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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+<html><head>
+ <title>PROV-DM Part 1: Alternate/specialization</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+ <!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+<!-- PM -->
+ <style type="text/css">
+ .note { font-size:small; margin-left:50px }
+ </style>
+
+ <script src="http://dev.w3.org/2009/dap/ReSpec.js/js/respec.js" class="remove"></script>
+ <script src="http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/toggles.js" class="remove"></script>
+ <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js" class="remove"></script>
+
+ <script src="../glossary.js" class="remove"></script>
+
+ <script class="remove">
+ function updateGlossaryRefs() {
+ $('.glossary-ref').each(function(index) {
+ var ref=$(this).attr('ref');
+ var span=$(this).attr('withspan')
+ $(this).removeAttr('withspan');
+ $(this).removeAttr('ref');
+
+ $('#'+ref+'.glossary').contents().clone().appendTo($(this));
+ $(this).attr("prov:hadOriginalSource",glossary_hg);
+ if (span) {
+ $(this).children('dfn').replaceWith(function(){return $('<span>').addClass('dfn').append($(this).contents())});
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ $(document).ready(function(){
+ // if glossary is in a string:
+ $('#glossary_div').html(glossary_string)
+ updateGlossaryRefs();
+ });
+
+ </script>
+
+ <script class="remove">
+ var addExtraReferences = function() {
+ for (var k in extraReferences)
+ berjon.biblio[k] = extraReferences[k];
+ };
+ var extraReferences = {
+ "CLOCK":
+ "Lamport, L. "+
+ "<a href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf\"><cite>Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system</cite></a>."+
+ "Communications of the ACM 21 (7): 558–565. 1978. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf\">http://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf</a> " +
+ "DOI: doi:10.1145/359545.359563.",
+ "CSP":
+ "Hoare, C. A. R. "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.usingcsp.com/cspbook.pdf\"><cite>Communicating Sequential Processes</cite></a>."+
+ "Prentice-Hall. 1985"+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.usingcsp.com/cspbook.pdf\">http://www.usingcsp.com/cspbook.pdf</a>",
+ "Logic":
+ "W. E. Johnson"+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html\"><cite>Logic: Part III</cite></a>."+
+ "1924. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html\">http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html</a>",
+ "PROV-SEM":
+ "James Cheney "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/FormalSemanticsStrawman\"><cite>Formal Semantics Strawman</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Work in progress. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/FormalSemanticsStrawman\">http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/FormalSemanticsStrawman</a>",
+
+ "PROV-PRIMER":
+ "Yolanda Gil and Simon Miles (eds.) Khalid Belhajjame, Helena Deus, Daniel Garijo, Graham Klyne, Paolo Missier, Stian Soiland-Reyes, and Stephan Zednik "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-primer/\"><cite>Prov Model Primer</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-primer/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-primer/</a>",
+
+ "PROV-O":
+ "Satya Sahoo and Deborah McGuinness (eds.) Khalid Belhajjame, James Cheney, Daniel Garijo, Timothy Lebo, Stian Soiland-Reyes, and Stephan Zednik "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/\"><cite>Provenance Formal Model</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/</a>",
+
+
+ "PROV-DM":
+ "Luc Moreau and Paolo Missier (eds.) ... "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/\"><cite>PART 1: PROV-DM ...</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/</a>",
+
+
+ "PROV-DM-CONSTRAINTS":
+ "Luc Moreau and Paolo Missier (eds.) ... "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm-constraints/\"><cite>PROV-DM Constraints</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm-constraints/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm-constraints/</a>",
+
+ "PROV-N":
+ "Luc Moreau and Paolo Missier (eds.) ... "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-n/\"><cite>PROV-N ....</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-n/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-n/</a>",
+
+ "PROV-AQ":
+ "Graham Klyne and Paul Groth (eds.) Luc Moreau, Olaf Hartig, Yogesh Simmhan, James Meyers, Timothy Lebo, Khalid Belhajjame, and Simon Miles "+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-aq/\"><cite>Provenance Access and Query</cite></a>. "+
+ "2011, Working Draft. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-aq/\">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-aq/</a>",
+ };
+ var respecConfig = {
+ // specification status (e.g. WD, LCWD, NOTE, etc.). If in doubt use ED.
+ specStatus: "ED",
+
+ // the specification's short name, as in http://www.w3.org/TR/short-name/
+ shortName: "prov-dm",
+
+ // if your specification has a subtitle that goes below the main
+ // formal title, define it here
+ subtitle : "Towards WD5",
+
+
+ // if you wish the publication date to be other than today, set this
+ // publishDate: "2011-10-18",
+
+ // if the specification's copyright date is a range of years, specify
+ // the start date here:
+ // copyrightStart: "2005"
+
+ // if there is a previously published draft, uncomment this and set its YYYY-MM-DD date
+ // and its maturity status
+ previousPublishDate: "2012-02-02",
+ previousMaturity: "WD",
+
+ // if there a publicly available Editor's Draft, this is the link
+ edDraftURI: "http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html",
+
+ // if this is a LCWD, uncomment and set the end of its review period
+ // lcEnd: "2009-08-05",
+
+ // if you want to have extra CSS, append them to this list
+ // it is recommended that the respec.css stylesheet be kept
+ extraCSS: ["http://dev.w3.org/2009/dap/ReSpec.js/css/respec.css", "./extra.css"],
+
+ // editors, add as many as you like
+ // only "name" is required
+ editors: [
+ { name: "Luc Moreau", url: "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~lavm/",
+ company: "University of Southampton" },
+ { name: "Paolo Missier", url: "http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/people/Paolo.Missier",
+ company: "Newcastle University" },
+ ],
+
+ // authors, add as many as you like.
+ // This is optional, uncomment if you have authors as well as editors.
+ // only "name" is required. Same format as editors.
+
+ authors: [
+ { name: "Khalid Belhajjame", url: "http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Khalid_Belhajjame",
+ company: "University of Manchester" },
+ { name: "Stephen Cresswell",
+ company: "legislation.gov.uk"},
+ { name: "Yolanda Gil",
+ company: "Invited Expert", url:"http://www.isi.edu/~gil/"},
+ { name: "Reza B'Far",
+ company: "Oracle Corporation" },
+ { name: "Paul Groth", url: "http://www.few.vu.nl/~pgroth/",
+ company: "VU University of Amsterdam" },
+ { name: "Graham Klyne",
+ company: "University of Oxford" },
+ { name: "Jim McCusker", url: "http://tw.rpi.edu/web/person/JamesMcCusker",
+ company: "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute" },
+ { name: "Simon Miles",
+ company: "Invited Expert", url:"http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/simonm/" },
+ { name: "James Myers", url:"http://www.rpi.edu/research/ccni/",
+ company: "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"},
+ { name: "Satya Sahoo", url:"http://cci.case.edu/cci/index.php/Satya_Sahoo",
+ company: "Case Western Reserve University" },
+ ],
+
+ // name of the WG
+ wg: "Provenance Working Group",
+
+ // URI of the public WG page
+ wgURI: "http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/",
+
+ // name (with the @w3c.org) of the public mailing to which comments are due
+ wgPublicList: "public-prov-wg",
+
+ // URI of the patent status for this WG, for Rec-track documents
+ // !!!! IMPORTANT !!!!
+ // This is important for Rec-track documents, do not copy a patent URI from a random
+ // document unless you know what you're doing. If in doubt ask your friendly neighbourhood
+ // Team Contact.
+ wgPatentURI: "http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46974/status",
+
+ // Add extraReferences to bibliography database
+ preProcess: [addExtraReferences],
+ };
+ </script>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+
+
+<section id="abstract">
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="sotd">
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<section id="component4">
+<h3>Component 4: Alternate Entities</h3>
+
+
+<p>The fourth component of PROV-DM is concerned with
+relations <a>specialization</a> and <a>alternate</a> between entities.
+Figure <a href="#figure-component4">figure-component4</a> overviews
+the component.
+</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<figure>
+<img src="../images/Alternates.png" alt="alternates"/>
+<figcaption id="figure-component4">Alternates Component Overview</figcaption>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>Wherever two people describe the provenance of a same thing,
+one cannot expect them to coordinate and agree on the identifiers to use to denote that thing.</p>
+<div class="anexample" id="entity-example">
+<p>User Alice writes an article. In its provenance, she wishes to refer to the precise version of the article with a date-specific URI, as she might edit the article later. Alternatively, user Bob refers to the article in general, indepedently of its variants over time.</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+To allow for identifiers to be chosen freely and independently by each user, the PROV data model introduces relations
+that allow entities to be linked together.
+The following two relations are introduced for expressing alternative or specialized entities. </p>
+
+
+<section id="term-specialization">
+
+<h4>Specialization</h4>
+
+
+<span class="glossary" id="glossary-specialization">
+An entity is a <dfn id="concept-alternate">specialization</dfn> of another if they both refer to some common thing
+but the former is a more constrained entity than the former.
+</span> Examples of constraints include: a time period, abstraction, and context associated with the entity.
+
+
+
+<p>
+<div class="attributes" id="attributes-specialization">A <dfn title="specializationOf">specialization</dfn> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">specializationOf(sub, super)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has the following constituents:
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class='attribute' id="specialization.specializedEntity">specializedEntity</span>: an identifier of the specialized entity;</li>
+<li><span class='attribute' id="specialization.generalEntity">generalEntity</span>: an identifier of the entity that is being specialized.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-specialization">
+<p>
+The BBC news home page on 2012-03-23 <span class="name">ex:bbcNews2012-03-23</span>
+is a specialization of the BBC news page in general
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/">bbc:news</a>. This can be expressed as follows.
+<pre class="codeexample">
+specializationOf(ex:bbcNews2012-03-23, bbc:news)
+</pre>
+Given that the BBC news does not define a URI for today's news page, we are creating a URI in the namespace <span class="name">ex</span>.
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<!--
+<p>To promote take up of these relations, it is not specified whether they are transitive or symmetric. We anticipate that applications will specialize these relations according to their needs. </p>
+-->
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-alternate">
+
+<h4>Alternate</h4>
+
+
+<span class="glossary" id="glossary-alternate">
+An entity is <dfn id="concept-alternate">alternate</dfn> of another if they are both a specialization of some common entity.
+</span>
+
+
+
+
+<p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-alternate">An <dfn title="alternateOf">alternate</dfn> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">alternateOf(alt1, alt2)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has the following constituents:
+<ul>
+<li><span class='attribute' id="alternate.firstAlternate">firstAlternate</span>: an identifier of the first of the two entities;</li>
+<li><span class='attribute' id="alternate.secondAlternate">secondAlternate</span>: an identifier of the second of the two entities.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-alternate">
+<p>
+A given news item on the BBC News site
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17507976">bbc:world-asia-17507976</a> for desktop
+is an alternate of a
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-asia-17507976">mobile:world-asia-17507976</a> for mobile devices.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+entity(bbc:world-asia-17507976, [ prov:type="a news iterm"])
+entity(mobile:world-asia-17507976, [ prov:type="a news iterm"])
+alternateOf(bbc:world-asia-17507976, mobilebbc:world-asia-17507976)
+</pre>
+<p>They are both specialization of an (unspecified) entity. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-alternate2">
+<p>
+Considering again the two versions of the technical report <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> (second working draft) and <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span> (first working draft). They are alternate of each other.
+<pre class="codeexample">
+entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018)
+entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215)
+alternateOf(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018,tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215)
+</pre>
+<p>They are both specialization of the page at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+
+<div class='issue'>A discussion on alternative definition of these relations has not yet reached a satisfactory conclusion. This is <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/29">ISSUE-29</a>. Also <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/96">ISSUE-96</a>.</div>
+
+</section>
+
+<div id="glossary_div" class="remove">
+<!-- glossary loaded from glossary.js will be hooked up here,
+ class remove, will remove this element from the final output.
+-->
+</div>
+
+ </body>
+</html>