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+ <head>
+ <title>Provenance Formal Model</title>
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+ editors: [
+ { name: "Satya Sahoo", url: "http://cci.case.edu/cci/index.php/Satya_Sahoo",
+ company: "Case Western Reserve University, USA" },
+ { name: "Deborah McGuinness", url: "http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~dlm/",
+ company: "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA" }
+ ],
+
+ // authors, add as many as you like.
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+ // only "name" is required. Same format as editors.
+
+ authors: [
+ { name: "TBD" },
+ ],
+
+ // name of the WG
+ wg: "Provenance Working Group",
+
+ // URI of the public WG page
+ wgURI: "http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/Main_Page",
+
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+ <body>
+ <section id='abstract'>
+<p> This document describes the Provenance Formal Model, which is an encoding of the <a href = "http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html"> provenance conceptual model </a> in the OWL2 Web Ontology Language (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/">OWL2</a>) and hence the semantics as well the set of inference rules supported by the Provenance Model.</p>
+
+<p><i> This document is for internal discussion and is expected to evolve into the first Public Working Draft of the Formal Model.</i></p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2>Introduction</h2>
+ <p>
+ Placeholder text.
+ </p>
+ <p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
+ NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
+ "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
+ [[!RFC2119]].</p>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h2>OWL2 Encoding of the Provenance Model</h2>
+ <p>The PIL Conceptual Model document introduces an example <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> describing the creation of crime statistics file stored on a shared file system and edited by journalists Alice, Bob, Charles, David, and Edith. The example scenario can be encoded as a <a href = "http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/"> Resource Description Framework (RDF) </a> graph in <a href = "">Figure 1</a>:</p>
+ <p><a href = "">Figure 1</a> represents both the Provenance ontology schema and the instance information. For example,
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#agent">Agent</a>, e.g. alice, bob, and edith </li>
+ <li><a href="#processexecution">ProcessExecution</a>, e.g. fileCreation, fileAppending </li>
+ <li>specialization of <a href="#entity">Entity</a>, e.g. e1, e2, and e3 </li>
+ </ul>
+ </p>
+ <p>Example given below describes the provenance of <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/ontology/ProvenanceFormalModel.html#entity">Entity</a> e2 using RDF/XML syntax
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <?xml version="1.0"?>
+ <rdf:RDF
+ xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ xmlns:po="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#"
+ xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+ xmlns:cf="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#">
+
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e2">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#Entity"/>
+<<<<<<< local
+ <cf:isGeneratedBy>
+=======
+ <po:isGeneratedBy>
+>>>>>>> other
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#pe1">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#FileAppend"/>
+<<<<<<< local
+ <cf:isControlledBy>
+=======
+ <po:isControlledBy>
+>>>>>>> other
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#Bob">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#Agent"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+<<<<<<< local
+ </cf:isControlledBy>
+=======
+ </po:isControlledBy>
+>>>>>>> other
+ </rdf:Description>
+<<<<<<< local
+ </cf:isGeneratedBy>
+ <cf:isDerivedFrom rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e1"/>
+=======
+ </po:isGeneratedBy>
+ <po:isDerivedFrom rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e1"/>
+>>>>>>> other
+ <cf:hasFilePath rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">/share/crime.txt</cf:hasFilePath>
+ <cf:hasFileContent rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">There was a lot of crime in London last month.</cf:hasFileContent>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#pe1">
+<<<<<<< local
+ <cf:Used rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e1"/>
+=======
+ <po:Used rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e1"/>
+>>>>>>> other
+ </rdf:Description>
+ </rdf:RDF>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3>Visualization of the Provenance ontology</h3>
+ <h4>Hierarchical view of the ontology</h4>
+ <img src="" />
+ <h4>Overview of the ontology</h4>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/a/ad/GlobalSchema.png" />
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h3>Classes</h3>
+ <p>The Provenance Model consists of the following classes. </p>
+ <p><i>Note: CamelBack notation is used for class names</i></p>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Entity</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Entity is defined to be "A Entity represents an identifiable characterized entity." <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre> pil:Entity rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing.
+ </pre>
+ <div><b>Example</b></div>
+ <p> Example of instances of class Entity from the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> are files with identifiers <i>e1</i> and <i>e2</i>. The RDF/XML syntax for this asserting that e1 is an instance of Entity is given below.
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#e1">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#Entity"/>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>ProcessExecution</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>ProcessExecution is defined to be "an identifiable activity, which performs a piece of work." <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:ProcessExecution rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing.</pre>
+ <div><b>Example</b></div>
+ <p> Example of instances of class ProcessExecution from the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> are file creation (<i>pe0</i>) and file editing (<i>pe2</i>) . The RDF/XML syntax for this asserting that pe2 is an instance of ProcessExecution is given below.
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#pe2">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#ProcessExecution"/>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Agent</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Agent is defined to be a "characterized entity capable of activity" <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:Agent rdfs:subClassOf pil:Entity.</pre>
+ <div><b>Example</b></div>
+ <p> Example of instances of class Agent from the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> are <i>Alice</i> and <i>Edith</i>. The RDF/XML syntax for this asserting that Alice is an instance of Agent is given below.
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#Alice">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#Agent"/>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Time</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Time represents temporal information about entities in the Provenance model.</p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:Time rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing.</pre>
+ <div><b>Example</b></div>
+ <p> Example of instances of class Time from the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> are <i>t</i> and <i>t+1</i>. The RDF/XML syntax for this asserting that t+1 is an instance of Time is given below.
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#t+1">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#Time"/>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Revision</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Revision is defined as a modified version of a Entity.</p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:Revision rdfs:subClassOf pil:Entity.</pre>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>ProvenanceContainer</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>ProvenanceContainer is defined to be an aggregation of provenance assertions. A provenance container SHOULD have an URI associated with it.</p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:ProvenanceContainer rdfs:subClassOf pil:Entity.</pre>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Location</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Location is defined to be "is an identifiable geographic place (ISO 19112)." <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:Location rdfs:subClassOf pil:Entity.</pre>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Role</h4>
+ <div><b>Class Description</b></div>
+ <p>Role is defined to be "a function assumed by a Entity or an agent." <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <div><b>OWL syntax</b></div>
+ <pre>pil:Role rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing.</pre>
+ <div><b>Example</b></div>
+ <p> Example of instances of class Role from the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/ProvenanceModel.html#a-file-scenario"> provenance scenario </a> are <i>author</i> role assumed by Bob and <i>file creator</i> role assumed by Alice. The RDF/XML syntax for this asserting that Bob assumes the role of an author is given below.
+ <div class="exampleOuter">
+ <pre class="example">
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/crimefile#Alice">
+ <cf:assumesRole rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/ProvenanceOntology.owl#author"/>
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h3>Object Properties</h3>
+ <p>The Provenance Model consists of the following object properties. </p>
+ <p><i>Note: Names of properties starts with a verb in lower case followed by verb(s) starting with upper case </i></p>
+ <section>
+ <h4>isGeneratedBy</h4>
+ <p>isGeneratedBy links Entity with ProcessExecution representing that Entity was generated as a result of ProcessExecution</p>
+ <p><i>Note: No arity constraints are assumed between Entity and ProcessExecution</i></p>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/7/72/IsGeneratedBy.png" />
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>isDerivedFrom</h4>
+ <p>isDerivedFrom links two distinct characterized entities, where "some characterized entity is transformed from, created from, or affected by another characterized entity."</p>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/3/30/IsDerivedFrom.png" />
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>Used</h4>
+ <p>Used links ProcessExecution to Entity, where Entity is consumed by ProcessExecution.</p>
+ <p><i>Note: No arity constraints are assumed between Entity and ProcessExecution</i></p>
+ <img src="" />
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>hasParticipant</h4>
+ <p>hasParticipant links Entity to ProcessExecution, where Entity isUsedBy or isGeneratedBy ProcessExecution.
+ <p><i>Note: No arity constraints are assumed between Entity and ProcessExecution</i></p>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>isIVPOf</h4>
+ <p> isIVPOf links two instances of Entity, where "it is relationship between two characterized entities asserted to have compatible characterization over some continuous time interval." <i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>isControlledBy</h4>
+ <p>isControlledBy links ProcessExecution to Agent, where "Control represents the involvement of an agent or a Entity in a process execution"<i>(from the Provenance Conceptual Model)</i></p>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/6/64/IsControlledBy.png" />
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h4>isPrecededBy</h4>
+ <p>isPrecededBy links two instances of ProcessExecution, where "Ordering of processes execution (in provenance) needs to be modeled as a property linking process entities in specific order along a particular dimension (temporal or control flow)"</p>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/a/a7/IsPreceededBy.png" />
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h3>Datatype Properties</h3>
+ <p>The Provenance Model consists of the following datatype properties. </p>
+ <p><i>Note: Names of properties starts with a verb in lower case followed by verb(s) starting with upper case </i></p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h2>Entailments Supported by the Provenance Model</h2>
+ <p>
+ This section covers the entailments supported by the Provenance Model, which include the standard RDFS, OWL entailments.
+ </p>
+ <h3>Characteristics of Object Properties </h3>
+ <p>
+ The table below summarizes the characteristics of the object properties that are defined in the OWL schema. Some of them may be subject to discussion. In particular, regarding the object properties <i>isControlledBy</i>, <i>isGeneratedBy</i> and <i>isUsedBY</i>, we did not specify whether they are transitive or not. One may argue that given that an agent can be a process execution, a process execution, e.g., <i>pe1</i>, can be controlled by an agent <i>pe2</i>, which happens to be a process execution that is controlled by an agent <i>ag</i>, and that, therefore, <i>ag</i> (indirectly) controls <i>pe1</i>. The same argument can be applied to <i>isGeneratedBy</i> and <i>isUsedBY</i>. That said, we are not convinced that these properties should be declared as transitive. In fact, we are more inclined towards specifying that they are not.
+ </p>
+ <table style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000; padding: 0">
+
+<tr>
+<th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Functional
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Reverse functional
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Transitive
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Symmetric
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Asymmetric
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Reflexive
+
+</th><th style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> Irreflexive
+</th></tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isControlledBy
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">?
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isDerivedFrom
+
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isParticipantIn
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">?
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isGeneratedBy
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">?
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isUsedBy
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">?
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0"> isPrecededBy
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">No
+</td><td style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0 1px 1px 0">Yes
+</td></tr></table>
+ <section>
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/images/2/2d/Object_Properties_Cardinalities.PNG" />
+ <h4>Additional properties </h4>
+<div class="note">TODO: Number these and cross-reference with
+ Provenance Model, to make it easier to keep the definitions
+ consistent (and ensure we don't forget some properties).
+ </div>
+<ul><li> <a name="PIL:0001" href="#PIL:0001">PIL:0001</a> "From the
+ assertion of a process execution, one can infer that the start
+ precedes the end of the represented activity." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0001">link</a>)
+</li><li> <a name="PIL:0002" href="#PIL:0002">PIL:0002</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entity <b>e</b>, role <b>r</b>, and optional time <b>t</b>,
+if the assertion <b>isGeneratedBy(e,pe,r)</b>
+or <b>isGeneratedBy(e,pe,r,t)</b> holds, the values of <em>some</em> of <b>e</b>'s
+attributes are determined by the activity denoted by <b>pe</b> and the
+entities used by <b>pe</b>.
+Only some (possibly none) of the attributes values may be determined
+since, in an open world, not all used entities may have been
+asserted."
+ (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0002">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0003" href="#PIL:0003">PIL:0003</a> "Given an assertion <b>isGeneratedBy(x,pe,r)</b> or <b>isGeneratedBy(x,pe,r,t)</b>, one can
+infer that the generation of the thing denoted by <b>x</b> precedes the end
+of <b>pe</b> and follows the beginning of <b>pe</b> "
+ (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0003">link</a>)
+
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0004" href="#PIL:0004">PIL:0004</a> "Use
+represents the consumption of a characterized entity by an activity."
+(Defunct.)
+
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0005" href="#PIL:0005">PIL:0005</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entity <b>e</b>, role <b>r</b>, and optional time <b>t</b>, if
+ assertion <b>uses(pe,e,r)</b> or <b>uses(pe,e,r,t)</b> holds,
+the existence of the value of an attribute of <b>e</b>' is a pre-condition for the activity denoted by <b>pe</b> to terminate." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0005">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0006" href="#PIL:0006">PIL:0006</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entity <b>e</b>, role <b>r</b>, and optional time <b>t</b>, if
+ assertion <b>uses(pe,e,r)</b> or <b>uses(pe,e,r,t)</b> holds, one can
+infer that the use of the thing denoted by <b>e</b> precedes the end
+of <b>pe</b> and follows the beginning of <b>pe</b>. Furthermore, we
+can infer that the generation of the thing denoted by <b>e</b> always precedes
+its use." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0006">link</a>)
+</li><li> <a name="PIL:0007" href="#PIL:0007">PIL:0007</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entities <b>e1</b> and <b>e2</b>, roles <b>r1</b> and <b>r2</b>, if the assertion <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,r2,r1)</b>
+or <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</b> holds, if and only if:
+ the values of some attributes
+of <b>e2</b> are partly or fully determined by the values of some
+attributes of <b>e1</b>." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0007">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0008" href="#PIL:0008">PIL:0008</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entities <b>e1</b> and <b>e2</b>, roles <b>r1</b> and <b>r2</b>, if the assertion <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,r2,r1)</b>
+or <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</b> holds, then
+the use
+of characterized thing denoted by <b>e1</b> precedes the generation of
+the characterized thing denoted by <b>e2</b>." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0008">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0009" href="#PIL:0009">PIL:0009</a> "If <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</b> holds, then there exists a process execution <b>pe</b>, and roles <b>r1</b>,<b>r2</b>,
+such that:
+ <b>isGeneratedBy(e2,pe,r2)</b> and <b>uses(pe,e1,r1)</b>." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0009">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0010" href="#PIL:0010">PIL:0010</a> "If <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,r2,r1)</b> holds, then <b>isGeneratedBy(e2,pe,r2)</b> and <b>uses(pe,e1,r1)</b> also hold." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0010">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:0011" href="#PIL:0011">PIL:0011</a> "Given a process execution <b>pe</b>, entities <b>e1</b> and <b>e2</b>, and role <b>r2</b>,
+if <b>isDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</b> and <b>isGeneratedBy(e2,pe,r2)</b> hold, then there exists a role <b>r1</b>,
+such that <b>uses(pe,e1,r1)</b> also holds." (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:0011">link</a>)
+</li><li><a name="PIL:XXXX" href="#PIL:XXXX">PIL:XXXX</a> "Template
+ for more constraints" (<a href="../model/ProvenanceModel.html#PIL:XXXX">link</a>)
+</li><li> Various things involving IVP-of
+</li></ul>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section class='appendix'>
+ <h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
+ <p>
+ Many thanks to Robin Berjon for making our lives so much easier with his cool tool.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+ </body>
+</html>
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