Abstract
The
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF)
is
a
general-purpose
language
for
representing
information
about
resources
in
the
World
Wide
Web.
This
specification
describes
how
to
use
RDF
to
describe
RDF
vocabularies.
This
specification
defines
Schema
provides
a
data-modelling
vocabulary
for
this
purpose
and
defines
other
built-in
RDF
vocabulary
initially
specified
in
data.
RDF
Schema
is
an
extension
of
the
basic
RDF
Model
and
Syntax
Specification.
vocabulary.
Status
of
this
This
Document
This
section
describes
the
status
of
this
document
has
been
reviewed
by
W3C
Members
and
other
interested
parties,
and
it
has
been
endorsed
by
at
the
Director
as
a
time
of
its
publication.
Other
documents
may
supersede
this
document.
A
list
of
current
W3C
Recommendation
.
W3C's
role
in
making
the
Recommendation
is
to
draw
attention
to
the
specification
publications
and
to
promote
its
widespread
deployment.
This
enhances
the
functionality
and
interoperability
latest
revision
of
this
technical
report
can
be
found
in
the
Web.
W3C
technical
reports
index
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This
is
one
document
in
a
set
is
an
edited
version
of
six
(
Primer
,
Concepts
,
Syntax
,
Semantics
,
Vocabulary
,
and
Test
Cases
)
intended
to
jointly
replace
the
original
Resource
Description
Framework
specifications,
RDF
Model
and
Syntax
(1999
Recommendation)
and
2004
RDF
Schema
(2000
Candidate
Recommendation)
.
It
has
been
developed
by
the
RDF
Core
Working
Group
Recommendation.
The
purpose
of
this
revision
is
to
make
this
document
available
as
part
of
the
W3C
Semantic
Web
Activity
(
Activity
Statement
,
Group
Charter
)
for
publication
on
10
February
2004.
RDF
1.1
document
set.
Changes
are
limited
to
this
revised
references,
terminology
updates,
and
adaptations
to
the
introduction.
The
title
of
the
document
since
was
changed
from
"RDF
Vocabulary
Description
Language
1.0:
RDF
Schema"
to
"RDF
Schema
1.1".
The
technical
content
of
the
Proposed
Recommendation
Working
Draft
document
is
unchanged.
Details
of
the
changes
are
detailed
listed
in
the
change
log
.
Changes
section.
The
public
is
W3C
Membership
and
other
interested
parties
are
invited
to
review
the
document
and
send
comments
to
www-rdf-comments@w3.org
public-rdf-comments@w3.org
(
archive
subscribe
,
archives
)
and
through
09
February
2014.
Advisory
Committee
Representatives
should
consult
their
WBS
questionnaires
.
This
document
was
published
by
the
RDF
Working
Group
as
a
Proposed
Edited
Recommendation.
This
document
is
intended
to
participate
in
general
discussion
of
related
technology
on
www-rdf-interest@w3.org
become
a
W3C
Recommendation.
If
you
wish
to
make
comments
regarding
this
document,
please
send
them
to
public-rdf-comments@w3.org
(
archive
subscribe
,
archives
).
All
comments
are
welcome.
A
list
of
implementations
Publication
as
a
Proposed
Edited
Recommendation
does
not
imply
endorsement
by
the
W3C
Membership.
This
is
available.
a
draft
document
and
may
be
updated,
replaced
or
obsoleted
by
other
documents
at
any
time.
It
is
inappropriate
to
cite
this
document
as
other
than
work
in
progress.
The
This
document
was
produced
by
a
group
operating
under
the
5
February
2004
W3C
Patent
Policy
.
W3C
maintains
a
public
list
of
any
patent
disclosures
related
to
this
work
.
This
section
describes
made
in
connection
with
the
status
deliverables
of
this
document
at
the
time
of
its
publication.
Other
documents
may
supersede
this
document.
A
list
group;
that
page
also
includes
instructions
for
disclosing
a
patent.
An
individual
who
has
actual
knowledge
of
current
W3C
publications
and
a
patent
which
the
latest
revision
of
this
technical
report
can
be
found
individual
believes
contains
Essential
Claim(s)
must
disclose
the
information
in
accordance
with
section
6
of
the
W3C
technical
reports
index
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.
Patent
Policy
.
1.
Introduction
The
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF)
is
a
general-purpose
language
for
representing
information
in
the
Web.
This
specification
is
one
of
several
[
RDF-PRIMER
]
[
RDF-SYNTAX
]
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
]
[
RDF-SEMANTICS
]
[
RDF-TESTS
]
related
to
RDF.
The
reader
is
referred
to
the
RDF
schema
chapter
in
the
RDF
Primer
[
RDF-PRIMER
]
for
an
informal
introduction
and
examples
of
the
use
of
the
concepts
specified
in
this
document.
This
specification
introduces
RDF's
Schema
provides
a
data-modelling
vocabulary
description
language,
for
RDF
Schema.
data.
It
is
complemented
by
several
companion
documents
which
describe
RDF's
XML
encoding
the
basic
concepts
and
abstract
stntax
of
RDF
[
RDF-SYNTAX
RDF11-CONCEPTS
],
mathematical
foundations
the
formal
semantics
of
RDF
[
RDF-SEMANTICS
RDF11-MT
]
],
and
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF):
Concepts
various
concrete
syntaxes
for
RDF,
such
as
Turtle
[
TURTLE
],
TriG,
[
TRIG
],
and
Abstract
Syntax
JSON-LD
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
JSON-LD
].
The
RDF
Primer
[
RDF-PRIMER
RDF11-PRIMER
]
provides
an
informal
introduction
and
examples
of
the
use
of
the
concepts
specified
in
this
document.
This
document
is
intended
to
provide
a
clear
specification
of
the
RDF
vocabulary
description
language
Schema
to
those
who
find
the
formal
semantics
specification,
RDF
Semantics
specification
[
RDF-SEMANTICS
RDF11-MT
]
daunting.
Thus,
this
document
duplicates
material
also
specified
in
the
RDF
Semantics
specification
.
specification.
Where
there
is
disagreement
between
this
document
and
the
RDF
Semantics
specification,
the
RDF
Semantics
specification
should
be
taken
to
be
correct.
RDF
properties
may
be
thought
of
as
attributes
of
resources
and
in
this
sense
correspond
to
traditional
attribute-value
pairs.
RDF
properties
also
represent
relationships
between
resources.
RDF
however,
provides
no
mechanisms
for
describing
these
properties,
nor
does
it
provide
any
mechanisms
for
describing
the
relationships
between
these
properties
and
other
resources.
That
is
the
role
of
the
RDF
vocabulary
description
language,
RDF
Schema.
RDF
Schema
defines
classes
and
properties
that
may
be
used
to
describe
classes,
properties
and
other
resources.
This
document
does
not
specify
a
vocabulary
of
descriptive
properties
such
as
"author".
Instead
it
specifies
mechanisms
that
may
be
used
to
name
and
describe
properties
and
the
classes
of
resource
they
describe.
RDF's
vocabulary
description
language,
RDF
Schema,
is
a
semantic
extension
(as
defined
in
[
RDF-SEMANTICS
])
of
RDF.
It
provides
mechanisms
for
describing
groups
of
related
resources
and
the
relationships
between
these
resources.
RDF
Schema
vocabulary
descriptions
are
is
written
in
RDF
using
the
terms
described
in
this
document.
These
resources
are
used
to
determine
characteristics
of
other
resources,
such
as
the
domains
and
ranges
of
properties.
The
RDF
vocabulary
description
language
Schema
class
and
property
system
is
similar
to
the
type
systems
of
object-oriented
programming
languages
such
as
Java.
RDF
Schema
differs
from
many
such
systems
in
that
instead
of
defining
a
class
in
terms
of
the
properties
its
instances
may
have,
the
RDF
vocabulary
description
language
Schema
describes
properties
in
terms
of
the
classes
of
resource
to
which
they
apply.
This
is
the
role
of
the
domain
and
range
mechanisms
described
in
this
specification.
For
example,
we
could
define
the
eg:author
property
to
have
a
domain
of
eg:Document
and
a
range
of
eg:Person
,
whereas
a
classical
object
oriented
system
might
typically
define
a
class
eg:Book
with
an
attribute
called
eg:author
of
type
eg:Person
.
Using
the
RDF
approach,
it
is
easy
for
others
to
subsequently
define
additional
properties
with
a
domain
of
eg:
Document
or
a
range
of
eg:Person
.
This
can
be
done
without
the
need
to
re-define
the
original
description
of
these
classes.
One
benefit
of
the
RDF
property-centric
approach
is
that
it
allows
anyone
to
extend
the
description
of
existing
resources,
one
of
the
architectural
principles
of
the
Web
[
BERNERS-LEE98
].
This
specification
does
not
attempt
to
enumerate
all
the
possible
forms
of
vocabulary
description
that
are
useful
for
representing
the
meaning
of
RDF
classes
and
properties.
Instead,
the
RDF
vocabulary
description
Schema
strategy
is
to
acknowledge
that
there
are
many
techniques
through
which
the
meaning
of
classes
and
properties
can
be
described.
Richer
vocabulary
or
'ontology'
languages
such
as
DAML+OIL,
W3C's
[
OWL
[
OWL2-OVERVIEW
]
language,
],
inference
rule
languages
and
other
formalisms
(for
example
temporal
logics)
will
each
contribute
to
our
ability
to
capture
meaningful
generalizations
about
data
in
the
Web.
RDF
vocabulary
designers
can
create
and
deploy
Semantic
Web
applications
using
the
RDF
vocabulary
description
language
1.0
facilities,
while
exploring
richer
vocabulary
description
languages
that
share
this
general
approach.
The
language
defined
in
this
specification
consists
of
a
collection
of
RDF
resources
that
can
be
used
to
describe
properties
of
other
RDF
resources
(including
properties)
in
application-specific
RDF
vocabularies.
The
core
vocabulary
is
defined
in
a
namespace
informally
called
'rdfs'
rdfs
here.
That
namespace
is
identified
by
the
URI-Reference
IRI
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
and
is
conventionally
associated
with
the
prefix
'rdfs'.
rdfs:
.
This
specification
also
uses
the
prefix
'rdf'
rdf:
to
refer
to
the
RDF
namespace
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#.
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
For
convenience
and
readability,
this
specification
uses
an
abbreviated
form
to
represent
URI-References.
IRIs.
A
name
of
the
form
prefix:suffix
should
be
interpreted
as
a
URI-Reference
IRI
consisting
of
the
URI-Reference
IRI
associated
with
the
prefix
concatenated
with
the
suffix.
2.
Classes
Resources
may
be
divided
into
groups
called
classes.
The
members
of
a
class
are
known
as
instances
of
the
class.
Classes
are
themselves
resources.
They
are
often
identified
by
RDF
URI
References
IRIs
and
may
be
described
using
RDF
properties.
The
rdf:type
property
may
be
used
to
state
that
a
resource
is
an
instance
of
a
class.
RDF
distinguishes
between
a
class
and
the
set
of
its
instances.
Associated
with
each
class
is
a
set,
called
the
class
extension
of
the
class,
which
is
the
set
of
the
instances
of
the
class.
Two
classes
may
have
the
same
set
of
instances
but
be
different
classes.
For
example,
the
tax
office
may
define
the
class
of
people
living
at
the
same
address
as
the
editor
of
this
document.
The
Post
Office
may
define
the
class
of
people
whose
address
has
the
same
zip
code
as
the
address
of
the
author.
It
is
possible
for
these
classes
to
have
exactly
the
same
instances,
yet
to
have
different
properties.
Only
one
of
the
classes
has
the
property
that
it
was
defined
by
the
tax
office,
and
only
the
other
has
the
property
that
it
was
defined
by
the
Post
Office.
A
class
may
be
a
member
of
its
own
class
extension
and
may
be
an
instance
of
itself.
The
group
of
resources
that
are
RDF
Schema
classes
is
itself
a
class
called
rdfs:Class
.
If
a
class
C
is
a
subclass
of
a
class
C',
then
all
instances
of
C
will
also
be
instances
of
C'.
The
rdfs:subClassOf
property
may
be
used
to
state
that
one
class
is
a
subclass
of
another.
The
term
super-class
is
used
as
the
inverse
of
subclass.
If
a
class
C'
is
a
super-class
of
a
class
C,
then
all
instances
of
C
are
also
instances
of
C'.
The
RDF
Concepts
and
Abstract
Syntax
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
RDF11-CONCEPTS
]
specification
defines
the
RDF
concept
of
an
RDF
datatype
.
All
datatypes
are
classes.
The
instances
of
a
class
that
is
a
datatype
are
the
members
of
the
value
space
of
the
datatype.
2.1
rdfs:Resource
All
things
described
by
RDF
are
called
resources
,
and
are
instances
of
the
class
rdfs:Resource
.
This
is
the
class
of
everything.
All
other
classes
are
subclasses
of
this
class.
rdfs:Resource
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
.
2.2
rdfs:Class
This
is
the
class
of
resources
that
are
RDF
classes.
rdfs:Class
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class.
2.3
rdfs:Literal
The
class
rdfs:Literal
is
the
class
of
literal
values
such
as
strings
and
integers.
Property
values
such
as
textual
strings
are
examples
of
RDF
literals.
Literals
may
be
plain
or
typed
.
A
typed
literal
is
an
instance
of
a
datatype
class.
This
specification
does
not
define
the
class
of
plain
literals.
rdfs:Literal
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
.
rdfs:Literal
is
a
subclass
of
rdfs:Resource
.
2.4
rdfs:Datatype
rdfs:Datatype
is
the
class
of
datatypes.
All
instances
of
rdfs:Datatype
correspond
to
the
RDF
model
of
a
datatype
described
in
the
RDF
Concepts
specification
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
RDF11-CONCEPTS
].
rdfs:Datatype
is
both
an
instance
of
and
a
subclass
of
rdfs:Class
.
Each
instance
of
rdfs:Datatype
is
a
subclass
of
rdfs:Literal.
2.6
2.8
rdf:Property
rdf:Property
is
the
class
of
RDF
properties.
rdf:Property
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
.
3.
Properties
The
RDF
Concepts
and
Abstract
Syntax
specification
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
RDF11-CONCEPTS
]
describes
the
concept
of
an
RDF
property
as
a
relation
between
subject
resources
and
object
resources.
This
specification
defines
the
concept
of
subproperty.
The
rdfs:subPropertyOf
property
may
be
used
to
state
that
one
property
is
a
subproperty
of
another.
If
a
property
P
is
a
subproperty
of
property
P',
then
all
pairs
of
resources
which
are
related
by
P
are
also
related
by
P'.
The
term
super-property
is
often
used
as
the
inverse
of
subproperty.
If
a
property
P'
is
a
super-property
of
a
property
P,
then
all
pairs
of
resources
which
are
related
by
P
are
also
related
by
P'.
This
specification
does
not
define
a
top
property
that
is
the
super-property
of
all
properties.
Note
:
The
basic
facilities
provided
by
rdfs:domain
and
rdfs:range
do
not
provide
any
direct
way
to
indicate
property
restrictions
that
are
local
to
a
class.
Although
it
is
possible
to
combine
use
rdfs:domain
and
rdfs:range
with
sub-property
hierarchies,
direct
support
for
such
declarations
are
provided
by
richer
Web
Ontology
languages
such
as
[
OWL
[
OWL2-OVERVIEW
].
3.1
rdfs:range
rdfs:range
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
state
that
the
values
of
a
property
are
instances
of
one
or
more
classes.
The
triple
P
rdfs:range
C
states
that
P
is
an
instance
of
the
class
rdf:Property
,
that
C
is
an
instance
of
the
class
rdfs:Class
and
that
the
resources
denoted
by
the
objects
of
triples
whose
predicate
is
P
are
instances
of
the
class
C.
Where
P
has
more
than
one
rdfs:range
property,
then
the
resources
denoted
by
the
objects
of
triples
with
predicate
P
are
instances
of
all
the
classes
stated
by
the
rdfs:range
properties.
The
rdfs:range
property
can
be
applied
to
itself.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:range
is
the
class
rdfs:Class
.
This
states
that
any
resource
that
is
the
value
of
an
rdfs:range
property
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
.
The
rdfs:range
property
is
applied
to
properties.
This
can
be
represented
in
RDF
using
the
rdfs:domain
property.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:range
is
the
class
rdf:Property
.
This
states
that
any
resource
with
an
rdfs:range
property
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
.
3.2
rdfs:domain
rdfs:domain
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
state
that
any
resource
that
has
a
given
property
is
an
instance
of
one
or
more
classes.
A
triple
of
the
form:
P
rdfs:domain
C
states
that
P
is
an
instance
of
the
class
rdf:Property
,
that
C
is
a
instance
of
the
class
rdfs:Class
and
that
the
resources
denoted
by
the
subjects
of
triples
whose
predicate
is
P
are
instances
of
the
class
C.
Where
a
property
P
has
more
than
one
rdfs:domain
property,
then
the
resources
denoted
by
subjects
of
triples
with
predicate
P
are
instances
of
all
the
classes
stated
by
the
rdfs:domain
properties.
The
rdfs:domain
property
may
be
applied
to
itself.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:domain
is
the
class
rdf:Property
.
This
states
that
any
resource
with
an
rdfs:domain
property
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:domain
is
the
class
rdfs:Class
.
This
states
that
any
resource
that
is
the
value
of
an
rdfs:domain
property
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
.
3.4
rdfs:subClassOf
The
property
rdfs:subClassOf
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
state
that
all
the
instances
of
one
class
are
instances
of
another.
A
triple
of
the
form:
C1
rdfs:subClassOf
C2
states
that
C1
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
,
C2
is
an
instance
of
rdfs:Class
and
C1
is
a
subclass
of
C2.
The
rdfs:subClassOf
property
is
transitive.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:subClassOf
is
rdfs:Class
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:subClassOf
is
rdfs:Class
.
3.5
rdfs:subPropertyOf
The
property
rdfs:subPropertyOf
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
state
that
all
resources
related
by
one
property
are
also
related
by
another.
A
triple
of
the
form:
P1
rdfs:subPropertyOf
P2
states
that
P1
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
,
P2
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
and
P1
is
a
subproperty
of
P2.
The
rdfs:subPropertyOf
property
is
transitive.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:subPropertyOf
is
rdf:Property
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:subPropertyOf
is
rdf:Property
.
3.6
rdfs:label
rdfs:label
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
may
be
used
to
provide
a
human-readable
version
of
a
resource's
name.
A
triple
of
the
form:
R
rdfs:label
L
states
that
L
is
a
human
readable
label
for
R.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:label
is
rdfs:Resource
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:label
is
rdfs:Literal
.
Multilingual
labels
are
supported
using
the
language
tagging
facility
of
RDF
literals.
4.
Using
the
Domain
and
Range
Vocabulary
(Informative)
vocabulary
This
section
is
non-normative.
This
specification
introduces
an
RDF
vocabulary
for
describing
the
meaningful
use
of
properties
and
classes
in
RDF
data.
For
example,
an
RDF
vocabulary
might
describe
limitations
on
the
types
of
values
that
are
appropriate
for
some
property,
or
on
the
classes
to
which
it
makes
sense
to
ascribe
such
properties.
The
RDF
Vocabulary
Description
language
Schema
provides
a
mechanism
for
describing
this
information,
but
does
not
say
whether
or
how
an
application
should
use
it.
For
example,
while
an
RDF
vocabulary
can
assert
that
an
author
property
is
used
to
indicate
resources
that
are
instances
of
the
class
Person
,
it
does
not
say
whether
or
how
an
application
should
act
in
processing
that
range
information.
Different
applications
will
use
this
information
in
different
ways.
For
example,
data
checking
tools
might
use
this
to
help
discover
errors
in
some
data
set,
an
interactive
editor
might
suggest
appropriate
values,
and
a
reasoning
application
might
use
it
to
infer
additional
information
from
instance
data.
RDF
vocabularies
can
describe
relationships
between
vocabulary
items
from
multiple
independently
developed
vocabularies.
Since
URI-References
IRIs
are
used
to
identify
classes
and
properties
in
on
the
Web,
it
is
possible
to
create
new
properties
that
have
a
domain
or
range
whose
value
is
a
class
defined
in
another
namespace.
5.
Other
vocabulary
Additional
classes
and
properties,
including
constructs
for
representing
containers
and
RDF
statements,
and
for
deploying
RDF
vocabulary
descriptions
in
the
World
Wide
Web
Web,
are
defined
in
this
section.
5.4
Utility
Properties
The
following
utility
classes
and
properties
are
defined
in
the
RDF
core
namespaces.
5.4.1
rdfs:seeAlso
rdfs:seeAlso
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
indicate
a
resource
that
might
provide
additional
information
about
the
subject
resource.
A
triple
of
the
form:
S
rdfs:seeAlso
O
states
that
the
resource
O
may
provide
additional
information
about
S.
It
may
be
possible
to
retrieve
representations
of
O
from
the
Web,
but
this
is
not
required.
When
such
representations
may
be
retrieved,
no
constraints
are
placed
on
the
format
of
those
representations.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:seeAlso
is
rdfs:Resource
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:seeAlso
is
rdfs:Resource
.
5.4.2
rdfs:isDefinedBy
rdfs:isDefinedBy
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
is
used
to
indicate
a
resource
defining
the
subject
resource.
This
property
may
be
used
to
indicate
an
RDF
vocabulary
in
which
a
resource
is
described.
A
triple
of
the
form:
S
rdfs:isDefinedBy
O
states
that
the
resource
O
defines
S.
It
may
be
possible
to
retrieve
representations
of
O
from
the
Web,
but
this
is
not
required.
When
such
representations
may
be
retrieved,
no
constraints
are
placed
on
the
format
of
those
representations.
rdfs:isDefinedBy
is
a
subproperty
of
rdfs:seeAlso
.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdfs:isDefinedBy
is
rdfs:Resource
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdfs:isDefinedBy
is
rdfs:Resource
.
5.4.3
rdf:value
rdf:value
is
an
instance
of
rdf:Property
that
may
be
used
in
describing
structured
values.
rdf:value
has
no
meaning
on
its
own.
It
is
provided
as
a
piece
of
vocabulary
that
may
be
used
in
idioms
such
as
illustrated
in
example
16
of
the
RDF
primer
[
RDF-PRIMER
].
below:
Example
1
<http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245>
<http://www.example.org/terms/weight> [
rdf:value 2.4 ;
<http://www.example.org/terms/units> <http://www.example.org/units/kilograms>
] .
Despite
the
lack
of
formal
specification
of
the
meaning
of
this
property,
there
is
value
in
defining
it
to
encourage
the
use
of
a
common
idiom
in
examples
of
this
kind.
The
rdfs:domain
of
rdf:value
is
rdfs:Resource
.
The
rdfs:range
of
rdf:value
is
rdfs:Resource
.
7.
References
A.
Acknowledgments
7.1
Normative
References
[RDF-CONCEPTS]
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF):
Concepts
and
Abstract
Syntax
,
Graham
Klyne
and
Jeremy
J.
Carroll,
Editors,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/
.
[RDF-SEMANTICS]
RDF
Semantics
,
Patrick
Hayes,
Editor,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/
.
[RDF-SYNTAX]
RDF/XML
Syntax
Specification
(Revised)
,
Dave
Beckett,
Editor,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/
.
[RDF-TESTS]
RDF
Test
Cases
,
Jan
Grant
and
Dave
Beckett,
Editors,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-testcases-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/
.
[RDFMS]
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF)
Model
and
Syntax
,
W3C
Recommendation,
22
February
1999
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/
[XMLNS]
Namespaces
in
XML
;
W3C
Recommendation,
14
January
1999
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/
7.2
Informational
References
[RDF-PRIMER]
RDF
Primer
,
Frank
Manola
and
Eric
Miller,
Editors,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
.
[BERNERS-LEE98]
What
the
Semantic
Web
can
represent
,
Tim
Berners-Lee,
1998
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html
[EXTWEB]
Web
Architecture:
Extensible
Languages
,
Tim
Berners-Lee
and
Dan
Connolly,
1998
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-webarch-extlang-19980210
[DCMI]
Dublin
Core
Metadata
Initiative
http://www.dublincore.org/
[OWL]
OWL
Web
Ontology
Language
Reference
,
Mike
Dean
and
Guus
Schreiber,
Editors,
W3C
Recommendation,
10
February
2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/
.
Latest
version
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
.
[SCHEMA-ARCH]
The
Cambridge
Communiqué
,
W3C
NOTE,
7
October
1999,
Swick
and
Thompson
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-schema-arch-19991007
[XML]
Extensible
Markup
Language
(XML)
1.0
,
W3C
Recommendation,
10-February-1988,
Section
3.2
Element
Type
Declarations
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.html#elemdecls
This
section
is
non-normative.
8.
Acknowledgments
The
RDF
Schema
design
was
originally
produced
by
the
RDF
Schema
Working
Group
(1997-2000).
The
current
specification
is
largely
an
editorial
clarification
of
that
design,
and
has
benefited
greatly
from
the
hard
work
of
the
RDF
Core
Working
Group
members
,
and
from
implementation
feedback
from
many
members
of
the
RDF
Interest
Group
.
In
2013-2014
Guus
Schreiber
edited
this
document
on
behalf
of
the
RDF
Working
Group
to
bring
it
in
line
with
the
RDF
1.1
specifications.
David
Singer
of
IBM
was
the
chair
of
the
original
RDF
Schema
group
throughout
most
of
the
development
of
this
specification;
we
thank
David
for
his
efforts
and
thank
IBM
for
supporting
him
and
us
in
this
endeavor.
Particular
thanks
are
also
due
to
Andrew
Layman
for
his
editorial
work
on
early
versions
of
this
specification.
The
original
RDF
Schema
Working
Group
membership
included:
Nick
Arnett
(Verity),
Dan
Brickley
(ILRT
/
University
of
Bristol),
Walter
Chang
(Adobe),
Sailesh
Chutani
(Oracle),
Ron
Daniel
(DATAFUSION),
Charles
Frankston
(Microsoft),
Joe
Lapp
(webMethods
Inc.),
Patrick
Gannon
(CommerceNet),
RV
Guha
(Epinions,
previously
of
Netscape
Communications),
Tom
Hill
(Apple
Computer),
Renato
Iannella
(DSTC),
Sandeep
Jain
(Oracle),
Kevin
Jones,
(InterMind),
Emiko
Kezuka
(Digital
Vision
Laboratories),
Ora
Lassila
(Nokia
Research
Center),
Andrew
Layman
(Microsoft),
John
McCarthy
(Lawrence
Berkeley
National
Laboratory),
Michael
Mealling
(Network
Solutions),
Norbert
Mikula
(DataChannel),
Eric
Miller
(OCLC),
Frank
Olken
(Lawrence
Berkeley
National
Laboratory),
Sri
Raghavan
(Digital/Compaq),
Lisa
Rein
(webMethods
Inc.),
Tsuyoshi
Sakata
(Digital
Vision
Laboratories),
Leon
Shklar
(Pencom
Web
Works),
David
Singer
(IBM),
Wei
(William)
Song
(SISU),
Neel
Sundaresan
(IBM),
Ralph
Swick
(W3C),
(
W3C
),
Naohiko
Uramoto
(IBM),
Charles
Wicksteed
(Reuters
Ltd.),
Misha
Wolf
(Reuters
Ltd.)
C.
References
C.1
Normative
references
-
[JSON-LD]
-
Manu
Sporny,
Gregg
Kellogg,
Markus
Lanthaler,
Editors.
JSON-LD
1.0
.
5
November
2013.
W3C
Proposed
Recommendation.
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-json-ld-20131105/
.
The
latest
edition
is
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/
Appendix
A:
RDF
Schema
as
RDF/XML
An
RDFS
description
of
the
-
[RDF11-CONCEPTS]
-
Richard
Cyganiak,
David
Wood,
Markus
Lanthaler,
Editors.
RDF
vocabulary
1.1
Concepts
and
RDFS
vocabulary
Abstract
Syntax.
is
given
here
in
RDF/XML
syntax.
It
includes
statements
describing
RDF
resources
originally
introduced
by
the
1999
RDF
Model
and
Syntax
specification,
as
well
as
definitions
for
resources
introduced
9
January
2014.
W3C
Proposed
Recommendation
(work
in
the
RDF
Core
Schema
vocabulary.
This
material
progress).
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-concepts-20140109/
.
The
latest
edition
is
also
available
as
a
separate
RDF/XML
document
.
It
does
not
necessarily
match
the
content
published
at
the
RDF
namespace
URI
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
or
the
RDFS
namespace
URI
,
which
may
evolve
over
time.
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>Resource</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class resource, everything.</rdfs:comment>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>type</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The subject is an instance of a class.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>Class</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of classes.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>subClassOf</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The subject is a subclass of a class.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subPropertyOf">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>subPropertyOf</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The subject is a subproperty of a property.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>Property</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of RDF properties.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>comment</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>A description of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>label</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>A human-readable name for the subject.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#domain">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>domain</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>A domain of the subject property.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#range">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>range</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>A range of the subject property.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>seeAlso</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>Further information about the subject resource.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso"/>
<rdfs:label>isDefinedBy</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The defininition of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>Literal</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of literal values, eg. textual strings and integers.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>Statement</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:comment>The class of RDF statements.</rdfs:comment>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#subject">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>subject</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The subject of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#predicate">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>predicate</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The predicate of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#object">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>object</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The object of the subject RDF statement.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>Container</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:comment>The class of RDF containers.</rdfs:comment>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Bag">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>Bag</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of unordered containers.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Seq">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>Seq</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of ordered containers.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/>
</rdfs:Class>
-
[RDF11-MT]
-
Patrick
J.
Hayes,
Peter
F.
Patel-Schneider,
Editors.
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Alt">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>Alt</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of containers of alternatives.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Container"/>
</rdfs:Class>
RDF
1.1
Semantics.
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#ContainerMembershipProperty">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>ContainerMembershipProperty</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of container membership properties, rdf:_1, rdf:_2, ...,
all of which are sub-properties of 'member'.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property"/>
</rdfs:Class>
9
January
2014.
W3C
Proposed
Recommendation
(work
in
progress).
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/
.
The
latest
edition
is
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#member">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"/>
<rdfs:label>member</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>A member of the subject resource.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
-
[TRIG]
-
Gavin
Carothers,
Andy
Seaborne,
Editors.
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#value">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>value</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>Idiomatic property used for structured values.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
TriG:
RDF
Dataset
Language
<!-- the following are new additions, Nov 2002 -->
.
9
January
2014.
W3C
Proposed
Recommendation
(work
in
progress).
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-trig-20140109/
.
The
latest
edition
is
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>List</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The class of RDF Lists.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/></rdfs:Class>
-
[TURTLE]
-
Eric
Prud'hommeaux,
Gavin
Carothers,
Editors.
<rdf:List rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>nil</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The empty list, with no items in it. If the rest of a list is nil then the list has no more items in it.</rdfs:comment>
</rdf:List>
RDF
1.1
Turtle:
Terse
RDF
Triple
Language.
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>first</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The first item in the subject RDF list.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
</rdf:Property>
9
January
2014.
W3C
Proposed
Recommendation
(work
in
progress).
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-turtle-20140109/
.
The
latest
edition
is
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
<rdf:Property rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest">
<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>
<rdfs:label>rest</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The rest of the subject RDF list after the first item.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#List"/>
</rdf:Property>