delete: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> delete: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> delete: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> insert: <!DOCTYPE html> insert: <html lang="en" typeof="bibo:Document w3p:REC" about="" property="dcterms:language" content="en" prefix="bibo: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/ w3p: http://www.w3.org/2001/02pd/rec54#" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> delete: <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> insert: <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> RDF <span class="delete">Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF </span> Schema <span class="insert">1.1 </span> insert: <style> delete: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-REC" /> insert: <style> insert: <style> insert: <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-REC" /> delete: <body> delete: <div class="head"> insert: <body class="h-entry" role="document" id="respecDocument"> insert: <div class="head" role="contentinfo" id="respecHeader"> delete: <hr /> delete: <h2> insert: <section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
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Abstract

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a general-purpose language for representing information in the Web. This specification describes how to use RDF to describe RDF vocabularies. This specification defines a RDF Schema provides a data-modelling vocabulary for this purpose and defines other built-in RDF vocabulary initially specified in the RDF Model and Syntax Specification. delete: </p> delete: <div class="status"> delete: <h2 class="nonum"> delete: <a id="status" name="status"> RDF data. RDF Schema is an extension of the basic RDF vocabulary. insert: </p>

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Status of this This Document delete: </a>

delete: <p> This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties, and it has been endorsed by the Director as a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/Process-20030618/tr.html#RecsW3C"> W3C Recommendation delete: </a> . W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. delete: </p> delete: <p> This is one document in a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Introduction"> set of six delete: </a> ( delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"> Primer delete: </a> , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/"> Concepts delete: </a> , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/"> Syntax delete: </a> , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/"> Semantics delete: </a> , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210/"> Vocabulary delete: </a> , and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-testcases-20040210/"> Test Cases delete: </a> ) intended to jointly replace the original Resource Description Framework specifications, delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/"> RDF Model and Syntax (1999 Recommendation) delete: </a> and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/"> RDF Schema (2000 Candidate Recommendation) delete: </a> . It has been developed by the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/"> RDF Core Working Group delete: </a> as part of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/"> W3C Semantic Web Activity delete: </a> ( delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity"> Activity Statement delete: </a> , delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/11/swv2/charters/RDFCoreWGCharter"> Group Charter delete: </a> ) for publication on 10 February 2004. delete: </p> delete: <p> Changes to this document since the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-rdf-schema-20031215/" shape="rect"> Proposed Recommendation Working Draft delete: </a> are detailed in the delete: <a href="#changes" shape="rect"> change log delete: </a> . delete: </p> delete: <p> The public is invited to send comments to delete: <a href="mailto:www-rdf-comments@w3.org"> www-rdf-comments@w3.org delete: </a> ( delete: <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-comments/"> archive delete: </a> ) and to participate in general discussion of related technology on delete: <a href="mailto:www-rdf-interest@w3.org" shape="rect"> www-rdf-interest@w3.org delete: </a> ( delete: <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-interest/" shape="rect"> archive delete: </a> ). delete: </p> delete: <p> A list of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/impls"> implementations delete: </a> is available. delete: </p> delete: <p> The W3C maintains a list of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/ipr-statements" rel="disclosure"> any patent disclosures related to this work delete: </a> . delete: </p>

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

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This document is an edited version of the 2004 RDF Schema Recommendation. The purpose of this revision is to make this document available as part of the RDF 1.1 document set. Changes are limited to errata, revised references, terminology updates, and adaptations to the introduction. The title of the document was changed from "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema" to "RDF Schema 1.1". The technical content of the document is unchanged. Details of the changes are listed in the insert: <a href="#PER-changes"> Changes insert: </a> section. Since the edits to this document do not constitute a technical change the Director decided no new implementation report was required. insert: </p>

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This document was published by the insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/"> RDF Working Group insert: </a> as a Recommendation. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to insert: <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org"> public-rdf-comments@w3.org insert: </a> ( insert: <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe"> subscribe insert: </a> , insert: <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/"> archives insert: </a> ). All comments are welcome. insert: </p>

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This document has been reviewed by insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> Members, by software developers, and by other insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> 's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. insert: </p>

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This document was produced by a group operating under the insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/" rel="w3p:patentRules" about="" id="sotd_patent"> 5 February 2004 insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> Patent Policy insert: </a> . insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> maintains a insert: <a rel="disclosure" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status"> public list of any patent disclosures insert: </a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential"> Essential Claim(s) insert: </a> must disclose the information in accordance with insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure"> section 6 of the insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> Patent Policy insert: </a> . insert: </p>

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Table of Contents

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insert: <span class="secno"> 1. insert: </span> Introduction

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a general-purpose language RDF Schema provides a data-modelling vocabulary for representing information in the Web. delete: </p> delete: <p> This specification is one of several [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-primer"> RDF-PRIMER delete: </a> ] [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-syntax"> RDF-SYNTAX delete: </a> ] [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-concepts"> RDF-CONCEPTS delete: </a> ] [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-semantics"> RDF-SEMANTICS delete: </a> ] [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-tests"> RDF-TESTS delete: </a> ] related to RDF. The reader is referred to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#rdfschema"> RDF schema chapter delete: </a> in the RDF Primer [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-primer"> RDF-PRIMER delete: </a> ] for an informal introduction and examples of the use of the concepts specified in this document. delete: </p> delete: <p> This specification introduces RDF's vocabulary description language, RDF Schema. RDF data. It is complemented by several companion documents which describe RDF's XML encoding the basic concepts and abstract syntax of RDF [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-syntax"> RDF-SYNTAX delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS"> RDF11-CONCEPTS insert: </a> insert: </cite> ], mathematical foundations the formal semantics of RDF [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-semantics"> RDF-SEMANTICS delete: </a> ] and Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT"> RDF11-MT insert: </a> insert: </cite> ], and various concrete syntaxes for RDF, such as Turtle [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-concepts"> RDF-CONCEPTS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE"> TURTLE insert: </a> insert: </cite> ], TriG, [ insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-TRIG"> TRIG insert: </a> insert: </cite> ], and JSON-LD [ insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"> JSON-LD insert: </a> insert: </cite> ]. The RDF Primer [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-primer"> RDF-PRIMER delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-PRIMER"> RDF11-PRIMER insert: </a> insert: </cite> ] provides an informal introduction and examples of the use of the concepts specified in this document.

This document is intended to provide a clear specification of the RDF vocabulary description language RDF Schema to those who find the formal semantics specification, RDF Semantics specification [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-semantics"> RDF-SEMANTICS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT"> RDF11-MT insert: </a> insert: </cite> ] daunting. Thus, this document duplicates material also specified in the RDF Semantics specification . specification. Where there is disagreement between this document and the RDF Semantics specification, the RDF Semantics specification should be taken to be correct.

RDF properties may be thought of as attributes of resources and in this sense correspond to traditional attribute-value pairs. RDF properties also represent relationships between resources. delete: </p> delete: <p> RDF however, provides no mechanisms for describing these properties, nor does it provide any mechanisms for describing the relationships between these properties and other resources. That is the role of the RDF vocabulary description language, RDF Schema. RDF Schema defines classes and properties that may be used to describe classes, properties and other resources. delete: </p> delete: <p> This document does not specify a vocabulary of descriptive properties such as "author". Instead it specifies mechanisms that may be used to name and describe properties and the classes of resource they describe. delete: </p> delete: <p> RDF's vocabulary description language, RDF Schema, is a is a insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#semantic-extensions-and-entailment-regimes"> semantic extension (as delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/#intro"> defined delete: </a> in [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-semantics"> RDF-SEMANTICS delete: </a> ]) insert: </a> of RDF. It provides mechanisms for describing groups of related resources and the relationships between these resources. RDF Schema vocabulary descriptions are is written in RDF using the terms described in this document. These resources are used to determine characteristics of other resources, such as the domains and ranges of properties.

The RDF vocabulary description language Schema class and property system is similar to the type systems of object-oriented programming languages such as Java. RDF Schema differs from many such systems in that instead of defining a class in terms of the properties its instances may have, the RDF vocabulary description language RDF Schema describes properties in terms of the classes of resource to which they apply. This is the role of the domain and range mechanisms described in this specification. For example, we could define the eg:author property to have a domain of eg:Document and a range of eg:Person , whereas a classical object oriented system might typically define a class eg:Book with an attribute called eg:author of type eg:Person . Using the RDF approach, it is easy for others to subsequently define additional properties with a domain of eg: Document or a range of eg:Person . This can be done without the need to re-define the original description of these classes. One benefit of the RDF property-centric approach is that it allows anyone to extend the description of existing resources, one of the architectural principles of the Web [ delete: <a href="#rdfnotcite"> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-BERNERS-LEE98"> BERNERS-LEE98 insert: </cite> ].

This specification does not attempt to enumerate all the possible forms of vocabulary description that are useful for representing the meaning of RDF classes and properties. Instead, the RDF vocabulary description Schema strategy is to acknowledge that there are many techniques through which the meaning of classes and properties can be described. Richer vocabulary or 'ontology' languages such as DAML+OIL, W3C's OWL [ delete: <a href="#ref-owl"> OWL delete: </a> ] language, insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW"> OWL2-OVERVIEW insert: </a> insert: </cite> ], inference rule languages and other formalisms (for example temporal logics) will each contribute to our ability to capture meaningful generalizations about data in the Web. RDF vocabulary designers can create and deploy Semantic Web applications using the RDF vocabulary description language 1.0 facilities, while exploring richer vocabulary description languages that share this general approach.

The language defined in this specification consists of a collection of RDF resources that can be used to describe properties of other RDF resources (including properties) in application-specific RDF vocabularies. The core vocabulary is defined in a namespace informally called 'rdfs' insert: <code> rdfs insert: </code> here. That namespace is identified by the URI-Reference IRI insert: </p>

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and is conventionally associated with the prefix 'rdfs'. insert: <code> rdfs: insert: </code> . This specification also uses the prefix 'rdf' insert: <code> rdf: insert: </code> to refer to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/#section-Namespace"> RDF namespace delete: </a> http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#. delete: </p> insert: <p>

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For convenience and readability, this specification uses an abbreviated form to represent URI-References. IRIs. A name of the form prefix:suffix should be interpreted as a URI-Reference IRI consisting of the URI-Reference IRI associated with the prefix concatenated with the suffix.

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Resources may be divided into groups called classes. The members of a class are known as instances of the class. Classes are themselves resources. They are often identified by delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Graph-URIref"> RDF URI References insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-IRIs"> IRIs and may be described using RDF properties. The delete: <a href="#ch_type"> insert: <a href="#ch_type"> rdf:type property may be used to state that a resource is an instance of a class.

RDF distinguishes between a class and the set of its instances. Associated with each class is a set, called the class extension of the class, which is the set of the instances of the class. Two classes may have the same set of instances but be different classes. For example, the tax office may define the class of people living at the same address as the editor of this document. The Post Office may define the class of people whose address has the same zip code as the address of the author. It is possible for these classes to have exactly the same instances, yet to have different properties. Only one of the classes has the property that it was defined by the tax office, and only the other has the property that it was defined by the Post Office.

A class may be a member of its own class extension and may be an instance of itself.

The group of resources that are RDF Schema classes is itself a class called delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class .

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If a class C is a subclass of a class C', then all instances of C will also be instances of C'. The rdfs:subClassOf property may be used to state that one class is a subclass of another. The term super-class is used as the inverse of subclass. If a class C' is a super-class of a class C, then all instances of C are also instances of C'.

The RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-concepts"> RDF-CONCEPTS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS"> RDF11-CONCEPTS insert: </a> insert: </cite> ] specification defines the RDF concept of an delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Datatypes"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Datatypes"> RDF datatype . All datatypes are classes. The instances of a class that is a datatype are the members of the value space of the datatype.

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All things described by RDF are called resources , and are instances of the class rdfs:Resource . This is the class of everything. All other classes are subclasses of this class. rdfs:Resource is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class .

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This is the class of resources that are RDF classes. rdfs:Class is an instance of rdfs:Class.

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The class rdfs:Literal is the class of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Literals"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Graph-Literal"> literal values such as strings and integers. Property values such as textual strings are examples of RDF literals. Literals may be delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#dfn-plain-literal"> plain delete: </a> or delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#dfn-typed-literal"> typed delete: </a> . A typed literal insert: </p>

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insert: <code> rdfs:Literal insert: </code> is an instance of a datatype class. This specification does not define the class of plain literals. delete: </p> delete: <p> delete: <code> rdfs:Literal delete: </code> is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class . rdfs:Literal is a delete: <a href="#def-subclass"> insert: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource .

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rdfs:Datatype is the class of datatypes. All instances of rdfs:Datatype correspond to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Datatypes"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Datatypes"> RDF model of a datatype described in the RDF Concepts specification [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-concepts"> RDF-CONCEPTS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS"> RDF11-CONCEPTS insert: </a> insert: </cite> ]. rdfs:Datatype is both an instance of and a subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class . Each instance of rdfs:Datatype is a subclass of rdfs:Literal.

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The class insert: <code> rdf:langString insert: </code> is the class of insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string"> language-tagged string values insert: </a> . insert: <code> rdf:langString insert: </code> is an instance of insert: <code> rdfs:Datatype insert: </code> and a insert: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass insert: </a> of insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> insert: <code> rdfs:Literal insert: </code> insert: </a> . insert: </p>

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The class insert: <code> rdf:HTML insert: </code> is the class of insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-html"> HTML literal values insert: </a> . insert: <code> rdf:HTML insert: </code> is an instance of insert: <code> rdfs:Datatype insert: </code> and a insert: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass insert: </a> of insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> insert: <code> rdfs:Literal insert: </code> insert: </a> . insert: </p>

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The class rdf:XMLLiteral is the class of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#dfn-rdf-XMLLiteral"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-XMLLiteral"> XML literal values . rdf:XMLLiteral is an instance of rdfs:Datatype and a subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_literal"> insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> rdfs:Literal .

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rdf:Property is the class of RDF properties. rdf:Property is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class .

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insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_ch_properties">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3. insert: </span> Properties delete: </a>

The RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax specification [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-concepts"> RDF-CONCEPTS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS"> RDF11-CONCEPTS insert: </a> insert: </cite> ] describes the concept of an RDF property as a relation between subject resources and object resources.

delete: <p> delete: <a name="def-subproperty" id="def-subproperty"> delete: </a> insert: <p id="def-subproperty">

This specification defines the concept of subproperty. The rdfs:subPropertyOf property may be used to state that one property is a subproperty of another. If a property P is a subproperty of property P', then all pairs of resources which are related by P are also related by P'. The term super-property is often used as the inverse of subproperty. If a property P' is a super-property of a property P, then all pairs of resources which are related by P are also related by P'. This specification does not define a top property that is the super-property of all properties.

delete: <p> delete: <strong> insert: <div class="note">
insert: <div class="note-title" aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h_note_1">
insert: <span> Note delete: </strong> : insert: </span> insert: </div>
insert: <p class="">

The basic facilities provided by rdfs:domain and rdfs:range do not provide any direct way to indicate property restrictions that are local to a class. Although it is possible to combine use delete: <a href="#ch_domain"> insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> rdfs:domain and rdfs:range with sub-property hierarchies, direct support for such declarations are provided by richer delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/"> Web Ontology delete: </a> languages such as OWL [ delete: <a href="#ref-owl"> OWL delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW"> OWL2-OVERVIEW insert: </a> insert: </cite> ].

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_range" name="ch_range"> delete: </a> insert: </div>
insert: <section id="ch_range" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_range">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.1 insert: </span> rdfs:range delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

rdfs:range is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state that the values of a property are instances of one or more classes.

The triple

delete: <p> insert: <code> P rdfs:range C delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that P is an instance of the class delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property , that C is an instance of the class rdfs:Class and that the resources denoted by the objects of triples whose predicate is P are instances of the class C.

Where P has more than one rdfs:range property, then the resources denoted by the objects of triples with predicate P are instances of all the classes stated by the rdfs:range properties.

The rdfs:range property can be applied to itself. The rdfs:range of rdfs:range is the class delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class . This states that any resource that is the value of an rdfs:range property is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class .

The rdfs:range property is applied to properties. This can be represented in RDF using the delete: <a href="#ch_domain"> insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> rdfs:domain property. The delete: <a href="#ch_domain"> insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> rdfs:domain of rdfs:range is the class rdf:Property . This states that any resource with an rdfs:range property is an instance of rdf:Property .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_domain" name="ch_domain" /> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_domain" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_domain">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.2 insert: </span> rdfs:domain delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

rdfs:domain is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state that any resource that has a given property is an instance of one or more classes.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> P rdfs:domain C delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that P is an instance of the class rdf:Property , that C is a instance of the class rdfs:Class and that the resources denoted by the subjects of triples whose predicate is P are instances of the class C.

Where a property P has more than one rdfs:domain property, then the resources denoted by subjects of triples with predicate P are instances of all the classes stated by the rdfs:domain properties.

The rdfs:domain property may be applied to itself. The rdfs:domain of rdfs:domain is the class delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property . This states that any resource with an rdfs:domain property is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property .

The rdfs:range of rdfs:domain is the class rdfs:Class . This states that any resource that is the value of an rdfs:domain property is an instance of rdfs:Class .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_type" name="ch_type" /> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_type" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_type">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.3 insert: </span> rdf:type delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

rdf:type is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state that a resource is an instance of a class.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> R rdf:type C delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that C is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class and R is an instance of C.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:type is rdfs:Resource . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdf:type is delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_subclassof" name="ch_subclassof"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_subclassof" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_subclassof">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.4 insert: </span> rdfs:subClassOf delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

The property rdfs:subClassOf is an instance of rdf:Property that is used to state that all the instances of one class are instances of another.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> C1 rdfs:subClassOf C2 delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that C1 is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class , C2 is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class delete: </a> delete: </code> and C1 is a delete: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass delete: </a> of C2. The delete: <code> rdfs:subClassOf delete: </code> property is transitive. delete: </p> delete: <p> The delete: <a href="#ch_domain"> delete: <code> rdfs:domain delete: </code> delete: </a> of delete: <code> rdfs:subClassOf delete: </code> is delete: <code> rdfs:Class and C1 is a insert: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass insert: </a> of C2. The insert: <code> rdfs:subClassOf insert: </code> property is transitive. insert: </p>

insert: <p>

The insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> insert: <code> rdfs:domain insert: </code> insert: </a> of insert: <code> rdfs:subClassOf insert: </code> is insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class insert: </a> insert: </code> . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdfs:subClassOf is rdfs:Class .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_subpropertyof" name="ch_subpropertyof"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_subpropertyof" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_subpropertyof">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.5 insert: </span> rdfs:subPropertyOf delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

The property rdfs:subPropertyOf is an instance of rdf:Property that is used to state that all resources related by one property are also related by another.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> P1 rdfs:subPropertyOf P2 delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that P1 is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property , P2 is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property and P1 is a delete: <a href="#def-subproperty"> insert: <a href="#def-subproperty"> subproperty of P2. The rdfs:subPropertyOf property is transitive.

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:subPropertyOf is delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdfs:subPropertyOf is delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_label" name="ch_label"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_label" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_label">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.6 insert: </span> rdfs:label delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

rdfs:label is an instance of rdf:Property that may be used to provide a human-readable version of a resource's name.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> R rdfs:label L delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that L is a human readable label for R.

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:label is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdfs:label is delete: <a href="#ch_literal"> insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> rdfs:Literal .

Multilingual labels are supported using the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Graph-Literal"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Graph-Literal"> language tagging facility of RDF literals.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_comment" name="ch_comment"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_comment" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_comment">

insert: <span class="secno"> 3.7 insert: </span> rdfs:comment delete: </h4> insert: </h3>

rdfs:comment is an instance of rdf:Property that may be used to provide a human-readable description of a resource.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> R rdfs:comment L delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that L is a human readable description of R.

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:comment is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdfs:comment is delete: <a href="#ch_literal"> insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> rdfs:Literal .

A textual comment helps clarify the meaning of RDF classes and properties. Such in-line documentation complements the use of both formal techniques (Ontology and rule languages) and informal (prose documentation, examples, test cases). A variety of documentation forms can be combined to indicate the intended meaning of the classes and properties described in an RDF vocabulary. Since RDF vocabularies are expressed as RDF graphs, vocabularies defined in other namespaces may be used to provide richer documentation.

Multilingual documentation is supported through use of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-Graph-Literal"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-Graph-Literal"> language tagging facility of RDF literals.

delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_domainrange" name="ch_domainrange"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_domainrange" class="informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_ch_domainrange">

insert: <span class="secno"> 4. insert: </span> Using the Domain and Range Vocabulary (Informative) vocabulary

insert: <p>

insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

This specification introduces an RDF vocabulary for describing the meaningful use of properties and classes in RDF data. For example, an RDF vocabulary might describe limitations on the types of values that are appropriate for some property, or on the classes to which it makes sense to ascribe such properties.

The RDF Vocabulary Description language RDF Schema provides a mechanism for describing this information, but does not say whether or how an application should use it. For example, while an RDF vocabulary can assert that an author property is used to indicate resources that are instances of the class Person , it does not say whether or how an application should act in processing that range information. Different applications will use this information in different ways. For example, data checking tools might use this to help discover errors in some data set, an interactive editor might suggest appropriate values, and a reasoning application might use it to infer additional information from instance data.

RDF vocabularies can describe relationships between vocabulary items from multiple independently developed vocabularies. Since URI-References IRIs are used to identify classes and properties in on the Web, it is possible to create new properties that have a domain or range whose value is a class defined in another namespace.

delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_othervocab" name="ch_othervocab"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_othervocab" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_ch_othervocab">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5. insert: </span> Other vocabulary

Additional classes and properties, including constructs for representing containers and RDF statements, and for deploying RDF vocabulary descriptions in the World Wide Web Web, are defined in this section.

delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_containervocab" name="ch_containervocab"> insert: <section class="informative" id="ch_containervocab" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_containervocab">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1 delete: </a> insert: </span> Container Classes and Properties

insert: <p>

insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

RDF containers are resources that are used to represent collections. An delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#containers"> introduction delete: </a> to RDF containers with examples may be found in the RDF Primer [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-primer"> RDF-PRIMER delete: </a> ]. The same resource may appear in a container more than once. Unlike containment in the physical world, a container may be contained in itself.

Three different kinds of container are defined. Whilst the formal semantics [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-semantics"> RDF-SEMANTICS delete: </a> insert: <cite> insert: <a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-MT"> RDF11-MT insert: </a> insert: </cite> ] of all three classes of container are identical, different classes may be used to indicate informally further information. An rdf:Bag is used to indicate that the container is intended to be unordered. An rdf:Seq is used to indicate that the order indicated by the numerical order of the delete: <a href="#ch_containermembershipproperty"> insert: <a href="#ch_containermembershipproperty"> container member ship membership properties of the container is intended to be significant. An rdf:Alt container is used to indicate that typical processing of the container will be to select one of the members.

Just as a hen house may have the property that it is made of wood, that does not mean that all the hens it contains are made of wood, a property of a container is not necessarily a property of all of its members.

RDF containers are defined by the following classes and properties.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_container" name="ch_container"> delete: </a> insert: <section id="ch_container" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_container">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.1 insert: </span> rdfs:Container

The rdfs:Container class is a super-class of the RDF Container classes, i.e. rdf:Bag , delete: <a href="#ch_seq"> insert: <a href="#ch_seq"> rdf:Seq , delete: <a href="#ch_alt"> insert: <a href="#ch_alt"> rdf:Alt .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_bag" name="ch_bag"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_bag" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_bag">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.2 insert: </span> rdf:Bag

The rdf:Bag class is the class of RDF 'Bag' containers. It is a subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_container"> insert: <a href="#ch_container"> rdfs:Container . Whilst formally it is no different from an rdf:Seq or an delete: <a href="#ch_alt"> insert: <a href="#ch_alt"> rdf:Alt , the rdf:Bag class is used conventionally to indicate to a human reader that the container is intended to be unordered.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_seq" name="ch_seq"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_seq" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_seq">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.3 insert: </span> rdf:Seq

The rdf:Seq class is the class of RDF 'Sequence' containers. It is a subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_container"> insert: <a href="#ch_container"> rdfs:Container . Whilst formally it is no different from an rdf:Bag or an delete: <a href="#ch_alt"> insert: <a href="#ch_alt"> rdf:Alt , the rdf:Seq class is used conventionally to indicate to a human reader that the numerical ordering of the container membership properties of the container is intended to be significant.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_alt" name="ch_alt"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_alt" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_alt">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.4 insert: </span> rdf:Alt

The rdf:Alt class is the class of RDF 'Alternative' containers. It is a subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_container"> insert: <a href="#ch_container"> rdfs:Container . Whilst formally it is no different from an rdf:Seq or an delete: <a href="#ch_bag"> insert: <a href="#ch_bag"> rdf:Bag , the rdf:Alt class is used conventionally to indicate to a human reader that typical processing will be to select one of the members of the container. The first member of the container, i.e. the value of the delete: <a href="#ch_containermembershipproperty"> insert: <a href="#ch_containermembershipproperty"> rdf:_1 property, is the default choice.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_containermembershipproperty" name="ch_containermembershipproperty"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_containermembershipproperty" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_containermembershipproperty">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.5 insert: </span> rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty

The rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty class has as instances the properties rdf:_1, rdf:_2, rdf:_3 ... that are used to state that a resource is a member of a container. rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty is a delete: <a href="#def-subclass"> insert: <a href="#def-subclass"> subclass of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property . Each instance of rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty is an delete: <a href="#ch_subpropertyof"> insert: <a href="#ch_subpropertyof"> rdfs:subPropertyOf the delete: <a href="#ch_member"> insert: <a href="#ch_member"> rdfs:member property.

Given a container C, a triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> C rdf:_nnn O delete: </p> insert: </code>

where insert: <code> nnn insert: </code> is the decimal representation of an integer greater than 0 with no leading zeros, states that O is a member of the container C.

Container membership properties may be applied to resources other than containers.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_member" name="ch_member"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_member" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_member">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.1.6 insert: </span> rdfs:member

rdfs:member is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is a super-property of all the container membership properties i.e. each container membership property has an rdfs:subPropertyOf relationship to the property rdfs:member .

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:member is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource delete: </a> delete: </code> . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> delete: <code> rdfs:range delete: </code> delete: </a> of delete: <code> rdfs:member delete: </code> is delete: <code> rdfs:Resource . delete: </p> delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_collectionvocab" name="ch_collectionvocab"> The insert: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <code> rdfs:range insert: </code> insert: </a> of insert: <code> rdfs:member insert: </code> is insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource insert: </a> insert: </code> . insert: </p>

insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section class="informative" id="ch_collectionvocab" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_collectionvocab">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.2 delete: </a> insert: </span> RDF Collections

insert: <p>

insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

RDF containers are open in the sense that the core RDF specifications define no mechanism to state that there are no more members. The RDF Collection vocabulary of classes and properties can describe a closed collection, i.e. one that can have no more members. The reader is referred to the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#collections"> collections delete: </a> section of the RDF primer for an informal introduction to collections with examples.

A collection is represented as a list of items, a representation that will be familiar to those with experience of Lisp and similar programming languages. There is a delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/#section-Syntax-parsetype-Collection"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/#collections"> shorthand notation in the RDF/XML Turtle syntax specification [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-syntax"> RDF-SYNTAX delete: </a> ] for representing collections.

delete: <p> delete: <strong> insert: <div class="note">
insert: <div class="note-title" aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h_note_2">
insert: <span> Note delete: </strong> : insert: </span> insert: </div>
insert: <p class="">

RDFS does not require that there be only one first element of a list-like structure, or even that a list-like structure have a first element.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_list" name="ch_list"> delete: </a> insert: </div>
insert: <section id="ch_list" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_list">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.2.1 insert: </span> rdf:List

rdf:List is an instance of rdfs:Class that can be used to build descriptions of lists and other list-like structures.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_first" name="ch_first"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_first" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_first">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.2.2 insert: </span> rdf:first

rdf:first is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that can be used to build descriptions of lists and other list-like structures.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> L rdf:first O delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that there is a first-element relationship between L and O.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:first is rdf:List . The rdfs:range of rdf:first is rdfs:Resource .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_rest" name="ch_rest"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_rest" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_rest">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.2.3 insert: </span> rdf:rest

rdf:rest is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that can be used to build descriptions of lists and other list-like structures.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> L rdf:rest O delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that there is a rest-of-list relationship between L and O.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:rest is rdf:List . The rdfs:range of rdf:rest is rdf:List .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_nil" name="ch_nil"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_nil" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_nil">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.2.4 insert: </span> rdf:nil

The resource rdf:nil is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_list"> insert: <a href="#ch_list"> rdf:List that can be used to represent an empty list or other list-like structure.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> L rdf:rest rdf:nil delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that L is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_list"> insert: <a href="#ch_list"> rdf:List that has one item; that item can be indicated using the rdf:first property.

delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_reificationvocab" name="ch_reificationvocab"> insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section class="informative" id="ch_reificationvocab" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_reificationvocab">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.3 delete: </a> insert: </span> Reification Vocabulary

The original RDF Model and Syntax Specification [ delete: <a href="#rdfmscite"> RDFMS delete: </a> ] defined a vocabulary for describing RDF statements without stating them. [ delete: <a href="#rdfmscite"> RDFMS delete: </a> ] did not provide a formal semantics for this vocabulary, and the informal definition that was provided was somewhat inconsistent. The current RDF specification does not assign a normative formal semantics to this vocabulary. However, an intended meaning of this vocabulary (which generally clarifies the intent of the [ delete: <a href="#rdfmscite"> RDFMS delete: </a> ] definition) is described here. An informal introduction to the reification vocabulary, with examples, may be found in the RDF Primer [ delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#reification"> RDF-PRIMER delete: </a> ]. delete: </p> delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_statement" name="ch_statement"> delete: </a> insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

insert: <section id="ch_statement" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_statement">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.3.1 insert: </span> rdf:Statement

rdf:Statement is an instance of rdfs:Class. It is intended to represent the class of RDF statements. An RDF statement is the statement made by a token of an RDF delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-triples"> triple delete: </a> . triple. The subject of an RDF statement is the instance of delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource identified by the subject of the triple. The predicate of an RDF statement is the instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property identified by the predicate of the triple. The object of an RDF statement is the instance of delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource identified by the object of the triple. rdf:Statement is in the domain of the properties rdf:predicate , rdf:subject and rdf:object . Different individual rdf:Statement instances may have the same values for their rdf:predicate , rdf:subject and rdf:object properties.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_subject" name="ch_subject"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_subject" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_subject">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.3.2 insert: </span> rdf:subject

rdf:subject is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state the subject of a statement.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> S rdf:subject R delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that S is an instance of delete: <code> delete: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement delete: </a> delete: </code> and that the subject of S is R. delete: </p> delete: <p class="schemacomment"> The delete: <a href="#ch_domain"> delete: <code> rdfs:domain delete: </code> delete: </a> of delete: <code> rdf:subject delete: </code> is rdf:Statement and that the subject of S is R. insert: </p>

insert: <p class="schemacomment">

The insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> insert: <code> rdfs:domain insert: </code> insert: </a> of insert: <code> rdf:subject insert: </code> is insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement insert: </a> insert: </code> . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdf:subject is rdfs:Resource .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_predicate" name="ch_predicate"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_predicate" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_predicate">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.3.3 insert: </span> rdf:predicate

rdf:predicate is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state the predicate of a statement.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> S rdf:predicate P delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that S is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_statement"> insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement , that P is an instance of rdf:Property and that the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-data-model"> predicate delete: </a> of S is P.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:predicate is delete: <a href="#ch_statement"> insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement and the delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource .

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_object" name="ch_object"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_object" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_object">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.3.4 insert: </span> rdf:object

rdf:object is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to state the object of a statement.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> S rdf:object O delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that S is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_statement"> insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement and that the object of S is O.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:object is delete: <a href="#ch_statement"> insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdf:object is rdfs:Resource .

delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_utilvocab" name="ch_utilvocab"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_utilvocab" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_utilvocab">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.4 insert: </span> Utility Properties

The following utility classes and properties are defined in the RDF core namespaces.

delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_seealso" name="ch_seealso"> delete: </a> insert: <section id="ch_seealso" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_seealso">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.4.1 insert: </span> rdfs:seeAlso

rdfs:seeAlso is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> S rdfs:seeAlso O delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that the resource O may provide additional information about S. It may be possible to retrieve representations of O from the Web, but this is not required. When such representations may be retrieved, no constraints are placed on the format of those representations.

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:seeAlso is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource delete: </a> delete: </code> . The delete: <code> delete: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range delete: </a> delete: </code> of delete: <code> rdfs:seeAlso delete: </code> is delete: <code> rdfs:Resource . delete: </p> delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_isdefinedby" name="ch_isdefinedby"> delete: </a> The insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range insert: </a> insert: </code> of insert: <code> rdfs:seeAlso insert: </code> is insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource insert: </a> insert: </code> . insert: </p>

insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_isdefinedby" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_isdefinedby">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.4.2 insert: </span> rdfs:isDefinedBy

rdfs:isDefinedBy is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that is used to indicate a resource defining the subject resource. This property may be used to indicate an RDF vocabulary in which a resource is described.

A triple of the form:

delete: <p> insert: <code> S rdfs:isDefinedBy O delete: </p> insert: </code>

states that the resource O defines S. It may be possible to retrieve representations of O from the Web, but this is not required. When such representations may be retrieved, no constraints are placed on the format of those representations. rdfs:isDefinedBy is a delete: <a href="#def-subproperty"> insert: <a href="#def-subproperty"> subproperty of delete: <a href="#ch_seealso"> insert: <a href="#ch_seealso"> rdfs:seeAlso .

The rdfs:domain of rdfs:isDefinedBy is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource delete: </a> delete: </code> . The delete: <code> delete: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range delete: </a> delete: </code> of delete: <code> rdfs:isDefinedBy delete: </code> is delete: <code> rdfs:Resource . delete: </p> delete: <h4> delete: <a id="ch_value" name="ch_value"> delete: </a> The insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range insert: </a> insert: </code> of insert: <code> rdfs:isDefinedBy insert: </code> is insert: <code> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource insert: </a> insert: </code> . insert: </p>

insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_value" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h4 aria-level="3" role="heading" id="h4_ch_value">

insert: <span class="secno"> 5.4.3 insert: </span> rdf:value

rdf:value is an instance of delete: <a href="#ch_property"> insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property that may be used in describing structured values.

rdf:value has no meaning on its own. It is provided as a piece of vocabulary that may be used in idioms such as illustrated in delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#example16"> example 16 delete: </a> of the RDF primer below: insert: </p>

insert: <div class="example">
insert: <div class="example-title">
insert: <span> Example 1 insert: </span> insert: </div>
insert: <pre class="example"> 
 <http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245> <http://www.example.org/terms/weight>  [ delete: <a href="#ref-rdf-primer"> RDF-PRIMER  delete: </a> ].  rdf:value 2.4 ; <http://www.example.org/terms/units> <http://www.example.org/units/kilograms> ] .  insert: </pre>
insert: </div>
insert: <p>

Despite the lack of formal specification of the meaning of this property, there is value in defining it to encourage the use of a common idiom in examples of this kind.

The rdfs:domain of rdf:value is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource . The delete: <a href="#ch_range"> insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range of rdf:value is delete: <a href="#ch_resource"> insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource .

delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_summary" name="ch_summary"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_summary" class="informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_ch_summary">

insert: <span class="secno"> 6. insert: </span> RDF Schema summary (Informative)

insert: <em> This table presents section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

insert: <p>

The tables in this section provide an overview of the vocabulary of RDF, drawing together vocabulary originally defined in the RDF Model and Syntax specification with classes and properties that originate with RDF Schema. delete: </p> delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_sumclasses" name="ch_sumclasses"> delete: </a> RDF Schema vocabulary. insert: </p>

insert: <section id="ch_sumclasses" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_sumclasses">

insert: <span class="secno"> 6.1 insert: </span> RDF classes

delete: <table border="1" summary="RDF classes"> delete: <tbody valign="top"> insert: <table> insert: <tbody>insert: <td>insert: </tr>insert: <tr>insert: <td>insert: <td>insert: </tr>insert: <tr>insert: <td>
Class name comment
insert: <a href="#ch_resource"> rdfs:Resource insert: </a> The class resource, everything.
insert: <a href="#ch_literal"> rdfs:Literal insert: </a> The class of literal values, e.g. textual strings and integers.
rdf:XMLLiteral insert: <a href="#ch_langstring"> rdf:langString insert: </a> The class of XML literals language-tagged string literal values.
rdfs:Class insert: <a href="#ch_html"> rdf:HTML insert: </a> The class of classes. HTML literal values.
rdf:Property insert: <a href="#ch_xmlliteral"> rdf:XMLLiteral insert: </a> The class of RDF properties. XML literal values.
rdfs:Datatype insert: <a href="#ch_class"> rdfs:Class insert: </a> The class of RDF datatypes. classes.
rdf:Statement insert: <a href="#ch_property"> rdf:Property insert: </a> The class of RDF statements. properties.
insert: <a href="#ch_datatype"> rdfs:Datatype insert: </a> insert: </td> The class of RDF datatypes. insert: </td>
insert: <a href="#ch_statement"> rdf:Statement insert: </a> insert: </td> The class of RDF statements. insert: </td>
insert: <a href="#ch_bag"> rdf:Bag insert: </a> The class of unordered containers.
insert: <a href="#ch_seq"> rdf:Seq insert: </a> The class of ordered containers.
insert: <a href="#ch_alt"> rdf:Alt insert: </a> The class of containers of alternatives.
insert: <a href="#ch_container"> rdfs:Container insert: </a> The class of RDF containers.
insert: <a href="#ch_containermembershipproperty"> rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty insert: </a> The class of container membership properties, rdf:_1, rdf:_2, ..., all of which are sub-properties of 'member'.
insert: <a href="#ch_list"> rdf:List insert: </a> The class of RDF Lists.
delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_sumproperties" name="ch_sumproperties"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_sumproperties" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_ch_sumproperties">

insert: <span class="secno"> 6.2 insert: </span> RDF properties

delete: <table border="1" summary="RDF properties"> delete: <tbody valign="top"> insert: <table> insert: <tbody>
Property name comment domain range
insert: <a href="#ch_type"> rdf:type insert: </a> The subject is an instance of a class. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Class
insert: <a href="#ch_subclassof"> rdfs:subClassOf insert: </a> The subject is a subclass of a class. rdfs:Class rdfs:Class
insert: <a href="#ch_subpropertyof"> rdfs:subPropertyOf insert: </a> The subject is a subproperty of a property. rdf:Property rdf:Property
insert: <a href="#ch_domain"> rdfs:domain insert: </a> A domain of the subject property. rdf:Property rdfs:Class
insert: <a href="#ch_range"> rdfs:range insert: </a> A range of the subject property. rdf:Property rdfs:Class
insert: <a href="#ch_label"> rdfs:label insert: </a> A human-readable name for the subject. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal
insert: <a href="#ch_comment"> rdfs:comment insert: </a> A description of the subject resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal
insert: <a href="#ch_member"> rdfs:member insert: </a> A member of the subject resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_first"> rdf:first insert: </a> The first item in the subject RDF list. rdf:List rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_rest"> rdf:rest insert: </a> The rest of the subject RDF list after the first item. rdf:List rdf:List
insert: <a href="#ch_seealso"> rdfs:seeAlso insert: </a> Further information about the subject resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_isdefinedby"> rdfs:isDefinedBy insert: </a> The definition of the subject resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_value"> rdf:value insert: </a> Idiomatic property used for structured values (see the RDF Primer for delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#example16"> an example delete: </a> of its usage). values. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_subject"> rdf:subject insert: </a> The subject of the subject RDF statement. rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_predicate"> rdf:predicate insert: </a> The predicate of the subject RDF statement. rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource
insert: <a href="#ch_object"> rdf:object insert: </a> The object of the subject RDF statement. rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource

In addition to these classes and properties, RDF also uses properties called rdf:_1 , rdf:_2 , rdf:_3 ... etc., each of which is both a sub-property of rdfs:member and an instance of the class rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty . There is also an instance of rdf:List called rdf:nil that is an empty rdf:List .

delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_cores" name="ch_cores"> delete: </a> delete: </h3> delete: <hr /> delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_references" name="ch_references"> 7. delete: </a> References delete: </h2> delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_normreferences" name="ch_normreferences"> delete: </a> 7.1 Normative References delete: </h3> delete: <dl> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-rdf-concepts" name="ref-rdf-concepts"> delete: </a> [RDF-CONCEPTS] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/"> Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Graham Klyne and Jeremy J. Carroll, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-rdf-semantics" name="ref-rdf-semantics"> delete: </a> [RDF-SEMANTICS] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/"> RDF Semantics delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Patrick Hayes, Editor, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-rdf-syntax" name="ref-rdf-syntax"> delete: </a> [RDF-SYNTAX] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/"> RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised) delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Dave Beckett, Editor, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-rdf-tests" name="ref-rdf-tests"> delete: </a> [RDF-TESTS] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-testcases-20040210/"> RDF Test Cases delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Jan Grant and Dave Beckett, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-testcases-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="rdfmscite" name="rdfmscite"> delete: </a> [RDFMS] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/"> delete: <cite> Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax delete: </cite> delete: </a> , W3C Recommendation, 22 February 1999 delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/ delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="xmlnscite" name="xmlnscite"> delete: </a> [XMLNS] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/"> delete: <cite> Namespaces in XML delete: </cite> delete: </a> ; W3C Recommendation, 14 January 1999 delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/ delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: </dl> delete: <h3> delete: <a id="ch_inforeferences" name="ch_inforeferences"> delete: </a> 7.2 Informational References delete: </h3> delete: <dl> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-rdf-primer" name="ref-rdf-primer"> [RDF-PRIMER] delete: </a> delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"> RDF Primer delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Frank Manola and Eric Miller, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="rdfnotcite" name="rdfnotcite"> [BERNERS-LEE98] delete: </a> delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html"> delete: <cite> What the Semantic Web can represent delete: </cite> delete: </a> , Tim Berners-Lee, 1998 delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html"> http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="xlcite" name="xlcite"> delete: </a> [EXTWEB] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-webarch-extlang-19980210"> delete: <cite> Web Architecture: Extensible Languages delete: </cite> delete: </a> , Tim Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, 1998 delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-webarch-extlang-19980210"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-webarch-extlang-19980210 delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref_dcmi" name="ref_dcmi"> delete: </a> [DCMI] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.dublincore.org/"> delete: <cite> Dublin Core Metadata Initiative delete: </cite> delete: </a> delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.dublincore.org/"> http://www.dublincore.org/ delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="ref-owl" name="ref-owl"> delete: </a> [OWL] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <cite> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/"> OWL Web Ontology Language Reference delete: </a> delete: </cite> , Mike Dean and Guus Schreiber, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/ . delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/"> Latest version delete: </a> available at http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/ . delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="cccite" name="cccite"> delete: </a> [SCHEMA-ARCH] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-schema-arch-19991007"> delete: <cite> The Cambridge Communiqué delete: </cite> delete: </a> , W3C NOTE, 7 October 1999, Swick and Thompson delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-schema-arch-19991007"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-schema-arch-19991007 delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: <dt> delete: <a id="dtdcite" name="dtdcite"> delete: </a> [XML] delete: </dt> delete: <dd> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210"> delete: <cite> Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 delete: </cite> delete: </a> , W3C Recommendation, 10-February-1988, Section 3.2 Element Type Declarations delete: <br /> delete: <small> delete: <tt> delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.html#elemdecls"> http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.html#elemdecls delete: </a> delete: </tt> delete: </small> delete: <br /> delete: </dd> delete: </dl> delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_acknowledgements" name="ch_acknowledgements"> delete: </a> delete: <a id="ch_acknowledgments" name="ch_acknowledgments"> delete: </a> 8. insert: </section>
insert: </section>
insert: <section id="ch_acknowledgements" class="appendix informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_ch_acknowledgements">

insert: <span class="secno"> A. insert: </span> Acknowledgments

insert: <p>

insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

The RDF Schema design was originally produced by the RDF Schema Working Group (1997-2000). The current specification is largely an editorial clarification of that design, and has benefited greatly from the hard work of the RDF Core Working Group members , and from implementation feedback from many members of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/RDF/Interest/"> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/RDF/Interest/"> RDF Interest Group . In 2013-2014 Guus Schreiber edited this document on behalf of the insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/"> RDF Working Group insert: </a> to bring it in line with the RDF 1.1 specifications.

David Singer of IBM was the chair of the original RDF Schema group throughout most of the development of this specification; we thank David for his efforts and thank IBM for supporting him and us in this endeavor. Particular thanks are also due to Andrew Layman for his editorial work on early versions of this specification.

The original RDF Schema Working Group membership included:

Nick Arnett (Verity), Dan Brickley (ILRT / University of Bristol), Walter Chang (Adobe), Sailesh Chutani (Oracle), Ron Daniel (DATAFUSION), Charles Frankston (Microsoft), Joe Lapp (webMethods Inc.), Patrick Gannon (CommerceNet), RV Guha (Epinions, previously of Netscape Communications), Tom Hill (Apple Computer), Renato Iannella (DSTC), Sandeep Jain (Oracle), Kevin Jones, (InterMind), Emiko Kezuka (Digital Vision Laboratories), Ora Lassila (Nokia Research Center), Andrew Layman (Microsoft), John McCarthy (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Michael Mealling (Network Solutions), Norbert Mikula (DataChannel), Eric Miller (OCLC), Frank Olken (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Sri Raghavan (Digital/Compaq), Lisa Rein (webMethods Inc.), Tsuyoshi Sakata (Digital Vision Laboratories), Leon Shklar (Pencom Web Works), David Singer (IBM), Wei (William) Song (SISU), Neel Sundaresan (IBM), Ralph Swick (W3C), ( insert: <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium"> W3C insert: </abbr> ), Naohiko Uramoto (IBM), Charles Wicksteed (Reuters Ltd.), Misha Wolf (Reuters Ltd.)

delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_appendix_figs" name="ch_appendix_figs"> delete: </a> insert: </section>
insert: <section id="PER-changes" class="appendix informative" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_PER-changes">

insert: <span class="secno"> B. insert: </span> Change since 2004 Recommendation

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insert: <em> This section is non-normative. insert: </em> insert: </p>

insert: <p>

Changes delete: </h2> delete: <p> The following is an outline of the main changes made to this specification, latest first, since the Last Call Working Draft of delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-schema-20030123/"> 23 January 2003 delete: </a> . See the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/20030123-issues/#schema"> Last Call issue tracking document delete: </a> for details of the specific issues raised regarding this specification. RDF 1.1 Recommendation

insert: <p>

Changes for RDF 1.1 Proposed Edited Recommendation insert: </p>

insert: <ul> delete: <h2> delete: <a id="ch_appendix_rdfs" name="ch_appendix_rdfs"> delete: </a> Appendix A: RDF Schema as RDF/XML insert: </section>
insert: <section class="appendix" id="references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h2 aria-level="1" role="heading" id="h2_references">

insert: <span class="secno"> C. insert: </span> References

delete: <p> An RDFS description of the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/#InterpVocab"> RDF vocabulary delete: </a> and delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/#rdfs_interp"> RDFS vocabulary delete: </a> is given here in RDF/XML syntax. It includes statements describing RDF resources originally introduced by the 1999 RDF Model and Syntax specification, as well as definitions for resources introduced in the RDF Core Schema vocabulary. delete: </p> delete: <p> This material is also insert: <section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_normative-references">

insert: <span class="secno"> C.1 insert: </span> Normative references insert: </h3>

insert: <dl class="bibliography" about="">
insert: <dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
[JSON-LD] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> JSON-LD 1.0 insert: </a> insert: </cite> . 16 January 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
[RDF11-CONCEPTS] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Markus Lanthaler. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/"> RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax. insert: </a> insert: </cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225/ insert: </a> . The latest edition is available as delete: <a href="rdfs-namespace"> a separate RDF/XML document at insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-RDF11-MT">
[RDF11-MT] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Patrick J. Hayes, Peter F. Patel-Schneider. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/"> RDF 1.1 Semantics. insert: </a> insert: </cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/ . It does not necessarily match the content published The latest edition is available at the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> RDF namespace URI delete: </a> or the delete: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"> RDFS namespace URI delete: </a> , which may evolve over time. delete: </p> delete: <table cellpadding="5" border="1" width="95%" summary="RDF Schema in RDF"> delete: <tbody> delete: <tr> delete: <td> delete: <pre> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"> <owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>Resource</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class resource, everything.</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>type</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The subject is an instance of a class.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>Class</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of classes.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>subClassOf</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The subject is a subclass of a class.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subPropertyOf"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>subPropertyOf</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The subject is a subproperty of a property.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/> </rdf:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>Property</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of RDF properties.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>comment</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>A description of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>label</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>A human-readable name for the subject.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#domain"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>domain</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>A domain of the subject property.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#range"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>range</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>A range of the subject property.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>seeAlso</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Further information about the subject resource.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso"/> <rdfs:label>isDefinedBy</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The defininition of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>Literal</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of literal values, eg. textual strings and integers.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>Statement</rdfs:label> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:comment>The class of RDF statements.</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#subject"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>subject</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The subject of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#predicate"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>predicate</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The predicate of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#object"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>object</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The object of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>Container</rdfs:label> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:comment>The class of RDF containers.</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Bag"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>Bag</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of unordered containers.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Seq"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>Seq</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of ordered containers.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Alt"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>Alt</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of containers of alternatives.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#ContainerMembershipProperty"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>ContainerMembershipProperty</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of container membership properties, rdf:_1, rdf:_2, ..., all of which are sub-properties of 'member'.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#member"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>member</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>A member of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#value"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>value</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Idiomatic property used for structured values.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <!-- the following are new additions, Nov 2002 --> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>List</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of RDF Lists.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/></rdfs:Class> <rdf:List rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>nil</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The empty list, with no items in it. If the rest of a list is nil then the list has no more items in it.</rdfs:comment> </rdf:List> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>first</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The first item in the subject RDF list.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>rest</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The rest of the subject RDF list after the first item.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/> </rdf:Property> <rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Datatype"> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/> <rdfs:label>Datatype</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of RDF datatypes.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Datatype rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/> <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/> <rdfs:label>XMLLiteral</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>The class of XML literal values.</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Datatype> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"> <rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema-more"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> delete: </pre> delete: </td> delete: </tr> delete: </tbody> delete: </table> delete: <hr /> delete: <div class="metadata"> delete: <p> delete: <a href="metadata.rdf"> delete: <img border="0" src="http://www.w3.org/RDF/icons/rdf_metadata_button.40" alt="RDF/XML Metadata" /> delete: </a> delete: </p> delete: </div> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-TRIG">
[TRIG] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Gavin Carothers, Andy Seaborne. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/"> TriG: RDF Dataset Language insert: </a> insert: </cite> . W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-trig-20140225/ insert: </a> . The latest edition is available at insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-TURTLE">
[TURTLE] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/"> RDF 1.1 Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language. insert: </a> insert: </cite> W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/ insert: </a> . The latest edition is available at insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: </dl>
insert: </section>
insert: <section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#ref" rel="bibo:Chapter">
insert: <h3 aria-level="2" role="heading" id="h3_informative-references">

insert: <span class="secno"> C.2 insert: </span> Informative references insert: </h3>

insert: <dl class="bibliography" about="">
insert: <dt id="bib-BERNERS-LEE98">
[BERNERS-LEE98] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:references">
Tim Berners-Lee. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html"> What the Semantic Web can represent insert: </a> insert: </cite> . 1998. URI: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html"> http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html insert: </a> . insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-OWL2-OVERVIEW">
[OWL2-OVERVIEW] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:references">
W3C OWL Working Group. insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/"> insert: <cite> OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition) insert: </cite> insert: </a> . 11 December 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/ insert: </a> insert: </dd>
insert: <dt id="bib-RDF11-PRIMER">
[RDF11-PRIMER] insert: </dt>
insert: <dd rel="dcterms:references">
Guus Schreiber, Yves Raimond. insert: <cite> insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/"> RDF 1.1 Primer insert: </a> insert: </cite> . W3C Working Group Note, 25 February 2014. The latest version is available at insert: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/"> http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/ insert: </a> . insert: </dd>
insert: </dl>
insert: </section>
insert: </section>