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+ <title>RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</title>
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+
+<body class="h-entry" role="document" id="respecDocument"><div class="head" role="contentinfo" id="respecHeader">
+ <p>
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" /></a>
+
+ </p>
+ <h1 property="dcterms:title" id="title" class="title p-name">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</h1>
+
+ <h2 content="2014-01-08T23:00:00.000Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime" property="dcterms:issued" id="w3c-proposed-recommendation-09-january-2014"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Proposed Recommendation <time datetime="2014-01-09" class="dt-published">09 January 2014</time></h2>
+ <dl>
+
+ <dt>This version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-concepts-20140109/" class="u-url">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-concepts-20140109/</a></dd>
+ <dt>Latest published version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf-concepts/index.html">https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf-concepts/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Implementation report:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf-concepts/reports/index.html">https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf-concepts/reports/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Previous version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-rdf11-concepts-20131105/" rel="dcterms:replaces">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-rdf11-concepts-20131105/</a></dd>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Latest Recommendation:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor" class="p-author h-card vcard"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://richard.cyganiak.de/" content="Richard Cyganiak" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage" class="u-url url p-name fn">Richard Cyganiak</a>, <a href="http://www.deri.ie/" class="p-org org h-org h-card" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">DERI, NUI Galway</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor" class="p-author h-card vcard"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://about.me/david_wood" content="David Wood" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage" class="u-url url p-name fn">David Wood</a>, <a href="http://3roundstones.com/" class="p-org org h-org h-card" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">3 Round Stones</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor" class="p-author h-card vcard"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage" class="u-url url p-name fn">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" class="p-org org h-org h-card" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Previous Editors:</dt>
+
+
+
+ <dd>
+
+ Graham Klyne
+
+ </dd>
+
+
+
+ <dd>
+
+ Jeremy J. Carroll
+
+ </dd>
+
+
+
+ <dd>
+
+ Brian McBride
+
+ </dd>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document is also available in this non-normative format:
+
+ <a href="diff-20131105.html" rel="alternate">diff to previous version</a>
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2004-2014
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+ (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>),
+
+ All Rights Reserved.
+
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a>
+
+ rules apply.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <hr />
+</div>
+
+<div class="head" role="contentinfo" id="respecHeader">
+ <section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_abstract">Abstract</h2>
+
+ <p>The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for
+ representing information in the Web. This document defines an abstract syntax
+ (a data model) which serves to link all RDF-based languages and
+ specifications. The abstract syntax has two key data structures:
+ RDF graphs are sets of subject-predicate-object triples,
+ where the elements may be IRIs, blank nodes, or datatyped literals. They
+ are used to express descriptions of resources. RDF datasets are used
+ to organize collections of RDF graphs, and comprise a default graph
+ and zero or more named graphs. RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax
+ also introduces key concepts and terminology, and discusses
+ datatyping and the handling of fragment identifiers in IRIs within
+ RDF graphs.</p>
+ </section><section class="introductory" id="sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_sotd">Status of This Document</h2>
+
+
+
+ <p>
+ <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication.
+ Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the
+ latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at
+ http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
+ </p>
+
+ <p>This document is a part of the RDF 1.1 document suite. The RDF Working Group
+ welcomes comments and reports of implementations in general, but given the
+ nature of this document (as a conceptual overview), the group is not
+ expecting to track implementations of this document on its own.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> as a Proposed Recommendation.
+
+ This document is intended to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation.
+
+
+
+
+
+ The <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership and other interested parties are invited to review the document and
+ send comments to
+ <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org" rel="discussion">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">archives</a>)
+ through 09 February 2014. Advisory Committee Representatives should consult their
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/2002/09/wbs/myQuestionnaires">WBS questionnaires</a>.
+ Note that substantive technical comments were expected during the Last Call review
+ period that ended 06 September 2013.
+
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Please see the Working Group's <a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf-concepts/reports/index.html">implementation
+ report</a>.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <p>
+ Publication as a Proposed Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
+ Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
+ documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
+ progress.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document was produced by a group operating under the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/" rel="w3p:patentRules" about="" id="sotd_patent">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent
+ Policy</a>.
+
+
+
+
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a rel="disclosure" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status">public list of any patent
+ disclosures</a>
+
+ made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
+ instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent
+ which the individual believes contains
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
+ Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
+ 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_toc">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc" role="directory" id="respecContents"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-model" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Graph-based Data Model</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#resources-and-statements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Resources and Statements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#referents" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>The Referent of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#vocabularies" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.4 </span>RDF Vocabularies and Namespace IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#change-over-time" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.5 </span>RDF and Change over Time</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#managing-graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.6 </span>Working with Multiple RDF Graphs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#entailment" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.7 </span>Equivalence, Entailment and Inconsistency</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-documents" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.8 </span>RDF Documents and Syntaxes</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conformance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Conformance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-rdf-graph" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>RDF Graphs</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-triples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Triples</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-IRIs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Graph-Literal" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-blank-nodes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Blank Nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-skolemization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>Replacing Blank Nodes with IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#graph-isomorphism" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Graph Comparison</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-dataset" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>RDF Datasets</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-dataset-isomorphism" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>RDF Dataset Comparison</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-dataset-conneg" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Content Negotiation of RDF Datasets</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Datatypes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Datatypes</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#xsd-datatypes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>The XML Schema Built-in Datatypes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-html" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>The <code>rdf:HTML</code> Datatype</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-XMLLiteral" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>The <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> Datatype</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#datatype-iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Datatype IRIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-fragID" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Fragment Identifiers</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-generalized-rdf" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>Generalized RDF Triples, Graphs, and Datasets</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Acknowledgments" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>Acknowledgments</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#changes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Changes between RDF 1.0 and RDF 1.1</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#change-log" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Changes since the 5 November 2013 Candidate Recommendation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-Introduction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-Introduction"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The <em>Resource Description Framework</em> (RDF) is a framework
+ for representing information in the Web.</p>
+
+ <p>This document defines an abstract syntax (a data model)
+ which serves to link all RDF-based languages and specifications,
+ including:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/">formal
+ model-theoretic semantics for RDF and RDFS</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>].</li>
+
+ <li>serialization syntaxes for storing and exchanging RDF
+ (e.g., <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">Turtle</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>]
+ and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">JSON-LD</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>]),</li>
+
+ <li>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/">SPARQL
+ Query Language</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">SPARQL11-OVERVIEW</a></cite>],</li>
+
+ <li>the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">RDF Vocabulary
+ Description Language</a> (RDFS) [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>],</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<section id="data-model" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_data-model"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Graph-based Data Model</h3>
+
+ <p>The core structure of the abstract syntax is a set of
+ <a title="RDF triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">triples</a>, each consisting of a <a href="#dfn-subject" class="internalDFN">subject</a>,
+ a <a href="#dfn-predicate" class="internalDFN">predicate</a> and an <a href="#dfn-object" class="internalDFN">object</a>. A set of such triples is called
+ an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>. An RDF graph can be visualized as a node and
+ directed-arc diagram, in which each triple is represented as a
+ node-arc-node link.</p>
+
+ <figure id="fig-an-rdf-graph-with-two-nodes-subject-and-object-and-a-triple-connecting-them-predicate">
+ <a href="rdf-graph.svg"><img alt="An RDF graph with two nodes (Subject and Object) and a triple connecting them (Predicate)" src="rdf-graph.svg" /></a>
+ <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">1</span> <span class="fig-title">An RDF graph with two nodes (Subject and Object) and a triple connecting them (Predicate)</span></figcaption>
+ </figure>
+
+ <p>There can be three kinds of <a title="node" href="#dfn-node" class="internalDFN">nodes</a> in an
+ <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>: <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>, <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>,
+ and <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank nodes</a>.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="resources-and-statements" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_resources-and-statements"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Resources and Statements</h3>
+
+ <p>Any <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a> <dfn title="denote" id="dfn-denote">denotes</dfn>
+ something in the world (the "universe of discourse").
+ These things are called
+ <dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">resources</dfn>. Anything can be a resource,
+ including physical things, documents, abstract concepts, numbers
+ and strings; the term is synonymous with "entity" as it is used in
+ the RDF Semantics specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>].
+ The resource denoted by an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is called its <a href="#dfn-referent" class="internalDFN">referent</a>, and the
+ resource denoted by a literal is called its
+ <a title="literal value" href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">literal value</a>. Literals have
+ <a title="datatype" href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatypes</a> that define the range of possible
+ values, such as strings, numbers, and dates. Special kind of literals,
+ <a title="language-tagged string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" class="internalDFN">language-tagged strings</a>, denote
+ plain-text strings in a natural language.</p>
+
+ <p>Asserting an <a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">RDF triple</a> says that <em>some relationship,
+ indicated by the <a href="#dfn-predicate" class="internalDFN">predicate</a>, holds between the
+ <a title="resource" href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resources</a> <a title="denote" href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denoted</a> by
+ the <a href="#dfn-subject" class="internalDFN">subject</a> and <a href="#dfn-object" class="internalDFN">object</a></em>. This statement corresponding
+ to an RDF triple is known as an <dfn id="dfn-rdf-statement">RDF statement</dfn>.
+ The predicate itself is an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and denotes a <dfn id="dfn-property">property</dfn>,
+ that is, a <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a> that can be thought of as a binary relation.
+ (Relations that involve more than two entities can only be
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/">indirectly
+ expressed in RDF</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SWBP-N-ARYRELATIONS">SWBP-N-ARYRELATIONS</a></cite>].)</p>
+
+ <p>Unlike <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> and <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>,
+ <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank nodes</a> do not identify specific
+ <a title="resource" href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resources</a>. <a title="RDF statement" href="#dfn-rdf-statement" class="internalDFN">Statements</a>
+ involving blank nodes say that something with the given relationships
+ exists, without explicitly naming it.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="referents" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_referents"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>The Referent of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a> <a title="denote" href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denoted</a> by an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ is also called its <dfn id="dfn-referent">referent</dfn>. For some IRIs with particular
+ meanings, such as those identifying XSD datatypes, the referent is
+ fixed by this specification. For all other IRIs, what exactly is
+ denoted by any given <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is not defined by this specification. Other
+ specifications may fix <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> referents, or apply other constraints on
+ what may be the referent of any <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</p>
+
+ <p>Guidelines for determining the <a href="#dfn-referent" class="internalDFN">referent</a> of an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> are
+ provided in other documents, like
+ <em><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/">Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One</a></em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>]
+ and <em><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/">Cool URIs for the Semantic Web</a></em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-COOLURIS">COOLURIS</a></cite>].
+ A very brief, informal, and partial account follows:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>By design, IRIs have global scope. Thus, two different appearances of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <a href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denote</a> the same <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a>. Violating this principle constitutes
+ an <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#URI-collision"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> collision</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>].</li>
+
+ <li>By social convention, the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#uri-ownership"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> owner</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>] gets to say what the intended (or usual)
+ referent of an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is. Applications and users need not
+ abide by this intended denotation, but there may be a loss of
+ interoperability with other applications and users if they do
+ not do so.</li>
+
+ <li>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> owner can establish the intended <a href="#dfn-referent" class="internalDFN">referent</a>
+ by means of a specification or other document that explains
+ what is denoted. For example, the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/">Organization Ontology document</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-VOCAB-ORG">VOCAB-ORG</a></cite>]
+ specifies the intended referents of various IRIs that start with
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/org#</code>.</li>
+
+ <li>A good way of communicating the intended referent
+ is to set up the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> so that it
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#uri-dereference">dereferences</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>]
+ to such a document.</li>
+
+ <li>Such a document can, in fact, be an <a href="#dfn-rdf-document" class="internalDFN">RDF document</a>
+ that describes the denoted resource by means of
+ <a title="RDF statement" href="#dfn-rdf-statement" class="internalDFN">RDF statements</a>.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Perhaps the most important characteristic of <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>
+ in web architecture is that they can be
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#uri-dereference">dereferenced</a>,
+ and hence serve as starting points for interactions with a remote server.
+ This specification is not concerned with such interactions.
+ It does not define an interaction model. It only treats IRIs as globally
+ unique identifiers in a graph data model that describes resources.
+ However, those interactions are critical to the concept of
+ <em><a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">Linked Data</a></em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-LINKED-DATA">LINKED-DATA</a></cite>],
+ which makes use of the RDF data model and serialization formats.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section id="vocabularies" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_vocabularies"><span class="secno">1.4 </span>RDF Vocabularies and Namespace IRIs</h3>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-rdf-vocabulary">RDF vocabulary</dfn> is a collection of <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>
+ intended for use in <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>. For example,
+ the IRIs documented in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>] are the RDF Schema vocabulary.
+ RDF Schema can itself be used to define and document additional
+ RDF vocabularies. Some such vocabularies are mentioned in the
+ Primer [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-PRIMER">RDF11-PRIMER</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>The <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> in an <a href="#dfn-rdf-vocabulary" class="internalDFN">RDF vocabulary</a> often begin with
+ a common substring known as a <dfn id="dfn-namespace-iri">namespace <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>.
+ Some namespace IRIs are associated by convention with a short name
+ known as a <dfn id="dfn-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</dfn>. Some examples:
+
+ </p><table class="simple">
+ <caption>Some example namespace prefixes and IRIs</caption>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <th>Namespace prefix</th>
+ <th>Namespace <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></th>
+ <th>RDF vocabulary</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>rdf</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</code></a></td>
+ <td>The RDF built-in vocabulary [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>]</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr><td>rdfs</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"><code>http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</code></a></td>
+ <td>The RDF Schema vocabulary [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>]</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr><td>xsd</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"><code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</code></a></td>
+ <td>The <a href="#dfn-rdf-compatible-xsd-types" class="internalDFN">RDF-compatible XSD types</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody></table>
+
+ <p>In some serialization formats it is common to abbreviate <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>
+ that start with <a title="namespace IRI" href="#dfn-namespace-iri" class="internalDFN">namespace IRIs</a> by using a
+ <a href="#dfn-namespace-prefix" class="internalDFN">namespace prefix</a> in order to assist readability. For example, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral</code>
+ would be abbreviated as <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code>.
+ Note however that these abbreviations are <em>not</em> valid IRIs,
+ and must not be used in contexts where IRIs are expected.
+ Namespace IRIs and namespace prefixes are <em>not</em> a formal part of the
+ RDF data model. They are merely a syntactic convenience for
+ abbreviating IRIs.</p>
+
+ <p>The term “<dfn id="dfn-namespace">namespace</dfn>” on its own does not have a
+ well-defined meaning in the context of RDF, but is sometimes informally
+ used to mean “<a href="#dfn-namespace-iri" class="internalDFN">namespace <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>” or “<a href="#dfn-rdf-vocabulary" class="internalDFN">RDF vocabulary</a>”.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="change-over-time" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_change-over-time"><span class="secno">1.5 </span>RDF and Change over Time</h3>
+
+ <p>The RDF data model is <em>atemporal</em>: <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>
+ are static snapshots of information.</p>
+
+ <p>However, <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a> can express information
+ about events and about temporal aspects of other entities,
+ given appropriate <a title="RDF vocabulary" href="#dfn-rdf-vocabulary" class="internalDFN">vocabulary</a> terms.</p>
+
+ <p>Since <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a> are defined as mathematical
+ sets, adding or removing <a title="RDF triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">triples</a> from an
+ RDF graph yields a different RDF graph.</p>
+
+ <p>We informally use the term <dfn id="dfn-rdf-source">RDF source</dfn> to refer to a
+ persistent yet mutable source or container of
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>. An RDF source is a <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a>
+ that may be said to have a state that can change over time.
+ A snapshot of the state can be expressed as an RDF graph.
+ For example, any web document that has an RDF-bearing representation
+ may be considered an RDF source. Like all resources, RDF sources may
+ be named with <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> and therefore described in
+ other RDF graphs.</p>
+
+ <p>Intuitively speaking, changes in the universe of discourse
+ can be reflected in the following ways:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>An <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, once minted, should never
+ change its intended <a href="#dfn-referent" class="internalDFN">referent</a>. (See
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#URI-persistence"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr> persistence</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>].)</li>
+ <li><a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">Literals</a>, by design, are constants and
+ never change their <a title="literal value" href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">value</a>.</li>
+ <li>A relationship that holds between two <a title="resource" href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resources</a>
+ at one time may not hold at another time.</li>
+ <li><a title="RDF source" href="#dfn-rdf-source" class="internalDFN">RDF sources</a> may change their state over time.
+ That is, they may provide different <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>
+ at different times.</li>
+ <li>Some <a title="RDF source" href="#dfn-rdf-source" class="internalDFN">RDF sources</a> may, however, be immutable
+ snapshots of another RDF source, archiving its state at some
+ point in time.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="managing-graphs" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_managing-graphs"><span class="secno">1.6 </span>Working with Multiple RDF Graphs</h3>
+
+ <p>As RDF graphs are sets of triples, they can be
+ combined easily, supporting the use of data from
+ multiple sources. Nevertheless, it is sometimes desirable to work
+ with multiple RDF graphs while keeping their contents separate.
+ <a title="RDF dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF datasets</a> support this requirement.</p>
+
+ <p>An <a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a> is a collection of
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>. All but one of these graphs have
+ an associated <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or blank node. They are called
+ <a title="named graph" href="#dfn-named-graph" class="internalDFN">named graphs</a>, and the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> or blank node
+ is called the <a href="#dfn-graph-name" class="internalDFN">graph name</a>.
+ The remaining graph does not have an associated <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, and is called
+ the <a href="#dfn-default-graph" class="internalDFN">default graph</a> of the RDF dataset.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many possible uses for <a title="RDF dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF datasets</a>.
+ One such use is to hold snapshots of multiple
+ <a title="RDF source" href="#dfn-rdf-source" class="internalDFN">RDF sources</a>.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="entailment" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_entailment"><span class="secno">1.7 </span>Equivalence, Entailment and Inconsistency</h3>
+
+ <p>An <a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">RDF triple</a> encodes a <a title="RDF statement" href="#dfn-rdf-statement" class="internalDFN">statement</a>—a
+ simple <dfn id="dfn-logical-expression">logical expression</dfn>, or claim about the world.
+ An <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> is the conjunction (logical <em>AND</em>) of
+ its triples. The precise details of this meaning of RDF triples and graphs are
+ the subject of the RDF Semantics specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>], which yields the
+ following relationships between <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>s:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn id="dfn-entailment">Entailment</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> <em>A</em> entails another RDF graph <em>B</em>
+ if every possible arrangement of the world
+ that makes <em>A</em> true also makes <em>B</em> true. When <em>A</em>
+ entails <em>B</em>, if the truth of <em>A</em> is presumed or demonstrated
+ then the truth of <em>B</em> is established.</dd>
+
+ <dt><dfn id="dfn-equivalence">Equivalence</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Two <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a> <em>A</em> and <em>B</em>
+ are equivalent if they make the same claim about the world.
+ <em>A</em> is equivalent to <em>B</em> if and only if
+ <em>A</em> <a title="entailment" href="#dfn-entailment" class="internalDFN">entails</a> <em>B</em> and
+ <em>B</em> entails <em>A</em>.</dd>
+
+ <dt><dfn id="dfn-inconsistency">Inconsistency</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> is inconsistent if it contains
+ an internal contradiction. There is no possible arrangement
+ of the world that would make the expression true.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-entailment-regime">entailment regime</dfn> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>] is a specification that
+ defines precise conditions that make these relationships hold.
+ RDF itself recognizes only some basic cases of entailment, equivalence
+ and inconsistency. Other specifications, such as
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">RDF Schema</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>]
+ and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/">OWL 2</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">OWL2-OVERVIEW</a></cite>], add more powerful entailment regimes,
+ as do some domain-specific <a title="RDF vocabulary" href="#dfn-rdf-vocabulary" class="internalDFN">vocabularies</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>This specification does not constrain how implementations
+ use the logical relationships defined by
+ <a title="entailment regime" href="#dfn-entailment-regime" class="internalDFN">entailment regimes</a>.
+ Implementations may or may not detect
+ <a title="inconsistency" href="#dfn-inconsistency" class="internalDFN">inconsistencies</a>, and may make all,
+ some or no <a title="entailment" href="#dfn-entailment" class="internalDFN">entailed</a> information
+ available to users.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="rdf-documents" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_rdf-documents"><span class="secno">1.8 </span>RDF Documents and Syntaxes</h3>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-rdf-document">RDF document</dfn> is a document that encodes an
+ <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> or <a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a> in a <dfn id="dfn-concrete-rdf-syntax">concrete RDF syntax</dfn>,
+ such as Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>], RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-PRIMER">RDFA-PRIMER</a></cite>], JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], or
+ TriG [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TRIG">TRIG</a></cite>]. RDF documents enable the exchange of RDF graphs and RDF
+ datasets between systems.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a href="#dfn-concrete-rdf-syntax" class="internalDFN">concrete RDF syntax</a> may offer
+ many different ways to encode the same <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> or
+ <a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a>, for example through the use of
+ <a title="namespace prefix" href="#dfn-namespace-prefix" class="internalDFN">namespace prefixes</a>,
+ relative IRIs, <a title="blank node identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" class="internalDFN">blank node identifiers</a>,
+ and different ordering of statements. While these aspects can have great
+ effect on the convenience of working with the <a href="#dfn-rdf-document" class="internalDFN">RDF document</a>,
+ they are not significant for its meaning.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="conformance" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_conformance"><span class="secno">2. </span>Conformance</h2>
+<p>
+ As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples,
+ and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
+ normative.
+</p>
+<p>
+ The key words <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="REQUIRED">REQUIRED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>,
+ and <em class="rfc2119" title="OPTIONAL">OPTIONAL</em> in this specification are to be interpreted as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].
+</p>
+
+ <p>This specification, <em>RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</em>,
+ defines a data model and related terminology for use in
+ other specifications, such as
+ <a title="concrete RDF syntax" href="#dfn-concrete-rdf-syntax" class="internalDFN">concrete RDF syntaxes</a>,
+ API specifications, and query languages.
+ Implementations cannot directly conform to
+ <em>RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</em>,
+ but can conform to such other specifications that normatively
+ reference terms defined here.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-rdf-graph" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-rdf-graph"><span class="secno">3. </span>RDF Graphs</h2>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graph</dfn> is a set of
+ <a title="RDF triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">RDF triples</a>.</p>
+
+
+<section id="section-triples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-triples"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Triples</h3>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</dfn> consists of three components:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>the <dfn id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn>, which is an
+ <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank node</a></li>
+
+ <li>the <dfn id="dfn-predicate">predicate</dfn>, which is an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li>
+
+ <li>the <dfn id="dfn-object">object</dfn>, which is an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ a <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a> or a <a href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank node</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>An RDF triple is conventionally written in the order subject,
+ predicate, object.</p>
+
+ <p>The set of <dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">nodes</dfn> of an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>
+ is the set of subjects and objects of triples in the graph.
+ It is possible for a predicate <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to also occur as a node in
+ the same graph.</p>
+
+ <p><a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>, <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a> and
+ <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank nodes</a> are collectively known as
+ <dfn title="RDF term" id="dfn-rdf-term">RDF terms</dfn>.</p>
+
+ <p><a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>, <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>
+ and <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank nodes</a> are distinct and distinguishable.
+ For example, <code>http://example.org/</code> as a string literal
+ is neither equal to <code>http://example.org/</code> as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>,
+ nor to a blank node with the <a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" class="internalDFN">blank node identifier</a>
+ <code>http://example.org/</code>.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-IRIs" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-IRIs"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>IRIs</h3>
+
+ <p>An <dfn title="IRI" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>
+ (Internationalized Resource Identifier) within an RDF graph
+ is a Unicode string [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">UNICODE</a></cite>] that conforms to the syntax
+ defined in RFC 3987 [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>IRIs in the RDF abstract syntax <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be absolute, and <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>
+ contain a fragment identifier.</p>
+
+ <p><dfn id="dfn-iri-equality"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> equality</dfn>:
+ Two IRIs are equal if and only if they are equivalent
+ under Simple String Comparison according to
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-5.1">section 5.1</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. Further normalization <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> be performed when
+ comparing IRIs for equality.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_1"><span>Note</span></div><div id="note-iris" class="">
+ <p><strong>URIs and IRIs:</strong>
+ IRIs are a generalization of
+ <dfn title="URI" id="dfn-uri"><abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr>s</dfn>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] that permits a wider range of Unicode characters.
+ Every absolute <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr> and URL is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, but not every <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is an <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr>.
+ When IRIs are used in operations that are only
+ defined for URIs, they must first be converted according to
+ the mapping defined in
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-3.1">section 3.1</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. A notable example is retrieval over the HTTP
+ protocol. The mapping involves UTF-8 encoding of non-ASCII
+ characters, %-encoding of octets not allowed in URIs, and
+ Punycode-encoding of domain names.</p>
+
+ <p><strong>Relative IRIs:</strong>
+ Some <a title="concrete RDF syntax" href="#dfn-concrete-rdf-syntax" class="internalDFN">concrete RDF syntaxes</a> permit
+ <dfn title="relative IRI" id="dfn-relative-iri">relative IRIs</dfn> as a convenient shorthand
+ that allows authoring of documents independently from their final
+ publishing location. Relative IRIs must be
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">resolved
+ against</a> a <dfn id="dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> to make them absolute.
+ Therefore, the RDF graph serialized in such syntaxes is well-defined only
+ if a <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ can be established</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p><strong><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> normalization:</strong>
+ Interoperability problems can be avoided by minting
+ only IRIs that are normalized according to
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-5">Section 5</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. Non-normalized forms that are best avoided
+ include:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Uppercase characters in scheme names and domain names</li>
+ <li>Percent-encoding of characters where it is not
+ required by <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> syntax</li>
+ <li>Explicitly stated HTTP default port
+ (<code>http://example.com:80/</code>);
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> is preferable</li>
+ <li>Completely empty path in HTTP IRIs
+ (<code>http://example.com</code>);
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> is preferable</li>
+ <li>“<code>/./</code>” or “<code>/../</code>” in the path
+ component of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></li>
+ <li>Lowercase hexadecimal letters within percent-encoding
+ triplets (“<code>%3F</code>” is preferable over
+ “<code>%3f</code>”)</li>
+ <li>Punycode-encoding of Internationalized Domain Names
+ in IRIs</li>
+ <li>IRIs that are not in Unicode Normalization
+ Form C [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-NFC">NFC</a></cite>]</li>
+ </ul>
+ </div></div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-Graph-Literal" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-Graph-Literal"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Literals</h3>
+
+ <p>Literals are used for values such as strings, numbers, and dates.</p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn> in an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> consists of two or three
+ elements:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>a <dfn id="dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</dfn>, being a Unicode [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">UNICODE</a></cite>] string,
+ which <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be in Normal Form C [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-NFC">NFC</a></cite>],</li>
+ <li>a <dfn id="dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>, being an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ identifying a datatype that determines how the lexical form maps
+ to a <a href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">literal value</a>, and</li>
+ <li>if and only if the <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString</code>, a
+ non-empty <dfn id="dfn-language-tag">language tag</dfn> as defined by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]. The
+ language tag <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be well-formed according to
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">section 2.2.9</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>].</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>A literal is a <dfn id="dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</dfn> if the third element
+ is present. Lexical representations of language tags <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> be converted
+ to lower case. The value space of language tags is always in lower
+ case.</p>
+
+ <p>Please note that concrete syntaxes <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> support
+ <dfn title="simple literal" id="dfn-simple-literal">simple literals</dfn> consisting of only a
+ <a href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical form</a> without any <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a href="#dfn-language-tag" class="internalDFN">language tag</a>.
+ Simple literals are syntactic sugar for abstract syntax
+ <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>
+ with the <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string</code>. Similarly, most
+ concrete syntaxes represent
+ <a title="language-tagged string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" class="internalDFN">language-tagged strings</a> without
+ the <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> because it always equals
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>The <dfn id="dfn-literal-value">literal value</dfn> associated with a <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a> is:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the literal is a <a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" class="internalDFN">language-tagged string</a>,
+ then the literal value is a pair consisting of its <a href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical form</a>
+ and its <a href="#dfn-language-tag" class="internalDFN">language tag</a>, in that order.</li>
+
+ <li>If the literal's <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is in the set of
+ <a href="#dfn-recognized-datatype-iris" class="internalDFN">recognized datatype IRIs</a>, let <var>d</var> be the
+ <a href="#dfn-referent" class="internalDFN">referent</a> of the datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the literal's <a href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical form</a> is in the <a href="#dfn-lexical-space" class="internalDFN">lexical space</a>
+ of <var>d</var>, then the literal value is the result of applying
+ the <a href="#dfn-lexical-to-value-mapping" class="internalDFN">lexical-to-value mapping</a> of <var>d</var> to the
+ <a href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical form</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the literal is ill-typed and no literal value can be
+ associated with the literal. Such a case produces a semantic
+ inconsistency but is not <em>syntactically</em> ill-formed.
+ Implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> accept ill-typed literals and produce RDF
+ graphs from them. Implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> produce warnings when
+ encountering ill-typed literals.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the literal's <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is <em>not</em> in the set of
+ <a href="#dfn-recognized-datatype-iris" class="internalDFN">recognized datatype IRIs</a>, then the literal value is
+ not defined by this specification.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p><dfn id="dfn-literal-term-equality">Literal term equality</dfn>: Two literals are term-equal (the same
+ RDF literal) if and only if the two <a title="lexical form" href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical forms</a>,
+ the two <a title="datatype IRI" href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype IRIs</a>, and the two
+ <a title="language tag" href="#dfn-language-tag" class="internalDFN">language tags</a> (if any) compare equal,
+ character by character. Thus, two literals can have the same value
+ without being the same RDF term. For example:</p>
+
+ <pre> "1"^^xs:integer
+ "01"^^xs:integer
+ </pre>
+
+ <p>denote the same <a title="literal value" href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">value</a>, but are not the
+ same literal <a title="RDF Term" href="#dfn-rdf-term" class="internalDFN">RDF terms</a> and are not
+ <a title="literal term equality" href="#dfn-literal-term-equality" class="internalDFN">term-equal</a> because their
+ <a href="#dfn-lexical-form" class="internalDFN">lexical form</a> differs.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-blank-nodes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-blank-nodes"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Blank Nodes</h3>
+
+ <p><dfn title="blank node" id="dfn-blank-node">Blank nodes</dfn> are disjoint from
+ <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> and <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>. Otherwise,
+ the set of possible blank nodes is arbitrary. RDF makes no reference to
+ any internal structure of blank nodes.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_2"><span>Note</span></div><p id="note-bnode-id" class="">
+ <dfn title="blank node identifier" id="dfn-blank-node-identifier">Blank node identifiers</dfn>
+ are local identifiers that are used in some
+ <a title="concrete RDF syntax" href="#dfn-concrete-rdf-syntax" class="internalDFN">concrete RDF syntaxes</a>
+ or RDF store implementations.
+ They are always locally scoped to the file or RDF store,
+ and are <em>not</em> persistent or portable identifiers
+ for blank nodes. Blank node identifiers are <em>not</em>
+ part of the RDF abstract syntax, but are entirely dependent
+ on the concrete syntax or implementation. The syntactic restrictions
+ on blank node identifiers, if any, therefore also depend on
+ the concrete RDF syntax or implementation. Implementations that handle blank node
+ identifiers in concrete syntaxes need to be careful not to create the
+ same blank node from multiple occurrences of the same blank node identifier
+ except in situations where this is supported by the syntax.</p></div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-skolemization" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-skolemization"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>Replacing Blank Nodes with IRIs</h3>
+
+ <p>Blank nodes do not have identifiers in the RDF abstract syntax. The
+ <a title="blank node identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" class="internalDFN">blank node identifiers</a> introduced
+ by some concrete syntaxes have only
+ local scope and are purely an artifact of the serialization.</p>
+
+ <p>In situations where stronger identification is needed, systems <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>
+ systematically replace some or all of the blank nodes in an RDF graph
+ with <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>. Systems wishing to do this <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>
+ mint a new, globally
+ unique <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> (a <dfn id="dfn-skolem-iri">Skolem <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>) for each blank node so replaced.</p>
+
+ <p>This transformation does not appreciably change the meaning of an
+ RDF graph, provided that the Skolem IRIs do not occur anywhere else.
+ It does however permit the possibility of other graphs
+ subsequently using the Skolem IRIs, which is not possible
+ for blank nodes.</p>
+
+ <p>Systems may wish to mint Skolem IRIs in such a way that they can
+ recognize the IRIs as having been introduced solely to replace blank
+ nodes. This allows a system to map IRIs back to blank nodes
+ if needed.</p>
+
+ <p>Systems that want Skolem IRIs to be recognizable outside of the system
+ boundaries <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> use a well-known <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5785">RFC5785</a></cite>] with the registered
+ name <code>genid</code>. This is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that uses the HTTP or HTTPS scheme,
+ or another scheme that has been specified to use well-known IRIs; and whose
+ path component starts with <code>/.well-known/genid/</code>.
+
+ </p><p>For example, the authority responsible for the domain
+ <code>example.com</code> could mint the following recognizable Skolem <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>:</p>
+
+ <pre>http://example.com/.well-known/genid/d26a2d0e98334696f4ad70a677abc1f6</pre>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_3"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">RFC 5785 [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5785">RFC5785</a></cite>] only specifies well-known URIs,
+ not IRIs. For the purpose of this document, a well-known <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is any
+ <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that results in a well-known <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr> after <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>-to-<abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr> mapping [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</p></div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="graph-isomorphism" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_graph-isomorphism"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Graph Comparison</h3>
+
+ <p id="section-graph-equality">Two
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a> <var>G</var> and <var>G'</var> are
+ <dfn title="graph isomorphism" id="dfn-graph-isomorphism">isomorphic</dfn> (that is, they have an identical
+ form) if there is a bijection <var>M</var> between the sets of nodes of the two
+ graphs, such that:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li><var>M</var> maps blank nodes to blank nodes.</li>
+ <li><var>M(lit)=lit</var> for all <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">RDF literals</a> <var>lit</var> which
+ are nodes of <var>G</var>.</li>
+
+ <li><var>M(iri)=iri</var> for all <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> <var>iri</var>
+ which are nodes of <var>G</var>.</li>
+
+ <li>The triple <var>( s, p, o )</var> is in <var>G</var> if and
+ only if the triple <var>( M(s), p, M(o) )</var> is in
+ <var>G'</var></li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>See also: <a href="#dfn-iri-equality" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> equality</a>, <a href="#dfn-literal-term-equality" class="internalDFN">literal term equality</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>With this definition, <var>M</var> shows how each blank node
+ in <var>G</var> can be replaced with
+ a new blank node to give <var>G'</var>. Graph isomorphism
+ is needed to support the RDF Test Cases [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-TESTCASES">RDF11-TESTCASES</a></cite>] specification.</p>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-dataset" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-dataset"><span class="secno">4. </span>RDF Datasets</h2>
+
+ <p>An <dfn id="dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</dfn> is a collection of
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>, and comprises:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Exactly one <dfn id="dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn>, being an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>.
+ The default graph does not have a name and <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> be empty.</li>
+ <li>Zero or more <dfn title="named graph" id="dfn-named-graph">named graphs</dfn>.
+ Each named graph is a pair consisting of an <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a blank node
+ (the <dfn id="dfn-graph-name">graph name</dfn>), and an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>.
+ Graph names are unique within an RDF dataset.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p><a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">Blank nodes</a> can be shared between graphs
+ in an <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_4"><span>Note</span></div><div id="note-datasets" class="">
+ <p>Despite the use of the word “name” in “<a href="#dfn-named-graph" class="internalDFN">named graph</a>”, the
+ <a href="#dfn-graph-name" class="internalDFN">graph name</a> is not required to <a href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denote</a> the graph. It is
+ merely syntactically paired with the graph. RDF does not place any
+ formal restrictions on what <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a> the graph name may denote,
+ nor on the relationship between that resource and the graph.
+ A discussion of different RDF dataset semantics can be found in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-DATASETS">RDF11-DATASETS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>Some <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a> implementations do not
+ track empty <a title="named graph" href="#dfn-named-graph" class="internalDFN">named graphs</a>. Applications
+ can avoid interoperability issues by not ascribing importance to
+ the presence or absence of empty named graphs.</p>
+
+ <p>SPARQL 1.1 [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">SPARQL11-OVERVIEW</a></cite>] also defines the concept of an RDF
+ Dataset. The definition of an RDF Dataset in SPARQL 1.1 and this
+ specification differ slightly in that this specification allows RDF
+ Graphs to be identified using either an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> or a blank node. SPARQL 1.1
+ Query Language only allows RDF Graphs to be identified using an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.
+ Existing SPARQL implementations might not allow blank nodes to be used
+ to identify RDF Graphs for some time, so their use can cause
+ interoperability problems.
+ <a href="#section-skolemization">Skolemizing</a> blank nodes used as
+ graph names can be used to overcome these interoperability problems.</p>
+ </div></div>
+
+<section id="section-dataset-isomorphism" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-dataset-isomorphism"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>RDF Dataset Comparison</h3>
+
+ <p id="section-dataset-equality">Two <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF datasets</a>
+ (the RDF dataset <var>D1</var> with default graph <var>DG1</var> and any named
+ graph <var>NG1</var> and the RDF dataset <var>D2</var> with default graph
+ <var>DG2</var> and any named graph <var>NG2</var>)
+ are <dfn title="dataset isomorphism" id="dfn-dataset-isomorphism">dataset-isomorphic</dfn> if and only if
+ there is a bijection <var>M</var> between the nodes, triples and graphs in
+ <var>D1</var> and those in <var>D2</var> such that:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li><var>M</var> maps blank nodes to blank nodes;</li>
+ <li><var>M</var> is the identity map on literals and URIs;</li>
+ <li>For every triple <s p o>, <var>M</var>(<s, p, o>)=
+ <<var>M(s)</var>, <var>M(p)</var>, <var>M(o)</var>>;</li>
+ <li>For every graph <var>G</var>={t1, ..., tn},
+ <var>M(G)</var>={<var>M(t1)</var>, ..., <var>M(tn)</var>};</li>
+ <li><var>DG2</var> = <var>M(DG1)</var>; and</li>
+ <li><n, G> is in <var>NG1</var> if and only if
+ <<var>M(n)</var>, <var>M(G)</var>> is in <var>NG2</var>.
+ </li></ol>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-dataset-conneg" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-dataset-conneg"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Content Negotiation of RDF Datasets</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Web resources may have multiple representations that are made available via
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#frag-coneg">content negotiation</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>]. A representation may be returned in an RDF serialization
+ format that supports the expression of both <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF datasets</a> and
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>. If an <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset</a>
+ is returned and the consumer is expecting an <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>,
+ the consumer is expected to use the <a title="RDF Dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">RDF dataset's</a> default graph.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-Datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-Datatypes"><span class="secno">5. </span>Datatypes</h2>
+
+ <p>Datatypes are used with RDF <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a>
+ to represent values such as strings, numbers and dates.
+ The datatype abstraction used in RDF is compatible with XML Schema
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]. Any datatype definition that conforms
+ to this abstraction <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> be used in RDF, even if not defined
+ in terms of XML Schema. RDF re-uses many of the XML Schema
+ built-in datatypes, and defines two additional non-normative datatypes,
+ <code><a href="#dfn-rdf-html" class="internalDFN">rdf:HTML</a></code> and <code><a href="#dfn-rdf-xmlliteral" class="internalDFN">rdf:XMLLiteral</a></code>.
+ The list of datatypes supported by an implementation is determined
+ by its <a href="#dfn-recognized-datatype-iris" class="internalDFN">recognized datatype IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn id="dfn-datatype">datatype</dfn> consists of a <a href="#dfn-lexical-space" class="internalDFN">lexical space</a>,
+ a <a href="#dfn-value-space" class="internalDFN">value space</a> and a <a href="#dfn-lexical-to-value-mapping" class="internalDFN">lexical-to-value mapping</a>, and
+ is denoted by one or more <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <dfn id="dfn-lexical-space">lexical space</dfn> of a datatype is a set of Unicode [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">UNICODE</a></cite>] strings.</p>
+
+ <p>The <dfn id="dfn-lexical-to-value-mapping">lexical-to-value mapping</dfn> of a datatype is a set of
+ pairs whose first element belongs to the <a href="#dfn-lexical-space" class="internalDFN">lexical space</a>,
+ and the second element belongs to the <dfn id="dfn-value-space">value space</dfn>
+ of the datatype. Each member of the lexical space is paired with exactly
+ one value, and is a <em>lexical representation</em>
+ of that value. The mapping can be seen as a function
+ from the lexical space to the value space.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_5"><span>Note</span></div><p class=""><a title="language-tagged string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" class="internalDFN">Language-tagged
+ strings</a> have the <a href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString</code>.
+ No datatype is formally defined for this <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> because the definition
+ of <a title="datatype" href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatypes</a> does not accommodate
+ <a title="language tag" href="#dfn-language-tag" class="internalDFN">language tags</a> in the <a href="#dfn-lexical-space" class="internalDFN">lexical space</a>.
+ The <a href="#dfn-value-space" class="internalDFN">value space</a> associated with this datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is the set
+ of all pairs of strings and language tags.</p></div>
+
+ <p>For example, the XML Schema datatype <code>xsd:boolean</code>,
+ where each member of the <a href="#dfn-value-space" class="internalDFN">value space</a> has two lexical
+ representations, is defined as follows:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Lexical space:</dt>
+ <dd>{“<code>true</code>”, “<code>false</code>”, “<code>1</code>”, “<code>0</code>”}</dd>
+ <dt>Value space:</dt>
+ <dd>{<em><strong>true</strong></em>, <em><strong>false</strong></em>}</dd>
+ <dt>Lexical-to-value mapping</dt>
+ <dd>{
+ <“<code>true</code>”, <em><strong>true</strong></em>>,
+ <“<code>false</code>”, <em><strong>false</strong></em>>,
+ <“<code>1</code>”, <em><strong>true</strong></em>>,
+ <“<code>0</code>”, <em><strong>false</strong></em>>,
+ }</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>The <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a> that can be defined using this
+ datatype are:</p>
+
+ <table class="simple">
+ <caption>This table lists the literals of type xsd:boolean.</caption>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <th>Literal</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><“<code>true</code>”, <code>xsd:boolean</code>></td>
+ <td><em><strong>true</strong></em></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><“<code>false</code>”, <code>xsd:boolean</code>></td>
+ <td><em><strong>false</strong></em></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><“<code>1</code>”, <code>xsd:boolean</code>></td>
+ <td><em><strong>true</strong></em></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><“<code>0</code>”, <code>xsd:boolean</code>></td>
+ <td><em><strong>false</strong></em></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody></table>
+
+
+<section id="xsd-datatypes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_xsd-datatypes"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>The XML Schema Built-in Datatypes</h3>
+
+ <p><a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a> of the form
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#<em>xxx</em></code>,
+ where <code><em>xxx</em></code>
+ is the name of a datatype, denote the built-in datatypes defined in
+ <em><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/">XML Schema 1.1 Part 2:
+ Datatypes</a></em> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]. The XML Schema built-in types
+ listed in the following table are the
+ <dfn id="dfn-rdf-compatible-xsd-types">RDF-compatible XSD types</dfn>. Their use is <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em>.</p>
+
+ <p>Readers might note that the xsd:hexBinary and xsd:base64Binary
+ datatypes are the only safe datatypes for transferring binary
+ information.</p>
+
+ <table class="simple">
+ <caption>A list of the RDF-compatible XSD types, with short descriptions"</caption>
+ <tbody><tr><th></th><th>Datatype</th><th>Value space (informative)</th></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="4">Core types</th><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#string"><code>xsd:string</code></a></td><td>Character strings (but not all Unicode character strings)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#boolean"><code>xsd:boolean</code></a></td><td>true, false</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#decimal"><code>xsd:decimal</code></a></td><td>Arbitrary-precision decimal numbers</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#integer"><code>xsd:integer</code></a></td><td>Arbitrary-size integer numbers</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="2">IEEE floating-point<br />numbers</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#double"><code>xsd:double</code></a></td><td>64-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#float"><code>xsd:float</code></a></td><td>32-bit floating point numbers incl. ±Inf, ±0, NaN</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="4">Time and date</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#date"><code>xsd:date</code></a></td><td>Dates (yyyy-mm-dd) with or without timezone</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#time"><code>xsd:time</code></a></td><td>Times (hh:mm:ss.sss…) with or without timezone</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#dateTime"><code>xsd:dateTime</code></a></td><td>Date and time with or without timezone</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#dateTimeStamp"><code>xsd:dateTimeStamp</code></a></td><td>Date and time with required timezone</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="8">Recurring and<br />partial dates</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#gYear"><code>xsd:gYear</code></a></td><td>Gregorian calendar year</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#gMonth"><code>xsd:gMonth</code></a></td><td>Gregorian calendar month</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#gDay"><code>xsd:gDay</code></a></td><td>Gregorian calendar day of the month</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#gYearMonth"><code>xsd:gYearMonth</code></a></td><td>Gregorian calendar year and month</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#gMonthDay"><code>xsd:gMonthDay</code></a></td><td>Gregorian calendar month and day</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#duration"><code>xsd:duration</code></a></td><td>Duration of time</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#yearMonthDuration"><code>xsd:yearMonthDuration</code></a></td><td>Duration of time (months and years only)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#dayTimeDuration"><code>xsd:dayTimeDuration</code></a></td><td>Duration of time (days, hours, minutes, seconds only)</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="12">Limited-range<br />integer numbers</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#byte"><code>xsd:byte</code></a></td><td>-128…+127 (8 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#short"><code>xsd:short</code></a></td><td>-32768…+32767 (16 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#int"><code>xsd:int</code></a></td><td>-2147483648…+2147483647 (32 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#long"><code>xsd:long</code></a></td><td>-9223372036854775808…+9223372036854775807 (64 bit)</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#unsignedByte"><code>xsd:unsignedByte</code></a></td><td>0…255 (8 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#unsignedShort"><code>xsd:unsignedShort</code></a></td><td>0…65535 (16 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#unsignedInt"><code>xsd:unsignedInt</code></a></td><td>0…4294967295 (32 bit)</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#unsignedLong"><code>xsd:unsignedLong</code></a></td><td>0…18446744073709551615 (64 bit)</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#positiveInteger"><code>xsd:positiveInteger</code></a></td><td>Integer numbers >0</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#nonNegativeInteger"><code>xsd:nonNegativeInteger</code></a></td><td>Integer numbers ≥0</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#negativeInteger"><code>xsd:negativeInteger</code></a></td><td>Integer numbers <0</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#nonPositiveInteger"><code>xsd:nonPositiveInteger</code></a></td><td>Integer numbers ≤0</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="2">Encoded binary data</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#hexBinary"><code>xsd:hexBinary</code></a></td><td>Hex-encoded binary data</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#base64Binary"><code>xsd:base64Binary</code></a></td><td>Base64-encoded binary data</td></tr>
+
+ <tr><th rowspan="7">Miscellaneous<br />XSD types</th>
+ <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#anyURI"><code>xsd:anyURI</code></a></td><td>Absolute or relative URIs and IRIs</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#language"><code>xsd:language</code></a></td><td>Language tags per [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#normalizedString"><code>xsd:normalizedString</code></a></td><td>Whitespace-normalized strings</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#token"><code>xsd:token</code></a></td><td>Tokenized strings</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#NMTOKEN"><code>xsd:NMTOKEN</code></a></td><td>XML NMTOKENs</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#Name"><code>xsd:Name</code></a></td><td>XML Names</td></tr>
+ <tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#NCName"><code>xsd:NCName</code></a></td><td>XML NCNames</td></tr>
+ </tbody></table>
+
+ <p>The other built-in XML Schema datatypes are unsuitable
+ for various reasons and <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em> be used:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#QName"><code>xsd:QName</code></a>
+ and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#ENTITY"><code>xsd:ENTITY</code></a>
+ require an enclosing XML document context.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#ID"><code>xsd:ID</code></a>
+ and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#IDREF"><code>xsd:IDREF</code></a>
+ are for cross references within an XML document.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#NOTATION"><code>xsd:NOTATION</code></a>
+ is not intended for direct use.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#IDREFS"><code>xsd:IDREFS</code></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#ENTITIES"><code>xsd:ENTITIES</code></a>
+ and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#NMTOKENS"><code>xsd:NMTOKENS</code></a>
+ are sequence-valued datatypes which do not fit the RDF <a href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatype</a>
+ model.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-html" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-html"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>The <code>rdf:HTML</code> Datatype</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>RDF provides for HTML content as a possible <a href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">literal value</a>.
+ This allows markup in literal values. Such content is indicated
+ in an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> using a <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a> whose <a href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatype</a>
+ is set to <code><dfn id="dfn-rdf-html">rdf:HTML</dfn></code>. This datatype is defined
+ as non-normative because it depends on [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>], a specification that
+ has not yet reached <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation status.</p>
+
+ <p>The <code>rdf:HTML</code> datatype is defined as follows:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> denoting this datatype</dt>
+ <dd>is <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#HTML</code>.</dd>
+
+ <dt>The lexical space</dt>
+ <dd>is the set of Unicode [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">UNICODE</a></cite>] strings.</dd>
+
+ <dt>The value space</dt>
+ <dd>is a set of DOM
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a>
+ nodes [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>]. Two
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a>
+ nodes <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> are considered equal if and only if
+ the DOM method
+ <code><em>A</em>.<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-node-isequalnode">isEqualNode</a>(<em>B</em>)</code>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>] returns <code>true</code>.</dd>
+
+ <dt>The lexical-to-value mapping</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>Each member of the lexical space is associated with the result
+ of applying the following algorithm:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Let <code>domnodes</code> be the list of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">DOM nodes</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>]
+ that result from applying the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/syntax.html#parsing-html-fragments">HTML fragment parsing algorithm</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTML5">HTML5</a></cite>]
+ to the input string, without a context element.</li>
+ <li>Let <code>domfrag</code> be a DOM
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>]
+ whose <code>childNodes</code> attribute is equal to <code>domnodes</code></li>
+ <li>Return <code>domfrag.<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-node-normalize">normalize</a>()</code></li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_6"><span>Note</span></div><p id="note-html" class="">
+ Any language annotation (<code>lang="…"</code>) or
+ XML namespaces (<code>xmlns</code>) desired in the HTML content
+ must be included explicitly in the HTML literal. Relative URLs
+ in attributes such as <code>href</code> do not have a well-defined
+ base URL and are best avoided.
+ RDF applications may use additional equivalence relations,
+ such as that which relates an <code>xsd:string</code> with an
+ <code>rdf:HTML</code> literal corresponding to a single text node
+ of the same string.</p></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-XMLLiteral" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-XMLLiteral"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>The <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> Datatype</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>RDF provides for XML content as a possible <a href="#dfn-literal-value" class="internalDFN">literal value</a>.
+ Such content is indicated in an <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> using a <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a>
+ whose <a href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatype</a> is set to <code><dfn id="dfn-rdf-xmlliteral">rdf:XMLLiteral</dfn></code>.
+ This datatype is defined as non-normative because it depends on [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>],
+ a specification that has not yet reached <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation status.</p>
+
+ <p>The <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> datatype is defined as follows:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt id="XMLLiteral-uri">The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> denoting this <a href="#dfn-datatype" class="internalDFN">datatype</a></dt>
+ <dd>is <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral</code>.</dd>
+
+ <dt id="XMLLiteral-lexical-space">The <a href="#dfn-lexical-space" class="internalDFN">lexical space</a></dt>
+ <dd>is the set of all strings which are well-balanced, self-contained
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006#NT-content">XML content</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML10">XML10</a></cite>]; and for which embedding between an arbitrary
+ XML start tag and an end tag yields a document conforming to
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/">XML Namespaces</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML-NAMES">XML-NAMES</a></cite>].</dd>
+
+ <dt id="XMLLiteral-value-space">The <a href="#dfn-value-space" class="internalDFN">value space</a></dt>
+ <dd>is a set of DOM
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a>
+ nodes [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>]. Two
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a>
+ nodes <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> are considered equal if and only if the DOM method
+ <code><em>A</em>.<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-node-isequalnode">isEqualNode</a>(<em>B</em>)</code>
+ returns <code>true</code>.</dd>
+
+ <dt id="XMLLiteral-mapping">The <a href="#dfn-lexical-to-value-mapping" class="internalDFN">lexical-to-value mapping</a></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>Each member of the lexical space is associated with the result of applying the following algorithm:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Let <code>domfrag</code> be a DOM
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-documentfragment"><code>DocumentFragment</code></a>
+ node [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>] corresponding to the input string</li>
+ <li>Return <code>domfrag.<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-node-normalize">normalize</a>()</code></li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt id="XMLLiteral-canonical">The canonical mapping</dt>
+ <dd>defines a
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#dt-canonical-mapping">canonical lexical form</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]
+ for each member of the value space. The <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> canonical mapping is the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xml-exc-c14n-20020718/#def-exclusive-XML-canonicalization-method">exclusive XML canonicalization method</a>
+ (<em>with comments, with empty
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xml-exc-c14n-20020718/#def-InclusiveNamespaces-PrefixList">InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList</a></em>)
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML-EXC-C14N">XML-EXC-C14N</a></cite>].</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_7"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Any XML namespace declarations (<code>xmlns</code>),
+ language annotation (<code>xml:lang</code>) or base <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr> declarations
+ (<code>xml:base</code>) desired in the XML content must be included
+ explicitly in the XML literal. Note that some concrete RDF syntaxes
+ may define mechanisms for inheriting them from the context (e.g.,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/#parseTypeLiteralPropertyElt"><code>@parseType="literal"</code></a>
+ in RDF/XML [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-XML">RDF11-XML</a></cite>]).</p></div>
+</section>
+
+<section id="datatype-iris">
+ <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_datatype-iris"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Datatype IRIs</h3>
+
+ <p>Datatypes are identified by <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>. If
+ <var>D</var> is a set of IRIs which are used to refer to
+ datatypes, then the elements of <var>D</var> are called <dfn id="dfn-recognized-datatype-iris">recognized
+ datatype IRIs</dfn>. Recognized IRIs have fixed
+ <a href="#referents">referents</a>. If any <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of the form
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#xxx</code> is recognized, it
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> refer to the RDF-compatible XSD type named <code>xsd:xxx</code> for
+ every XSD type listed in <a href="#xsd-datatypes">section 5.1</a>.
+ Furthermore, the following IRIs are allocated for non-normative
+ datatypes:
+
+ </p><ul>
+ <li>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral</code>
+ refers to the datatype <code><a href="#dfn-rdf-xmlliteral" class="internalDFN">rdf:XMLLiteral</a></code></li>
+ <li>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#HTML</code>
+ refers to the datatype <code><a href="#dfn-rdf-html" class="internalDFN">rdf:HTML</a></code></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_8"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Semantic extensions of RDF might choose to
+ recognize other datatype IRIs
+ and require them to refer to a fixed datatype. See the RDF
+ Semantics specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>] for more information on
+ semantic extensions.</p></div>
+
+ <p>RDF processors are not required to recognize datatype IRIs.
+ Any literal typed with an unrecognized <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is treated just like
+ an unknown <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, i.e. as referring to an unknown thing. Applications
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> give a warning message if they are unable to determine the
+ referent of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> used in a typed literal, but they <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em>
+ reject such RDF as either a syntactic or semantic error.</p><p>
+
+ </p><p>Other specifications <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> impose additional constraints on
+ <a title="datatype IRI" href="#dfn-datatype-iri" class="internalDFN">datatype IRIs</a>, for example, require support
+ for certain datatypes.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_9"><span>Note</span></div><p id="note-custom-datatypes" class="">The Web Ontology Language
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">OWL2-OVERVIEW</a></cite>] offers facilities for formally defining
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/#Datatype_Definitions">custom
+ datatypes</a> that can be used with RDF. Furthermore, a practice for
+ identifying
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-xsch-datatypes/#sec-userDefined">
+ user-defined simple XML Schema datatypes</a>
+ is suggested in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES">SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES</a></cite>]. RDF implementations
+ are not required to support either of these facilities.</p></div>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-fragID" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-fragID"><span class="secno">6. </span>Fragment Identifiers</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>RDF uses <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>, which may include
+ <dfn id="dfn-fragment-identifiers">fragment identifiers</dfn>, as resource identifiers.
+ The semantics of fragment identifiers is
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.5">defined in
+ RFC 3986</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]: They identify a secondary resource
+ that is usually a part of, view of, defined in, or described in
+ the primary resource, and the precise semantics depend on the set
+ of representations that might result from a retrieval action
+ on the primary resource.</p>
+
+ <p>This section discusses the handling of fragment identifiers
+ in representations that encode <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graphs</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In RDF-bearing representations of a primary resource
+ <code><foo></code>,
+ the secondary resource identified by a fragment <code>bar</code>
+ is the <a href="#dfn-resource" class="internalDFN">resource</a> <a title="denote" href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denoted</a> by the
+ full <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code><foo#bar></code> in the <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a>.
+ Since IRIs in RDF graphs can denote anything, this can be
+ something external to the representation, or even external
+ to the web.</p>
+
+ <p>In this way, the RDF-bearing representation acts as an intermediary
+ between the web-accessible primary resource, and some set of possibly
+ non-web or abstract entities that the <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> may describe.</p>
+
+ <p>In cases where other specifications constrain the semantics of
+ fragment identifiers in RDF-bearing representations, the encoded
+ <a href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">RDF graph</a> should use fragment identifiers in a way that is consistent
+ with these constraints. For example, in an HTML+RDFa document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTML-RDFA">HTML-RDFA</a></cite>],
+ the fragment <code>chapter1</code> may identify a document section
+ via the semantics of HTML's <code>@name</code> or <code>@id</code>
+ attributes. The <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code><#chapter1></code> should
+ then be taken to <a href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denote</a> that same section in any RDFa-encoded
+ <a title="RDF triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">triples</a> within the same document.
+ Similarly, fragment identifiers should be used consistently in resources
+ with multiple representations that are made available via
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#frag-coneg">content negotiation</a>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBARCH">WEBARCH</a></cite>]. For example, if the fragment <code>chapter1</code> identifies a
+ document section in an HTML representation of the primary resource, then the
+ <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code><#chapter1></code> should be taken to
+ <a href="#dfn-denote" class="internalDFN">denote</a> that same section in all RDF-bearing representations of the
+ same primary resource.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-generalized-rdf" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-generalized-rdf"><span class="secno">7. </span>Generalized RDF Triples, Graphs, and Datasets</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>It is sometimes convenient to loosen the requirements
+ on <a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">RDF triple</a>s. For example, the completeness
+ of the RDFS entailment rules is easier to show with a
+ generalization of RDF triples.</p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="generalized RDF triple" id="dfn-generalized-rdf-triple">generalized RDF
+ triple</dfn> is a triple having a subject, a predicate,
+ and object, where each can be an <a title="iri" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a
+ <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank node</a> or a
+ <a href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literal</a>. A
+ <dfn title="generalized RDF graph" id="dfn-generalized-rdf-graph">generalized RDF graph</dfn>
+ is a set of generalized RDF triples. A
+ <dfn title="generalized RDF dataset" id="dfn-generalized-rdf-dataset">generalized RDF dataset</dfn>
+ comprises a distinguished generalized RDF graph, and zero
+ or more pairs each associating an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, a blank node or a literal
+ to a generalized RDF graph.</p>
+
+
+ <p>Generalized RDF triples, graphs, and datasets differ
+ from normative RDF <a title="RDF triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple" class="internalDFN">triples</a>,
+ <a title="RDF graph" href="#dfn-rdf-graph" class="internalDFN">graphs</a>, and
+ <a title="RDF dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" class="internalDFN">datasets</a> only
+ by allowing <a title="IRI" href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">IRIs</a>,
+ <a title="blank node" href="#dfn-blank-node" class="internalDFN">blank nodes</a> and
+ <a title="literal" href="#dfn-literal" class="internalDFN">literals</a> to appear
+ in any position, i.e., as subject, predicate, object or graph names.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_10"><span>Note</span></div><p id="note-generalized-rdf" class=""> Any users of
+ generalized RDF triples, graphs or datasets need to be
+ aware that these notions are non-standard extensions of
+ RDF and their use may cause interoperability problems.
+ There is no requirement on the part of any RDF tool to
+ accept, process, or produce anything beyond standard RDF
+ triples, graphs, and datasets. </p></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-Acknowledgments" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-Acknowledgments"><span class="secno">8. </span>Acknowledgments</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The editors acknowledge valuable contributions from Thomas Baker,
+ Tim Berners-Lee, David Booth, Dan Brickley, Gavin Carothers, Jeremy Carroll,
+ Pierre-Antoine Champin, Dan Connolly, John Cowan, Martin J. Dürst,
+ Alex Hall, Steve Harris, Pat Hayes, Ivan Herman, Peter F. Patel-Schneider,
+ Addison Phillips, Eric Prud'hommeaux, Andy Seaborne, Leif Halvard Silli,
+ Nathan Rixham, Dominik Tomaszuk, and Antoine Zimmermann.</p>
+
+ <p>The membership of the RDF Working Group included Thomas Baker,
+ Scott Bauer, Dan Brickley, Gavin Carothers, Pierre-Antoine Champin,
+ Olivier Corby, Richard Cyganiak, Souripriya Das, Ian Davis, Lee Feigenbaum,
+ Fabien Gandon, Charles Greer, Alex Hall, Steve Harris, Sandro Hawke,
+ Pat Hayes, Ivan Herman, Nicholas Humfrey, Kingsley Idehen, Gregg Kellogg,
+ Markus Lanthaler, Arnaud Le Hors, Peter F. Patel-Schneider,
+ Eric Prud'hommeaux, Yves Raimond, Nathan Rixham, Guus Schreiber,
+ Andy Seaborne, Manu Sporny, Thomas Steiner, Ted Thibodeau, Mischa Tuffield,
+ William Waites, Jan Wielemaker, David Wood, Zhe Wu, and Antoine Zimmermann.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="changes" class="appendix informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_changes"><span class="secno">A. </span>Changes between RDF 1.0 and RDF 1.1</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>A detailed overview of the differences between RDF versions 1.0
+ and 1.1 can be found in
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-new/">What’s New in RDF 1.1</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-NEW">RDF11-NEW</a></cite>].</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="change-log" class="appendix informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_change-log"><span class="secno">B. </span>Changes since the 5 November 2013 Candidate Recommendation</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>This section lists changes since the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-rdf11-concepts-20131105/">5 November 2013 Candidate Recommendation (CR)</a>.</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>2013-12-18: Make reference to [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>] non-normative</li>
+ <li>2013-12-18: Update RDF/XML, RDF Schema, and RDF Primer references</li>
+ <li>2013-12-17: Minor editorial changes in response to a review by
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-wg/2013Dec/0225.html">Pat Hayes</a></li>
+ <li>2013-12-17: Update SPARQL reference in the introduction</li>
+ <li>2013-12-16: Minor editorial changes to <a href="#referents" class="sec-ref"><span class="secno">1.3</span> <span class="sec-title">The Referent of an IRI</span></a> in response to a review by
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/2013Oct/0008.html">David Booth</a></li>
+ <li>2013-12-16: Make <code>rdf:HTML</code> and <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> non-normative</li>
+ <li>2013-12-16: Update acknowledgments</li>
+ <li>2013-12-12: Editorial changes in response to a review by
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-wg/2013Dec/0084.html">Thomas Baker</a></li>
+ <li>2013-12-12: Replace <a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#changes">section <span class="secno">A.</span> <span class="sec-title">Changes between RDF 1.0 and RDF 1.1</span></a> with a reference to [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-NEW">RDF11-NEW</a></cite>]</li>
+ <li>2013-12-04: Editorial changes to <a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#section-Graph-Literal">section <span class="secno">3.3</span> <span class="sec-title">Literals</span></a> as <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-wg/2013Nov/0078.html">discussed on the mailing list</a></li>
+ <li>2013-11-06: Editorial changes in response to a <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-wg/2013Nov/0027.html">review by Guus Schreiber</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+<section class="appendix" id="references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_references"><span class="secno">C. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_normative-references"><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">A. Phillips; M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a>. September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-NFC">[NFC]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Davis, Ken Whistler. <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/"><cite>TR15, Unicode Normalization Forms.</cite></a>. 17 September 2010, URL: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> March 1997. Internet RFC 2119. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-UNICODE">[UNICODE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires"><a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/"><cite>The Unicode Standard</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/">http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">[XMLSCHEMA11-2]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">David Peterson; Sandy Gao; Ashok Malhotra; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Henry Thompson; Paul V. Biron et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/"><cite>W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes</cite></a>. 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/">http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_informative-references"><span class="secno">C.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-COOLURIS">[COOLURIS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Leo Sauermann; Richard Cyganiak. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris"><cite>Cool URIs for the Semantic Web</cite></a>. 3 December 2008. W3C Note. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris">http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-DOM4">[DOM4]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Anne van Kesteren; Aryeh Gregor; Ms2ger; Alex Russell; Robin Berjon. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/"><cite>W3C DOM4</cite></a>. 7 November 2013. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/">http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-HTML-RDFA">[HTML-RDFA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Manu Sporny. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html-rdfa/"><cite>HTML+RDFa 1.1</cite></a>. 22 August 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html-rdfa/">http://www.w3.org/TR/html-rdfa/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-HTML5">[HTML5]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Robin Berjon; Steve Faulkner; Travis Leithead; Erika Doyle Navara; Edward O'Connor; Silvia Pfeiffer. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/"><cite>HTML5</cite></a>. 6 August 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/">http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-json-ld-20131105/">JSON-LD 1.0</a>.</cite> 5 November 2013. W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-json-ld-20131105/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-json-ld-20131105/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-LINKED-DATA">[LINKED-DATA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Tim Berners-Lee. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">Linked Data</a></cite>. Personal View, imperfect but published. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">[OWL2-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">W3C OWL Working Group. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/"><cite>OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition)</cite></a>. 11 December 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-DATASETS">[RDF11-DATASETS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Antoine Zimmermann. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-datasets-20131217/">RDF 1.1: On Semantics of Datasets</a></cite>. W3C Working Draft (work in progress), 17 December 2013. The latest version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-datasets/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-datasets/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-MT">[RDF11-MT]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Patrick J. Hayes, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/">RDF 1.1 Semantics.</a></cite> 9 January 2014. W3C Proposed Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-NEW">[RDF11-NEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">David Wood. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-new-20131217/">What’s New in RDF 1.1</a></cite>. W3C Working Draft (work in progress), 17 December 2013. The latest version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-new/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-new/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-PRIMER">[RDF11-PRIMER]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Guus Schreiber, Yves Raimond. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-primer-20131217/">RDF 1.1 Primer</a></cite>. W3C Working Draft (work in progress), 17 December 2013. The latest version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">[RDF11-SCHEMA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">D. Brickley, R. Guha. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-schema-20140109/">RDF Schema 1.1</a></cite>. 9 January 2014. W3C Proposed Edited Recimmendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-schema-20140109/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-schema-20140109/</a>. The latest published version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-TESTCASES">[RDF11-TESTCASES]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/rdf11-testcases/">RDF 1.1 Test Cases</a></cite>. W3C Editor's Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/rdf11-testcases/">http://www.w3.org/2013/rdf11-testcases/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf11-testcases/index.html">https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/raw-file/default/rdf11-testcases/index.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-XML">[RDF11-XML]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Fabien Gandon, Guus Schreiber. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-xml-20140109/">RDF 1.1 XML Syntax</a></cite>. W3C Proposed Edited Recimmendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-xml-20140109/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf-xml-20140109/</a>. The latest published version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-PRIMER">[RDFA-PRIMER]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Ivan Herman; Ben Adida; Manu Sporny; Mark Birbeck. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/"><cite>RDFa 1.1 Primer - Second Edition</cite></a>. 22 August 2013. W3C Note. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax (RFC 3986)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC5785">[RFC5785]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Mark Nottingham; Eran Hammer-Lahav. <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5785.txt"><cite>Defining Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) (RFC 5785)</cite></a>. April 2010. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5785.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5785.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">[SPARQL11-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">The W3C SPARQL Working Group. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/"><cite>SPARQL 1.1 Overview</cite></a>. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/">http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SWBP-N-ARYRELATIONS">[SWBP-N-ARYRELATIONS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Natasha Noy; Alan Rector. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations"><cite>Defining N-ary Relations on the Semantic Web</cite></a>. 12 April 2006. W3C Note. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations">http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES">[SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Jeremy Carroll; Jeff Pan. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-xsch-datatypes"><cite>XML Schema Datatypes in RDF and OWL</cite></a>. 14 March 2006. W3C Note. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-xsch-datatypes">http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-xsch-datatypes</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TRIG">[TRIG]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Gavin Carothers, Andy Seaborne, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-trig-20140109/">TriG: RDF Dataset Language</a></cite>. 9 January 2014. W3C Proposed Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-trig-20140109/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-trig-20140109/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/">http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-turtle-20140109/">RDF 1.1 Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> 9 January 2014. W3C Proposed Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-turtle-20140109/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-turtle-20140109/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-VOCAB-ORG">[VOCAB-ORG]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Dave Reynolds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/"><cite>The Organization Ontology</cite></a>. 25 June 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/">http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-org/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBARCH">[WEBARCH]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Ian Jacobs; Norman Walsh. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/"><cite>Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One</cite></a>. 15 December 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/">http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XML-EXC-C14N">[XML-EXC-C14N]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">John Boyer; Donald Eastlake; Joseph Reagle. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-exc-c14n"><cite>Exclusive XML Canonicalization Version 1.0</cite></a>. 18 July 2002. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-exc-c14n">http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-exc-c14n</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XML-NAMES">[XML-NAMES]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Tim Bray; Dave Hollander; Andrew Layman; Richard Tobin; Henry Thompson et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names"><cite>Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition)</cite></a>. 8 December 2009. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names">http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XML10">[XML10]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Tim Bray; Jean Paoli; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Eve Maler; François Yergeau et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml"><cite>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)</cite></a>. 26 November 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/xml</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>
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