
+given
+as
+an
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="old_label" href="#dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</a>
+is
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+of
+the
+node
+that
+is
+to
+be
+relabeled.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+node
+relabeling
+algorithm
+is
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="old_label" href="#dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</a>
+begins
+with
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+then
+return
+as
+the
+node
+has
+already
+been
+renamed.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="new_label" href="#dfn-new_label">
+new
+label
+</a>
+by
+concatenating
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>
+with
+the
+string
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>.
+Increment
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="old_label" href="#dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</a>,
+update
+every
+node
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+by
+changing
+all
+the
+properties
+that
+reference
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="old_label" href="#dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="new_label" href="#dfn-new_label">
+new
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Change
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="old_label" href="#dfn-old_label">
+old
+label
+</a>
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state_map" href="#dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="new_label" href="#dfn-new_label">
+new
+label
+</a>
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="new_label" href="#dfn-new_label">
+new
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="deterministic-labeling-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+deterministic
+labeling
+algorithm
+takes
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="normalization_state" href="#dfn-normalization_state">
+normalization
+state
+</a>
+and
+produces
+a
+<dfn title="list_of_finished_nodes" id="dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</dfn>
+that
+is
+sorted
+and
+contains
+deterministically
+named
+and
+expanded
+nodes
+from
+the
+graph.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_prefix" href="#dfn-labeling_prefix">
+labeling
+prefix
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="labeling_counter" href="#dfn-labeling_counter">
+labeling
+counter
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_finished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+array,
+and
+create
+an
+empty
+array,
+the
+<dfn title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" id="dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</dfn>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state_map" href="#dfn-node_state_map">
+node
+state
+map
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+node's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+does
+not
+start
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+then
+put
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_finished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+node's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+does
+start
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+then
+put
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_finished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</a>
+by
+processing
+the
+remainder
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</a>
+until
+it
+is
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Sort
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</a>
+in
+descending
+order
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#deep-comparison-algorithm">
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+determine
+the
+sort
+order.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<dfn title="list_of_labels" id="dfn-list_of_labels">
+list
+of
+labels
+</dfn>
+and
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+array.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+the
+first
+node
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Add
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_labels" href="#dfn-list_of_labels">
+list
+of
+labels
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+from
+its
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+a
+list
+and
+then
+sort
+the
+list
+according
+to
+the
+lexicographical
+order
+of
+the
+keys'
+associated
+values.
+Append
+the
+list
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_nodes_to_label" href="#dfn-list_of_nodes_to_label">
+list
+of
+nodes
+to
+label
+</a>.
+<span class="issue">
+<dfn title="list_of_nodes_to_label" id="dfn-list_of_nodes_to_label">
+<ins class="diff-new">list
+of
+nodes
+to
+label
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+not
+defined.
+</ins></span>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+from
+its
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+a
+list
+and
+then
+sort
+the
+list
+according
+to
+the
+lexicographical
+order
+of
+the
+keys'
+associated
+values.
+Append
+the
+list
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_nodes_to_label" href="#dfn-list_of_nodes_to_label">
+list
+of
+nodes
+to
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_labels" href="#dfn-list_of_labels">
+list
+of
+labels
+</a>,
+relabel
+the
+associated
+node
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#node-relabeling-algorithm">
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+If
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>,
+clear
+the
+map
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+If
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>,
+clear
+the
+map
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization">
+incoming
+serialization
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+each
+node
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+that
+starts
+with
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unfinished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_unfinished_nodes">
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</a>
+and
+add
+it
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_finished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Sort
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_finished_nodes" href="#dfn-list_of_finished_nodes">
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+</a>
+in
+descending
+order
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#deep-comparison-algorithm">
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+determine
+the
+sort
+order.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="shallow-comparison-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+shallow
+comparison
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+unlabeled
+nodes,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>,
+as
+input
+and
+determines
+which
+one
+should
+come
+first
+in
+a
+sorted
+list.
+The
+following
+algorithm
+determines
+the
+steps
+that
+are
+executed
+in
+order
+to
+determine
+the
+node
+that
+should
+come
+first
+in
+a
+list:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Compare
+the
+total
+number
+of
+node
+properties.
+The
+node
+with
+fewer
+properties
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Lexicographically
+sort
+the
+property
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+for
+each
+node
+and
+compare
+the
+sorted
+lists.
+If
+an
+IRI
+is
+found
+to
+be
+lexicographically
+smaller,
+the
+node
+containing
+that
+IRI
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compare
+the
+values
+of
+each
+property
+against
+one
+another:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+fewer
+property
+values
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+an
+<dfn title="alpha_list" id="dfn-alpha_list">
+alpha
+list
+</dfn>
+by
+adding
+all
+values
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+property
+that
+are
+not
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<dfn title="beta_list" id="dfn-beta_list">
+beta
+list
+</dfn>
+by
+adding
+all
+values
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+property
+that
+is
+not
+an
+unlabeled
+node.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compare
+the
+length
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha_list" href="#dfn-alpha_list">
+alpha
+list
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta_list" href="#dfn-beta_list">
+beta
+list
+</a>.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+list
+containing
+the
+fewer
+number
+of
+items
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Sort
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha_list" href="#dfn-alpha_list">
+alpha
+list
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta_list" href="#dfn-beta_list">
+beta
+list
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#object-comparison-algorithm">
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+For
+each
+offset
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha_list" href="#dfn-alpha_list">
+alpha
+list
+</a>,
+compare
+the
+item
+at
+the
+offset
+against
+the
+item
+at
+the
+same
+offset
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta_list" href="#dfn-beta_list">
+beta
+list
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#object-comparison-algorithm">
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lesser
+item
+is
+first.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+s
+associated
+with
+each
+node
+to
+determine
+order:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+node
+with
+the
+shortest
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Sort
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+s
+according
+to
+incoming
+property
+and
+then
+incoming
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+fewest
+number
+of
+incoming
+nodes
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+offset
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+s,
+compare
+the
+associated
+properties
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+that
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+nodes'
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+do
+not
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>,
+then
+the
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+associated
+property
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+node
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+that
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+node
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+nodes
+are
+equivalent.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="object-comparison-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+object
+comparison
+algorithm
+is
+designed
+to
+compare
+two
+graph
+node
+property
+values,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>,
+against
+the
+other.
+The
+algorithm
+is
+useful
+when
+sorting
+two
+lists
+of
+graph
+node
+properties.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+one
+of
+the
+values
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+and
+the
+other
+is
+not,
+the
+value
+that
+is
+a
+string
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+both
+values
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+s,
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+one
+of
+the
+values
+is
+a
+literal
+and
+the
+other
+is
+not,
+the
+value
+that
+is
+a
+literal
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+both
+values
+are
+literals:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+both
+values
+are
+expanded
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s,
+</ins>
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+two
+values
+are
+equivalent.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="deep-comparison-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm
+is
+used
+to
+compare
+the
+difference
+between
+two
+nodes,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>.
+A
+deep
+comparison
+takes
+the
+incoming
+and
+outgoing
+node
+edges
+in
+a
+graph
+into
+account
+if
+the
+number
+of
+properties
+and
+value
+of
+those
+properties
+are
+identical.
+The
+algorithm
+is
+helpful
+when
+sorting
+a
+list
+of
+nodes
+and
+will
+return
+whichever
+node
+should
+be
+placed
+first
+in
+a
+list
+if
+the
+two
+nodes
+are
+not
+truly
+equivalent.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+performing
+the
+steps
+required
+by
+the
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+track
+state
+information
+about
+mappings.
+The
+information
+contained
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+is
+described
+below.
+</p>
+<dl class="algorithm">
+<dt>
+<dfn title="mapping_state" id="dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="mapping_counter" id="dfn-mapping_counter">
+mapping
+counter
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Keeps
+track
+of
+the
+number
+of
+nodes
+that
+have
+been
+mapped
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+<del class="diff-old">labels
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">label
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s.
+</ins>
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="processed_labels_map" id="dfn-processed_labels_map">
+processed
+labels
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Keeps
+track
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+of
+nodes
+that
+have
+already
+been
+assigned
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="serialized_labels_map" id="dfn-serialized_labels_map">
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Maps
+a
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+its
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="adjacent_info_map" id="dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+map
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Maps
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+associated
+with
+it,
+the
+list
+of
+sorted
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s
+for
+adjacent
+nodes,
+and
+the
+map
+of
+adjacent
+node
+<del class="diff-old">serialiation
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialization
+</ins>
+label
+</a>
+s
+to
+their
+associated
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="key_stack" id="dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+stack
+where
+each
+element
+contains
+an
+array
+of
+adjacent
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s
+and
+an
+index
+into
+that
+array.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+a
+stack
+containing
+a
+single
+element
+where
+its
+array
+contains
+a
+single
+string
+element
+<code>
+s1
+</code>
+and
+its
+index
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="serialized_keys" id="dfn-serialized_keys">
+serialized
+keys
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Keeps
+track
+of
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s
+have
+already
+been
+written
+at
+least
+once
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="serialization_string" id="dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+that
+is
+incrementally
+updated
+as
+a
+serialization
+is
+built.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+The
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm
+is
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Perform
+a
+comparison
+between
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#shallow-comparison-algorithm">
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+If
+the
+result
+does
+not
+show
+that
+the
+two
+nodes
+are
+equivalent,
+return
+the
+result.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compare
+incoming
+and
+outgoing
+edges
+for
+each
+node,
+updating
+their
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>
+as
+each
+node
+is
+processed:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm">
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+Provide
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>,
+<code>
+outgoing
+direction
+</code>
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm">
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+Provide
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+outgoing
+direction
+</code>
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</a>
+is
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+'s,
+then
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+is
+first.
+If
+it
+is
+greater,
+then
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm">
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+Provide
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+with
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-serialized_labels_map">
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>
+set
+to
+a
+copy
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+incoming
+direction
+</code>
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm">
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+Provide
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+with
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-serialized_labels_map">
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>
+set
+to
+a
+copy
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+incoming
+direction
+</code>
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization">
+incoming
+serialization
+</a>
+is
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+'s,
+then
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+is
+first.
+If
+it
+is
+greater,
+then
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+is
+first.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="node-serialization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+node
+serialization
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<dfn title="direction" id="dfn-direction">
+direction
+</dfn>
+(either
+<code>
+outgoing
+direction
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+incoming
+direction
+</code>
+)
+as
+inputs
+and
+generates
+a
+deterministic
+serialization
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+exists
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processed_labels_map" href="#dfn-processed_labels_map">
+processed
+labels
+map
+</a>,
+terminate
+the
+algorithm
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+has
+already
+been
+created.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processed_labels_map" href="#dfn-processed_labels_map">
+processed
+labels
+map
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+the
+next
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#serialization-label-generation-algorithm">
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+an
+empty
+map
+called
+the
+<dfn title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" id="dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</dfn>
+that
+will
+store
+mappings
+from
+<del class="diff-old">serialized
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialization
+</ins>
+label
+</a>
+s
+to
+adjacent
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+an
+empty
+array
+called
+the
+<dfn title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" id="dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</dfn>
+that
+will
+store
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+s
+of
+adjacent
+nodes
+that
+haven't
+been
+assigned
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+s
+yet.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+every
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+a
+list,
+where
+the
+list
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_list" href="#dfn-outgoing_list">
+outgoing
+list
+</a>
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="direction" href="#dfn-direction">
+direction
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+outgoing
+direction
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>
+otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+starts
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>,
+it
+is
+the
+<dfn title="target_node_label" id="dfn-target_node_label">
+target
+node
+label
+</dfn>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Look
+up
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="target_node_label" href="#dfn-target_node_label">
+target
+node
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processed_labels_map" href="#dfn-processed_labels_map">
+processed
+labels
+map
+</a>
+and
+if
+a
+mapping
+exists,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_map" href="#dfn-serialization_map">
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialization
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+(
+</ins><span class="issue"><dfn title="serialization_map" id="dfn-serialization_map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+serialization
+map
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+used,
+but
+should
+it
+be
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization_map" href="#dfn-directed_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+directed
+serialization
+map
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+outgoing
+</ins>
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-new">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+?
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+</ins>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="target_node_label" href="#dfn-target_node_label">
+target
+node
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+add
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="target_node_label" href="#dfn-target_node_label">
+target
+node
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="maximum_serialization_combinations" id="dfn-maximum_serialization_combinations">
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+</dfn>
+to
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+or
+the
+length
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>,
+whichever
+is
+greater.
+</li>
+<li>
+While
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="maximum_serialization_combinations" href="#dfn-maximum_serialization_combinations">
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+</a>
+is
+greater
+than
+<code>
+0
+</code>,
+perform
+the
+<a href="#combinatorial-serialization-algorithm">
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+for
+the
+first
+iteration
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+it
+for
+each
+subsequent
+iteration,
+the
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="direction" href="#dfn-direction">
+direction
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>,
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>.
+Decrement
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="maximum_serialization_combinations" href="#dfn-maximum_serialization_combinations">
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+</a>
+by
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+for
+each
+iteration.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="serialization-label-generation-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+generates
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+given
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+and
+returns
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+is
+already
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_labels_map" href="#dfn-serialization_labels_map">
+serialization
+labels
+map
+</a>,
+return
+its
+associated
+value.
+<ins class="diff-new">(
+</ins><span class="issue"><dfn title="serialization_labels_map" id="dfn-serialization_labels_map"><ins class="diff-new">
+serialization
+labels
+map
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+used,
+but
+should
+it
+be
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization_map" href="#dfn-directed_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-new">
+directed
+serialization
+map
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-new">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map"><ins class="diff-new">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+?
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+starts
+with
+the
+string
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+is
+the
+letter
+<code>
+c
+</code>
+followed
+by
+the
+number
+that
+follows
+<code>
+_:c14n
+</code>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+is
+the
+letter
+<code>
+s
+</code>
+followed
+by
+the
+string
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_counter" href="#dfn-mapping_counter">
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">count
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">counter
+</ins>
+</a>.
+Increment
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_counter" href="#dfn-mapping_counter">
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">count
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">counter
+</ins>
+</a>
+by
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_labels_map" href="#dfn-serialization_labels_map">
+serialization
+labels
+map
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="combinatorial-serialization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+combinatorial
+serialization
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_state" href="#dfn-node_state">
+node
+state
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="direction" href="#dfn-direction">
+direction
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>
+as
+inputs
+and
+generates
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+serialization
+of
+nodes
+relating
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>
+is
+not
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Copy
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>
+to
+the
+<dfn title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map_copy" id="dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map_copy">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+copy
+</dfn>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+first
+<dfn title="unserialized_label" id="dfn-unserialized_label">
+unserialized
+label
+</dfn>
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>
+and
+create
+a
+new
+<dfn title="new_serialization_label" id="dfn-new_serialization_label">
+new
+serialization
+label
+</dfn>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#serialization-label-generation-algorithm">
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+key-value
+mapping
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map_copy" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map_copy">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+copy
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="new_serialization_label" href="#dfn-new_serialization_label">
+new
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="unserialized_label" href="#dfn-unserialized_label">
+unserialized
+label
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="maximum_serialization_rotations" id="dfn-maximum_serialization_rotations">
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+</dfn>
+to
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+or
+the
+length
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>,
+whichever
+is
+greater.
+</li>
+<li>
+While
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="maximum_serialization_rotations" href="#dfn-maximum_serialization_rotations">
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+</a>
+is
+greater
+than
+<code>
+0
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Recursively
+perform
+the
+<a href="#combinatorial-serialization-algorithm">
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>
+for
+the
+first
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+it
+for
+each
+subsequent
+iteration.
+</li>
+<li>
+Rotate
+the
+elements
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>
+by
+shifting
+each
+of
+them
+once
+to
+the
+right,
+moving
+the
+element
+at
+the
+end
+of
+the
+list
+to
+the
+beginning
+of
+the
+list.
+</li>
+<li>
+Decrement
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="maximum_serialization_rotations" href="#dfn-maximum_serialization_rotations">
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+</a>
+by
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+for
+each
+iteration.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_unserialized_labels_list" href="#dfn-adjacent_unserialized_labels_list">
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+</a>
+is
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<dfn title="list_of_keys" id="dfn-list_of_keys">
+list
+of
+keys
+</dfn>
+from
+the
+keys
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>
+and
+sort
+it
+lexicographically.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+map
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+object
+containing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>
+'s
+label,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_keys" href="#dfn-list_of_keys">
+list
+of
+keys
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_serialized_labels_map">
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm">
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="direction" href="#dfn-direction">
+direction
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+outgoing
+direction
+</code>
+then
+<dfn title="directed_serialization" id="dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</dfn>
+refers
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization">
+outgoing
+serialization
+</a>
+and
+the
+<dfn title="directed_serialization_map" id="dfn-directed_serialization_map">
+directed
+serialization
+map
+</dfn>
+refers
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="outgoing_serialization_map" href="#dfn-outgoing_serialization_map">
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</a>,
+otherwise
+it
+refers
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization">
+incoming
+serialization
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization_map" href="#dfn-directed_serialization_map">
+directed
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+refers
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_serialization_map" href="#dfn-incoming_serialization_map">
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+</a>.
+Compare
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization" href="#dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm">
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+is
+less
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization" href="#dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_keys" href="#dfn-list_of_keys">
+list
+of
+keys
+</a>,
+run
+the
+<a href="#node-serialization-algorithm">
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm">
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compare
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization" href="#dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</a>
+again
+and
+if
+it
+is
+less
+than
+or
+equal
+and
+the
+length
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+is
+greater
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+the
+length
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization" href="#dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</a>,
+then
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization" href="#dfn-directed_serialization">
+directed
+serialization
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+and
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="directed_serialization_map" href="#dfn-directed_serialization_map">
+directed
+serialization
+map
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialized_labels_map" href="#dfn-serialized_labels_map">
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="serialization-comparison-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.12
+</ins>
+</span>
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+serialization
+comparison
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+serializations,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+and
+returns
+either
+which
+of
+the
+two
+is
+less
+than
+the
+other
+or
+that
+they
+are
+equal.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Whichever
+serialization
+is
+an
+empty
+string
+is
+greater.
+If
+they
+are
+both
+empty
+strings,
+they
+are
+equal.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+result
+of
+a
+lexicographical
+comparison
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="alpha" href="#dfn-alpha">
+alpha
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="beta" href="#dfn-beta">
+beta
+</a>
+up
+to
+the
+number
+of
+characters
+in
+the
+shortest
+of
+the
+two
+serializations.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="mapping-serialization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+mapping
+serialization
+algorithm
+incrementally
+updates
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="mapping_state" href="#dfn-mapping_state">
+mapping
+state
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="key_stack" href="#dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</a>
+is
+not
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Pop
+the
+<dfn title="serialization_key_info" id="dfn-serialization_key_info">
+serialization
+key
+info
+</dfn>
+off
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="key_stack" href="#dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<dfn title="serialization_key" id="dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</dfn>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key_info" href="#dfn-serialization_key_info">
+serialization
+key
+info
+</a>
+array,
+starting
+at
+the
+<dfn title="serialization_key_index" id="dfn-serialization_key_index">
+serialization
+key
+index
+</dfn>
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key_info" href="#dfn-serialization_key_info">
+serialization
+key
+info
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+is
+not
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+map
+</a>,
+push
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key_info" href="#dfn-serialization_key_info">
+serialization
+key
+info
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="key_stack" href="#dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</a>
+and
+exit
+from
+this
+loop.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+is
+a
+key
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialized_keys" href="#dfn-serialized_keys">
+serialized
+keys
+</a>,
+a
+cycle
+has
+been
+detected.
+Append
+the
+concatenation
+of
+the
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+character
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+serialize
+all
+outgoing
+and
+incoming
+edges
+in
+the
+related
+node
+by
+performing
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Mark
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+as
+having
+been
+processed
+by
+adding
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialized_keys" href="#dfn-serialized_keys">
+serialized
+keys
+</a>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="serialization_fragment" id="dfn-serialization_fragment">
+serialization
+fragment
+</dfn>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="adjacent_info" id="dfn-adjacent_info">
+adjacent
+info
+</dfn>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_key" href="#dfn-serialization_key">
+serialization
+key
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+map
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="adjacent_node_label" id="dfn-adjacent_node_label">
+adjacent
+node
+label
+</dfn>
+to
+the
+node
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+mapping
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_node_label" href="#dfn-adjacent_node_label">
+adjacent
+node
+label
+</a>
+exists
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_all_labels" href="#dfn-map_of_all_labels">
+map
+of
+all
+labels
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Append
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="">
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_fragment" href="#dfn-serialization_fragment">
+serialization
+fragment
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<span class="issue">
+<dfn title="map_of_all_labels" id="dfn-map_of_all_labels">
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+of
+all
+labels
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+referenced
+but
+not
+defined.
+</ins></span>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+all
+of
+the
+keys
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+</ins>
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_fragment" href="#dfn-serialization_fragment">
+serialization
+fragment
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_fragment" href="#dfn-serialization_fragment">
+serialization
+fragment
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Push
+a
+new
+key
+info
+object
+containing
+the
+keys
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_info_map" href="#dfn-adjacent_info_map">
+adjacent
+info
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+an
+index
+of
+<code>
+0
+</code>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="key_stack" href="#dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_string" href="#dfn-serialization_string">
+serialization
+string
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm">
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="label-serialization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.8.14
+</ins>
+</span>
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+label
+serialization
+algorithm
+serializes
+information
+about
+a
+node
+that
+has
+been
+assigned
+a
+particular
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="serialization_label" href="#dfn-serialization_label">
+serialization
+label
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+the
+<dfn title="label_serialization" id="dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</dfn>
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<code>
+[
+</code>
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+all
+properties
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>
+by
+processing
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
+node
+reference
+</a>,
+excluding
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+property.
+The
+keys
+should
+be
+processed
+in
+lexicographical
+order
+and
+their
+associated
+values
+should
+be
+processed
+in
+the
+order
+produced
+by
+the
+<a href="#object-comparison-algorithm">
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Build
+a
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<
+</code>
+<strong>
+KEY
+</strong>
+<code>
+>
+</code>
+where
+<strong>
+KEY
+</strong>
+is
+the
+current
+key.
+Append
+string
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+value
+may
+be
+a
+single
+object
+or
+an
+array
+of
+objects.
+Process
+all
+of
+the
+objects
+that
+are
+associated
+with
+the
+key,
+building
+an
+<dfn title="object_string" id="dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</dfn>
+for
+each
+item:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+key
+with
+a
+value
+that
+starts
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+to
+the
+value
+<code>
+_:
+</code>.
+If
+the
+value
+does
+not
+start
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>,
+build
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<
+</code>
+<strong>
+IRI
+</strong>
+<code>
+>
+</code>
+where
+<strong>
+IRI
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key
+and
+a
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+key,
+build
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+</code>
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"^^<
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"^^<
+</ins>
+</code>
+<strong>
+DATATYPE
+</strong>
+<code>
+>
+</code>
+where
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key
+and
+<strong>
+DATATYPE
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key
+and
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key,
+build
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+</code>
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"@
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"@
+</ins>
+</code>
+<strong>
+LANGUAGE
+</strong>
+where
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key
+and
+<strong>
+LANGUAGE
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+a
+string.
+Build
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+</code>
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+</code>
+where
+<strong>
+LITERAL
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+current
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+this
+is
+the
+second
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+append
+a
+<code>
+|
+</code>
+separator
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_string" href="#dfn-object_string">
+object
+string
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<code>
+]
+</code>
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<code>
+[
+</code>
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+all
+incoming
+references
+for
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>
+by
+processing
+all
+of
+the
+items
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="incoming_list" href="#dfn-incoming_list">
+incoming
+list
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Build
+a
+<dfn title="reference_string" id="dfn-reference_string">
+reference
+string
+</dfn>
+using
+the
+pattern
+<code>
+<
+</code>
+<strong>
+PROPERTY
+</strong>
+<code>
+>
+</code>
+<code>
+<
+</code>
+<strong>
+REFERER
+</strong>
+<code>
+>
+</code>
+where
+<strong>
+PROPERTY
+</strong>
+is
+the
+property
+associated
+with
+the
+incoming
+reference
+and
+<strong>
+REFERER
+</strong>
+is
+either
+the
+subject
+of
+the
+node
+referring
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label" href="#dfn-label">
+label
+</a>
+in
+the
+incoming
+reference
+or
+<code>
+_:
+</code>
+if
+<strong>
+REFERER
+</strong>
+begins
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+this
+is
+the
+second
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+append
+a
+<code>
+|
+</code>
+separator
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reference_string" href="#dfn-reference_string">
+reference
+string
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+the
+<code>
+]
+</code>
+character
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_node_labels" href="#dfn-adjacent_node_labels">
+adjacent
+node
+labels
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+value
+for
+all
+of
+them,
+one
+after
+the
+other,
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+<span class="issue">
+<dfn title="adjacent_node_labels" id="dfn-adjacent_node_labels">
+<ins class="diff-new">adjacent
+node
+labels
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+referenced
+but
+not
+defined.
+</ins></span>
+</li>
+<li>
+Push
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="adjacent_node_labels" href="#dfn-adjacent_node_labels">
+adjacent
+node
+labels
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="key_stack" href="#dfn-key_stack">
+key
+stack
+</a>
+and
+append
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#mapping-serialization-algorithm">
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="label_serialization" href="#dfn-label_serialization">
+label
+serialization
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="data-round-tripping" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+normalizing
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values,
+implementers
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+the
+normalized
+value
+is
+a
+string.
+In
+order
+to
+generate
+the
+string
+from
+a
+<strong>
+double
+</strong>
+value,
+output
+equivalent
+to
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">printf("%1.6e",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">printf("%1.6e",
+</ins>
+value)
+</code>
+function
+in
+C
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+<strong>
+<del class="diff-old">"%1.6e"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"%1.6e"
+</ins>
+</strong>
+is
+the
+string
+formatter
+and
+<strong>
+value
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+to
+be
+converted.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+convert
+the
+a
+double
+value
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">// the variable 'value' below is the JavaScript native double value that is to be converted
+</del>
+<pre class="example">// the variable 'value' below is the JavaScript native double value that is to be converted
+(value).toExponential(6).replace(/(e(?:\+|-))([0-9])$/,
+'$10$2')
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+When
+data
+needs
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+should
+not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+is
+due
+to
+the
+lossy
+nature
+of
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation,
+backslash-escapes
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://example.com/
+</code>
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+<code>
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</code>
+in
+some
+versions
+of
+PHP.
+This
+is
+problematic
+when
+generating
+a
+byte
+stream
+for
+processes
+such
+as
+normalization.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward-slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+Round-tripping
+data
+can
+be
+problematic
+if
+we
+mix
+and
+match
+@coerce
+rules
+with
+JSON-native
+datatypes,
+like
+integers.
+Consider
+the
+following
+code
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">var myObj = { "@context" : {
+ "number" : "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ "@coerce": {
+ "xsd:nonNegativeInteger": "number"
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : 42 };
+// Map the language-native object to JSON-LD
+var jsonldText = jsonld.normalize(myObj);
+// Convert the normalized object back to a JavaScript object
+</del>
+<pre class="example">var myObj = { "@context" : {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "number" : "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ "@coerce": {
+ "xsd:nonNegativeInteger": "number"
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : 42 };
+
+// Map the language-native object to JSON-LD
+var jsonldText = jsonld.normalize(myObj);
+
+// Convert the normalized object back to a JavaScript object
+</ins>
+var
+myObj2
+=
+jsonld.parse(jsonldText);
+</pre>
+<p class="issue">
+At
+this
+point,
+myObj2
+and
+myObj
+will
+have
+different
+values
+for
+the
+<del class="diff-old">"number"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"number"
+</ins>
+value.
+myObj
+will
+be
+the
+number
+42,
+while
+myObj2
+will
+be
+the
+string
+<del class="diff-old">"42".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"42".
+</ins>
+This
+type
+of
+data
+round-tripping
+error
+can
+bite
+developers.
+We
+are
+currently
+wondering
+if
+having
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"coerce
+validation"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"coerce
+validation"
+</ins>
+phase
+in
+the
+parsing/normalization
+phases
+would
+be
+a
+good
+idea.
+It
+would
+prevent
+data
+round-tripping
+issues
+like
+the
+one
+mentioned
+above.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+any
+other
+RDF-compatible
+document
+format
+using
+the
+algorithm
+specified
+in
+this
+section.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Model
+describes
+processing
+rules
+for
+extracting
+RDF
+from
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Note
+that
+many
+uses
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+not
+require
+generation
+of
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+processing
+algorithm
+described
+in
+this
+section
+is
+provided
+in
+order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+one
+might
+implement
+a
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+to
+produce
+the
+same
+type
+and
+number
+of
+triples
+during
+the
+output
+process
+and
+are
+not
+required
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+The
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+<div class="informative section" id="overview">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+have
+an
+easy
+to
+parse
+grammar
+that
+closely
+models
+existing
+practice
+in
+using
+JSON
+for
+describing
+object
+representations.
+This
+allows
+the
+use
+of
+existing
+libraries
+for
+parsing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+As
+with
+other
+grammars
+used
+for
+describing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+a
+key
+concept
+is
+that
+of
+a
+<em>
+resource
+</em>.
+Resources
+may
+be
+of
+three
+basic
+types:
+<em>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+</em>
+s,
+for
+describing
+externally
+named
+entities,
+<em>
+BNodes
+</em>,
+resources
+for
+which
+an
+external
+name
+does
+not
+exist,
+or
+is
+not
+known,
+and
+Literals,
+which
+describe
+terminal
+entities
+such
+as
+strings,
+dates
+and
+other
+representations
+having
+a
+lexical
+representation
+possibly
+including
+an
+explicit
+language
+or
+datatype.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+(
+</ins><dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+),
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+],
+is
+a
+mechanism
+for
+representing
+unique
+identifiers
+on
+the
+web.
+In
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+IRI
+is
+commonly
+used
+for
+expressing
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a>.</p><p>
+Data
+described
+with
+JSON-LD
+may
+be
+considered
+to
+be
+the
+representation
+of
+a
+graph
+made
+up
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+resources
+related
+via
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+resource.
+However,
+specific
+implementations
+may
+choose
+to
+operate
+on
+the
+document
+as
+a
+normal
+JSON
+description
+of
+objects
+having
+attributes.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+destination
+graph
+for
+all
+triples
+generated
+by
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+below
+is
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+implementing
+RDF
+conversion
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+that
+the
+following
+algorithm
+generates:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="processing-step-default-context">
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+with
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+set
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+initialized
+to
+NULL.
+</li>
+<li id="processing-step-associative">
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+process
+the
+local
+context
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#context">
+Context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+by
+mapping
+the
+keys
+from
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+new
+keys
+using
+the
+associated
+value
+from
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+Repeat
+the
+mapping
+until
+no
+entry
+is
+found
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+for
+the
+key.
+Use
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+in
+subsequent
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+<p class="issue">
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+really
+just
+behaves
+the
+same
+as
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>,
+consider
+consolidating
+them.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@literal
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+literal
+value
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>
+key
+after
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+specified
+<code>
+@datatype
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+otherwise,
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key,
+use
+it's
+value
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+the
+plain
+literal.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+process
+the
+value
+as
+a
+list
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-list"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+4
+</ins></a>.</li>
+<li id="processing-step-subject">
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+the
+target
+of
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+coercion,
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+process
+the
+value
+as
+a
+list
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-list"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+4
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+<del class="diff-old">,
+set
+the
+active
+subject
+to
+the
+result
+and
+proceed
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Proceed
+</ins>
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+newly
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+not
+already
+been
+processed,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+</a>
+and
+proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+regular
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+process
+each
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+by
+doing
+the
+following
+returning
+the
+result
+of
+processing
+the
+last
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+using
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+</a>
+then
+proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li id="processing-step-list">
+<ins class="diff-new">Generate
+an
+RDF
+List
+by
+linking
+each
+element
+of
+the
+list
+using
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:next
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+terminating
+the
+list
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+following
+sequence:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+list
+has
+no
+element,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+a
+newly
+generated
+BNode
+identified
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+element
+other
+than
+the
+last
+element
+in
+the
+list:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Create
+a
+processor
+state
+using
+the
+active
+context,
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Unless
+this
+is
+the
+last
+element
+in
+the
+list,
+generate
+a
+new
+BNode
+identified
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+otherwise
+use
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+a
+new
+triple
+using
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node_identifier" href="#dfn-blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a></em>.</li></ol></li></ol></li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+is
+detected:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+a
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+coercion,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+IRI
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+string.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+coercion,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+by
+creating
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+the
+string
+and
+the
+coercion
+key
+as
+the
+datatype
+IRI.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+value
+created
+from
+the
+string.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+with
+a
+non-
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+value,
+use
+it's
+value
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+generate
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+either
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+generated
+typed
+literal.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<strong>
+true
+</strong>
+or
+<strong>
+false
+</strong>
+is
+detected,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+value
+created
+from
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.13.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+and
+performed
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification,
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Niklas
+<del class="diff-old">Lindström,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lindstr�m,
+</ins>
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+Another
+huge
+thank
+you
+goes
+out
+to
+Dave
+Longley
+who
+designed
+many
+of
+the
+algorithms
+used
+in
+this
+specification,
+including
+the
+normalization
+algorithm
+which
+was
+a
+monumentally
+difficult
+design
+challenge.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+A.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+<cite>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</cite>
+</a>
+Latest.
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
+<ins class="diff-new">[JSON-POINTER]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+P.
+Bryan,
+Ed.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+Pointer
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Latest.
+IETF
+Draft.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Graham
+Klyne;
+Jeremy
+J.
+Carroll.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+<cite>
+Resource
+Description
+Framework
+(RDF):
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+[RFC3986]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+<cite>
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+<ins class="diff-new">[RFC3987]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+M.
+D�rst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Cameron
+McCormack.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219">
+<cite>
+Web
+IDL.
+</cite>
+</a>
+19
+December
+2008.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+(Work
+in
+progress.)
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+A.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification,
+Third
+Edition.
+</cite>
+</a>
+December
+1999.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+<cite>
+Microdata
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+31
+March
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20111023/index.html Sun Oct 23 17:46:49 2011 -0700
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20111023/index.html Sun Oct 23 17:51:53 2011 -0700
@@ -488,6 +488,10 @@
pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_paren { color: red; }
pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_attribute { color: #006400; }
+</style><style type="text/css">ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" /></head>
<body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 class="title" id="title">The JSON-LD API 1.0</h1><h2 id="subtitle">An Application Programming Interface for the JSON-LD Syntax</h2><h2 id="unofficial-draft-24-october-2011">Unofficial Draft 24 October 2011</h2><dl><dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
@@ -2960,7 +2964,7 @@
-</div></div><div id="respec-err" style="position: fixed; width: 350px; top: 10px; right: 10px; border: 3px double #f00; background: #fff" class="removeOnSave"><ul><li style="color: #c00">There appears to have been a problem fetching the style sheet; status=0</li></ul></div><div id="references" class="appendix section">
+</div></div><div id="references" class="appendix section">
<!-- OddPage -->
<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, et al. <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/"><cite>The JSON-LD Syntax</cite></a> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">[JSON-POINTER]</dt><dd>P. Bryan, Ed. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt">JSON Pointer</a></cite> Latest. IETF Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt">http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt</a>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20111023/spec.css Sun Oct 23 17:51:53 2011 -0700
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+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20111023/diff-20111016.html Sun Oct 23 17:51:53 2011 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,11739 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd'>
+<html lang="en" dir="ltr">
+<head>
+<title>JSON-LD Syntax 1.0</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+<style>
+.diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+ol.algorithm.update { margin-left: 2em; }
+ol.algorithm.update>li { list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm.update>li>span.list-number {
+ display:block;
+ float: left;
+ margin-left: -3.5em;
+}
+</style>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
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+}
+
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+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
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+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
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+
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+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- WEB IDL --- */
+pre.idl {
+ border-top: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ padding: 1em;
+ line-height: 120%;
+}
+
+pre.idl::before {
+ content: "WebIDL";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #90b8de;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
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+
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+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlSuperclass {
+ font-style: italic;
+ color: #005a9c;
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+
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+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
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+ color: #666;
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+ font-weight: bold;
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+
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+ font-family: monospace;
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+ width: 45px;
+ text-align: center;
+}
+.excGetSetTrue, .prmNullTrue, .prmOptTrue { color: #0c0; }
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+
+.idlImplements a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
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+}
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+table.exceptions table {
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+
+/* --- TOC --- */
+.toc a {
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+}
+
+a .secno {
+ color: #000;
+}
+
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+.section dd > p:first-child {
+ margin-top: 0;
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+ font-weight: bold;
+ border: 1px solid #cff6d9;
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+ margin: 2em 1em 1em 2em;
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+}
+
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+ color: black;
+ font-style: normal;
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+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_paren { color: red; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_attribute { color: #006400; }
+
+</style><style type="text/css">ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8"><style type='text/css'>
+.diff-old-a {
+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
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+.diff-new:before,
+.diff-new:after
+ { content: "\2191" }
+.diff-chg:before, .diff-chg:after
+ { content: "\2195" }
+.diff-old { text-decoration: line-through; background-color: #FBB; }
+.diff-old:before,
+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+A
+Context-based
+JSON
+Serialization
+for
+Linking
+Data
+</h2>
+<h2 id="unofficial-draft-24-october-2011">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">16
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">24
+</ins>
+October
+2011
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Editor:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+<ins class="diff-new">Markus
+Lanthaler
+</ins></a>,<a href="http://www.tugraz.at/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</ins></a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Mark
+Birbeck
+</a>,
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Backplane
+Ltd.
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a href="diff-20111016.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+In
+an
+attempt
+to
+harmonize
+the
+representation
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+in
+JSON,
+this
+specification
+outlines
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#design" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#goals-and-rationale" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linking-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Linking
+Data
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-context" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#external-contexts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">2.4.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+External
+Contexts
+</ins></a></li></ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#from-json-to-json-ld" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.5
+</span>
+From
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#basic-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iris" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+IRIs
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#strings" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Strings
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#string-internationalization" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+String
+Internationalization
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Datatypes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Typed
+Literals
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Multiple
+Typed
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#lists" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Advanced
+Concepts
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#base-uri" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Framing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+URI
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#default-vocabulary" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Advanced
+Concepts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Default
+Vocabulary
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#default-language" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">External
+Contexts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Default
+Language
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#vocabulary-prefixes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Vocabulary
+Prefixes
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#type-coercion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Type
+Coercion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#chaining" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Chaining
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Unlabeled
+Nodes
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#using-json-ld-for-rdf" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">5.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Normalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Using
+JSON-LD
+for
+RDF
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Markup
+Examples
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#turtle" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.1
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Turtle
+</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefix-and-base-definitions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Prefix
+and
+Base
+definitions
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#chaining-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Chaining
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#lists-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Lists
+</ins></a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.2
+</ins></span>
+RDFa
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microformats" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microdata" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+E.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+E.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+E.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+simple
+language
+for
+representing
+data
+on
+the
+Web.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+graph
+of
+interlinked
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+or
+Web
+sites.
+Data
+entities
+are
+described
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+s,
+which
+are
+typically
+dereferencable
+and
+thus
+may
+be
+used
+to
+find
+more
+information
+about
+an
+entity,
+creating
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"Web
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Web
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Knowledge".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Knowledge".
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+simple
+publishing
+method
+for
+expressing
+not
+only
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+but
+also
+for
+adding
+semantics
+to
+existing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+light-weight
+syntax
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+and
+other
+Web-based
+programming
+environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+interoperable
+Web
+services
+and
+when
+storing
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+document
+storage
+engines.
+It
+is
+practical
+and
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+That
+is,
+it
+supports
+every
+major
+Web-based
+structured
+data
+model
+in
+use
+today.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+syntax
+does
+not
+necessarily
+require
+applications
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+allows
+to
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+adding
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+either
+in-band
+or
+out-of-band.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+easy
+to
+parse,
+efficient
+to
+generate,
+convertible
+to
+RDF
+in
+one
+pass,
+and
+require
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</p>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Web
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+understand
+the
+design
+decisions
+and
+language
+syntax
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+encode
+Microformats,
+RDFa,
+or
+Microdata
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+cross-language
+compatible
+via
+JSON.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+specification
+does
+not
+describe
+the
+processing
+algorithms
+and
+programming
+interfaces,
+for
+those
+see
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+</ins></p><p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+Examples
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+existing
+vocabularies
+and
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+to
+refer
+to
+Web
+Vocabularies.
+The
+following
+is
+a
+list
+of
+all
+vocabularies
+and
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+abbreviations,
+as
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
+Dublin
+Core
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+dc
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+dc:title
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
+Friend
+of
+a
+Friend
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+foaf:knows
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+RDF
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+rdf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
+XSD
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+several
+terms
+which
+are
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name/value
+pairs
+(or
+members).
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+an
+ordered
+collection
+of
+values.
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+array
+order
+is
+not
+preserved
+by
+default,
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+(see
+<a href="#lists">
+Lists
+</a>
+).
+This
+is
+because
+the
+basic
+data
+model
+of
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">directed
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+<ins class="diff-chg">linked
+data
+</ins>
+graph
+</a>,
+which
+is
+inherently
+unordered.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes.
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Boolean
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+use
+of
+the
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+value
+is
+undefined
+within
+JSON-LD.
+<div class="issue">
+Supporting
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+in
+JSON-LD
+might
+have
+a
+number
+of
+advantages
+and
+should
+be
+evaluated.
+This
+is
+currently
+an
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">
+open
+issue
+</a>.
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+keywords
+that
+are
+using
+in
+all
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section:
+</ins></p><dl><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+all
+object
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+all
+property
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@coerce
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+type
+coercion
+rules.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@literal
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+a
+literal
+value.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@iri
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+value.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+language
+for
+a
+literal.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@datatype
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+datatype
+for
+a
+literal.
+</ins></dd><dt><code>:</code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+mechanism.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@subject
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Sets
+the
+active
+subject.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+type
+of
+the
+active
+subject.
+</ins></dd></dl></div><div id="contributing" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</h3>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Technical
+discussion
+typically
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+on
+the
+second
+and
+fourth
+week
+of
+each
+month.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="design" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+following
+section
+outlines
+the
+design
+goals
+and
+rationale
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+language.
+</p>
+<div id="goals-and-rationale" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+number
+of
+design
+considerations
+were
+explored
+during
+the
+creation
+of
+this
+markup
+language:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Simplicity
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Developers
+need
+only
+know
+JSON
+and
+three
+keywords
+to
+use
+the
+basic
+functionality
+in
+JSON-LD.
+No
+extra
+processors
+or
+software
+libraries
+are
+necessary
+to
+use
+JSON-LD
+in
+its
+most
+basic
+form.
+The
+language
+attempts
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+have
+an
+easy
+learning
+curve.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Compatibility
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+must
+be
+100%
+compatible
+with
+JSON.
+This
+ensures
+that
+all
+of
+the
+standard
+JSON
+libraries
+work
+seamlessly
+with
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Expressiveness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+syntax
+must
+be
+able
+to
+express
+directed
+graphs,
+which
+have
+been
+proven
+to
+be
+able
+to
+simply
+express
+almost
+every
+real
+world
+data
+model.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Terseness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+must
+be
+very
+terse
+and
+human
+readable,
+requiring
+as
+little
+as
+possible
+effort
+from
+the
+developer.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Zero
+Edits,
+most
+of
+the
+time
+</dt>
+<dd>
+JSON-LD
+provides
+a
+mechanism
+that
+allows
+developers
+to
+specify
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+out-of-band.
+This
+allows
+organizations
+that
+have
+already
+deployed
+large
+JSON-based
+infrastructure
+to
+add
+meaning
+to
+their
+JSON
+documents
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+not
+disruptive
+to
+their
+day-to-day
+operations
+and
+is
+transparent
+to
+their
+current
+customers.
+At
+times,
+mapping
+JSON
+to
+a
+graph
+representation
+can
+become
+difficult.
+In
+these
+instances,
+rather
+than
+having
+JSON-LD
+support
+esoteric
+markup,
+we
+chose
+not
+to
+support
+the
+use
+case
+and
+support
+a
+simplified
+syntax
+instead.
+So,
+while
+Zero
+Edits
+is
+a
+goal,
+it
+is
+not
+always
+possible
+without
+adding
+great
+complexity
+to
+the
+language.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+One-pass
+Processing
+</dt>
+<dd>
+JSON-LD
+supports
+one-pass
+processing,
+which
+results
+in
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+when
+processing
+documents.
+For
+example,
+to
+convert
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+into
+an
+RDF
+document
+of
+any
+kind,
+only
+one
+pass
+is
+required
+over
+the
+data.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="linked-data" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Linked
+Data
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">
+subject
+</dfn>
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]).
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">
+object
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
+property
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">
+literal
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>.
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="linking-data" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Linking
+Data
+</h3>
+<p>
+An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+(
+<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+),
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+mechanism
+for
+representing
+unique
+identifiers
+on
+the
+web.
+In
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+an
+IRI
+is
+commonly
+used
+for
+expressing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+defines
+a
+mechanism
+to
+map
+JSON
+terms,
+i.e.,
+keys
+and
+values,
+to
+IRIs.
+This
+does
+not
+mean
+that
+JSON-LD
+requires
+every
+key
+or
+value
+to
+be
+an
+IRI,
+but
+rather
+ensures
+that
+keys
+and
+values
+can
+be
+mapped
+to
+IRIs
+if
+the
+developer
+desires
+to
+transform
+their
+data
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+There
+are
+a
+few
+techniques
+that
+can
+ensure
+that
+developers
+will
+generate
+good
+Linked
+Data
+for
+the
+Web.
+JSON-LD
+formalizes
+those
+techniques.
+</p>
+<p>
+We
+will
+be
+using
+the
+following
+JSON
+markup
+as
+the
+example
+for
+the
+rest
+of
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="the-context" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+In
+JSON-LD,
+a
+<dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">
+context
+</dfn>
+is
+used
+to
+map
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s,
+i.e.,
+keys
+and
+values
+in
+an
+JSON
+document,
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+s.
+A
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+term
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>.
+The
+Web
+uses
+IRIs
+for
+unambiguous
+identification.
+The
+idea
+is
+that
+these
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+mean
+something
+that
+may
+be
+of
+use
+to
+other
+developers
+and
+that
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+give
+them
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier.
+That
+is,
+it
+is
+useful
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+to
+expand
+to
+IRIs
+so
+that
+developers
+don't
+accidentally
+step
+on
+each
+other's
+Web
+Vocabulary
+terms.
+For
+example,
+the
+term
+<code>
+name
+</code>
+may
+map
+directly
+to
+the
+IRI
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+This
+allows
+JSON-LD
+documents
+to
+be
+constructed
+using
+the
+common
+JSON
+practice
+of
+simple
+name/value
+pairs
+while
+ensuring
+that
+the
+data
+is
+useful
+outside
+of
+the
+page,
+API
+or
+database
+in
+which
+it
+resides.
+</p>
+<p>
+These
+Linked
+Data
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+are
+typically
+collected
+in
+a
+context
+document
+that
+would
+look
+something
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+This
+context
+document
+can
+then
+be
+used
+in
+an
+JSON-LD
+document
+by
+adding
+a
+single
+line.
+The
+JSON
+markup
+as
+shown
+in
+the
+previous
+section
+could
+be
+changed
+as
+follows
+to
+link
+to
+the
+context
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+additions
+above
+transform
+the
+previous
+JSON
+document
+into
+a
+JSON
+document
+with
+added
+semantics
+because
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+specifies
+how
+the
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+homepage
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+avatar
+</strong>
+terms
+map
+to
+IRIs.
+Mapping
+those
+keys
+to
+IRIs
+gives
+the
+data
+global
+context.
+If
+two
+developers
+use
+the
+same
+IRI
+to
+describe
+a
+property,
+they
+are
+more
+than
+likely
+expressing
+the
+same
+concept.
+This
+allows
+both
+developers
+to
+re-use
+each
+others
+data
+without
+having
+to
+agree
+to
+how
+their
+data
+will
+inter-operate
+on
+a
+site-by-site
+basis.
+Contexts
+may
+also
+contain
+datatype
+information
+for
+certain
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+as
+well
+as
+other
+processing
+instructions
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor.
+</p>
+<p>
+Contexts
+may
+be
+specified
+in-line.
+This
+ensures
+that
+JSON-LD
+documents
+can
+be
+processed
+when
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+does
+not
+have
+access
+to
+the
+Web.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Contexts
+may
+be
+used
+at
+any
+time
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+defined,
+and
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+specify
+multiple
+contexts,
+to
+be
+processed
+in
+order,
+for
+example
+to
+include
+standard
+prefix
+definitions
+along
+with
+a
+local
+language
+definition
+used
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s:
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+set
+of
+contexts
+defined
+within
+a
+specific
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+termed
+a
+</ins><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+refers
+to
+the
+accumulation
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+that
+are
+in
+scope
+at
+a
+specific
+point
+within
+the
+document.
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ {
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+strives
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+don't
+have
+to
+change
+the
+JSON
+that
+is
+going
+into
+and
+being
+returned
+from
+their
+Web
+APIs.
+This
+means
+that
+developers
+can
+also
+specify
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+for
+JSON
+data
+in
+an
+out-of-band
+fashion.
+This
+is
+described
+later
+in
+this
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+uses
+a
+special
+type
+of
+machine-readable
+document
+called
+a
+<dfn title="web_vocabulary" id="dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</dfn>
+to
+define
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+that
+are
+then
+used
+to
+describe
+concepts
+and
+<del class="diff-old">"things"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"things"
+</ins>
+in
+the
+world.
+Typically,
+these
+Web
+Vocabulary
+documents
+have
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+associated
+with
+them
+and
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+declarations.
+<del class="diff-old">A
+prefix
+,
+like
+a
+term
+,
+is
+a
+short
+word
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary
+base
+IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+es
+are
+helpful
+when
+a
+developer
+wants
+to
+mix
+multiple
+vocabularies
+together
+in
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+but
+does
+not
+want
+to
+go
+to
+the
+trouble
+of
+defining
+every
+single
+term
+in
+every
+single
+vocabulary.
+Some
+Web
+Vocabularies
+may
+have
+dozens
+of
+terms
+defined.
+If
+a
+developer
+wants
+to
+use
+3-4
+different
+vocabularies,
+the
+number
+of
+terms
+that
+would
+have
+to
+be
+declared
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+could
+become
+quite
+large.
+To
+reduce
+the
+number
+of
+different
+terms
+that
+must
+be
+defined,
+JSON-LD
+also
+allows
+prefixes
+to
+be
+used
+to
+compact
+IRIs.
+</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</code>
+specifies
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+which
+may
+be
+represented
+using
+the
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+Web
+Vocabulary
+contains
+a
+term
+called
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>.
+If
+you
+join
+the
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+with
+the
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>
+suffix,
+you
+can
+build
+a
+compact
+IRI
+that
+will
+expand
+out
+into
+an
+absolute
+IRI
+for
+the
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+vocabulary
+term.
+That
+is,
+the
+compact
+IRI,
+or
+short-form,
+is
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+and
+the
+expanded-form
+is
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+This
+vocabulary
+term
+is
+used
+to
+specify
+a
+person's
+name.
+</p>
+<p>
+Developers,
+and
+machines,
+are
+able
+to
+use
+this
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+(plugging
+it
+directly
+into
+a
+web
+browser,
+for
+instance)
+to
+go
+to
+the
+term
+and
+get
+a
+definition
+of
+what
+the
+term
+means.
+Much
+like
+we
+can
+use
+<a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/">
+WordNet
+</a>
+today
+to
+see
+the
+definition
+of
+words
+in
+the
+English
+language.
+Developers
+and
+machines
+need
+the
+same
+sort
+of
+definition
+of
+terms.
+IRIs
+provide
+a
+way
+to
+ensure
+that
+these
+terms
+are
+unambiguous.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+provides
+a
+collection
+of
+vocabulary
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+expand
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+To
+ensure
+the
+best
+possible
+performance,
+it
+is
+a
+best
+practice
+to
+put
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+definition
+at
+the
+top
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+If
+it
+isn't
+listed
+first,
+processors
+have
+to
+save
+each
+key-value
+pair
+until
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+processed.
+This
+creates
+a
+memory
+and
+complexity
+burden
+for
+one-pass
+processors.
+</p>
+<div id="external-contexts" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">2.4.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+External
+Contexts
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Authors
+may
+choose
+to
+declare
+JSON-LD
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+in
+external
+documents
+to
+promote
+re-use
+of
+contexts
+as
+well
+as
+reduce
+the
+size
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+In
+order
+to
+use
+an
+external
+context,
+an
+author
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+specify
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+a
+valid
+JSON-LD
+document.
+The
+referenced
+document
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+a
+top-level
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+value
+of
+any
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+within
+that
+object
+is
+substituted
+for
+the
+IRI
+within
+the
+referencing
+document
+to
+have
+the
+same
+effect
+as
+if
+the
+value
+were
+specified
+inline
+within
+the
+referencing
+document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+example
+demonstrates
+the
+use
+of
+an
+external
+context:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Authors
+may
+also
+import
+multiple
+contexts
+or
+a
+combination
+of
+external
+and
+local
+contexts
+by
+specifying
+a
+list
+of
+contexts:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": ["http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person", "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/event"]</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins> <span class="diff">"celebrates":
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }</span>
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Each
+context
+in
+a
+list
+will
+be
+evaluated
+in-order.
+Duplicate
+mappings
+within
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+overwritten
+on
+a
+last-defined-overrides
+basis.
+The
+context
+list
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+contain
+either
+de-referenceable
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+that
+conform
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+syntax
+as
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+External
+JSON-LD
+context
+documents
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+contain
+extra
+information
+located
+outside
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+such
+as
+documentation
+about
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+es
+declared
+in
+the
+document.
+It
+is
+also
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="recommended"><ins class="diff-new">
+recommended
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+a
+human-readable
+document
+encoded
+in
+HTML+RDFa
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-HTML-RDFA"><ins class="diff-new">
+HTML-RDFA
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+or
+other
+Linked
+Data
+compatible
+format
+is
+served
+as
+well
+to
+explain
+the
+correct
+usage
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+context
+document.
+</ins></p></div>
+</div>
+<div id="from-json-to-json-ld" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.5
+</span>
+From
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD
+</h3>
+<p>
+If
+a
+set
+of
+terms
+such
+as,
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+homepage
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+avatar
+</strong>,
+are
+defined
+in
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+that
+context
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+the
+names
+in
+JSON
+objects,
+machines
+are
+able
+to
+automatically
+expand
+the
+terms
+to
+something
+meaningful
+and
+unambiguous,
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "<span class="diff">http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Doing
+this
+allows
+JSON
+to
+be
+unambiguously
+machine-readable
+without
+requiring
+developers
+to
+drastically
+change
+their
+workflow.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Please
+note
+that
+this
+JSON-LD
+document
+doesn't
+define
+the
+subject
+and
+will
+thus
+result
+in
+an
+unlabeled
+or
+blank
+node.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="basic-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+to
+ensure
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+concepts
+can
+be
+marked
+up
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+simple
+to
+understand
+and
+author
+by
+Web
+developers.
+In
+many
+cases,
+regular
+JSON
+markup
+can
+become
+Linked
+Data
+with
+the
+simple
+addition
+of
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+As
+more
+JSON-LD
+features
+are
+used,
+more
+semantics
+are
+added
+to
+the
+JSON
+markup.
+</p>
+<div id="iris" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+IRIs
+</h3>
+<p>
+Expressing
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+are
+fundamental
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+as
+that
+is
+how
+most
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s
+and
+many
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+are
+named.
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+different
+ways
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+In
+general,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+in
+the
+key
+position
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+have
+a
+mapping
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+or
+another
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+are
+expanded
+to
+an
+IRI
+by
+JSON-LD
+processors.
+There
+are
+special
+rules
+for
+processing
+keys
+in
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+and
+when
+dealing
+with
+keys
+that
+start
+with
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+character.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+value
+specified
+using
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>,
+if
+it
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+value
+specified
+using
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+value
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+keyword.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+is
+generated
+when
+there
+are
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+rules
+in
+effect
+for
+a
+key
+named
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+IRIs
+can
+be
+expressed
+directly
+in
+the
+key
+position
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+key
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+is
+interpreted
+as
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a>,
+as
+opposed
+to
+being
+interpreted
+as
+a
+string.
+</p>
+<p>
+Term
+expansion
+occurs
+for
+IRIs
+if
+a
+term
+is
+defined
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ""},
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>": {"<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>"},
+...
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+es
+are
+expanded
+when
+used
+in
+keys:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ""},
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>": {"<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>"},
+...
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+above
+will
+automatically
+expand
+out
+to
+the
+IRI
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+is
+generated
+when
+a
+value
+is
+associated
+with
+a
+key
+using
+the
+<code>
+@iri
+</code>
+keyword:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "homepage": { "": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@iri</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+If
+type
+coercion
+rules
+are
+specified
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+for
+a
+particular
+vocabulary
+term,
+an
+IRI
+is
+generated:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ }
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ }</span>
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Even
+though
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://manu.sporny.org/
+</code>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+type
+coercion
+rules
+will
+transform
+the
+value
+into
+an
+IRI
+when
+processed
+by
+a
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">IRIs
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+absolute
+IRI,
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+construct,
+or
+as
+a
+value
+relative
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</h3>
+<p>
+To
+be
+able
+to
+externally
+reference
+nodes,
+it
+is
+important
+that
+each
+node
+has
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+s
+are
+a
+fundamental
+concept
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>,
+and
+nodes
+should
+have
+a
+de-referencable
+identifier
+used
+to
+name
+and
+locate
+them.
+For
+nodes
+to
+be
+truely
+linked,
+de-referencing
+the
+identifier
+should
+result
+in
+a
+representation
+of
+that
+node.
+Associating
+an
+IRI
+with
+a
+node
+tells
+an
+application
+that
+the
+returned
+document
+contains
+a
+description
+of
+the
+node
+requested.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+documents
+may
+also
+contain
+descriptions
+of
+other
+nodes,
+so
+it
+is
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+uniquely
+identify
+each
+node
+which
+may
+be
+externally
+referenced.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+of
+an
+object
+in
+JSON
+is
+declared
+using
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key.
+The
+subject
+is
+the
+first
+piece
+of
+information
+needed
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+in
+order
+to
+create
+the
+(subject,
+property,
+object)
+tuple,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+triple.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "<span class="diff">@subject</span>": "<span class="diff">http://example.org/people#joebob</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+the
+IRI
+<code>
+http://example.org/people#joebob
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+To
+ensure
+the
+best
+possible
+performance,
+it
+is
+a
+best
+practice
+to
+put
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+key
+before
+other
+key-value
+pairs
+in
+an
+object.
+If
+it
+isn't
+listed
+first,
+processors
+have
+to
+save
+each
+key-value
+pair
+until
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+is
+processed
+before
+they
+can
+create
+valid
+triples.
+This
+creates
+a
+memory
+and
+complexity
+burden
+for
+one-pass
+processors.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+type
+of
+a
+particular
+subject
+can
+be
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key.
+Specifying
+the
+type
+in
+this
+way
+will
+generate
+a
+triple
+of
+the
+form
+(subject,
+type,
+type-iri).
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>,
+types
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triple
+if
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+mapped
+to
+RDF
+(in
+N-Triples
+notation):
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+</ins>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="strings" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Strings
+</h3>
+<p>
+Regular
+text
+strings,
+also
+referred
+to
+as
+<dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</dfn>
+s,
+are
+easily
+expressed
+using
+regular
+JSON
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "name": "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="string-internationalization" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+String
+Internationalization
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+makes
+an
+assumption
+that
+strings
+with
+associated
+language
+encoding
+information
+are
+not
+very
+common
+when
+used
+in
+JavaScript
+and
+Web
+Services.
+Thus,
+it
+takes
+a
+little
+more
+effort
+to
+express
+strings
+with
+associated
+language
+information.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">花澄
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">花澄
+</ins>
+</em>
+and
+associate
+the
+<code>
+ja
+</code>
+language
+code
+with
+the
+triple
+that
+is
+generated.
+Languages
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+expressed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+format.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+set
+a
+language
+to
+use
+within
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+to
+allow
+specify
+a
+language
+to
+apply
+to
+all
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+within
+the
+scope
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context:" {
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },</span>
+...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+...
+}
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Datatypes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Typed
+Literals
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+value
+with
+an
+associated
+datatype,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</dfn>,
+is
+indicated
+by
+associating
+a
+literal
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+Typed
+literals
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+JSON-LD
+in
+three
+ways:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+the
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+keyword.
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+specifying
+objects.
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+using
+a
+native
+JSON
+datatype.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+The
+first
+example
+uses
+the
+<code>
+@coerce
+</code>
+keyword
+to
+express
+a
+typed
+literal:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> "@context":
+ {
+ "modified": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "dateTime": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "dateTime": "modified"
+ }
+ }
+...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "modified": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "dateTime": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "dateTime": "modified"
+ }
+ }</span>
+...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+second
+example
+uses
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+specifying
+objects:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "modified": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Both
+examples
+above
+would
+generate
+an
+object
+with
+the
+literal
+value
+of
+<code>
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</code>
+and
+the
+datatype
+of
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+third
+example
+uses
+a
+built-in
+native
+JSON
+type,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+to
+express
+a
+datatype:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age":
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">31</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triple:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+"31"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+"31"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+express
+multiple
+triples
+in
+a
+compact
+way
+by
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+s.
+If
+a
+subject
+has
+multiple
+values
+for
+the
+same
+property,
+the
+author
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+express
+each
+property
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+In
+JSON-LD,
+multiple
+objects
+on
+a
+property
+are
+not
+ordered.
+This
+is
+because
+typically
+graphs
+are
+not
+inherently
+ordered
+data
+structures.
+To
+see
+more
+on
+creating
+ordered
+collections
+in
+JSON-LD,
+see
+<a href="#lists">
+Lists
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": ,
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+"jaybee"
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+"jaybee"
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Multiple
+Typed
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+Multiple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+s
+may
+also
+be
+expressed
+using
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+objects:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "modified":
+ [
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ },
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+ ]
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "modified": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ },
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+ ]</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+"2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+"2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="lists" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+all
+IRI,
+datatypes,
+and
+literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+JSON-LD
+document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+of
+Framing
+or
+Normalization
+.
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Because
+graphs
+do
+not
+describe
+ordering
+for
+links
+between
+nodes,
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+following
+output:
+{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+3.10
+Compaction
+Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+the
+most
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+is
+typically
+expressed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contrast
+to
+plain
+JSON,
+multi-valued
+properties
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+IRIs
+are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">do
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">provide
+an
+ordering
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">API,
+provides
+a
+way
+to
+compact
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">listed
+objects.
+</ins>
+For
+example,
+<del class="diff-old">assume
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consider
+</ins>
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">simple
+</ins>
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+{
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+results
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">three
+triples
+being
+generated,
+each
+relating
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+output:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+The
+compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+to
+name
+,
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">individual
+object,
+with
+no
+inherent
+order.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">3.11
+Framing
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+a
+representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">To
+preserve
+the
+order
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+directed
+graph.
+A
+single
+directed
+graph
+can
+have
+many
+different
+serializations,
+each
+expressing
+exactly
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">same
+information.
+Developers
+typically
+work
+with
+trees,
+represented
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">objects,
+RDF-based
+languages,
+such
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-chg">
+TURTLE
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s.
+While
+mapping
+a
+graph
+to
+a
+tree
+can
+be
+done,
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+use
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">layout
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">concept
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+end
+result
+must
+be
+specified
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:List
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+(as
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">advance.
+A
+Frame
+can
+be
+used
+by
+a
+developer
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-SCHEMA
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]).
+This
+uses
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">graph.
+Framing
+is
+the
+process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">sequence
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+which
+expresses
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">unlabeled
+nodes
+with
+properties
+describing
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+of
+information,
+and
+applying
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value,
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">null-terminated
+next
+property.
+Without
+</ins>
+specific
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+layout
+(called
+a
+Frame
+).
+The
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">syntactical
+support,
+this
+could
+be
+represented
+in
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document
+below
+expresses
+a
+library,
+a
+book
+and
+a
+chapter:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "contains"
+ },
+ },
+ "@subject":
+ [{
+ "@subject": "http://example.com/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "creator": "Plato",
+ "title": "The Republic",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ "description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ "title": "The Introduction"
+ }]
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">{</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@first": "joe"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@first": "bob"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@first": "jaybee"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": "@nil"</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Developers
+typically
+like
+to
+operate
+on
+items
+in
+a
+hierarchical,
+tree-based
+fashion.
+Ideally,
+a
+developer
+would
+want
+the
+data
+above
+sorted
+into
+top-level
+libraries,
+then
+the
+books
+that
+are
+contained
+in
+each
+library,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">As
+this
+notation
+is
+rather
+unwieldy
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">then
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">chapters
+contained
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">notion
+of
+ordered
+collections
+is
+rather
+important
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">each
+book.
+To
+achieve
+that
+layout,
+the
+developer
+can
+define
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">data
+modeling,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+specific
+language
+support.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+a
+list
+may
+be
+represented
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+frame
+:
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+as
+follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Chapter"
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">{"@list": ["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]}</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">When
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+describes
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">framing
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+of
+this
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+being
+ordered,
+and
+order
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">run
+against
+the
+previously
+defined
+JSON-LD
+document,
+paired
+with
+the
+frame
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">maintained
+through
+normalization
+and
+RDF
+conversion
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">above,
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+document
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+If
+every
+use
+of
+a
+given
+multi-valued
+property
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+end
+result:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+list,
+this
+may
+be
+abbreviated
+by
+adding
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@coerce
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+term:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+
+ "@type": "Book",
+
+
+ "contains": {
+
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+
+
+ },
+ },
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> ...
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@coerce": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@list": ["foaf:nick"]</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+framing
+algorithm
+allows
+developers
+to
+query
+by
+example
+and
+force
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+keyword
+can
+be
+used
+within
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@coerce
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">specific
+tree
+layout
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@context
+</ins></code>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cause
+value
+arrays
+to
+be
+coerced
+into
+an
+ordered
+list.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Advanced
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+has
+a
+number
+of
+features
+that
+provide
+functionality
+above
+and
+beyond
+the
+core
+functionality
+described
+above.
+The
+following
+sections
+outline
+the
+features
+that
+are
+specific
+to
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<div id="base-uri" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">External
+Contexts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+URI
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Authors
+may
+choose
+to
+declare
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">allows
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+s
+<del class="diff-old">in
+external
+documents
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">promote
+re-use
+of
+contexts
+as
+well
+as
+reduce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+specified
+in
+a
+relative
+form.
+For
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs,
+relative
+IRIs
+are
+resolved
+against
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">size
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+base
+using
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+a
+Base
+URI
+</ins></a></cite>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+documents.
+In
+order
+to
+use
+an
+external
+context,
+an
+author
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3986
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+This
+value
+</ins>
+may
+<del class="diff-old">specify
+an
+IRI
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+explicitly
+set
+with
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+if
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">valid
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document.
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+was
+retrieved
+from
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://manu.sporny.org/
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+IRIs
+would
+resolve
+against
+that
+URI:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@subject": "about/"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage: ""
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+document
+uses
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+is
+specified,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@subject
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+resolves
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">external
+</del>
+document
+<del class="diff-old">must
+be
+dereferenced
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">base.
+However,
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">top-level
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+is
+moved
+to
+a
+different
+location,
+the
+subject
+IRI
+would
+change.
+To
+prevent
+this,
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+have
+a
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">key
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping,
+to
+set
+an
+absolute
+base
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+Object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+in
+spite
+of
+where
+it
+actually
+is
+retrieved
+from.
+It
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">be
+overlayed
+on
+top
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">have
+a
+value
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+simple
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">current
+active
+context.
+The
+following
+example
+demonstrates
+the
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lexical
+form
+</ins>
+of
+an
+<del class="diff-old">external
+context:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ,
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/"}</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@subject": "about/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage: ""
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="default-vocabulary" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">4.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Default
+Vocabulary
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Authors
+may
+also
+import
+multiple
+contexts
+by
+specifying
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">It
+is
+often
+common
+that
+all
+types
+and
+properties
+come
+from
+the
+same
+vocabulary.
+JSON-LD
+provides
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">list
+of
+contexts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">way
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">import:
+{
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ "celebrates":
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }
+}
+Each
+context
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">list
+will
+be
+evaluated
+in-order.
+Duplicate
+values
+must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+URI
+to
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">overwritten
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">used
+for
+all
+properties
+and
+types
+that
+aren't
+based
+</ins>
+on
+<del class="diff-old">a
+last-defined-overrides
+basis.
+The
+context
+list
+must
+contain
+either
+de-referenceable
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">terms,
+prefixes
+</ins>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+Object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+IRIs.
+Much
+like
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword,
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+can
+be
+used
+to
+set
+a
+base
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+use
+for
+all
+types
+and
+properties
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">conform
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">don't
+otherwise
+resolve
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+context
+syntax
+as
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+absolute
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></a>.</p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@vocab": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/1.0/" },</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@type": "Person"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}
+</ins></pre></div><div id="default-language" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+4.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Default
+Language
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">External
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context
+documents
+may
+contain
+extra
+information
+located
+outside
+of
+the
+@context
+key,
+such
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">allows
+a
+default
+value
+to
+use
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">documentation
+about
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+plain
+literal
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">es
+declared
+in
+the
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">s.
+</ins>
+It
+is
+<del class="diff-old">also
+recommended
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">commonly
+the
+case
+</ins>
+that
+<ins class="diff-new">documents
+are
+written
+using
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">human-readable
+document
+encoded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">single
+language.
+As
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">HTML+RDFa
+[
+HTML-RDFA
+]
+or
+other
+Linked
+Data
+compatible
+format
+is
+served
+</del>
+<a href="string-internationalization">
+<ins class="diff-chg">String
+Internationalization
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+language-tagged
+literal
+may
+be
+specified
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">well
+to
+explain
+the
+correct
+usage
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">follows:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+By
+specifying
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+within
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+<del class="diff-old">document.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">multiple
+language-tagged
+literals
+may
+be
+marked
+up
+using
+a
+simple
+string
+form:
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@language": "ja"}</span>,
+<ins class="diff-new">...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+...
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<div id="vocabulary-prefixes" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Vocabulary
+Prefixes
+</h3>
+<p>
+Vocabulary
+terms
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+documents
+may
+draw
+from
+a
+number
+of
+different
+Web
+vocabularies.
+At
+times,
+declaring
+every
+single
+term
+that
+a
+document
+uses
+can
+require
+the
+developer
+to
+declare
+tens,
+if
+not
+hundreds
+of
+potential
+vocabulary
+terms
+that
+may
+be
+used
+across
+an
+application.
+This
+is
+a
+concern
+for
+at
+least
+three
+reasons;
+the
+first
+is
+the
+cognitive
+load
+on
+the
+developer,
+the
+second
+is
+the
+serialized
+size
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+the
+third
+is
+future-proofing
+application
+contexts.
+In
+order
+to
+address
+these
+issues,
+the
+concept
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+mechanism
+is
+introduced.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+compact
+way
+of
+expressing
+a
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>.
+Generally,
+these
+prefixes
+are
+used
+by
+concatenating
+the
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+a
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suffix
+</ins>
+</em>
+separated
+by
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+).
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+taken
+from
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins>
+short
+string
+that
+identifies
+a
+particular
+Web
+vocabulary.
+For
+example,
+the
+prefix
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+short
+hand
+for
+the
+Friend-of-a-Friend
+Web
+Vocabulary,
+which
+is
+identified
+using
+the
+IRI
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</code>.
+A
+developer
+may
+append
+any
+of
+the
+FOAF
+Vocabulary
+terms
+to
+the
+end
+of
+the
+prefix
+to
+specify
+a
+short-hand
+version
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">full
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins>
+IRI
+for
+the
+vocabulary
+term.
+For
+example,
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+would
+be
+expanded
+out
+to
+the
+IRI
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+Instead
+of
+having
+to
+remember
+and
+type
+out
+the
+entire
+IRI,
+the
+developer
+can
+instead
+use
+the
+prefix
+in
+their
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+ability
+to
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+reduces
+the
+need
+for
+developers
+to
+declare
+every
+vocabulary
+term
+that
+they
+intend
+to
+use
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+This
+reduces
+document
+serialization
+size
+because
+every
+vocabulary
+term
+need
+not
+be
+declared
+in
+the
+context.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+also
+reduce
+the
+cognitive
+load
+on
+the
+developer.
+It
+is
+far
+easier
+to
+remember
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+than
+it
+is
+to
+remember
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+The
+use
+of
+prefixes
+also
+ensures
+that
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+document
+does
+not
+have
+to
+be
+updated
+in
+lock-step
+with
+an
+externally
+defined
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>.
+Without
+prefixes,
+a
+developer
+would
+need
+to
+keep
+their
+application
+context
+terms
+in
+lock-step
+with
+an
+externally
+defined
+Web
+Vocabulary.
+Rather,
+by
+just
+declaring
+the
+Web
+Vocabulary
+prefix,
+one
+can
+use
+new
+terms
+as
+they're
+declared
+without
+having
+to
+update
+the
+application's
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Consider
+the
+following
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+
+
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": ,
+ : {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "Plato",
+ : "The Republic",
+ : {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ : "The Introduction"
+ },
+ },
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"ex": "http://example.org/vocab#"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Library"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Book"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc:creator"</span>: "Plato",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Republic",
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Chapter"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc:description"</span>: "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Introduction"
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ },
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+this
+example,
+two
+different
+vocabularies
+are
+referred
+to
+using
+prefixes.
+Those
+prefixes
+are
+then
+used
+as
+type
+and
+property
+values
+using
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix:suffix
+</ins>
+</code>
+notation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Prefixes,
+also
+known
+as
+CURIEs,
+are
+defined
+more
+formally
+in
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1,
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/#s_curies">
+Section
+6
+<del class="diff-old">"CURIE
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"CURIE
+</ins>
+Syntax
+<del class="diff-old">Definition"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Definition"
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+JSON-LD
+does
+not
+support
+the
+square-bracketed
+CURIE
+syntax
+as
+the
+mechanism
+is
+not
+required
+to
+disambiguate
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+like
+it
+is
+in
+HTML
+documents.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</h3>
+<p>
+Since
+JSON
+is
+capable
+of
+expressing
+typed
+information
+such
+as
+doubles,
+integers,
+and
+boolean
+values.
+As
+demonstrated
+below,
+JSON-LD
+utilizes
+that
+information
+to
+create
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+s:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": ,
+ "measure:cups": ,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": ,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": ,
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3e0</span>,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": <span class="diff">6.5e73</span>,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": <span class="diff">{ "@literal": "4.8", "@datatype": "xsd:decimal" }</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+When
+dealing
+with
+a
+number
+of
+modern
+programming
+languages,
+including
+JavaScript
+ECMA-262,
+there
+is
+no
+distinction
+between
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values.
+That
+is,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+<code>
+5.3
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+<code>
+5.3e0
+</code>
+are
+treated
+as
+if
+they
+were
+the
+same.
+When
+converting
+from
+JSON-LD
+to
+a
+language-native
+format
+and
+back,
+datatype
+information
+is
+lost
+in
+a
+number
+of
+these
+languages.
+Thus,
+one
+could
+say
+that
+<code>
+5.3
+</code>
+is
+a
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<code>
+5.3e0
+</code>
+is
+an
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+in
+JSON-LD,
+but
+when
+both
+values
+are
+converted
+to
+a
+language-native
+format
+the
+datatype
+difference
+between
+the
+two
+is
+lost
+because
+the
+machine-level
+representation
+will
+almost
+always
+be
+a
+<strong>
+double
+</strong>.
+Implementers
+should
+be
+aware
+of
+this
+potential
+round-tripping
+issue
+between
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>.
+Specifically
+objects
+with
+a
+datatype
+of
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+language
+native
+type.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="type-coercion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Type
+Coercion
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+supports
+the
+coercion
+of
+values
+to
+particular
+data
+types.
+Type
+coercion
+allows
+someone
+deploying
+JSON-LD
+to
+coerce
+the
+incoming
+or
+outgoing
+types
+to
+the
+proper
+data
+type
+based
+on
+a
+mapping
+of
+data
+type
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+to
+property
+types.
+Using
+type
+coercion,
+one
+may
+convert
+simple
+JSON
+data
+to
+properly
+typed
+RDF
+data.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+example
+below
+demonstrates
+how
+a
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+coerce
+values
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+s,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+s
+and
+IRIs.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "xsd:integer": "age",
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": ,
+ "homepage":
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+</ins><span class="diff"> "@coerce":
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ {
+ "xsd:integer": "age",
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">"http://example.org/home/"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
+ "John Smith" .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+ "41"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+</del>
+<pre class="example">_:bnode1
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
+ "John Smith" .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+ "41"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+</ins>
+<http://example.org/home/>
+.
+</pre>
+<div class="issue">
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+mechanism
+for
+type
+coercion
+is
+still
+being
+debated.
+It
+may
+be
+that
+the
+key/value
+positions
+are
+swapped,
+yielding
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+such
+as
+the
+following:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "currentProject": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@coerce": {
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "age": "xsd:integer",
+ "homepage": "@iri",
+ "currentProject": ["@iri", "@list"]
+ }</span>
+ },
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+alternative
+is
+to
+merge
+the
+coercion
+into
+term
+definitions:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@coerce": "xsd:integer"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@coerce": "@iri"}</span>,
+ "currentProject": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject", "@coerce": ["@iri", "@list"]}</span>,
+ },
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre></div>
+</div>
+<div id="chaining" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Chaining
+</h3>
+<p>
+Object
+<dfn title="chaining" id="dfn-chaining">
+chaining
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+feature
+that
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+use
+the
+definition
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+values.
+This
+is
+a
+commonly
+used
+mechanism
+for
+creating
+a
+parent-child
+relationship
+between
+two
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+example
+shows
+an
+two
+subjects
+related
+by
+a
+property
+from
+the
+first
+subject:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": {
+ "",
+ "",
+ }
+...
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>": {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+An
+object
+definition,
+like
+the
+one
+used
+above,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+used
+as
+a
+JSON
+value
+at
+any
+point
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Unlabeled
+Nodes
+</h3>
+<p>
+At
+times,
+it
+becomes
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+information
+without
+being
+able
+to
+specify
+the
+subject.
+Typically,
+this
+type
+of
+node
+is
+called
+an
+unlabeled
+node
+or
+a
+blank
+node.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+unlabeled
+node
+identifiers
+are
+automatically
+created
+if
+a
+subject
+is
+not
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+keyword.
+However,
+authors
+may
+provide
+identifiers
+for
+unlabeled
+nodes
+by
+using
+the
+special
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+(underscore)
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+This
+allows
+to
+reference
+the
+node
+locally
+within
+the
+document
+but
+not
+in
+an
+external
+document.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@subject": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+<code>
+_:foo
+</code>,
+which
+can
+then
+be
+used
+later
+on
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+to
+refer
+back
+to
+the
+unlabeled
+node.
+This
+practice,
+however,
+is
+usually
+frowned
+upon
+when
+generating
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+If
+a
+developer
+finds
+that
+they
+refer
+to
+the
+unlabeled
+node
+more
+than
+once,
+they
+should
+consider
+naming
+the
+node
+using
+a
+resolve-able
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="aliasing-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+allows
+all
+of
+the
+syntax
+keywords,
+except
+for
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+to
+be
+aliased.
+This
+feature
+allows
+more
+legacy
+JSON
+content
+to
+be
+supported
+by
+JSON-LD.
+It
+also
+allows
+developers
+to
+design
+domain-specific
+implementations
+using
+only
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ ,
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"url": "@subject"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+@subject
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+keywords
+have
+been
+given
+the
+aliases
+<strong>
+url
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+a
+</strong>,
+respectively.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="using-json-ld-for-rdf" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">5.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Normalization
+Normalization
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+JSON-LD
+input
+and
+performing
+a
+deterministic
+transformation
+on
+that
+input
+that
+results
+in
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Using
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">output
+that
+any
+conforming
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+RDF
+</ins></h2><p>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+would
+have
+generated
+given
+the
+same
+input.
+The
+problem
+</del>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">fairly
+difficult
+technical
+problem
+to
+solve
+because
+it
+requires
+a
+directed
+graph
+to
+be
+ordered
+into
+a
+set
+of
+nodes
+and
+edges
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification
+for
+representing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+deterministic
+way.
+This
+is
+easy
+to
+do
+when
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+have
+unique
+names,
+but
+very
+difficult
+to
+do
+when
+some
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON.
+A
+common
+way
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+nodes
+are
+not
+labeled.
+Normalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">working
+with
+Linked
+Data
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">useful
+when
+comparing
+two
+graphs
+against
+one
+another,
+when
+generating
+a
+detailed
+list
+of
+differences
+between
+two
+graphs,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">through
+</ins><dfn title="rdf" id="dfn-rdf"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+</ins></dfn>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+Resource
+Description
+Framework.
+RDF
+can
+be
+expressed
+using
+JSON-LD
+by
+associating
+JSON-LD
+concepts
+such
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@subject
+</ins></code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">when
+generating
+a
+cryptographic
+digital
+signature
+for
+information
+contained
+in
+a
+graph
+or
+when
+generating
+a
+hash
+of
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">equivalent
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+in
+RDF.
+Further
+</ins>
+information
+<del class="diff-old">contained
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">about
+RDF
+may
+be
+found
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+graph.
+The
+example
+below
+is
+an
+un-normalized
+JSON-LD
+document:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-PRIMER"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-PRIMER
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": ["homepage"]
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+example
+below
+is
+the
+normalized
+form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Some
+examples
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+JSON-LD
+document
+above:
+Whitespace
+is
+used
+below
+to
+aid
+readability.
+The
+normalization
+algorithm
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">encoding
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">removes
+all
+unnecessary
+whitespace
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">may
+be
+found
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+fully
+normalized
+form.
+[{
+ "@subject":
+ {
+ "@iri": "_:c14n0"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+}]
+Notice
+how
+all
+</del>
+<a href="#markup-examples">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Appendix
+A
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Details
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+term
+s
+have
+been
+expanded
+and
+sorted
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">transforming
+JSON-LD
+into
+RDF
+are
+defined
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">alphabetical
+order.
+Also,
+notice
+how
+the
+subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+labeled
+with
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+.
+Normalization
+ensures
+that
+any
+arbitrary
+graph
+containing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information
+would
+be
+normalized
+to
+exactly
+the
+same
+form
+shown
+above.
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="markup-examples">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Markup
+Examples
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+examples
+below
+demonstrate
+how
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+semantic
+data
+marked
+up
+in
+other
+languages
+such
+as
+RDFa,
+Microformats,
+and
+Microdata.
+These
+sections
+are
+merely
+provided
+as
+proof
+that
+JSON-LD
+is
+very
+flexible
+in
+what
+it
+can
+express
+across
+different
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+approaches.
+</p>
+<div id="turtle" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+A.1
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Turtle
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+are
+examples
+of
+representing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+expressed
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-new">
+TURTLE
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+into
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></p><div id="prefix-and-base-definitions" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Prefix
+and
+Base
+definitions
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+context
+has
+direct
+equivalents
+for
+Turtle
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@prefix
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+expressions:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+foaf:homepage
+<>
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": {"@iri": ""}
+}
+</ins></pre></div><div id="chaining-1" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Chaining
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Both
+Turtle
+and
+JSON-LD
+allow
+chaining
+of
+objects,
+although
+Turtle
+only
+allows
+chaining
+of
+objects
+which
+use
+nlank
+node
+identifiers.
+</ins></p></div><pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+foaf:knows
+[
+a
+foaf:Person;
+foaf:name
+"Gregg
+Kellogg"
+]
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><div id="lists-1" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Lists
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Both
+JSON-LD
+and
+Turtle
+can
+represent
+sequential
+lists
+of
+values.
+</ins></p><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+foaf:nick
+(
+"joe"
+"bob"
+"jaybee")
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick": {"@list": ["joe", "bob", "jaybe"]}
+}
+</ins></pre></div></div><div id="rdfa" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.2
+</ins></span>
+RDFa
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+describes
+three
+people
+with
+their
+respective
+names
+and
+homepages.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">>
+ <ul>
+ <li >
+ <a >Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+An
+example
+JSON-LD
+implementation
+is
+described
+below,
+however,
+there
+are
+other
+ways
+to
+mark-up
+this
+information
+such
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+repeated.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@subject": [
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@subject": [
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microformats" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+uses
+a
+simple
+Microformats
+hCard
+example
+to
+express
+how
+the
+Microformat
+is
+represented
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek �elik</a>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+representation
+of
+the
+hCard
+expresses
+the
+Microformat
+terms
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+and
+uses
+them
+directly
+for
+the
+<code>
+url
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+fn
+</code>
+properties.
+Also
+note
+that
+the
+Microformat
+to
+JSON-LD
+processor
+has
+generated
+the
+proper
+URL
+type
+for
+<code>
+http://tantek.com
+</code>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn",
+ "@coerce": { "@iri": "url" }
+ },
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn",
+ "@coerce": { "@iri": "url" }
+ },
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek �elik"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microdata" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+Microdata
+example
+below
+expresses
+book
+information
+as
+a
+Microdata
+Work
+item.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+<ins class="diff-chg"> itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</ins>
+</dl>
+</pre>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+JSON-LD
+representation
+of
+the
+Microdata
+information
+stays
+true
+to
+the
+desires
+of
+the
+Microdata
+community
+to
+avoid
+contexts
+and
+instead
+refer
+to
+items
+by
+their
+full
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">[
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</del>
+<pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="mashing-up-vocabularies">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</h2>
+<p>
+Developers
+would
+also
+benefit
+by
+allowing
+other
+vocabularies
+to
+be
+used
+automatically
+with
+their
+JSON
+API.
+There
+are
+over
+200
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+Documents
+that
+are
+available
+for
+use
+on
+the
+Web
+today.
+Some
+of
+these
+vocabularies
+are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+RDF
+-
+for
+describing
+information
+about
+objects
+and
+concepts
+on
+the
+Web.
+</li>
+<li>
+RDFS
+-
+for
+expressing
+things
+like
+labels
+and
+comments.
+</li>
+<li>
+XSD
+-
+for
+specifying
+basic
+types
+like
+strings,
+integers,
+dates
+and
+times.
+</li>
+<li>
+Dublin
+Core
+-
+for
+describing
+creative
+works.
+</li>
+<li>
+FOAF
+-
+for
+describing
+social
+networks.
+</li>
+<li>
+Calendar
+-
+for
+specifying
+events.
+</li>
+<li>
+SIOC
+-
+for
+describing
+discussions
+on
+blogs
+and
+websites.
+</li>
+<li>
+CCrel
+-
+for
+describing
+Creative
+Commons
+and
+other
+types
+of
+licenses.
+</li>
+<li>
+GEO
+-
+for
+describing
+geographic
+location.
+</li>
+<li>
+VCard
+-
+for
+describing
+organizations
+and
+people.
+</li>
+<li>
+DOAP
+-
+for
+describing
+projects.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+You
+can
+use
+these
+vocabularies
+in
+combination,
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "",
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "<span class="diff">sioc:avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Developers
+can
+also
+specify
+their
+own
+Vocabulary
+documents
+by
+modifying
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+in-line
+using
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword,
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny",
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword
+is
+used
+to
+change
+how
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+evaluates
+key-value
+pairs.
+In
+this
+case,
+it
+was
+used
+to
+map
+one
+string
+('myvocab')
+to
+another
+string,
+which
+is
+interpreted
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRI
+</a>.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+myvocab
+</code>
+string
+is
+replaced
+with
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+http://example.org/myvocab#
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+when
+it
+is
+detected.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+myvocab:personality
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+would
+expand
+to
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+http://example.org/myvocab#personality
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">".
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+mechanism
+is
+a
+short-hand,
+called
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>,
+and
+provides
+developers
+an
+unambiguous
+way
+to
+map
+any
+JSON
+value
+to
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="iana-considerations">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+section
+is
+included
+merely
+for
+standards
+community
+review
+and
+will
+be
+submitted
+to
+the
+Internet
+Engineering
+Steering
+Group
+if
+this
+specification
+becomes
+a
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Type
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+application
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Subtype
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ld+json
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Required
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Optional
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+form
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Determines
+the
+serialization
+form
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Valid
+values
+include;
+<code>
+compacted
+</code>,
+<code>
+expanded
+</code>,
+<code>
+framed
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+normalized
+</code>.
+Other
+values
+are
+allowed,
+but
+must
+be
+pre-pended
+with
+a
+<code>
+x-
+</code>
+string
+until
+they
+are
+clearly
+defined
+by
+a
+stable
+specification.
+If
+no
+form
+is
+specified
+in
+an
+HTTP
+request
+header
+to
+a
+responding
+application,
+such
+as
+a
+Web
+server,
+the
+application
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+choose
+any
+form.
+If
+no
+form
+is
+specified
+for
+a
+receiving
+application,
+the
+form
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+assumed
+to
+take
+any
+particular
+form.
+</dd>
+<div class="issue">
+It
+is
+currently
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/14">
+being
+discussed
+to
+remove
+form=framed
+</a>
+from
+this
+specification
+as
+there
+are
+several
+issues
+with
+it.
+</div>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Encoding
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+same
+as
+the
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+MIME
+media
+type.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Security
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Since
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+pure
+data
+exchange
+format
+for
+directed
+graphs,
+the
+serialization
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should not">
+should
+not
+</em>
+be
+passed
+through
+a
+code
+execution
+mechanism
+such
+as
+JavaScript's
+<code>
+eval()
+</code>
+function.
+It
+is
+<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">
+recommended
+</em>
+that
+a
+conforming
+parser
+does
+not
+attempt
+to
+directly
+evaluate
+the
+JSON-LD
+serialization
+and
+instead
+purely
+parse
+the
+input
+into
+a
+language-native
+data
+structure.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Interoperability
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Published
+specification:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a href="http://json-ld/spec/latest/">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+specification.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Applications
+that
+use
+this
+media
+type:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Any
+programming
+environment
+that
+requires
+the
+exchange
+of
+directed
+graphs.
+Implementations
+of
+JSON-LD
+have
+been
+created
+for
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+Ruby,
+PHP
+and
+C++.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Additional
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Magic
+number(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+File
+extension(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>.jsonld
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Macintosh
+file
+type
+code(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+TEXT
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Person
+&
+email
+address
+to
+contact
+for
+further
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny
+<msporny@digitalbazaar.com>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Intended
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Common
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Restrictions
+on
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Author(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Dave
+Longley
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Change
+controller:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+W3C
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+and
+performed
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification,
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Niklas
+<del class="diff-old">Lindström,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lindstr�m,
+</ins>
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+<del class="diff-old">Another
+huge
+thank
+you
+goes
+out
+to
+Dave
+Longley
+who
+designed
+many
+of
+the
+algorithms
+used
+in
+this
+specification,
+including
+the
+normalization
+algorithm
+which
+was
+a
+monumentally
+difficult
+design
+challenge.
+</del>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+E.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+E.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A.
+Phillips,
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Graham
+Klyne;
+Jeremy
+J.
+Carroll.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+<cite>
+Resource
+Description
+Framework
+(RDF):
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+M.
+<del class="diff-old">Dürst;
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">D�rst;
+</ins>
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Cameron
+McCormack.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219">
+<cite>
+Web
+IDL.
+</cite>
+</a>
+19
+December
+2008.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+(Work
+in
+progress.)
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+E.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification,
+Third
+Edition.
+</cite>
+</a>
+December
+1999.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-HTML-RDFA">
+[HTML-RDFA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">
+<cite>
+HTML+RDFa
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">
+<ins class="diff-new">[JSON-LD-API]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Eds.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Latest.
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/2010/02/rdfa/sources/rdf-interfaces/
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+<cite>
+Microdata
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">
+<ins class="diff-new">[RDF-PRIMER]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Frank
+Manola;
+Eric
+Miller.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Primer.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA"><ins class="diff-new">
+[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+31
+March
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+<ins class="diff-new">[RFC3986]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-new">
+[TURTLE]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+David
+Beckett,
+Tim
+Berners-Lee.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+January
+2008.
+W3C
+Team
+Submission.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20111023/index.html Sun Oct 23 17:46:49 2011 -0700
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20111023/index.html Sun Oct 23 17:51:53 2011 -0700
@@ -2228,7 +2228,2244 @@
</dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">[RDF-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Frank Manola; Eric Miller. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"><cite>RDF Primer.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd>Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 31 March 2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 31 March <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'>
+ <html dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <title>JSON-LD Syntax 1.0</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+
+ <!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+
+ <style>
+ .diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+ ol.algorithm.update { margin-left: 2em; }
+ ol.algorithm.update>li { list-style-type: none; }
+ ol.algorithm.update>li>span.list-number {
+ display:block;
+ float: left;
+ margin-left: -3.5em;
+ }
+ </style>
+ <style type="text/css">
+ /*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+
+ /* --- INLINES --- */
+ em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+ }
+
+ h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
+ h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+ }
+
+ dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ }
+
+ a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ }
+
+
+ /* --- WEB IDL --- */
+ pre.idl {
+ border-top: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ padding: 1em;
+ line-height: 120%;
+ }
+
+ pre.idl::before {
+ content: "WebIDL";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #90b8de;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+ }
+
+ .idlType {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlModule*/
+ /*.idlModuleID*/
+ /*.idlInterface*/
+ .idlInterfaceID, .idlDictionaryID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+
+ .idlSuperclass {
+ font-style: italic;
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlAttribute*/
+ .idlAttrType, .idlFieldType, .idlMemberType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+ .idlAttrName, .idlFieldName, .idlMemberName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ }
+ .idlAttrName a, .idlFieldName a, .idlMemberName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlMethod*/
+ .idlMethType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+ .idlMethName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ }
+ .idlMethName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlParam*/
+ .idlParamType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+ .idlParamName {
+ font-style: italic;
+ }
+
+ .extAttr {
+ color: #666;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlConst*/
+ .idlConstType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+ .idlConstName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ }
+ .idlConstName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+ }
+
+ /*.idlException*/
+ .idlExceptionID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #c00;
+ }
+
+ .idlTypedefID, .idlTypedefType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ }
+
+ .idlRaises, .idlRaises a.idlType, .idlRaises a.idlType code, .excName a, .excName a code {
+ color: #c00;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ }
+
+ .excName a {
+ font-family: monospace;
+ }
+
+ .idlRaises a.idlType, .excName a.idlType {
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #c00;
+ }
+
+ .excGetSetTrue, .excGetSetFalse, .prmNullTrue, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptTrue, .prmOptFalse {
+ width: 45px;
+ text-align: center;
+ }
+ .excGetSetTrue, .prmNullTrue, .prmOptTrue { color: #0c0; }
+ .excGetSetFalse, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptFalse { color: #c00; }
+
+ .idlImplements a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ }
+
+ dl.attributes, dl.methods, dl.constants, dl.fields, dl.dictionary-members {
+ margin-left: 2em;
+ }
+
+ .attributes dt, .methods dt, .constants dt, .fields dt, .dictionary-members dt {
+ font-weight: normal;
+ }
+
+ .attributes dt code, .methods dt code, .constants dt code, .fields dt code, .dictionary-members dt code {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #000;
+ font-family: monospace;
+ }
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+
+ <body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 class="title" id="title">JSON-LD Syntax 1.0</h1><h2 id="subtitle">A Context-based JSON Serialization for Linking Data</h2><h2 id="unofficial-draft-24-october-2011">Unofficial Draft 24 October 2011</h2><dl><dt>Editor:</dt><dd><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+ <dt>Authors:</dt><dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+ <dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+ <dd><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></dd>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></dd>
+ <dd><a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Mark Birbeck</a>, <a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Backplane Ltd.</a></dd>
+ </dl><p>This document is also available in this non-normative format: <a href="diff-20111016.html">diff to previous version</a>.</p><p class="copyright">This document is licensed under a <a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>.</p><hr /></div>
+ <div id="abstract" class="introductory section"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <p>
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and
+ messaging format. In an attempt to harmonize the representation of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>
+ in JSON, this specification outlines a common JSON representation format for
+ expressing directed graphs; mixing both Linked Data and non-Linked Data in
+ a single document.
+ </p>
+ </div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p>This document is merely a public working draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.</p>
+ <p>This document is an experimental work in progress.</p>
+
+ <!-- <p>
+ This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
+ developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
+ endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
+ document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
+ document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
+ to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
+ enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
+ </p> -->
+
+ </div><div id="toc" class="section"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#design" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Design</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#goals-and-rationale" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Goals and Rationale</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Linked Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linking-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Linking Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>The Context</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#external-contexts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.4.1 </span>External Contexts</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#from-json-to-json-ld" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.5 </span>From JSON to JSON-LD</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#basic-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Basic Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Specifying the Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#strings" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Strings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#string-internationalization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>String Internationalization</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Typed Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Multiple Typed Literals for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#lists" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Advanced Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#base-uri" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Base URI</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#default-vocabulary" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Default Vocabulary</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#default-language" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Default Language</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#vocabulary-prefixes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Vocabulary Prefixes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Automatic Typing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#type-coercion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Type Coercion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#chaining" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Chaining</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Identifying Unlabeled Nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Aliasing Keywords</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#using-json-ld-for-rdf" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Using JSON-LD for RDF</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Markup Examples</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#turtle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Turtle</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefix-and-base-definitions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.1 </span>Prefix and Base definitions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#chaining-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.2 </span>Chaining</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#lists-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.3 </span>Lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.2 </span>RDFa</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microformats" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.3 </span>Microformats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microdata" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.4 </span>Microdata</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>IANA Considerations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">E. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">E.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">E.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+
+
+ <div id="introduction" class="section">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+ <p>
+ JSON, as specified in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>], is a simple language for representing
+ data on the Web. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is a technique for creating a graph of interlinked data across
+ different
+ documents or Web sites. Data entities are described using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s,
+ which are typically dereferencable and thus may be used to find more
+ information about an entity, creating a "Web of Knowledge". JSON-LD is intended to be a simple
+ publishing method for expressing not only Linked Data in JSON, but also for adding
+ semantics to existing JSON.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD is designed as a light-weight syntax that can be used to express
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data
+ in Javascript and other Web-based programming environments. It is also
+ useful when building interoperable Web services and when storing Linked
+ Data in JSON-based document storage engines. It is practical and designed
+ to be as simple as possible, utilizing the large number of JSON parsers
+ and libraries available today. It is designed to be able to
+ express key-value pairs, RDF data, RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>] data, Microformats
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">MICROFORMATS</a></cite>] data, and Microdata [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">MICRODATA</a></cite>]. That is, it supports
+ every major Web-based structured data model in use today.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The syntax does not necessarily require applications to change their JSON, but
+ allows to easily add meaning by adding context in a way that is either in-band or
+ out-of-band. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed systems
+ running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON with
+ added semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be easy to parse, efficient to
+ generate, convertible to RDF in one pass, and require a very small memory footprint
+ in order to operate.
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of Linked
+ Data in JSON. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Web developers that want to understand the design decisions and
+ language syntax for JSON-LD.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to encode Microformats, RDFa, or Microdata
+ in a way that is cross-language compatible via JSON.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>This specification does not describe the processing algorithms and programming interfaces,
+ for those see [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>
+ To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+ JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. To understand the API and how it is
+ intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+ knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+ WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+ familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>
+ Examples may contain references to existing vocabularies and use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es to refer to Web Vocabularies. The following is a list of all vocabularies and their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> abbreviations, as used in this document:
+ </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>The <a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">Dublin Core</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>dc</code>, e.g., <code>dc:title</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">Friend of a Friend</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>foaf</code>, e.g., <code>foaf:knows</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">RDF</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>rdf</code>, e.g., <code>rdf:type</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">XSD</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>xsd</code>, e.g., <code>xsd:integer</code>)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] defines several terms which are used throughout this document:
+ </p><dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">JSON Object</dfn></dt><dd>
+ An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
+ more name/value pairs (or members). A name is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A single colon comes after
+ each name, separating the name from the value. A single comma separates a value
+ from a following name. The names within an object <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be unique.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ An array is an ordered collection of values. An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas. Within JSON-LD, array order is not preserved by default, unless
+ specific markup is provided (see <a href="#lists">Lists</a>). This is because the basic data model of JSON-LD
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>, which is inherently unordered.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A
+ character is represented as a single character string.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ A number is is similar to that used in most programming languages, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt><dd>
+ Boolean values.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt><dd>
+ The use of the <em>null</em> value is undefined within JSON-LD.
+ <div class="issue">Supporting <em>null</em> in JSON-LD might have a number of advantages and should be evaluated. This is currently an <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">open issue</a>.</div>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ <p></p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD specifies a number of syntax tokens and keywords that are using
+ in all algorithms described in this section:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>@context</code></dt><dd>Used to set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@base</code></dt><dd>Used to set the base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> for all object IRIs affected by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@vocab</code></dt><dd>Used to set the base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> for all property IRIs affected by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@coerce</code></dt><dd>Used to specify type coercion rules.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@literal</code></dt><dd>Used to specify a literal value.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@iri</code></dt><dd>Used to specify an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> value.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@language</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the language for a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@datatype</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the datatype for a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>:</code></dt><dd>The separator for JSON keys and values that use the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> mechanism.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@subject</code></dt><dd>Sets the active subject.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@type</code></dt><dd>Used to set the type of the active subject.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="contributing" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</h3>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Technical discussion typically occurs on the public mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public teleconferences</a> are held
+ on Tuesdays at 1500UTC on the second and fourth week of each month.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a> for the
+ specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="design" class="section">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Design</h2>
+
+ <p>The following section outlines the design goals and rationale behind the
+ JSON-LD markup language.
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="goals-and-rationale" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Goals and Rationale</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ A number of design considerations were explored during the creation of this
+ markup language:
+ </p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Simplicity</dt>
+ <dd>Developers need only know JSON and three keywords to use the basic
+ functionality in JSON-LD. No extra processors or software libraries are
+ necessary to use JSON-LD in its most basic form. The language attempts to
+ ensure that developers have an easy learning curve.</dd>
+ <dt>Compatibility</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD markup must be 100% compatible with JSON. This ensures that
+ all of the standard JSON libraries work seamlessly with JSON-LD documents.</dd>
+ <dt>Expressiveness</dt>
+ <dd>The syntax must be able to express directed graphs, which have been proven
+ to be able to simply express almost every real world data model.</dd>
+ <dt>Terseness</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD syntax must be very terse and human readable, requiring as
+ little as possible effort from the developer.</dd>
+
+ <!-- <dt>Pragmatism</dt>
+ <dd>Mixing the expression of pure Linked Data with data that is not
+ linked was an approach that was driven by pragmatism. JSON-LD attempts to be
+ more practical than theoretical in its approach to Linked Data.</dd> -->
+
+ <dt>Zero Edits, most of the time</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD provides a mechanism that allows developers to specify
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> in a way that is out-of-band. This allows organizations that have
+ already deployed large JSON-based infrastructure to add meaning to their
+ JSON documents in a way that is not disruptive to their day-to-day operations and is
+ transparent to their current customers. At times, mapping JSON to
+ a graph representation can become difficult. In these instances, rather than
+ having JSON-LD support esoteric markup, we chose not to support the use case
+ and support a simplified syntax instead. So, while Zero Edits is a goal,
+ it is not always possible without adding great complexity to the language.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>One-pass Processing</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD supports one-pass processing, which results in a very small memory
+ footprint when processing documents. For example, to convert a JSON-LD document
+ into an RDF document of any kind, only one pass is required over the data.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="linked-data" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Linked Data</h3>
+ <p>
+ The following definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is the one that will
+ be used for this specification.
+ </p>
+ <ol>
+ <li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</dfn> is a set of documents, each containing a representation of a linked data graph.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</dfn> is an unordered labeled directed graph, where nodes are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>s, and edges are properties.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn> is any node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> (an Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]).</li>
+ <li>An <dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">object</dfn> is a node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.</li>
+ <li>An object <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> at the same time.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">property</dfn> is an edge of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> that is a label in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be dereferencable to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> document describing the labeled <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with a label that is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a></li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>
+ Note that the definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> above is silent on the
+ topic of unlabeled nodes. Unlabeled nodes are not considered
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. However, this specification allows for the expression
+ of unlabled nodes, as most graph-based data sets on the Web contain a number
+ of associated nodes that are not named and thus are not directly
+ de-referenceable.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="linking-data" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Linking Data</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ An Internationalized Resource Identifier
+ (<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>),
+ as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>], is a mechanism for representing unique
+ identifiers on the web. In <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, an IRI is commonly
+ used for expressing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD defines a mechanism to map JSON terms, i.e., keys and values, to IRIs. This does not mean
+ that JSON-LD requires every key or value to be an IRI, but rather ensures that
+ keys and values can be mapped to IRIs if the developer desires to transform
+ their data into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. There are a few techniques that can ensure
+ that developers will generate good Linked Data for the Web. JSON-LD
+ formalizes those techniques.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>We will be using the following JSON markup as the example for the
+ rest of this section:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="the-context" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>The Context</h3>
+
+ <p>In JSON-LD, a <dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn> is used to map <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s, i.e., keys and values
+ in an JSON document, to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s. A <dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn> is a short word that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be expanded
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>. The Web uses IRIs for unambiguous identification. The
+ idea is that these <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s mean something that may be of use to
+ other developers and that it is useful to give them an unambiguous identifier.
+ That is, it is useful for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s to expand to IRIs so that
+ developers don't accidentally step on each other's Web Vocabulary terms.
+ For example, the term <code>name</code> may map directly to the IRI
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. This allows JSON-LD documents to
+ be constructed using the common JSON practice of simple name/value pairs while
+ ensuring that the data is useful outside of the page, API or database in which it
+ resides.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>These Linked Data <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s are typically collected in a context document that would look something like this:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>This context document can then be used in an JSON-LD document by adding a
+ single line. The JSON markup as shown in the previous section could be changed
+ as follows to link to the context document:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The additions above transform the previous JSON document into a JSON document
+ with added semantics because the <code>@context</code> specifies how the
+ <strong>name</strong>, <strong>homepage</strong>, and <strong>avatar</strong>
+ terms map to IRIs.
+ Mapping those keys to IRIs gives the data global context. If two
+ developers use the same IRI to describe a property, they are more than likely
+ expressing the same concept. This allows both developers to re-use each others
+ data without having to agree to how their data will inter-operate on a
+ site-by-site basis. Contexts may also contain datatype information
+ for certain <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s as well as other processing instructions for
+ the JSON-LD processor.</p>
+
+ <p>Contexts may be specified in-line. This ensures that JSON-LD documents
+ can be processed when a JSON-LD processor does not have access to the Web.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Contexts may be used at any time a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> is defined, and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ may specify multiple contexts, to be processed in order, for example to include standard prefix
+ definitions along with a local language definition used to set the language of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s:</p>
+
+ <p>
+ The set of contexts defined within a specific <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> is termed a <dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn>.
+ The <dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn> refers to the accumulation of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>s that are in scope
+ at a specific point within the document.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ {
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD strives to ensure that developers don't have to change the JSON
+ that is going into and being returned from their Web APIs. This means
+ that developers can also specify a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> for JSON data in an out-of-band
+ fashion. This is described later in this document. </p>
+
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD uses a special type of machine-readable document called a
+ <dfn title="web_vocabulary" id="dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</dfn> to define <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s that are then used
+ to describe concepts and "things" in the world.
+ Typically, these Web Vocabulary documents have <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es associated
+ with them and contain a number of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> declarations.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a>es are helpful when a developer
+ wants to mix multiple vocabularies together in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, but does not want
+ to go to the trouble of defining every single term in every single vocabulary.
+ Some Web Vocabularies may have dozens of terms defined. If a developer wants to use
+ 3-4 different vocabularies, the number of terms that
+ would have to be declared in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> could become quite large. To
+ reduce the number of different terms that must be defined, JSON-LD also allows
+ prefixes to be used to compact IRIs.
+ </p><p>
+
+ </p><p>For example, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</code>
+ specifies a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> which may be represented using the
+ <code>foaf</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>. The <code>foaf</code> Web Vocabulary
+ contains a term called <strong>name</strong>. If you join the
+ <code>foaf</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> with the <strong>name</strong> suffix,
+ you can build a compact IRI that will expand out into an absolute IRI for the
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> vocabulary term.
+ That is, the compact IRI, or short-form, is <code>foaf:name</code> and the
+ expanded-form is <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. This vocabulary
+ term is used to specify a person's name.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Developers, and machines, are able to use this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> (plugging it
+ directly into a web browser, for instance) to go to the term and get a
+ definition of what the term means. Much like we can use <a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/">WordNet</a> today to
+ see the definition
+ of words in the English language. Developers and machines need the same sort of
+ definition of terms. IRIs provide a way to ensure that these terms
+ are unambiguous.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> provides a collection of vocabulary <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es that can be used to expand JSON keys and values into
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s.</p>
+
+ <p class="note">To ensure the best possible performance, it is a best practice to
+ put the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition at the top of the JSON-LD document. If it isn't listed
+ first, processors have to save each key-value pair until the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is processed.
+ This creates a memory and complexity burden for one-pass processors.</p>
+ <div id="external-contexts" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.4.1 </span>External Contexts</h4>
+
+ <p>Authors may choose to declare JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>s in external
+ documents to promote re-use of contexts as well as reduce the size of JSON-LD
+ documents.
+ In order to use an external context, an author <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> specify an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> to a valid
+ JSON-LD document. The referenced document <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>.
+ The value of any <code>@context</code> key within that object is substituted for
+ the IRI within the referencing document to have the same effect as if the value were
+ specified inline within the referencing document.</p>
+ <p>The following example demonstrates the use of an external context:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person"</span>,
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Authors may also import multiple contexts or a combination of external and local contexts by specifying a list of
+ contexts:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": ["http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person", "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/event"]</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ <span class="diff">"celebrates":
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }</span>
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Each context in a list will be evaluated in-order. Duplicate mappings within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>s <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ overwritten on a last-defined-overrides basis. The context list <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> contain
+ either de-referenceable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>s that conform to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> syntax as described in this document.</p>
+
+ <p>External JSON-LD context documents <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> contain extra information located
+ outside of the <code>@context</code> key, such as
+ documentation about the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es declared in the document. It is
+ also <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> that a human-readable document encoded in HTML+RDFa
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-HTML-RDFA">HTML-RDFA</a></cite>] or other Linked Data compatible format is served as well to
+ explain the correct usage of the JSON-LD context document.
+ </p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="from-json-to-json-ld" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.5 </span>From JSON to JSON-LD</h3>
+
+ <p>If a set of terms such as, <strong>name</strong>, <strong>homepage</strong>,
+ and <strong>avatar</strong>,
+ are defined in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, and that context is used to resolve the
+ names in JSON objects, machines are able to automatically expand the terms to
+ something meaningful and unambiguous, like this:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "<span class="diff">http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Doing this allows JSON to be unambiguously machine-readable without
+ requiring developers to drastically change their workflow.</p>
+ <p class="note">Please note that this JSON-LD document doesn't define the
+ subject and will thus result in an unlabeled or blank node.</p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+
+
+ <div id="basic-concepts" class="section">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Basic Concepts</h2>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD is designed to ensure that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> concepts can be marked
+ up in a way that is simple to understand and author by Web developers. In many
+ cases, regular JSON markup can become Linked Data with the simple addition
+ of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. As more JSON-LD features are used, more semantics are added
+ to the JSON markup.</p>
+
+ <div id="iris" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>IRIs</h3>
+
+ <p>Expressing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s are fundamental to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> as that is how most
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s and many <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> are named. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s can be
+ expressed in a variety of different ways in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>In general, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s in the key position in
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> that have a mapping to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> or another key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> are
+ expanded to an IRI by JSON-LD processors. There are special rules for
+ processing keys in <code>@context</code> and when dealing with keys that
+ start with the <code>@subject</code> character.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> is generated for the value specified using <code>@subject</code>,
+ if it is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> is generated for the value specified using <code>@type</code>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> is generated for the value specified using the <code>@iri</code>
+ keyword.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> is generated when there are <code>@coerce</code> rules in
+ effect for a key named <code>@iri</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>IRIs can be expressed directly in the key position like so:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the key
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> is interpreted as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>, as
+ opposed to being interpreted as a string.</p>
+
+ <p>Term expansion occurs for IRIs if a term is defined within the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>": {"<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>"},
+ ...
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a>es are expanded when used in keys:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>": {"<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>"},
+ ...
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p><code>foaf:name</code> above will automatically expand out to the IRI
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> is generated when a value is associated with a key using
+ the <code>@iri</code> keyword:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@iri</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>If type coercion rules are specified in the <code>@context</code> for
+ a particular vocabulary term, an IRI is generated:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ }</span>
+ ...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Even though the value <code>http://manu.sporny.org/</code> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ the type coercion rules will transform the value into an IRI when processed
+ by a JSON-LD Processor</p>
+
+ <p>IRIs may be represented as an absolute IRI, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> construct, or as a value relative to <code>@base</code> or <code>@vocab</code>.</p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ To be able to externally reference nodes, it is important that each node has an unambiguous identifier.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s are a fundamental concept of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, and nodes should have a de-referencable
+ identifier used to name and locate them. For nodes to be truely linked, de-referencing the identifier
+ should result in a representation of that node. Associating an IRI with a node tells an application
+ that the returned document contains a description of the node requested.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD documents may also contain descriptions of other nodes, so it is necessary to be able to
+ uniquely identify each node which may be externally referenced.
+ </p>
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>
+ of an object in JSON is declared using the <code>@subject</code> key. The subject is the
+ first piece of information needed by the JSON-LD processor in order to
+ create the (subject, property, object) tuple, also known as a triple.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "<span class="diff">@subject</span>": "<span class="diff">http://example.org/people#joebob</span>",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would set the subject to the IRI
+ <code>http://example.org/people#joebob</code>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p class="note">To ensure the best possible performance, it is a best practice to
+ put the <code>@subject</code> key before other key-value pairs in an object. If
+ it isn't listed first, processors have to save each key-value pair until
+ <code>@subject</code> is processed before they can create valid triples. This
+ creates a memory and complexity burden for one-pass processors.</p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Specifying the Type</h3>
+
+ <p>The type of a particular subject can be specified using the
+ <code>@type</code> key. Specifying the type in this way will generate a
+ triple of the form (subject, type, type-iri).</p>
+
+ <p>To be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, types <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be uniquely identified by an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would generate the following triple if the JSON-LD
+ document is mapped to RDF (in N-Triples notation):</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="strings" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Strings</h3>
+
+ <p>Regular text strings, also referred to as <dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</dfn>s, are
+ easily expressed using regular JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>s.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="string-internationalization" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.5 </span>String Internationalization</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD makes an assumption that strings with associated language encoding
+ information are not very common when used in JavaScript and Web Services.
+ Thus, it takes a little more effort to express strings with associated
+ language information.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "name": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would generate a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> for
+ <em>花澄</em> and associate the <code>ja</code> language code with the triple
+ that is generated. Languages <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be expressed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] format.</p>
+
+ <p>It is also possible to set a language to use within a <code>@context</code>, to allow specify a language
+ to apply to all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s within the scope of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a></p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context:" {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },</span>
+ ...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Typed Literals</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ A value with an associated datatype, also known as a
+ <dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</dfn>, is indicated by associating a literal with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> which indicates the literal's datatype. Typed literals may be
+ expressed in JSON-LD in three ways:
+ </p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>By utilizing the <code>@coerce</code> keyword.</li>
+ <li>By utilizing the expanded form for specifying objects.</li>
+ <li>By using a native JSON datatype.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>The first example uses the <code>@coerce</code> keyword to express a
+ typed literal:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "modified": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "dateTime": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "dateTime": "modified"
+ }
+ }</span>
+ ...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The second example uses the expanded form for specifying objects:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "modified": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Both examples above would generate an object with the literal value of
+ <code>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</code> and the datatype of
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>The third example uses a built-in native JSON type, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, to express a datatype:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">31</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would generate the following triple:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+ "31"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</h3>
+
+ <p>A JSON-LD author can express multiple triples in a compact way by using
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>s. If a subject has multiple values for the same property, the author
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> express each property as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+ <p class="note">In JSON-LD, multiple objects on a property are not ordered. This is because typically graphs
+ are not inherently ordered data structures. To see more on creating ordered collections
+ in JSON-LD, see <a href="#lists">Lists</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+ <http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+ <http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "jaybee" .</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Multiple Typed Literals for a Single Property</h3>
+
+ <p>Multiple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s may also be expressed using the expanded
+ form for objects:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "modified": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ },
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+ ]</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+ <http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="lists" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Lists</h3>
+ <p>
+ Because graphs do not describe ordering for links between nodes, in contrast to plain JSON, multi-valued properties
+ in JSON-LD do not provide an ordering of the listed objects. For example, consider the following
+ simple document:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ <p>
+ This results in three triples being generated, each relating the subject to an individual
+ object, with no inherent order.</p>
+ <p>To preserve the order of the objects, RDF-based languages, such as [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>]
+ use the concept of an <code>rdf:List</code> (as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>]). This uses a sequence
+ of unlabeled nodes with properties describing a value, a null-terminated next property. Without
+ specific syntactical support, this could be represented in JSON-LD as follows:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">{</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@first": "joe"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@first": "bob"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@first": "jaybee"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"@rest": "@nil"</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ <p>
+ As this notation is rather unwieldy and the notion of ordered collections is rather important
+ in data modeling, it is useful to have specific language support. In JSON-LD, a list may
+ be represented using the <code>@list</code> keyword as follows:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">{"@list": ["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]}</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ <p>
+ This describes the use of this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> as being ordered, and order is maintained through normalization
+ and RDF conversion as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]. If every use of a given multi-valued property is a list, this
+ may be abbreviated by adding an <code>@coerce</code> term:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {</span>
+ ...
+ <span class="diff">"@coerce": {</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@list": ["foaf:nick"]</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>
+ <span class="diff">}</span>,
+ ...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">["joe", "bob", "jaybee"]</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ <p>
+ The @list keyword can be used within the <code>@coerce</code> section of a <code>@context</code> to
+ cause value arrays to be coerced into an ordered list.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Advanced Concepts</h2>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD has a number of features that provide functionality above and beyond
+ the core functionality described above. The following sections outline the
+ features that are specific to JSON-LD.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <div id="base-uri" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Base URI</h3>
+ <p>JSON-LD allows <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s to be specified in a relative form. For <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>
+ IRIs, relative IRIs are resolved against the document base using
+ <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">section 5.1 Establishing a
+ Base URI</a></cite> of [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]. This value may be explicitly
+ set with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> using the <code>@base</code> keyword.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if a JSON-LD document was retrieved from <code>http://manu.sporny.org/</code>,
+ relative IRIs would resolve against that URI:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@subject": "about/"</span>,
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage: ""
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>This document uses an empty <code>@subject</code>, which resolves to the document base. However, if
+ the document is moved to a different location, the subject IRI would change. To prevent this, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ may have a <code>@base</code> mapping, to set an absolute base for the document in spite of where
+ it actually is retrieved from. It <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a value of a simple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> with the lexical form of an absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/"}</span>,
+ "@subject": "about/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage: ""
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="default-vocabulary" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Default Vocabulary</h3>
+ <p>It is often common that all types and properties come from the same vocabulary. JSON-LD provides
+ a way to set a base URI to be used for all properties and types that aren't based on terms,
+ prefixes or absolute IRIs. Much like the <code>@base</code> keyword, the <code>@vocab</code> keyword
+ can be used to set a base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> to use for all types and properties that don't otherwise resolve to
+ an absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.
+
+ </p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@vocab": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/1.0/" },</span>
+ <span class="diff">"@type": "Person"</span>,
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="default-language" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Default Language</h3>
+ <p>JSON-LD allows a default value to use as the language for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s.
+ It is commonly the case that documents are written using a single language. As described in
+ <a href="string-internationalization">String Internationalization</a>, a language-tagged literal
+ may be specified as follows:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>By specifying <code>@language</code> within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, multiple language-tagged literals may be
+ marked up using a simple string form:</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "@language": "ja"}</span>,
+ ...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ <div id="vocabulary-prefixes" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Vocabulary Prefixes</h3>
+ <p>
+ Vocabulary terms in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> documents may draw from a number of
+ different Web vocabularies. At times, declaring every single term that
+ a document uses can require the developer to declare tens, if not
+ hundreds of potential vocabulary terms that may be used across an
+ application. This is a concern for at least three reasons; the
+ first is the cognitive load on the developer, the second is
+ the serialized size of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, the third is future-proofing
+ application contexts. In order to address these issues, the concept of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> mechanism is introduced.</p>
+ <p>
+ A <dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn> is a compact way of expressing a base
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a>.
+ Generally, these prefixes are used by concatenating the <em>prefix</em> and
+ a <em>suffix</em> separated by a colon (<code>:</code>).
+ The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> taken from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>,
+ a short string that identifies a particular Web vocabulary.
+ For example, the prefix <code>foaf</code> may be used as a short
+ hand for the Friend-of-a-Friend Web Vocabulary, which is identified using
+ the IRI <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</code>. A developer may append any of
+ the FOAF Vocabulary terms to the end of the prefix to specify a short-hand
+ version of the absolute IRI for the vocabulary term. For example,
+ <code>foaf:name</code> would be expanded out to the IRI
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. Instead of having to remember
+ and type out the entire IRI, the developer can instead use the prefix in
+ their JSON-LD markup.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The ability to use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es reduces the need for developers
+ to declare every vocabulary term that they intend to use in
+ the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. This reduces document serialization size because
+ every vocabulary term need not be declared in the context.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a> also
+ reduce the cognitive load on the developer. It is far easier to
+ remember <code>foaf:name</code> than it is to remember
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. The use of prefixes also
+ ensures that a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> document does not have to be updated in lock-step
+ with an externally defined <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a>. Without prefixes, a developer
+ would need to keep their application context terms in lock-step with an
+ externally defined Web Vocabulary. Rather, by just declaring the
+ Web Vocabulary prefix, one can use new terms as they're declared
+ without having to update the application's JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>Consider the following example:</p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"ex": "http://example.org/vocab#"</span>
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Library"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Book"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"dc:creator"</span>: "Plato",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Republic",
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Chapter"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"dc:description"</span>: "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Introduction"
+ },
+ },
+ }</pre>
+ <p>
+ In this example, two different vocabularies are referred to using
+ prefixes. Those prefixes are then used as type and property values using
+ the <code>prefix:suffix</code> notation.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Prefixes, also known as CURIEs, are defined more formally in RDFa Core 1.1,
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/#s_curies">Section 6
+ "CURIE Syntax Definition"</a></cite> [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>].
+ JSON-LD does not support the square-bracketed CURIE syntax as the
+ mechanism is not required to disambiguate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s in a JSON-LD document like
+ it is in HTML documents.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Automatic Typing</h3>
+
+ <p>Since JSON is capable of expressing typed information such as doubles,
+ integers, and boolean values. As demonstrated below, JSON-LD utilizes that
+ information to create <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3e0</span>,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": <span class="diff">6.5e73</span>,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": <span class="diff">{ "@literal": "4.8", "@datatype": "xsd:decimal" }</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p class="note">When dealing with a number of modern programming languages,
+ including JavaScript ECMA-262, there is no distinction between
+ <strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <strong>xsd:double</strong> values. That is,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> <code>5.3</code> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>
+ <code>5.3e0</code> are treated as if they were the same. When converting from
+ JSON-LD to a language-native format and back, datatype information is lost in a
+ number of these languages. Thus, one could say that <code>5.3</code> is a
+ <strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <code>5.3e0</code> is an
+ <strong>xsd:double</strong> in JSON-LD, but when both values are
+ converted to a language-native format the datatype difference between the two
+ is lost because the machine-level representation will almost always be a
+ <strong>double</strong>.
+ Implementers should be aware of this potential round-tripping issue between
+ <strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <strong>xsd:double</strong>. Specifically
+ objects with a datatype of <strong>xsd:decimal</strong> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be converted
+ to a language native type.
+ </p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="type-coercion" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Type Coercion</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD supports the coercion of values to particular data types.
+ Type coercion allows someone deploying JSON-LD to coerce the incoming or
+ outgoing types to the proper data type based on a mapping of data type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s to
+ property types. Using type coercion, one may convert simple JSON data to
+ properly typed RDF data.</p>
+
+ <p>The example below demonstrates how a JSON-LD author can coerce values to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s and IRIs.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ <span class="diff"> "@coerce":
+ {
+ "xsd:integer": "age",
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">"http://example.org/home/"</span>
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
+ "John Smith" .
+ _:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+ "41"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer .
+ _:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+ <http://example.org/home/> .</pre>
+
+ <div class="issue">
+ <p>The mechanism for type coercion is still being debated. It may be that the key/value
+ positions are swapped, yielding a <code>@context</code> such as the following:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "currentProject": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject",
+ <span class="diff">"@coerce": {
+ "age": "xsd:integer",
+ "homepage": "@iri",
+ "currentProject": ["@iri", "@list"]
+ }</span>
+ },
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>An alternative is to merge the coercion into term definitions:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@coerce": "xsd:integer"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@coerce": "@iri"}</span>,
+ "currentProject": <span class="diff">{"@iri": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject", "@coerce": ["@iri", "@list"]}</span>,
+ },
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="chaining" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Chaining</h3>
+ <p>
+ Object <dfn title="chaining" id="dfn-chaining">chaining</dfn> is a JSON-LD feature that allows an author to
+ use the definition of JSON-LD objects as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> values. This
+ is a commonly used mechanism for creating a parent-child relationship
+ between two <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s.
+ </p>
+ <p>The example shows an two subjects related by a property from the first
+ subject:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>": {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ An object definition, like the one used above, <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be used as a
+ JSON value at any point in JSON-LD.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Identifying Unlabeled Nodes</h3>
+
+ <p>At times, it becomes necessary to be able to express information without
+ being able to specify the subject. Typically, this type of node is called
+ an unlabeled node or a blank node. In JSON-LD, unlabeled node identifiers are
+ automatically created if a subject is not specified using the
+ <code>@subject</code> keyword. However, authors may provide identifiers for
+ unlabeled nodes by using the special <code>_</code> (underscore)
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>. This allows to reference the node locally within the
+ document but not in an external document.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@subject": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+ ...
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The example above would set the subject to <code>_:foo</code>, which can
+ then be used later on in the JSON-LD markup to refer back to the
+ unlabeled node. This practice, however, is usually frowned upon when
+ generating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. If a developer finds that they refer to the unlabeled
+ node more than once, they should consider naming the node using a resolve-able
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="aliasing-keywords" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Aliasing Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD allows all of the syntax keywords, except for <code>@context</code>,
+ to be aliased. This feature allows more legacy JSON content to be supported
+ by JSON-LD. It also allows developers to design domain-specific implementations
+ using only the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"url": "@subject"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the <code>@subject</code> and <code>@type</code>
+ keywords have been given the aliases <strong>url</strong> and
+ <strong>a</strong>, respectively.
+ </p>
+
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="using-json-ld-for-rdf" class="section">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Using JSON-LD for RDF</h2>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD is a specification for representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> in JSON. A common
+ way of working with Linked Data is through <dfn title="rdf" id="dfn-rdf">RDF</dfn>, the Resource Description Framework.
+ RDF can be expressed using JSON-LD by associating JSON-LD concepts such as <code>@subject</code>
+ and <code>@type</code> with the equivalent <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>s in RDF. Further information about
+ RDF may be found in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-PRIMER">RDF-PRIMER</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>Some examples of encoding <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf">RDF</a> into JSON-LD may be found
+ in <a href="#markup-examples">Appendix A</a>. Details of transforming JSON-LD into RDF
+ are defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix section" id="markup-examples">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Markup Examples</h2>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD markup examples below demonstrate how JSON-LD can be used to
+ express semantic data marked up in other languages such as RDFa, Microformats,
+ and Microdata. These sections are merely provided as proof that JSON-LD is
+ very flexible in what it can express across different <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> approaches.</p>
+
+ <div id="turtle" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Turtle</h3>
+
+ <p>The following are examples of representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf">RDF</a> as expressed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>] into JSON-LD.</p>
+
+ <div id="prefix-and-base-definitions" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">A.1.1 </span>Prefix and Base definitions</h4>
+ <p>The JSON-LD context has direct equivalents for Turtle <code>@base</code> and <code>@prefix</code> expressions:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+ @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+ <#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:homepage <> .</pre>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": {"@iri": ""}
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="chaining-1" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">A.1.2 </span>Chaining</h4>
+ <p>Both Turtle and JSON-LD allow chaining of objects, although Turtle only allows chaining of objects which
+ use nlank node identifiers.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+ @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+ <#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg" ] .</pre>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+ }</pre>
+ <div id="lists-1" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">A.1.3 </span>Lists</h4>
+ <p>Both JSON-LD and Turtle can represent sequential lists of values.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+ <http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+ foaf:nick ( "joe" "bob" "jaybee") .</pre>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "@base": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick": {"@list": ["joe", "bob", "jaybe"]}
+ }</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="rdfa" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">A.2 </span>RDFa</h3>
+
+ <p>The following example describes three people with their respective names and
+ homepages.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+ <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div></pre>
+
+ <p>An example JSON-LD implementation is described below, however, there are
+ other ways to mark-up this information such that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is not
+ repeated.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@subject": [
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+ }</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="microformats" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">A.3 </span>Microformats</h3>
+
+ <p>The following example uses a simple Microformats hCard example to express
+ how the Microformat is represented in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+ </div></pre>
+
+ <p>The representation of the hCard expresses the Microformat terms in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and uses them directly for the <code>url</code> and <code>fn</code>
+ properties. Also note that the Microformat to JSON-LD processor has
+ generated the proper URL type for <code>http://tantek.com</code>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn",
+ "@coerce": { "@iri": "url" }
+ },
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+ }</pre>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="microdata" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">A.4 </span>Microdata</h3>
+
+ <p>The Microdata example below expresses book information as a Microdata Work
+ item.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+ </dl></pre>
+
+ <p>Note that the JSON-LD representation of the Microdata information stays
+ true to the desires of the Microdata community to avoid contexts and
+ instead refer to items by their full <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+ ]</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix section" id="mashing-up-vocabularies">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">B. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</h2>
+
+ <p>Developers would also benefit by allowing other vocabularies to be used
+ automatically with their JSON API. There are over 200
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> Documents that are available for use on the Web
+ today. Some of these vocabularies are:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>RDF - for describing information about objects and concepts on the Web.</li>
+ <li>RDFS - for expressing things like labels and comments.</li>
+ <li>XSD - for specifying basic types like strings, integers, dates and times.</li>
+ <li>Dublin Core - for describing creative works.</li>
+ <li>FOAF - for describing social networks.</li>
+ <li>Calendar - for specifying events.</li>
+ <li>SIOC - for describing discussions on blogs and websites.</li>
+ <li>CCrel - for describing Creative Commons and other types of licenses.</li>
+ <li>GEO - for describing geographic location.</li>
+ <li>VCard - for describing organizations and people.</li>
+ <li>DOAP - for describing projects.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>You can use these vocabularies in combination, like so:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "<span class="diff">sioc:avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>Developers can also specify their own Vocabulary documents by modifying the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> in-line using the <code>@context</code> keyword,
+ like so:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"</span>
+ }</pre>
+
+ <p>The <code>@context</code> keyword is used to change how the JSON-LD
+ processor evaluates key-value pairs. In this case, it was used to
+ map one string ('myvocab') to another string, which is interpreted as
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRI</a>. In the example above, the <code>myvocab</code> string is replaced
+ with "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#</code>" when it
+ is detected. In the example above, "<code>myvocab:personality</code>" would
+ expand to "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#personality</code>".</p>
+
+ <p>This mechanism is a short-hand, called a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>,
+ and provides developers an unambiguous way to map any JSON value to RDF.</p><p>
+
+ </p></div>
+
+ <div class="appendix section" id="iana-considerations">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">C. </span>IANA Considerations</h2>
+
+ <p>This section is included merely for standards community review and will be
+ submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group if this specification
+ becomes a W3C Recommendation.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Type name:</dt>
+ <dd>application</dd>
+ <dt>Subtype name:</dt>
+ <dd>ld+json</dd>
+ <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>form</code></dt>
+ <dd>Determines the serialization form for the JSON-LD document. Valid
+ values include; <code>compacted</code>, <code>expanded</code>,
+ <code>framed</code>, and <code>normalized</code>. Other values are
+ allowed, but must be pre-pended with a <code>x-</code> string until
+ they are clearly defined by a stable specification. If no form
+ is specified in an HTTP request header to a responding application,
+ such as a Web server, the application <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> choose any form. If no
+ form is specified for a receiving application, the form <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em>
+ be assumed to take any particular form.</dd>
+ <div class="issue">It is currently <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/14"> being discussed to remove form=framed</a> from this specification as there are several issues with it.</div>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>The same as the <code>application/json</code> MIME media type.</dd>
+ <dt>Security considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Since JSON-LD is intended to be a pure data exchange format for
+ directed graphs, the serialization <em class="rfc2119" title="should not">should not</em> be passed through a
+ code execution mechanism such as JavaScript's <code>eval()</code>
+ function. It is <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> that a conforming parser does not attempt to
+ directly evaluate the JSON-LD serialization and instead purely parse the
+ input into a language-native data structure. </dd>
+ <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>Published specification:</dt>
+ <dd>The <a href="http://json-ld/spec/latest/">JSON-LD</a> specification.</dd>
+ <dt>Applications that use this media type:</dt>
+ <dd>Any programming environment that requires the exchange of
+ directed graphs. Implementations of JSON-LD have been created for
+ JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP and C++.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Additional information:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>File extension(s):</dt>
+ <dd>.jsonld</dd>
+ <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
+ <dd>TEXT</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Person & email address to contact for further information:</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny <msporny@digitalbazaar.com></dd>
+ <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
+ <dd>Common</dd>
+ <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Author(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Dave Longley</dd>
+ <dt>Change controller:</dt>
+ <dd>W3C</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">D. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+ <p>The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+ the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj,
+ Dave Longley, Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson who reviewed, provided feedback, and
+ performed several implementations of the specification, and Ian Davis, who
+ created RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham, Bradley P. Allen,
+ Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant, Danny Ayers, Ted
+ Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Niklas Lindström, Markus Lanthaler, and Richard
+ Cyganiak for their input on the specification.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+ <div id="references" class="appendix section">
+ <!-- OddPage -->
+ <h2><span class="secno">E. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">E.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd>A. Phillips, M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a> September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">[RDF-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Jeremy J. Carroll. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210"><cite>Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd>M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd>D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd>Cameron McCormack. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219"><cite>Web IDL.</cite></a> 19 December 2008. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219">http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219</a>
+ </dd></dl></div><div id="informative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">E.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification, Third Edition.</cite></a> December 1999. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-HTML-RDFA">[HTML-RDFA]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/"><cite>HTML+RDFa</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">[JSON-LD-API]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Dave Longley, Eds. <cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">JSON-LD API</a></cite> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">http://www.w3.org/2010/02/rdfa/sources/rdf-interfaces/</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-MICRODATA">[MICRODATA]</dt><dd>Ian Hickson; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/"><cite>Microdata</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">[RDF-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Frank Manola; Eric Miller. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"><cite>RDF Primer.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd>Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 31 March 2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd>T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+ </dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd>David Beckett, Tim Berners-Lee. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><cite>Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</cite></a> January 2008. W3C Team Submission. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/</a>
+ </dd></dl></div></div></body></html>2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd>T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd>David Beckett, Tim Berners-Lee. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><cite>Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</cite></a> January 2008. W3C Team Submission. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/</a>
</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
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