update
authorGuus Schreiber <guus.schreiber@vu.nl>
Fri, 21 Feb 2014 12:57:13 +0100
changeset 1995 184a2b3d15a2
parent 1994 cf2611bfe3d4
child 1996 08bff902cb8b
update
REC-drafts/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/Overview.html
--- a/REC-drafts/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/Overview.html	Fri Feb 21 12:55:10 2014 +0100
+++ b/REC-drafts/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/Overview.html	Fri Feb 21 12:57:13 2014 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1836 @@
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+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='https://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body class="h-entry" role="document" id="respecDocument"><div class="head" role="contentinfo" id="respecHeader">
+  <p>
+    
+      <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" /></a>
+    
+  </p>
+  <h1 property="dcterms:title" id="title" class="title p-name">RDF 1.1 Primer</h1>
+  
+  <h2 content="2014-02-24T23:00:00.000Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime" property="dcterms:issued" id="w3c-working-group-note-25-february-2014"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Group Note <time datetime="2014-02-25" class="dt-published">25 February 2014</time></h2>
+  <dl>
+    
+      <dt>This version:</dt>
+      <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/" class="u-url">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/</a></dd>
+      <dt>Latest published version:</dt>
+      <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/</a></dd>
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+      <dt>Previous version:</dt>
+      <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-primer-20131217/" rel="dcterms:replaces">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-primer-20131217/</a></dd>
+    
+    
+      
+          <dt>Latest Recommendation:</dt>
+          <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer</a></dd>
+      
+    
+    <dt>Editors:</dt>
+    <dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor" class="p-author h-card vcard"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~guus/" content="Guus Schreiber" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage" class="u-url url p-name fn">Guus Schreiber</a>, <a href="http://www.vu.nl/" class="p-org org h-org h-card" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">VU University Amsterdam</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor" class="p-author h-card vcard"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://raimond.me.uk/" content="Yves Raimond" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage" class="u-url url p-name fn">Yves Raimond</a>, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk" class="p-org org h-org h-card" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">BBC</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+    
+    
+      
+        
+          <dt>Previous Editors:</dt>
+          
+             
+                
+                  <dd>
+                    
+                      Frank Manola
+                    
+                  </dd>
+                
+             
+                
+                  <dd>
+                    
+                      Eric Miller
+                    
+                  </dd>
+                
+             
+                
+                  <dd>
+                    
+                      Brian McBride
+                    
+                  </dd>
+                
+             
+          
+        
+      
+    
+  </dl>
+  
+    <p>
+      Please check the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2014/rdf1.1-errata"><strong>errata</strong></a> for any errors or issues
+      reported since publication.
+    </p>
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+      <p class="copyright">
+        <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+        2003-2014
+        
+        <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+        (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+        <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+        <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>), 
+        
+        All Rights Reserved.
+        
+        <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+        <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+        
+          <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a>
+        
+        rules apply.
+      </p>
+    
+  
+  <hr />
+</div>
+
+  <section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_abstract">Abstract</h2>
+    <p>This primer is designed to provide the reader with the basic
+    knowledge required to effectively use RDF. It introduces the basic
+    concepts of RDF and shows concrete examples of the use of RDF.
+    Secs. 3-5 can be used as a minimalist introduction into the key
+    elements of RDF. Changes between RDF 1.1
+    and RDF 1.0 (2004 version) are summarized in a separate document: &quot;What's New in RDF
+    1.1&quot; [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-NEW">RDF11-NEW</a></cite>].</p>
+  </section><section class="introductory" id="sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_sotd">Status of This Document</h2>
+  
+    
+      
+        <p>
+          <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication.
+          Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the
+          latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at
+          http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
+        </p>
+        
+    <p>This document is part of the RDF 1.1 document suite. It is an
+    informative note on the key concepts of RDF. For a normative
+    specification of RDF 1.1 the reader is referred to the RDF
+    1.1. Concepts and Abstract Syntax document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+  
+        <p>
+          This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> as a Working Group Note.
+          
+          
+            If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to 
+            <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a> 
+            (<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+            <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">archives</a>).
+          
+          
+          
+          
+            All comments are welcome.
+          
+        </p>
+        
+        
+          <p>
+            Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
+            Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
+            documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
+            progress.
+          </p>
+        
+        
+        
+        <p>
+          
+            This document was produced by a group operating under the 
+            <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/" rel="w3p:patentRules" about="" id="sotd_patent">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent
+            Policy</a>.
+          
+          
+          
+            
+              <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a rel="disclosure" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status">public list of any patent
+              disclosures</a> 
+            
+            made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
+            instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent
+            which the individual believes contains
+            <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
+            Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with
+            <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
+            6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+          
+          
+        </p>
+        
+      
+    
+  
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_toc">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc" role="directory" id="respecContents"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-use-cases" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Why Use RDF?</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-data-model" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>RDF Data Model</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-triple" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Triples</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-IRI" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-literal" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-blank-node" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Blank nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-multiple-graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>Multiple graphs</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-vocabulary" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>RDF Vocabularies</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-graph-syntax" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Writing RDF graphs</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-turtle-family" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Turtle family of RDF languages</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-n-triples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>N-Triples</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-turtle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Turtle</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-trig" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>TriG</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-n-quads" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>N-Quads</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-json-ld" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>JSON-LD</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>RDFa</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-rdfxml" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>RDF/XML</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-semantics" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Semantics of RDF Graphs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>RDF Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-conclusion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>More Information</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-Acknowledgments" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgments</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+  
+
+
+<section id="section-Introduction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-Introduction"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+      
+    <p>The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for
+    expressing information about <strong id="resource">resources</strong>. Resources
+    can be anything, including documents, people, physical objects, and abstract
+    concepts.</p>
+
+    <p>RDF is intended for situations in which information on the Web needs to
+    be processed by applications, rather than being only displayed to
+    people. RDF provides a common framework for expressing this
+    information so it can be exchanged between applications without
+    loss of meaning. Since it is a common framework, application
+    designers can leverage the availability of common RDF parsers and
+    processing tools. The ability to exchange information between
+    different applications means that the information may be made
+    available to applications other than those for which it was
+    originally created. </p>
+
+    <p>In particular RDF can be used to publish and interlink data on the Web.
+    For example, retrieving <code>http://www.example.org/bob#me</code>
+    could provide data about Bob, including the fact that he
+    knows Alice, as identified by her IRI (an IRI is an &quot;International
+    Resource Identifier&quot;; see <a href="#section-IRI">Sec. 3.2</a> for details).
+    Retrieving Alice's IRI could then provide more data about her, including links
+    to other datasets for her friends, interests, etc. A person or
+    an automated process can then follow such links and aggregate data about these
+    various things. Such uses of RDF are often
+    qualified as Linked Data [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-LINKED-DATA">LINKED-DATA</a></cite>]. </p>
+    
+    <p>This document is not normative and does not give a complete
+    account of RDF 1.1. Normative
+    specifications of RDF can be found in the following documents: </p>
+    <ul>
+      <li>A document describing the basic concepts underlying RDF, as
+      well as abstract syntax (&quot;RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax&quot;)
+      [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]</li>
+      <li>A document describing the formal model-theoretic semantics
+      of RDF (&quot;RDF Semantics&quot;) [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>]</li>
+      <li>Specifications of concrete syntaxes for RDF:
+        <ul>
+	  <li>Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>] and TriG [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TRIG">TRIG</a></cite>]</li>
+	  <li>JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] (JSON based)</li>
+	  <li>RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-PRIMER">RDFA-PRIMER</a></cite>] (for HTML embedding)</li>
+	  <li>N-Triples [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-N-TRIPLES">N-TRIPLES</a></cite>] and N-Quads [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-N-QUADS">N-QUADS</a></cite>]
+          (line-based exchange formats)</li>
+	  <li>RDF/XML [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-XML">RDF11-XML</a></cite>] (the original 2004 syntax, updated
+          for RDF 1.1)</li>
+	</ul></li> 
+      <li>A document describing RDF Schema [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>], which
+    provides a data-modeling vocabulary for RDF data. </li>
+    </ul>
+    
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-use-cases" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-use-cases"><span class="secno">2. </span>Why Use RDF?</h2>
+
+    <p>The following illustrates various different uses of RDF, aimed
+    at different communities of practice.</p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Adding machine-readable information to Web pages using, for example,
+      the popular <a href="http://schema.org">schema.org</a>
+      vocabulary, enabling them to be displayed 
+      in an enhanced format on search engines or to be processed automatically
+      by third-party applications.</li>
+      <li>Enriching a dataset by linking it to third-party
+      datasets. For example, a dataset about 
+      paintings could be enriched by linking them to the corresponding 
+      artists in <a href="http://www.wikidata.org">Wikidata</a>,  
+      therefore giving access to a wide range of information about
+      them and related resources.</li> 
+      <li>Interlinking API feeds, making sure that clients can easily
+      discover how to access more information.</li> 
+      <li>Using the datasets currently published as Linked Data
+      [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-LINKED-DATA">LINKED-DATA</a></cite>], for example 
+      building aggregations of data around specific topics.</li>
+      <li>Building distributed social networks by interlinking RDF
+      descriptions of people 
+      across multiple Web sites.</li>
+      <li>Providing a standards-compliant way for exchanging data
+      between databases.</li> 
+      <li>Interlinking various datasets within an organisation,
+      enabling cross-dataset queries to 
+      be performed using SPARQL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">SPARQL11-OVERVIEW</a></cite>].</li>
+    </ul>
+    
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-data-model" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-data-model"><span class="secno">3. </span>RDF Data Model</h2>
+    
+    <section id="section-triple" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-triple"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Triples</h3>
+    
+    <p>RDF allows us to make statements about resources.
+    The format of these statements is simple. A statement always
+    has the following structure:</p><p>
+   </p><pre>      &lt;subject&gt; &lt;predicate&gt; &lt;object&gt;
+    </pre>
+
+    
+<!--
+    <p>The <strong>subject</strong> represents the resource we like to
+    make a statement about. The <strong>predicate</strong> represents
+    a property of the subject. The
+    <strong>object</strong> represents a value of the property 
+    for this subject. Because RDF statements consist of three elements they are called
+    <strong>triples</strong>.</p>
+    -->
+
+    
+    <p>An RDF statement expresses a relationship between two resources.
+    The <strong>subject</strong> and the <strong>object</strong>
+    represent the two resources being
+    related; the <strong>predicate</strong> represents the nature of their
+    relationship. The relationship is phrased in  a directional way
+    (from subject to object) and is called in RDF a
+    <strong>property</strong>.  Because RDF statements consist of
+    three elements they are called <strong>triples</strong>.
+    </p>
+    
+    <p>Here are examples of RDF triples (informally expressed in pseudocode):</p> 
+
+    <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample triples (informal)</div><pre id="example1" class="example">&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is a&gt; &lt;person&gt;.
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is a friend of&gt; &lt;Alice&gt;.
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is born on&gt; &lt;the 4th of July 1990&gt;. 
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is interested in&gt; &lt;the Mona Lisa&gt;.
+&lt;the Mona Lisa&gt; &lt;was created by&gt; &lt;Leonardo da Vinci&gt;.
+&lt;the video 'La Joconde à Washington'&gt; &lt;is about&gt; &lt;the Mona Lisa&gt;</pre></div>
+    
+    <p>The same resource is often referenced in multiple triples. In the example above, 
+    Bob is the subject of four triples, and the Mona Lisa is the subject of 
+    one and the object of two triples. This ability to have the same resource be 
+    in the subject position of one triple and the object position of another 
+    makes it possible to find connections between triples, which is an 
+    important part of RDF's power.</p> 
+
+    <p>We can visualize triples as a connected
+    <strong>graph</strong>. Graphs consists 
+    of nodes and arcs. The subjects and
+    objects of the triples make up the nodes in the graph; the
+    predicates form the arcs. <a href="#fig1" class="fig-ref">Fig. 1</a>
+    shows the graph resulting from the sample triples.</p> 
+
+    <figure id="fig1">
+      <img alt="Informal graphs of the sample triples" src="example-graph.jpg" class="graph" />
+      <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">1</span> <span class="fig-title">Informal graph of the sample triples</span></figcaption>
+    </figure>
+
+   <p>Once you have a graph like this you can use SPARQL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">SPARQL11-OVERVIEW</a></cite>] to
+    query for e.g. people interested in paintings by Leonardo da
+    Vinci.</p>
+
+    <p>The RDF Data Model is described in this section
+    in the form of an &quot;abstract syntax&quot;, i.e. a data model that is independent of a
+    particular concrete syntax (the syntax used to represent triples stored in
+    text files).  Different concrete syntaxes may 
+    produce exactly the same graph from the perspective of the
+    abstract syntax. The semantics of RDF graphs [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>] are defined in
+    terms of this abstract syntax. Concrete RDF syntax is introduced
+    later in <a href="#section-graph-syntax">Sec. 5</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>In the next three subsections we discuss the three types of RDF data
+    that occur in triples: IRIs, literals and blank nodes. </p>
+    
+    </section>
+
+    <section id="section-IRI" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-IRI"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>IRIs</h3>
+
+
+    <p>The abbreviation IRI is short for &quot;International Resource
+    Identifier&quot;. An <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-IRIs">IRI</a>
+    identifies a resource. The URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that
+    people use as Web addresses are one form of IRI. Other forms of IRI
+    provide an identifier for a resource without implying its location
+    or how to access it. The notion of IRI is a 
+    generalization of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), allowing
+    non-ASCII characters to be used in the IRI character string. IRIs are specified
+    in RFC 3987 [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. 
+
+    </p><p>IRIs can appear in <strong>all three positions</strong> of a triple. </p>
+
+    <p>As mentioned, IRIs are used to identify resources such as documents,
+    people, physical objects, and abstract concepts.  
+    For example, the IRI for Leonardo da Vinci in <a href="http://dbpedia.org">DBpedia</a> is:</p>
+
+      <div class="example"><a href="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci">http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci</a></div>
+
+      <p>The IRI for an <a href="http://www.ina.fr">INA</a> video about the Mona Lisa entitled 'La Joconde à Washington' in <a href="http://www.europeana.eu">Europeana</a> is:</p>
+
+      <div class="example"><a href="http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619">http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619</a></div>
+
+    <p>IRIs are global identifiers, so other people can re-use this
+    IRI to identify the same thing. For example, the following IRI is
+    used by many people as an RDF property to state an acquaintance 
+    relationship between people:</p>
+
+    <div class="example"><a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows</a></div>
+      
+    <p>RDF is agnostic about what the IRI represents. However,
+    IRIs may be given meaning by particular vocabularies or
+    conventions. For example, <a href="http://wiki.dbpedia.org/Datasets#h338-3">DBpedia</a>  uses IRIs of the form
+    <code>http://dbpedia.org/resource/Name</code> to denote the thing
+    described by the corresponding Wikipedia article.</p>
+    
+    </section>
+
+    <section id="section-literal" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+      <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-literal"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Literals</h3>
+
+      <p>
+      <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Graph-Literal">Literals</a>
+      are basic values that are not IRIs. Examples of literals include
+      strings such as &quot;La Joconde&quot;, dates such as &quot;the 4th of July, 1990&quot;
+      and numbers such as &quot;3.14159&quot;. 
+      Literals are associated with a <i>datatype</i> enabling such
+      values to be parsed and interpreted correctly.  
+      String literals can optionally be associated with a <i>language
+      tag</i>. For example, &quot;Léonard de Vinci&quot; could 
+      be associated with the &quot;fr&quot; language tag and &quot;李奥纳多·达·文西&quot;
+      with the &quot;zh&quot; language tag.</p> 
+
+     
+<!--
+     <p class="note">The 2004 version of RDF contained the notion of a
+     "plain literal" with no datatype. This feature has been removed, as the
+     distinction between "plain" literals and literals with datatype
+     <code>string</code> was confusing. RDF syntaxes such as Turtle allow
+     writing of literals without an explicit datatype and treat this
+     as syntactic sugar for a <code>string</code>
+     datatype. The special datatype
+     <code>rdf:langString</code> is assigned to language-tagged
+     literals.</p> 
+     -->
+
+    
+     <p>Literals may only appear in the <strong>object position</strong> of a triple.</p>
+
+     <p>The RDF Concepts document provides a (non-exhaustive)
+     <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Datatypes">list
+     of datatypes</a>.  This includes many datatypes defined by XML
+     Schema, such as string, boolean, integer, decimal and date. </p>
+      
+    </section>
+
+    <section id="section-blank-node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+      <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-blank-node"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Blank nodes</h3>
+
+      <p>IRIs and literals together provide the basic material for
+      writing down RDF statements. In addition, it is sometimes handy
+      to be able to talk about resources without bothering to use a global
+      identifier.  For example, we might want to state that the Mona
+      Lisa painting has in its background an unidentified tree which
+      we know to be a cypress tree. Resources without identifiers such as the 
+      painting's cypress tree can be represented by <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-blank-nodes">&quot;blank 
+      nodes&quot;</a> in RDF. Blank nodes are like simple
+      variables in algebra; they represent some thing without saying
+      what their value is.
+      </p>
+
+      <p>Blank nodes can appear in the <strong>subject and object
+      position</strong> of a triple. They can be used 
+      to denote resources without explicitly naming them with an
+      IRI.</p>
+
+    <figure id="fig2">
+      <img alt="Blank node example: cypress tree" src="example-blank-node.jpg" class="graph" />
+      <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">2</span> <span class="fig-title">Informal blank node example: the background of the Mona Lisa depicts
+        an unnamed resource that belongs to the class of cypress trees.</span></figcaption>
+    </figure>
+
+
+    </section>
+
+    <section id="section-multiple-graphs" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+      <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-multiple-graphs"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>Multiple graphs</h3>
+
+      <p>RDF provides a mechanism to group RDF statements in multiple
+      graphs and associate graphs with an IRI . Multiple graphs are a recent extension of the RDF
+      data model. In practice, RDF tool builders and data managers
+      needed a mechanism to talk about subsets of a collection of
+      triples. Multiple graphs were first introduced in the RDF query
+      language SPARQL. The RDF data model was therefore extended with a notion of
+      multiple graphs that is closely aligned with SPARQL.</p>
+
+      <p>Multiple graphs in
+      an RDF document constitute an
+      <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-dataset">RDF 
+      dataset</a>. An RDF dataset may have multiple named graphs and
+      at most one unnamed (&quot;default&quot;) graph. </p><p> 
+
+      </p><p>For example, the
+      statements in the <a href="#example1">Example 1</a>
+      could be grouped in two named
+      graphs. A first graph could be provided by a social networking
+      site and identified by <code>http://example.org/bob</code>:</p> 
+
+      <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: First graph in the sample dataset</div><pre class="example">&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is a&gt; &lt;person&gt;.
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is a friend of&gt; &lt;Alice&gt;.
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is born on&gt; &lt;the 4th of July 1990&gt;.
+&lt;Bob&gt; &lt;is interested in&gt; &lt;the Mona Lisa&gt;.</pre></div>
+
+      <p>The IRI associated with the graph is
+      called the &quot;graph name&quot; [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]. </p>
+      
+      <p>A second graph could be provided by <a href="http://www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a> 
+      and identified by
+      <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418</code>:</p> 
+
+      <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Second graph in the sample dataset</div><pre class="example">&lt;Leonardo da Vinci&gt; &lt;is the creator of&gt; &lt;the Mona Lisa&gt;.
+&lt;The video 'La Joconde à Washington'&gt; &lt;is about&gt; &lt;the Mona Lisa&gt;</pre></div>
+
+      <p>Below is an example of an unnamed graph. It contains two triples that
+      have the graph name <code>&lt;http://example.org/bob&gt;</code>
+      as subject. The triples associate publisher and license information with
+      this graph IRI: </p>
+
+      <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Unnamed graph in the sample dataset</div><pre class="example">&lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; &lt;is published by&gt; &lt;http://example.org&gt;.
+&lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; &lt;has license&gt; &lt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/&gt;.</pre></div>
+
+      <p> In this example dataset we assume graph
+      names represent the source of the RDF data held within the
+      corresponding graphs, i.e. by retrieving
+      <code>&lt;http://example.org/bob&gt;</code> we would get access to the four triples
+      in that graph.</p> 
+
+      <div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_1"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">RDF provides no way to convey this semantic
+      assumption (i.e., that graph names represent the source of the
+      RDF data) to other readers of the dataset. Those readers will 
+      need to rely on out-of-band knowledge to interpret the dataset
+      in the intended way. Possible semantics of datasets are described in a separate note
+      [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-DATASETS">RDF11-DATASETS</a></cite>]. </p></div> 
+
+    <figure id="fig3">
+      <img alt="Informal graph of the sample dataset" src="example-multiple-graphs.jpg" class="graph" />
+      <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">3</span> <span class="fig-title">Informal graph of the sample dataset</span></figcaption>
+    </figure>
+
+      <p><a href="#section-trig">Sec. 5.1.3</a> provides an example
+    of concrete syntax for this graph.</p>
+
+    </section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-vocabulary" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-vocabulary"><span class="secno">4. </span>RDF Vocabularies</h2>
+
+    <p>The RDF data model provides a way to make statements about
+    resources. As we mentioned, this data model does not make any
+    assumptions about what resource IRIs stand for. In practice, RDF
+    is typically used in combination with vocabularies or other
+    conventions that provide semantic information about these
+    resources. </p>
+
+    <p>To support the definition of vocabularies RDF provides
+    the RDF-Schema language
+    [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">RDF11-SCHEMA</a></cite>]. This language allows one to define semantic
+    characteristics of
+    RDF data. For example, one can state that the IRI 
+    <code>http://www.example.org/friendOf</code> can be used as a property and that the
+    subjects and objects of <code>http://www.example.org/friendOf</code> triples must be
+    resources of class <code>http://www.example.org/Person</code>. </p><p> 
+
+    </p><p>RDF Schema uses the notion of <strong>class</strong> to
+    specify categories that can be used to classify resources. The
+    relation between an instance and its class is stated through the
+    <strong>type</strong> property. One can create create hierarchies
+    of classes and sub-classes and of
+    properties and sub-properties. Type restrictions on the subjects
+    and objects of particular triples can be defined through
+    <strong>domain</strong> and <strong>range</strong>
+    restrictions. An example of a domain restriction was given above:
+    subjects of &quot;friendOf&quot;  triples should be ofn class &quot;Person&quot;.</p>
+
+    <p>The main modeling
+    constructs provided by RDF Schema are summarized in the table below:</p>
+
+
+<table id="table-rdf-schema">
+  <caption>Table 1: RDF Schema Constructs</caption> 
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Construct</th>
+      <th>Syntactic form</th>
+      <th>Description</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_classes">Class</a> (a class)</td>
+      <td><strong>C</strong> <code>rdf:type rdfs:Class</code></td>
+      <td><strong>C</strong> (a resource) is an RDF class</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_property">Property</a> (a class)</td>
+      <td><strong>P</strong> <code>rdf:type rdf:Property</code></td>
+      <td><strong>P</strong> (a resource) is an RDF property</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">type</a> (a property)</td>
+      <td><strong>I</strong> <code>rdf:type</code> <strong>C</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>I</strong> (a resource) is an instance of <strong>C</strong> (a class)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_subclassof">subClassOf</a> (a property)</td>
+      <td><strong>C1</strong> <code>rdfs:subClassOf</code> <strong>C2</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>C1</strong> (a class) is a subclass of <strong>C2</strong> (a class)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_subpropertyof">subPropertyOf</a> (a property)</td>
+      <td><strong>P1</strong> <code>rdfs:subPropertyOf</code> <strong>P2</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>P1</strong> (a property) is a sub-property of <strong>P2</strong> (a property)</td>
+   </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_domain">domain</a> (a property)</td>
+      <td><strong>P</strong> <code>rdfs:domain</code> <strong>C</strong></td>
+      <td>domain of <strong>P</strong> (a property) is <strong>C</strong> (a class)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_range">range</a> (a property)</td>
+      <td><strong>P</strong> <code>rdfs:range</code> <strong>C</strong></td>
+      <td>range of <strong>P</strong> (a property) is <strong>C</strong> (a class)</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_2"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">The syntactic form (second column) is in a prefix
+notation wich is discussed in more detail in 
+<a href="#section-graph-syntax">Sec. 5</a>.
+The fact that the constructs have two different prefixes
+(<code>rdf:</code> and <code>rdfs:</code>) is a somewhat annoying
+historical artefact, which is preserved for backward
+compatibility.</p></div>
+
+<p>With the help of RDF Schema one can build a model of RDF data. A
+simple informal example:</p>
+
+  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: RDF Schema triples (informal)</div><pre id="rdfs-example" class="example">&lt;Person&gt; &lt;<strong>type</strong>&gt; &lt;Class&gt;
+&lt;is a friend of&gt; &lt;<strong>type</strong>&gt; &lt;Property&gt;
+&lt;is a friend of&gt; &lt;<strong>domain</strong>&gt; &lt;Person&gt;
+&lt;is a friend of&gt; &lt;<strong>range</strong>&gt; &lt;Person&gt;
+&lt;is a good friend of&gt; &lt;<strong>subPropertyOf</strong>&gt; &lt;is a friend of&gt;</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that, while <code>&lt;is a friend of&gt;</code> is a 
+property typically used as the predicate of a triple (as it was in 
+<a href="#example1">Example 1</a>), properties like this are themselves resources that can be 
+described by triples or provide values in the descriptions of other 
+resources. In this example, <code>&lt;is a friend of&gt;</code> is the subject of triples 
+that assign type, domain, and range values to it, and it's the object of 
+a triple that describes something about the <code>&lt;is a good friend of&gt;</code> 
+property.
+
+</p><p>One of first RDF vocabularies used worldwide was the
+<a href="http://www.foaf-project.org/">&quot;Friend of a Friend&quot;</a> (FOAF)
+vocabulary for describing social networks. Other typical examples of RDF
+vocabularies are:</p>
+
+<dl>
+  <dt><a href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/">Dublin Core</a></dt>
+  <dd>The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative maintains a metadata element
+  set for describing a wide range of resources. The vocabulary provides
+  properties such as &quot;creator&quot;, &quot;publisher&quot; and &quot;title&quot;.</dd>
+
+  <dt><a href="http://schema.org/">schema.org</a>
+  </dt><dd>Schema.org is a vocabulary developed by a group of major search
+  providers. The idea is that webmasters can use these terms to mark-up
+  Web pages, so that search engines understand what the pages are
+  about.</dd>
+  
+  <dt><a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/">SKOS</a></dt>
+  <dd>SKOS is a vocabulary for publishing classification schemes
+  such as terminologies and thesauri on the Web. SKOS is since 2009 a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
+  recommendation and is widely used in the library world. The Library of
+  Congress published its Subject Headings as a <a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html">SKOS
+  vocabulary</a>.</dd> 
+</dl>
+
+<p>Vocabularies get their value from reuse: the more vocabulary IRIs
+are reused by others, the more valuable it becomes to use the
+IRIs (the so-called network effect). This means you should prefer
+re-using someone else's IRI instead of inventing a new one. </p>
+
+<p>For a formal specification of the semantics of the RDF Schema
+constructs the reader is referred to
+the RDF Semantics document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>]. Users interested in more comprehensive
+semantic modeling of RDF data might consider using OWL
+[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">OWL2-OVERVIEW</a></cite>]. OWL is an RDF vocabulary, so it can be
+used in combination with RDF Schema.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-graph-syntax" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-graph-syntax"><span class="secno">5. </span>Writing RDF graphs</h2>
+
+    <p>Many different concrete syntaxes exist for writing down RDF
+    graphs. However, different ways of writing down the same graph lead
+    to exactly the same triples, and are thus logically equivalent. </p>
+
+    <p>In this section we briefly introduce, through annotated examples, the following syntaxes:</p>
+<ol>
+  <li>Turtle family of RDF languages
+    (<a href="#section-n-triples">N-Triples</a>,
+     <a href="#section-turtle">Turtle</a>,
+     <a href="#section-trig">TriG</a> and
+     <a href="#section-n-quads">N-Quads</a>);</li>
+  <li><a href="#section-json-ld">JSON-LD</a> (JSON-based RDF syntax);</li>
+  <li><a href="#section-rdfa">RDFa</a> (for HTML and XML embedding);</li>
+  <li><a href="#section-rdfxml">RDF/XML</a> (XML syntax for RDF). </li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_3"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">
+Tip: we suggest to read Sec. 5.1 on the Turtle-related syntaxes and to read
+the sections on JSON-LD, RDFa and RDF/XML only when you are
+interested in that particular usage of RDF. </p></div>
+
+<section id="section-turtle-family" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-turtle-family"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Turtle family of RDF languages</h3>
+
+<p>In this subsection we introduce four concrete syntaxes for RDF
+which are closely related. We start with N-Triples, as it provides
+basic syntax for writing down RDF triples. The Turtle syntax
+extends this basic syntax with various forms of syntactic sugar to improve
+readability. Subsequently we discuss TriG and N-Quads, which are extensions of Turtle
+respectively N-Triples to encode multiple graphs. Together, these four are
+referred to as the &quot;Turtle family of RDF languages&quot;.
+
+</p><section id="section-n-triples" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_section-n-triples"><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>N-Triples</h4>
+
+<p>N-Triples [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-N-TRIPLES">N-TRIPLES</a></cite>]  provides a simple line-based, plain-text way for serializing RDF
+graphs. The informal graph in <a href="#fig1" class="fig-ref">Fig. 1</a> can be represented in N-Triples in the
+following way:</p> 
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: N-Triples</div><pre id="n-triples-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">02</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&gt; &lt;http://example.org/alice#me&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">03</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://schema.org/birthDate&gt; &quot;1990-07-04&quot;^^&lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">04</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/topic_interest&gt; &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">05</span>    &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/title&gt; &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; .
+<span class="linenum">06</span>    &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator&gt; &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">07</span>    &lt;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject&gt; &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; .</pre></div>
+
+<p>Each line represents a triple. Full IRIs are enclosed in angle brackets
+(<code>&lt;&gt;</code>). The period at the end of the line signals the
+end of the triple. In line 3 we see an example of a literal, in this case a date. The
+datatype is appended to the literal through a <code>^^</code> delimiter. The date
+representation follows the conventions of the XML Schema datatype
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#date">date</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Because string literals are so ubiquitous N-Triples allows the user to
+omit the datatype when writing a string literal. Thus, <code>&quot;Mona
+Lisa&quot;</code> in line 5 is equivalent to 
+<code>&quot;Mona Lisa&quot;^^xsd:string</code>. 
+In case of language-tagged strings the tag
+appears directly after the string, separated by a <code>@</code>
+symbol, e.g. <code>&quot;La Joconde&quot;@fr</code> (the French name of the Mona
+Lisa).</p> 
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h_note_4"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">For technical reasons the datatype of language-tagged
+strings is not <code>xsd:string</code> but
+<code>rdf:langString</code>. The
+datatype of language-tagged strings is never specified explicitly.</p></div>
+
+<p>The figure below shows the triples resulting from the example:</p>
+
+    <figure id="fig4">
+      <img alt="Graph of the sample triples" src="example-graph-iris.jpg" class="graph" />
+      <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">4</span> <span class="fig-title">RDF graph resulting from the N-Triples example</span></figcaption>
+    </figure>
+
+<p>Note that the seven lines in the N-Triples example correspond to the seven
+arcs in the diagram above.</p>
+
+<p>N-Triples is often used for exchanging large amounts of RDF and for
+processing large RDF graphs with line-oriented text processing
+tools. </p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-turtle" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_section-turtle"><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Turtle</h4>
+
+<p>Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>] is an <strong>extension of N-Triples</strong>.
+In addition to the basic N-Triples syntax, Turtle
+introduces a number of syntactic shortcuts, such as
+support for namespace prefixes, lists and shorthands for datatyped 
+literals. Turtle provides a trade-off between ease of
+writing, ease of parsing and readability. The graph shown in
+<a href="#fig4" class="fig-ref">Fig. 4</a> can be
+represented in Turtle as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: Turtle</div><pre id="turtle-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    BASE   &lt;http://example.org/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">02</span>    PREFIX foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">03</span>    PREFIX xsd: &lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&gt;
+<span class="linenum">04</span>    PREFIX schema: &lt;http://schema.org/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">05</span>    PREFIX dcterms: &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">06</span>    PREFIX wd: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">07</span> 
+<span class="linenum">08</span>    &lt;bob#me&gt;
+<span class="linenum">09</span>        a foaf:Person ;
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        foaf:knows &lt;alice#me&gt; ;
+<span class="linenum">11</span>        schema:birthDate &quot;1990-07-04&quot;^^xsd:date ;
+<span class="linenum">12</span>        foaf:topic_interest wd:Q12418 .
+<span class="linenum">13</span>   
+<span class="linenum">14</span>    wd:Q12418
+<span class="linenum">15</span>        dcterms:title &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; ;
+<span class="linenum">16</span>        dcterms:creator &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">17</span>  
+<span class="linenum">18</span>    &lt;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&gt;
+<span class="linenum">19</span>        dcterms:subject wd:Q12418 .</pre></div>
+
+<p>The Turtle example is logically equivalent to the <a href="#n-triples-example">N-Triples</a>
+example. Lines 1-6 contain a number of directives which provide shorthands for
+writing down IRIs. Relative IRIs (such as <code>bob#me</code> on line 8) are 
+resolved agains a base IRI, specified here in line 1.
+Lines 2-6 define IRI prefixes (such as <code>foaf:</code>), which  can
+be use for prefixed names (such as <code>foaf:Person</code>) instead of full IRIs.
+The corresponding IRI is constructed by replacing the prefix with its
+corresponding IRI (in this example <code>foaf:Person</code> stands for
+<code>&lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&gt;</code>).</p>
+
+<p>Lines 8-12 show how Turtle provides a shorthand for a set of
+triples with the same subject. Lines 9-12 specify the predicate-object
+part of triples that have <code>&lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt;</code> as
+their subject. The semicolons at the end of lines 9-11 indicate that
+the predicate-object pair that follows it is part of  
+a new triple that uses the most recent subject shown in the data — in 
+this case <code>bob#me</code>. </p>
+
+<p>Line 9 shows an example of a special kind of syntactic sugar. The triple
+should informally be read as &quot;Bob (is) a Person&quot;. The
+<code>a</code> predicate 
+is a shorthand for the property <code>rdf:type</code> which models the
+instance relation (see <a href="#table-rdf-schema">Table 1</a>).
+The <code>a</code> shorthand is intended to match the human
+intuition about <code>rdf:type</code>. </p>
+
+<h4 id="representation-of-blank-nodes">Representation of blank nodes</h4>
+
+<p>Below is syntactic variants for writing down blank nodes, using the
+earlier cypress tree example:</p>  
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: Blank node</div><pre class="example">PREFIX lio: &lt;http://purl.org/net/lio#&gt; 
+
+&lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mona_Lisa&gt; lio:shows _:x .
+_:x a &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cypress&gt; .</pre></div>
+
+<p>The term <code>_:x</code> is a blank node. It represents an
+unnamed resource depicted in 
+the Mona Lisa painting; the unnamed resource is an instance of the
+<code>Cypress</code> class. The example above provides concrete syntax
+for the informal graph in <a href="#fig2" class="fig-ref">Fig. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turtle also has an alternative notation for blank nodes, which
+does not require the use of the syntax like <code>_:x</code>: </p> 
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Blank nodes (alternative notation)</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt; .
+
+# Some resource (blank node) is interested in some other resource
+# entitled &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; and created by Leonardo da Vinci.
+
+[] foaf:topic_interest [
+          dcterms:title &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; ;
+          dcterms:creator &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt; ] .</pre></div>
+
+<p>Square brackets represent a blank node. Predicate-object pairs within
+the square brackets are interpreted as triples with the blank node as
+subject. Lines starting with '#' represent
+comments. </p>
+
+<p>For more details about the syntax of Turtle please consult the Turtle specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>].</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-trig" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_section-trig"><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>TriG</h4>
+
+<p>The syntax of Turtle supports only the specification of single
+graphs without a means for &quot;naming&quot; them. TriG [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TRIG">TRIG</a></cite>] is an
+<strong>extension of Turtle</strong> enabling the specification of
+multiple graphs in the form of an RDF dataset.</p>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title" aria-level="4" role="heading" id="h_note_5"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">In RDF 1.1 any legal Turtle document is a legal TriG
+document. One could view it as one language. The names Turtle and TriG
+still exist for historical reasons.</p></div> 
+
+<p>The <a href="#section-multiple-graphs">multiple-graphs version of our example</a>
+can be specified in TriG as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: TriG</div><pre id="trig-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    BASE   &lt;http://example.org/&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">02</span>    PREFIX foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">03</span>    PREFIX xsd: &lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">04</span>    PREFIX schema: &lt;http://schema.org/&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">05</span>    PREFIX dcterms: &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">06</span>    PREFIX wd: &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/&gt; 
+<span class="linenum">07</span>    
+<span class="linenum">08</span>    GRAPH &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt;
+<span class="linenum">09</span>      {
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        &lt;bob#me&gt;
+<span class="linenum">11</span>            a foaf:Person ;
+<span class="linenum">12</span>            foaf:knows &lt;alice#me&gt; ;
+<span class="linenum">13</span>            schema:birthDate &quot;1990-07-04&quot;^^xsd:date ;
+<span class="linenum">14</span>            foaf:topic_interest wd:Q12418 .
+<span class="linenum">15</span>      }
+<span class="linenum">16</span>  
+<span class="linenum">17</span>    GRAPH &lt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418&gt;
+<span class="linenum">18</span>      {
+<span class="linenum">19</span>        wd:Q12418
+<span class="linenum">20</span>            dcterms:title &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; ;
+<span class="linenum">21</span>            dcterms:creator &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">22</span>    
+<span class="linenum">23</span>        &lt;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&gt;
+<span class="linenum">24</span>           dcterms:subject wd:Q12418 .
+<span class="linenum">25</span>      }
+<span class="linenum">26</span>  
+<span class="linenum">27</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt;
+<span class="linenum">28</span>        dcterms:publisher &lt;http://example.org&gt; ;
+<span class="linenum">29</span>        dcterms:rights &lt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/&gt; .</pre></div>
+
+    <p>This RDF dataset contains two named graphs. Lines 8 and 17 list
+    the names of these two graphs. The triples in the named graph are
+    placed in between matching curly braces (lines 9 &amp; 15, 18 &amp;
+    25). Optionally you can precede the graph name with the keyword
+    <code>GRAPH</code>. This may improve readability, but it is mainly
+    introduced for alignment with SPARQL Update [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-UPDATE">SPARQL11-UPDATE</a></cite>]. </p>
+
+    <p>The syntax of the triples and of the directives at the top conforms to
+    the Turtle syntax.</p>
+
+    <p>The two triples specified on lines 27-29 are not part of any
+    named graph. Together they form the unnamed (&quot;default&quot;) graph of this RDF
+    dataset.</p>
+
+    <p>The figure below shows the triples resulting from this example.</p>
+
+    <figure id="fig5">
+      <img alt="Triples resulting from the TriG example" src="example-multiple-graphs-iris.jpg" class="graph" />
+      <figcaption>Fig. <span class="figno">5</span> <span class="fig-title">Triples resulting from the TriG example</span></figcaption>
+    </figure>
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-n-quads" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_section-n-quads"><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>N-Quads</h4>
+
+<p>N-Quads [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-N-QUADS">N-QUADS</a></cite>] is a simple extension to N-Triples to enable the exchange of RDF
+datasets. N-Quads allows one to add a fourth element to a line, capturing
+the graph IRI of the triple described on that line.  Here is the
+N-Quads version of the TriG example above:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: N-Quads</div><pre id="n-quads-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&gt; &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">02</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&gt; &lt;http://example.org/alice#me&gt; &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">03</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://schema.org/birthDate&gt; &quot;1990-07-04&quot;^^&lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date&gt; &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">04</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/topic_interest&gt; &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">05</span>    &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/title&gt; &quot;Mona Lisa&quot; &lt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">06</span>    &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator&gt; &lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt; &lt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">07</span>    &lt;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject&gt; &lt;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&gt; &lt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">08</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher&gt; &lt;http://example.org&gt; .
+<span class="linenum">09</span>    &lt;http://example.org/bob&gt; &lt;http://purl.org/dc/terms/rights&gt; &lt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/&gt; .</pre></div>
+
+<p>The nine lines in the N-Quads example correspond to the nine 
+arcs in <a href="#fig5" class="fig-ref">Fig. 5</a>. Lines 1-7 represent quads, where the first
+element constitutes the graph IRI. The part of the quad after the
+graph IRI specifies the
+subject, predicate and object of the statement, following the syntactic
+conventions of N-Triples. Lines 8 and 9 represent the statements in the unnamed (default)
+graph, which lack a fourth element and thus constitute regular triples. </p>
+
+<p></p><p>Like N-Triples, N-Quads is typically used for exchanging large RDF datasets and for
+processing RDF with line-oriented text processing tools. </p>
+     
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-json-ld" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-json-ld"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>JSON-LD</h3>
+
+      <p>JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>]  
+      provides a JSON syntax for RDF graphs and datasets.
+      JSON-LD can be used to transform JSON documents to RDF with
+      minimal changes. JSON-LD offers universal identifiers for
+      JSON objects, a mechanism in which a JSON document can refer to 
+      an object described in another JSON document elsewhere on the
+      Web, as well as datatype and language handling. JSON-LD
+      also provides a way to serialize RDF datasets 
+      through the use of the <code>@graph</code> keyword. </p>
+
+      <p>The following JSON-LD example encodes the graph of <a href="#fig4" class="fig-ref">Fig. 4</a>:</p>
+
+<p>
+
+      </p><div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span>: JSON-LD</div><pre class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    {
+<span class="linenum">02</span>      &quot;@context&quot;: &quot;example-context.json&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">03</span>      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.org/bob#me&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">04</span>      &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;Person&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">05</span>      &quot;birthdate&quot;: &quot;1990-07-04&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">06</span>      &quot;knows&quot;: &quot;http://example.org/alice#me&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">07</span>      &quot;interest&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">08</span>        &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">09</span>        &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Mona Lisa&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        &quot;subject_of&quot;: &quot;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">11</span>        &quot;creator&quot;: &quot;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&quot;
+<span class="linenum">12</span>      }
+<span class="linenum">13</span>    }</pre></div>
+
+      <p>The <code>@context</code> key on line 2
+      points to a JSON document
+      describing how the document can be mapped to an RDF graph (see below).
+      Each JSON object corresponds to an RDF resource. In this example 
+      the main resource being described is
+      <code>http://example.org/bob#me</code>, as
+      specified on line 3, through the use of the <code>@id</code> keyword.
+      The <code>@id</code> keyword, when used as a key in a JSON-LD document, points
+      to an IRI identifying the resource corresponding to the parent JSON object.
+      We describe the type of this resource on line 4, its birth date
+      on line 5 and one of its friends on line 6. From line 7 to 12 we describe 
+      one of its interests, the Mona Lisa painting.</p>
+
+      <p>To describe this painting we create a
+      new JSON object on line 7 and associate it with the Mona Lisa IRI in Wikidata
+      on line 8. We then describe various properties of that painting
+      from line 9 to line 11. </p>
+
+      <p>The JSON-LD context used in this example is given below.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span>: JSON-LD context specification</div><pre class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    {
+<span class="linenum">02</span>      &quot;@context&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">03</span>        &quot;foaf&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&quot;, 
+<span class="linenum">04</span>        &quot;Person&quot;: &quot;foaf:Person&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">05</span>        &quot;interest&quot;: &quot;foaf:topic_interest&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">06</span>        &quot;knows&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">07</span>          &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;foaf:knows&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">08</span>          &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
+<span class="linenum">09</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        &quot;birthdate&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">11</span>          &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://schema.org/birthDate&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">12</span>          &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date&quot;
+<span class="linenum">13</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">14</span>        &quot;dcterms&quot;: &quot;http://purl.org/dc/terms/&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">15</span>        &quot;title&quot;: &quot;dcterms:title&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">16</span>        &quot;creator&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">17</span>          &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;dcterms:creator&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">18</span>          &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
+<span class="linenum">19</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">20</span>        &quot;subject_of&quot;: {
+<span class="linenum">21</span>          &quot;@reverse&quot;: &quot;dcterms:subject&quot;,
+<span class="linenum">22</span>          &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
+<span class="linenum">23</span>        }
+<span class="linenum">24</span>      }
+<span class="linenum">25</span>    }</pre></div>
+
+      <p>This context describes how a JSON-LD document can be mapped
+      to an RDF graph. On lines 4 to 9 it will describe how to map
+      <code>Person</code>, <code>interest</code> and <code>knows</code>
+      to types and properties in the FOAF namespace defined
+      on line 3. We also specify on line 8 that the <code>knows</code>
+      key has a value that will be interpreted as an IRI, through
+      the use of the <code>@type</code> and <code>@id</code> keywords.</p>
+
+      <p>From line 10 to line 12 we map <code>birthdate</code> to
+      a schema.org property IRI and specify that its value can
+      be mapped to an <code>xsd:date</code> datatype. </p>
+
+      <p>From line 16 to line 23 we describe how to map
+      <code>title</code>, <code>creator</code> and <code>subject_of</code>
+      to Dublin Core property IRIs. In particular the <code>@reverse</code>
+      keyword on line 21 means that whenever we
+      encounter <code>&quot;subject_of&quot;: &quot;x&quot;</code> in a JSON-LD document using this
+      context we will map it to an RDF triple which subject is the <code>x</code>
+      IRI, which property is <code>dcterms:subject</code> and
+      which object is the resource corresponding to the parent JSON object.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-rdfa" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"> 
+<h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-rdfa"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>RDFa</h3>
+  
+<p>RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-PRIMER">RDFA-PRIMER</a></cite>] is an RDF syntax that  can be used to embed RDF data within
+HTML and XML documents. This enables, for example, search engines to aggregate
+this data when crawling the Web and use it to enrich search
+results (see, e.g., <a href="http://schema.org">schema.org</a> 
+and <a href="https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/99170?hl=en">Rich
+Snippets</a>). </p>
+
+<p>The HTML example below encodes the
+RDF graph depicted in <a href="#fig4" class="fig-ref">Fig. 4</a>:</p>
+  
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span>: RDFa</div><pre id="rdfa-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>  &lt;body prefix=&quot;foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+<span class="linenum">02</span>                   schema: http://schema.org/
+<span class="linenum">03</span>                   dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">04</span>    &lt;div resource=&quot;http://example.org/bob#me&quot; typeof=&quot;foaf:Person&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">05</span>      &lt;p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">06</span>        Bob knows &lt;a property=&quot;foaf:knows&quot; href=&quot;http://example.org/alice#me&quot;&gt;Alice&lt;/a&gt;
+<span class="linenum">07</span>        and was born on the &lt;time property=&quot;schema:birthDate&quot; datatype=&quot;xsd:date&quot;&gt;1990-07-04&lt;/time&gt;.
+<span class="linenum">08</span>      &lt;/p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">09</span>      &lt;p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        Bob is interested in &lt;span property=&quot;foaf:topic_interest&quot;
+<span class="linenum">11</span>        resource=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;&gt;the Mona Lisa&lt;/span&gt;.
+<span class="linenum">12</span>      &lt;/p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">13</span>    &lt;/div&gt;
+<span class="linenum">14</span>    &lt;div resource=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">15</span>      &lt;p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">16</span>        The &lt;span property=&quot;dcterms:title&quot;&gt;Mona Lisa&lt;/span&gt; was painted by
+<span class="linenum">17</span>        &lt;a property=&quot;dcterms:creator&quot; href=&quot;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&quot;&gt;Leonardo da Vinci&lt;/a&gt;
+<span class="linenum">18</span>        and is the subject of the video
+<span class="linenum">19</span>        &lt;a href=&quot;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&quot;&gt;'La Joconde à Washington'&lt;/a&gt;.
+<span class="linenum">20</span>      &lt;/p&gt;
+<span class="linenum">21</span>    &lt;/div&gt;
+<span class="linenum">22</span>    &lt;div resource=&quot;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">23</span>        &lt;link property=&quot;dcterms:subject&quot; href=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">24</span>    &lt;/div&gt;
+<span class="linenum">25</span>  &lt;/body&gt;</pre></div>
+
+<p>The example above contains four special RDFa attributes to enable 
+specification of RDF triples within HTML: <code>resource</code>,
+<code>property</code>, <code>typeof</code> and <code>prefix</code>.</p><p>
+
+</p><p>The <code>prefix</code> attribute in line 1 specifies IRI
+shorthands in a similar fashion as the Turtle prefixes. Strictly
+speaking, these particular prefixes could have been omitted, as RDFa has a
+list of <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdfa-context/rdfa-1.1">predefined
+prefixes</a> which includes the ones used in this example.</p>
+
+<p>The <code>div</code> elements in lines 4 and 14 have a <code>resource</code> 
+attribute specifying the IRI about which RDF statements can be
+made within this HTML element. The meaning of the <code>typeof</code>
+attribute in line 4 is similar to the <code>(is) a</code> shorthand in
+Turtle: the subject <code>http://example.org/bob#me</code> is an
+instance (<code>rdf:type</code>) of the class <code>foaf:Person</code>.</p><p>
+
+</p><p>In line 6 we see a <code>property</code> attribute; the value
+of this attribute (<code>foaf:knows</code>) is interpreted as an RDF
+property IRI; the value of the <code>href</code> attribute
+(<code>http://example.org/alice#me</code>) is
+interpreted here as the object of the triple. Thus, the RDF statement
+that results from line 6 is:</p><p>
+
+</p><pre><code>&lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&gt; &lt;http://example.org/alice#me&gt; .</code>
+</pre>
+
+<p>In line 7 we see a triple with as object a literal value. The
+<code>property</code> attribute is specified here on the HTML
+<code>time</code> element. HTML requires that the content of the time
+element should be some valid <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-time-element">time
+value</a>. By using the built-in HTML semantics of the
+<code>time</code> element RDFa can interpret
+the value as an <code>xsd:date</code> without an explicit datatype declaration.</p><p>
+
+</p><p>In lines 10-11 we see the <code>resource</code> attribute also being used for
+specifying the object of a triple. This approach is used when the object is an
+IRI and the IRI itself is not part of the HTML content (such as an <code>href</code>
+attribute). Line 16 contains a second example of a literal (&quot;Mona
+Lisa&quot;), defined here as content of the <code>span</code> attribute. If
+RDFa cannot infer the datatype of the literal, it will assume the
+datatype to be <code>xsd:string</code>. </p>
+
+<p>It is not always possible to define RDF statements as part of the
+HTML content of the document. In that case it is possible to use HTML
+constructs that do not render content to specify a triple. An example
+can be found on lines 22-23. The HTML <code>link</code> element on
+line 23 is used here to specify what 
+the subject of the Europeana video (line 22) is. </p>  
+
+<p>The use of RDFa in this example is limited to RDFa Lite
+[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-LITE">RDFA-LITE</a></cite>]. For more information about RDFa please consult the RDFa
+Primer [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-PRIMER">RDFA-PRIMER</a></cite>].</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-rdfxml" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+<h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_section-rdfxml"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>RDF/XML</h3>
+
+<p>RDF/XML [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR">RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR</a></cite>] provides an XML syntax for RDF
+graphs. When RDF was original developed in the late 1990s, this was its 
+only syntax, and some people still call this syntax &quot;RDF&quot;. In 2001, a 
+precursor to Turtle called &quot;N3&quot; was proposed, and gradually the other 
+syntaxes listed here have been adopted and standardized. </p>
+
+<p>The RDF/XML example below encodes the 
+RDF graph depicted in <a href="#fig4" class="fig-ref">Fig. 4</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span>: RDF/XML</div><pre id="rdf-xml-example" class="example"><span class="linenum">01</span>    &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;?&gt;
+<span class="linenum">02</span>    &lt;rdf:RDF
+<span class="linenum">03</span>             xmlns:dcterms=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/terms/&quot;
+<span class="linenum">04</span>             xmlns:foaf=&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&quot;
+<span class="linenum">05</span>             xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot;
+<span class="linenum">06</span>             xmlns:schema=&quot;http://schema.org/&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">07</span>       &lt;rdf:Description rdf:about=&quot;http://example.org/bob#me&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">08</span>          &lt;rdf:type rdf:resource=&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">09</span>          &lt;schema:birthDate rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date&quot;&gt;1990-07-04&lt;/schema:birthDate&gt;
+<span class="linenum">10</span>          &lt;foaf:knows rdf:resource=&quot;http://example.org/alice#me&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">11</span>          &lt;foaf:topic_interest rdf:resource=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">12</span>       &lt;/rdf:Description&gt;
+<span class="linenum">13</span>       &lt;rdf:Description rdf:about=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">14</span>          &lt;dcterms:title&gt;Mona Lisa&lt;/dcterms:title&gt;
+<span class="linenum">15</span>          &lt;dcterms:creator rdf:resource=&quot;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">16</span>       &lt;/rdf:Description&gt;
+<span class="linenum">17</span>       &lt;rdf:Description rdf:about=&quot;http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619&quot;&gt;
+<span class="linenum">18</span>          &lt;dcterms:subject rdf:resource=&quot;http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418&quot;/&gt;
+<span class="linenum">19</span>       &lt;/rdf:Description&gt;
+<span class="linenum">20</span>    &lt;/rdf:RDF&gt;</pre></div>
+
+<p>In RDF/XML RDF triples are specified within an XML element
+<code>rdf:RDF</code> (lines 2 and 20). The attributes of the
+<code>rdf:RDF</code> start tag (lines 3-6) provide a shorthand for writing down
+names of XML elements and attributes. The XML element
+<code>rdf:Description</code> (short for
+<code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Description</code>)
+is used to define sets of triples that have as subject the IRI
+specified by the <code>about</code> attribute.  The first description
+block (line 7-12) has four sub-elements. The name of the subelement is
+an IRI representing an RDF property, e.g., <code>rdf:type</code> (line 8). Here, each
+subelement represents one triple. 
+In cases where the object of the triple is also an IRI
+the property subelement has no content and the object IRI is specified
+using the <code>rdf:resource</code> attribute (lines 8, 10-11, 15 and
+18). For example, line 10 corresponds to the triple:</p> 
+
+<pre><code>&lt;http://example.org/bob#me&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&gt; &lt;http://example.org/alice#me&gt; .</code>
+</pre>
+
+<p>When the object of the
+triple is a literal the literal value is entered as content of the
+property element (lines 9 and 14). The datatype is specified as
+attribute of the property element (line 9). If the datatype is
+omitted (line 14) and no language tag is present the literal is
+considered to have the datatype <code>xsd:string</code>.
+
+</p><p>The example shows the baseline syntax; please consult the RDF/XML
+document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-XML">RDF11-XML</a></cite>] for a more in-depth treatment of the syntax. It
+might seem strange that the attribute values contain full IRIs,
+despite the fact that for some of these namespace prefixes were
+defined. This is because these prefixes can only be used for XML
+element and attribute names. </p>
+
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-semantics" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-semantics"><span class="secno">6. </span>Semantics of RDF Graphs</h2>
+
+    <p>An overarching goal in the use of RDF is to be able to
+    automatically merge useful information from multiple sources to
+    form a larger collection that is still coherent and useful. As a
+    starting point for this merging, all the information is conveyed
+    in the same simple style, subject-predicate-object triples, as
+    described above. To keep the information coherent, however, we
+    need more than just a standard syntax; we also need agreement
+    about the semantics of these triples. </p>
+
+    <p>By this point in the Primer, the reader is likely to have an
+    intuitive grasp of the semantics of RDF:</p>
+    <ol>
+      <li>The IRIs used to name the subject, predicate, and object are &quot;global&quot; in scope,
+    naming the same thing each time they are used.</li>
+      <li>Each triple is &quot;true&quot; exactly when the predicate relation actually exists between
+    the subject and the predicate.</li>
+      <li>An RDF graph is &quot;true&quot; exactly when all the triples in it are &quot;true&quot;.</li>
+    </ol>
+    <p>These notions,
+    and others, are specified with mathematical precision in the RDF
+    Semantics document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>].</p>
+
+    <p>One of the benefits of RDF having these declarative semantics
+    is that systems can make logical inferences. That is, given a
+    certain set of input triples which they accept as true, systems
+    can in some circumstances deduce that other triples must,
+    logically, also be true. We say the first set of triples &quot;entails&quot;
+    the additional triples. These systems, called Reasoners, can also
+    sometimes deduce that the given input triples contradict each
+    other. </p> 
+
+    <p>Given the flexibility of RDF, where new vocabularies can be
+    created when people want to use new concepts, there are many
+    different kinds of reasoning one might want to do.  When a
+    specific kind of reasoning seems to be useful in many different
+    applications, it can be documented as an <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#semantic-extensions-and-entailment-regimes">&quot;entailment regime&quot;</a>.
+    Several entailment regimes are specified in RDF Semantics.     For
+    technical description of some other entailment regimes and how to
+    use them with SPARQL, see [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT">SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT</a></cite>]. 
+    Note that some 
+    entailment regimes are fairly easy to implement and reasoning can
+    be done quickly, while others require a very sophistical
+    techniques to implement efficiently. </p> 
+   
+    <p>As a sample entailment, consider the following two statements:</p>
+    <pre>    <code>ex:bob foaf:knows ex:alice .</code>
+    <code>foaf:knows rdfs:domain foaf:Person .</code>
+    </pre>
+    <p>The RDF Semantics document tell us that from this graph it is legal to
+    derive the following triple:</p>
+    <pre>    <code>ex:bob rdf:type foaf:Person .</code>
+   </pre>
+   
+   <p>The derivation above is an example of an RDF Schema entailment [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>]. </p> 
+  
+   <p>The semantics of RDF also tell us that the triple:</p>
+    <pre>   <code>ex:bob ex:age &quot;forty&quot;^^xsd:integer . </code>
+   </pre>
+   <p>leads to a logical inconsistency, because the literal does not
+    abide by the constraints defined for the XML Schema datatype <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#integer">integer</a>.</p>
+
+   <p>Note that RDF tools may not recognize all datatypes. As a
+   minimum, tools are required to support the datatypes for string literals
+   and language-tagged literals.</p>
+
+   <p>Unlike many other data
+   modeling languages, RDF Schema allows considerable modeling
+   freedom. For example, the same entity may be used
+   as both a class and a property. Also, there is no strict separation
+   between the world of &quot;classes&quot; and of &quot;instances&quot;. Therefore, RDF
+   semantics views the following graph as valid:</p>
+
+   <pre>   <code>ex:Jumbo rdf:type ex:Elephant .</code>
+   <code>ex:Elephant rdf:type ex:Species .</code>
+   </pre>
+   <p>So, an elephant can both be a class (with Jumbo as a sample
+   instance) and an instance (namely of the class of 
+   animal species).</p>
+
+   <p>The examples in this section are just meant to give the reader
+some feeling about what the RDF Semantics brings you. Please consult
+[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT">RDF11-MT</a></cite>] for a complete description.</p>
+
+   </section>
+
+   <section id="section-data" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-data"><span class="secno">7. </span>RDF Data</h2>
+
+    <p>RDF allows you to combine triples from any source into a graph
+    and process it as legal RDF. A large amount of RDF data is
+    available as part of the Linked 
+    Data [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-LINKED-DATA">LINKED-DATA</a></cite>] cloud. Datasets are being published and
+    interlinked on the Web using RDF, and many of them offer a
+    querying facility through SPARQL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">SPARQL11-OVERVIEW</a></cite>]. Examples
+    of such datasets used in the examples above include:</p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="http://www.wikidata.org/">Wikidata</a>, a free,
+      collaborative and multilingual database and ran by the 
+      <a href="http://www.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.</li>
+      
+      <li><a href="http://dbpedia.org/">DBpedia</a>, publishing data extracted
+      from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Infobox">Wikipedia infoboxes</a>.</li>
+
+      <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/">WordNet</a>, 
+      a lexical database of English terms, grouped in sets
+      of synonyms, with a range of semantic interrelations.Similar
+      databases exist for other languages.</li> 
+  
+      <li><a href="http://www.europeana.eu/">Europeana</a>, publishing
+      data about cultural objects from a large number of European
+      institutions.</li>
+      
+      <li><a href="http://viaf.org/">VIAF</a>, publishing data about
+      people, works and geographic places from a number of national
+      libraries and other agencies.</li> 
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>A list of datasets available within the Linked Data cloud is maintained at
+    <a href="http://datahub.io/dataset">datahub.io</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>A number of vocabulary terms have become popular for
+    recording links between RDF data sources. An example is the
+    <code>sameAs</code> property provided by the OWL vocabulary. This
+    property can be used to indicate that two IRIs point in fact 
+    to the same resource. This is useful because different publishers
+    may use different identifiers to denote the same thing. For
+    example, VIAF (see above) also has an IRI denoting Leonardo da
+    Vinci. With the help of <code>owl:sameAs</code> we can record this
+    information:</p>
+
+    <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span>: Link between datasets</div><pre class="example">&lt;http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci&gt;
+    owl:sameAs &lt;http://viaf.org/viaf/24604287/&gt; .</pre></div>
+
+    <p>Such links can be deployed by RDF data-processing
+    software, for example by merging or comparing RDF data of 
+    IRIs that point to the same resource. </p>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <section id="section-conclusion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-conclusion"><span class="secno">8. </span>More Information</h2>
+    
+    <p>This concludes our brief introduction into RDF. Please consult
+    the references to get more detailed information. You might also
+    want to take a look at the <a href="http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Linked Data page</a>. </p>
+    
+    </section>
+
+    <section class="appendix" id="section-Acknowledgments" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+    
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_section-Acknowledgments"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgments</h2>
+
+    <p>Antoine Isaac provided many examples, including the 
+    different syntactic forms. Pierre-Antoine Champin provided one of
+    the JSON-LD examples. Andrew Wood designed the 
+    diagrams. Sandro Hawke wrote the first part of the section on RDF
+    semantics. </p><p>
+    </p><p>We are grateful for the comments provided by (in
+    alphabetical order) Gareth Adams, Thomas Baker, Dan Brickley, Pierre-Antoine
+    Champin, Bob DuCharme, Sandro Hawke, Patrick
+    Hayes, Ivan Herman, Kingsley Idehen, Antoine Isaac, Markus Lanthaler, and David Wood. </p>
+ 
+
+<p>The introduction contains a number of sentences from the
+   2004 Primer [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-PRIMER">RDF-PRIMER</a></cite>]. For the rest the RDF 1.1 Primer is a completely
+   new document.</p> 
+
+</section>
+
+
+<!--
+<section id="appendix-other-syntaxes" class="appendix">
+
+<h2>Additional JSON-LD Examoples</h2>
+   
+<p>This appendix lists
+some more JSON-LD examples. </p>
+
+
+
+<!--
+<section id="appendix-jsonld">
+
+<h3>JSON-LD</h3>
+
+       <p>In this section we describe several
+      alternative serializations for JSON-LD, adding to the example
+      in the <a href="#section-json-ld">JSON-LD section</a> above.</p>
+
+      <p>In the following example we encode the 
+      RDF graph depicted in <a href="#fig4">Fig.&nbsp;4</a>, explicitly
+      encoding IRIs, literal values and datatypes:</p>
+
+      <pre class="example" id="json-ld-example-single">
+<span class="linenum">01</span>    {
+<span class="linenum">02</span>      "@context": {
+<span class="linenum">03</span>        "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+<span class="linenum">04</span>        "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+<span class="linenum">05</span>        "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+<span class="linenum">06</span>        "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
+<span class="linenum">07</span>        "wd": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/",
+<span class="linenum">08</span>        "@base": "http://example.org/",
+<span class="linenum">09</span>        "subject_of": {"@reverse": "dcterms:subject"}
+<span class="linenum">10</span>      },
+<span class="linenum">11</span>      "@id": "bob#me",
+<span class="linenum">12</span>      "@type": "foaf:Person",
+<span class="linenum">13</span>      "schema:birthDate": {
+<span class="linenum">14</span>        "@value": "1990-07-04",
+<span class="linenum">15</span>        "@type": "xsd:date"
+<span class="linenum">16</span>      },
+<span class="linenum">17</span>      "foaf:knows": {
+<span class="linenum">18</span>        "@id": "alice#me"
+<span class="linenum">19</span>      },
+<span class="linenum">20</span>      "foaf:topic_interest": {
+<span class="linenum">21</span>        "@id": "wd:Q12418",
+<span class="linenum">22</span>        "dcterms:title": "Mona Lisa",
+<span class="linenum">22</span>        "subject_of": {
+<span class="linenum">23</span>            "@id": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619"
+<span class="linenum">24</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">25</span>        "dcterms:creator": {
+<span class="linenum">26</span>          "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci"
+<span class="linenum">27</span>        }
+<span class="linenum">28</span>      }
+<span class="linenum">29</span>    }
+      </pre>
+
+     <p>On lines 2 to 10 we define various prefixes that are going to be used in the rest of
+     the document, including FOAF, Dublin Core etc. For example <code>schema:birthDate</code>
+     in this document will be expanded to <code>http://schema.org/birthDate</code>. 
+     We also define a base IRI for that document
+     on line 8, which will be used to resolve all relative IRIs.</p>
+
+     <p>Each object in a JSON-LD document correspond to an RDF resource and 
+     can be associated with its IRI by using an <code>@id</code>
+     attribute, as in lines 11, 18, 21, 23 and 26 in this example.</p>
+
+     <p>Literals with datatypes can be expressed through the <code>@value</code> and <code>@type</code>
+     attributes, as in lines 14 and 15.</p>
+
+     <p>JSON-LD can also be used for RDF datasets, through the use of the <code>@graph</code> keyword. 
+    The example below encodes the
+    RDF dataset depicted in <a href="#fig5">Fig.&nbsp;5</a></p>
+
+      <pre class="example" id="json-ld-example-multiple">
+<span class="linenum">01</span>    {
+<span class="linenum">02</span>      "@context": {
+<span class="linenum">03</span>        "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+<span class="linenum">04</span>        "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+<span class="linenum">05</span>        "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+<span class="linenum">06</span>        "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+<span class="linenum">07</span>      },
+<span class="linenum">08</span>      "@graph": [
+<span class="linenum">09</span>        {
+<span class="linenum">10</span>          "@id": "http://example.org/bob",
+<span class="linenum">11</span>          "@graph": [
+<span class="linenum">12</span>            {
+<span class="linenum">13</span>              "@id": "http://example.org/bob#me",
+<span class="linenum">14</span>              "@type": "foaf:Person",
+<span class="linenum">15</span>              "foaf:knows": {
+<span class="linenum">16</span>                "@id": "http://example.org/alice#me"
+<span class="linenum">17</span>              },
+<span class="linenum">18</span>              "foaf:topic_interest": {
+<span class="linenum">19</span>                "@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418"
+<span class="linenum">20</span>              },
+<span class="linenum">21</span>              "schema:birthDate": {
+<span class="linenum">22</span>                "@value": "1990-07-04",
+<span class="linenum">23</span>                "@type": "xsd:date"
+<span class="linenum">24</span>              }
+<span class="linenum">25</span>            }
+<span class="linenum">26</span>          ],
+<span class="linenum">27</span>          "dcterms:publisher": {
+<span class="linenum">28</span>            "@id": "http://example.org"
+<span class="linenum">29</span>          },
+<span class="linenum">30</span>          "dcterms:rights": {
+<span class="linenum">31</span>            "@id": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
+<span class="linenum">32</span>          }
+<span class="linenum">33</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">34</span>        {
+<span class="linenum">35</span>          "@id": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/Q12418",
+<span class="linenum">36</span>          "@graph": [
+<span class="linenum">37</span>            {
+<span class="linenum">38</span>              "@id": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/04802/243FA8618938F4117025F17A8B813C5F9AA4D619",
+<span class="linenum">39</span>              "dcterms:subject": {
+<span class="linenum">40</span>                "@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q12418",
+<span class="linenum">41</span>                "dcterms:title": "Mona Lisa",
+<span class="linenum">42</span>                "dcterms:creator": {
+<span class="linenum">43</span>                  "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Leonardo_da_Vinci"
+<span class="linenum">44</span>                }
+<span class="linenum">45</span>              }
+<span class="linenum">46</span>            }
+<span class="linenum">47</span>          ]
+<span class="linenum">48</span>        }
+<span class="linenum">49</span>      ]
+<span class="linenum">50</span>    }
+      </pre>
+
+      <p>On line 8 we use the <code>@graph</code> keyword to describe two
+      distinct graphs, identified using <code>@id</code> attributes
+      on lines 10 and 35. The content of these graphs is given in
+      lines 11 to 26 and lines 36 to 47. The extra provenance and rights
+      information is given on lines 27 to 32.</p>
+
+
+<p>The <code>@context</code> of a JSON-LD document can be factored out
+and referred to by its IRI. The following is the context used in the example
+in the <a href="#section-json-ld">JSON-LD section</a> above.</p>
+
+<pre class="example" title="JSON-LD context">
+<span class="linenum">01</span>    {
+<span class="linenum">02</span>      "@context": {
+<span class="linenum">03</span>        "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+<span class="linenum">04</span>        "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+<span class="linenum">05</span>        "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+<span class="linenum">06</span>        "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
+<span class="linenum">07</span>        "wd": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/",
+<span class="linenum">08</span>        "@base": "http://example.org/",
+09
+<span class="linenum">10</span>        "uri": "@id",
+<span class="linenum">11</span>        "type": "@type",
+<span class="linenum">12</span>        "Person": "foaf:Person",
+<span class="linenum">13</span>        "born": {
+<span class="linenum">14</span>          "@id": "schema:birthDate",
+<span class="linenum">15</span>          "@type": "xsd:date"
+<span class="linenum">16</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">17</span>        "friends": {
+<span class="linenum">18</span>          "@id": "foaf:knows",
+<span class="linenum">19</span>          "@type": "@id"
+<span class="linenum">20</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">21</span>        "interest": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/topic_interest",
+<span class="linenum">22</span>        "subject_of": {
+<span class="linenum">23</span>          "@reverse": "dcterms:subject",
+<span class="linenum">24</span>          "@type": "@id"
+<span class="linenum">25</span>        },
+<span class="linenum">26</span>        "creator": "dcterms:creator",
+<span class="linenum">27</span>        "title": "dcterms:title",
+<span class="linenum">28</span>        "name": "foaf:name"
+<span class="linenum">29</span>      },
+<span class="linenum">30</span>    }
+</pre>
+
+<p>For detailed information about JSON-LD please consult the JSON-LD
+    specification [[JSON-LD]]. </p>
+</section>
+-->
+
+   
+
+  
+
+<section class="appendix" id="references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_references"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter"><h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_informative-references"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">JSON-LD 1.0</a></cite>. 16 January 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-LINKED-DATA">[LINKED-DATA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Tim Berners-Lee. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">Linked Data</a></cite>. Personal View, imperfect but published. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-N-QUADS">[N-QUADS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Gavin Carothers. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-quads-20140225/">RDF 1.1 N-Quads</a></cite>. W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-quads-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-quads-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/n-quads/">http://www.w3.org/TR/n-quads/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-N-TRIPLES">[N-TRIPLES]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Gavin Carothers, Andy Seabourne. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-triples-20140225/">RDF 1.1 N-Triples</a></cite>. W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-triples-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-n-triples-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/n-triples/">http://www.w3.org/TR/n-triples/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">[OWL2-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">W3C OWL Working Group. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/"><cite>OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition)</cite></a>. 11 December 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">[RDF-PRIMER]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Frank Manola; Eric Miller. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/"><cite>RDF Primer</cite></a>. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR">[RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Fabien Gandon; Guus Schreiber. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/"><cite>RDF 1.1 XML Syntax</cite></a>. 9 January 2014. W3C Proposed Edited Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Markus Lanthaler. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</a></cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-DATASETS">[RDF11-DATASETS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Antoine Zimmermann. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-datasets-20140225/">RDF 1.1: On Semantics of RDF Datasets</a></cite>. W3C Working Group Note, 25 February 2014. The latest version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-datasets/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-datasets/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-MT">[RDF11-MT]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Patrick J. Hayes, Peter F. Patel-Schneider. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/">RDF 1.1 Semantics.</a></cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-NEW">[RDF11-NEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">David Wood. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-new-20140225/">What’s New in RDF 1.1</a></cite>. W3C Working Group Note, 25 February 2014. The latest version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-new/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-new/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-SCHEMA">[RDF11-SCHEMA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Dan Brickley, R. V. Guha. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-schema-20140225/">RDF Schema 1.1</a></cite>. W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-schema-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-schema-20140225/</a>. The latest published version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-XML">[RDF11-XML]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Fabien Gandon, Guus Schreiber. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20140225/">RDF 1.1 XML Syntax</a></cite>. W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20140225/</a>. The latest published version is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/</a>.
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-LITE">[RDFA-LITE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Manu Sporny. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-lite/"><cite>RDFa Lite 1.1</cite></a>. 7 June 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-lite/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-lite/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-PRIMER">[RDFA-PRIMER]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Ivan Herman; Ben Adida; Manu Sporny; Mark Birbeck. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/"><cite>RDFa 1.1 Primer - Second Edition</cite></a>. 22 August 2013. W3C Note. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-primer/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT">[SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Birte Glimm; Chimezie Ogbuji. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-entailment/"><cite>SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes</cite></a>. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-entailment/">http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-entailment/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SPARQL11-OVERVIEW">[SPARQL11-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">The W3C SPARQL Working Group. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/"><cite>SPARQL 1.1 Overview</cite></a>. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/">http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-overview/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-SPARQL11-UPDATE">[SPARQL11-UPDATE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Paul Gearon; Alexandre Passant; Axel Polleres. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/"><cite>SPARQL 1.1 Update</cite></a>. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/">http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TRIG">[TRIG]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Gavin Carothers, Andy Seaborne. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/">TriG: RDF Dataset Language</a></cite>. W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/">http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/">RDF 1.1 Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>
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