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+</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-PR"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='http://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]--></head>
+ <body><div class="head">
+ <p>
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C"></a>
+
+ </p>
+ <h1 class="title" id="title">PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model</h1>
+
+ <h2 id="w3c-proposed-recommendation-12-march-2013"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Proposed Recommendation 12 March 2013</h2>
+ <dl>
+
+ <dt>This version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-dm-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-dm-20130312/</a></dd>
+ <dt>Latest published version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/</a></dd>
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Implementation report:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/reports/prov-implementations.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/reports/prov-implementations.html</a></dd>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Previous version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/</a> <a href="diff.html">(color-coded diff)</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~lavm/">Luc Moreau</a>, University of Southampton</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/people/Paolo.Missier">Paolo Missier</a>, Newcastle University</dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Contributors:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Khalid_Belhajjame">Khalid Belhajjame</a>, University of Manchester</dd>
+<dd><span>Reza B'Far</span>, Oracle Corporation</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/jcheney/">James Cheney</a>, University of Edinburgh</dd>
+<dd><span>Sam Coppens</span>, iMinds - Ghent University</dd>
+<dd><span>Stephen Cresswell</span>, legislation.gov.uk</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.isi.edu/~gil/">Yolanda Gil</a>, Invited Expert</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.few.vu.nl/~pgroth/">Paul Groth</a>, VU University of Amsterdam</dd>
+<dd><span>Graham Klyne</span>, University of Oxford</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://tw.rpi.edu/instances/TimLebo">Timothy Lebo</a>, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://tw.rpi.edu/web/person/JamesMcCusker">Jim McCusker</a>, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/simonm/">Simon Miles</a>, Invited Expert</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.rpi.edu/research/ccni/">James Myers</a>, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://cci.case.edu/cci/index.php/Satya_Sahoo">Satya Sahoo</a>, Case Western Reserve University</dd>
+<dd><span>Curt Tilmes</span>, National Aeronautics and Space Administration</dd>
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+
+
+
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2011-2013
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+ (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved.
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <hr>
+</div>
+
+ <section id="abstract" class="introductory"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+Provenance is information about entities, activities, and people
+involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used
+ to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness.
+PROV-DM is the conceptual data model that forms a basis for the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
+provenance (PROV) family of specifications.
+PROV-DM distinguishes core structures, forming the essence of provenance information, from
+extended structures catering for more specific uses of provenance.
+PROV-DM is organized in six components, respectively dealing with:
+(1) entities and activities, and the time at which they were created, used, or ended;
+(2) derivations of entities from entities;
+(3) agents bearing responsibility for entities that were generated and activities that happened;
+(4) a notion of bundle, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance;
+(5) properties to link entities that refer to the same thing; and,
+(6) collections forming a logical structure for its members.
+</p>
+
+<p>This document introduces the provenance concepts found in
+PROV and defines PROV-DM types and
+relations. The PROV data model is domain-agnostic, but is equipped with
+extensibility points allowing domain-specific information to be included. </p>
+
+<p>Two further documents complete the specification of PROV-DM.
+First, a companion document specifies the set of constraints that
+provenance should follow. Second,
+a separate document describes a provenance notation for expressing
+instances of provenance for human consumption; this notation is used in examples in
+this document. </p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/">PROV Document Overview</a> describes the overall state of PROV, and should be read before other PROV documents. ease consult the [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-OVERVIEW">PROV-OVERVIEW</a></cite>] for a guide to reading these documents. </p>
+
+ </section><section id="sotd" class="introductory"><h2>Status of This Document</h2>
+
+
+
+ <p>
+ <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other
+ documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision
+ of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports
+ index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
+ </p>
+
+<h4 id="prov-family-of-documents">PROV Family of Documents</h4>
+This document is part of the PROV family of documents, a set of documents defining various aspects that are necessary to achieve the vision of inter-operable
+interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments such as the Web. These documents are listed below:
+<ul>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/">PROV-OVERVIEW</a> (To be published as Note), an overview of the PROV family of documents [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-OVERVIEW">PROV-OVERVIEW</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-primer-20130312/">PROV-PRIMER</a> (To be published as Note), a primer for the PROV data model [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-PRIMER">PROV-PRIMER</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/">PROV-O</a> (Proposed Recommendation), the PROV ontology, an OWL2 ontology allowing the mapping of PROV to RDF [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-O">PROV-O</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-dm-20130312/">PROV-DM</a> (Proposed Recommendation), the PROV data model for provenance (this document);</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/">PROV-N</a> (Proposed Recommendation), a notation for provenance aimed at human consumption [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-N">PROV-N</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-constraints-20130312/">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a> (Proposed Recommendation), a set of constraints applying to the PROV data model [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-xml-20130312/">PROV-XML</a> (To be published as Note), an XML schema for the PROV data model [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-XML">PROV-XML</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-aq-20130312/">PROV-AQ</a> (To be published as Note), the mechanisms for accessing and querying provenance [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-AQ">PROV-AQ</a></cite>]; </li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/">PROV-DICTIONARY</a> (To be published as Note), introduces a specific type of collection, consisting of key-entity pairs [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-DICTIONARY">PROV-DICTIONARY</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dc-20130312/">PROV-DC</a> (To be published as Note), provides a mapping between PROV and Dublic Core Terms [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-DC">PROV-DC</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-links-20130312/">PROV-LINKS</a> (To be published as Note), introduces a mechanism to link across bundles [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-LINKS">PROV-LINKS</a></cite>].</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="w3c-members-please-review-by-09-april-2013"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Members Please Review By 09 April 2013</h4>
+
+<p>The <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Director seeks review and feedback from <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Advisory Committee representatives, via their <a href="http://form-tbd/">review form</a> by 09 April 2013. This will allow the Director to assess consensus and determine whether to issue this document as a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation.</p>
+
+<p>Others are encouraged by the Provenance Working Group to continue to send reports of implementation experience, and other feedback, to
+<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments@w3.org">public-prov-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/">archives</a>). Reports of any success or difficulty with the test cases are encouraged. Open discussion among developers is welcome at
+<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments@w3.org">public-prov-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/">archives</a>).</p>
+
+ <p>
+ This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/">Provenance Working Group</a> as a Proposed Recommendation.
+
+ This document is intended to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ The <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership and other interested parties are invited
+ to review the document and send comments to
+
+ <a href="mailto:public-prov-comments@w3.org">public-prov-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/">archives</a>)
+ through 09 April 2013.
+ Advisory Committee Representatives should consult their
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/2002/09/wbs/myQuestionnaires">WBS questionnaires</a>.
+ Note that substantive technical comments were expected during the Last Call review period that ended 18 September 2012.
+ </p>
+
+
+
+ <p>
+ Publication as a Proposed Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership.
+ This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at
+ any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document was produced by a group operating under the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+
+
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46974/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
+
+ made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for
+ disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the
+ information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
+ 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction<br>
+</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compliance-with-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Compliance with this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#structure-of-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Structure of this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conventions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Notational Conventions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#namespaces" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.4 </span>Namespaces</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-overview" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>PROV Overview</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#core-structures" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>PROV Core Structures</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-entity-activity" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Entity and Activity</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-derivation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.2 </span>Derivation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.3 </span>Agents and Responsibility</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-extended-structures" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>PROV Extended Structures</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-extended-mechanisms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>Mechanisms to Define Extended Structures</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-extended-approach-subtyping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1.1 </span>Subtyping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-extended-approach-expanded-relation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1.2 </span>Expanded Relations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-extended-approach-optional-identification" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1.3 </span>Optional Identification</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-prov-extended-approach-further-relations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1.4 </span>Further Relations</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-provenance-of-provnance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.2 </span>Provenance of Provenance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-collections" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.3 </span>Collections</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-overview-components" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Modular Organization</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#prov-notation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>The Provenance Notation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#prov-dm-example" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Illustration of PROV-DM by an Example</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-example-one" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Example: The Authors View</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-example-two" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Example: The Process View</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#section-example-c" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Example: Attribution of Provenance</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-model-components" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>PROV-DM Types and Relations</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#component1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Component 1: Entities and Activities</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-entity" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>Entity</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Activity" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Activity</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>Generation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Usage" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>Usage</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Communication" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.5 </span>Communication</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Start" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.6 </span>Start</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-End" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.7 </span>End</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Invalidation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1.8 </span>Invalidation</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#component2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>Component 2: Derivations</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Derivation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2.1 </span>Derivation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-revision" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2.2 </span>Revision</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-quotation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2.3 </span>Quotation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-primary-source" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2.4 </span>Primary Source</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#component3" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Component 3: Agents, Responsibility, and Influence</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-agent" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3.1 </span>Agent</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribution" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3.2 </span>Attribution</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-Association" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3.3 </span>Association</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-delegation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3.4 </span>Delegation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-influence" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3.5 </span>Influence</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#component4" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Component 4: Bundles</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-bundle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4.1 </span>Bundle constructor</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-bundle-entity" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4.2 </span>Bundle Type</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#component5" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.5 </span>Component 5: Alternate Entities</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-specialization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.5.1 </span>Specialization</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-alternate" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.5.2 </span>Alternate</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#component6" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.6 </span>Component 6: Collections</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-collection" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.6.1 </span>Collection</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-membership" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.6.2 </span>Membership</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#second-class-elements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7 </span>Further Elements of PROV-DM</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.1 </span>Identifier</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2 </span>Attribute</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute-label" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2.1 </span>prov:label</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute-location" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2.2 </span>prov:location</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute-role" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2.3 </span>prov:role</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2.4 </span>prov:type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-attribute-value" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.2.5 </span>prov:value</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-value" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.3 </span>Value</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-NamespaceDeclaration" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.4 </span>Namespace Declaration</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-qualified-name" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.7.5 </span>Qualified Name</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#extensibility-section" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>PROV-DM Extensibility Points</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#valid-provenance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>Creating Valid Provenance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#cross-references-to-prov-o-and-prov-n" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Cross-References to PROV-O and PROV-N</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#change-log" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Change Log</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#changes-since-last-version" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Changes since last version</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#changes-since-last-call" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Changes since Last Call</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <section id="introduction">
+ <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction<br>
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+For the purpose of this specification, <dfn id="dfn-provenance" class="internalDFN">provenance</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-provenance"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is defined as a record that describes the people,
+institutions, entities, and activities involved in producing,
+influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a thing.
+In particular, the provenance of information is crucial in deciding
+whether information is to be trusted, how it should be integrated with
+other diverse information sources, and how to give credit to its
+originators when reusing it. In an open and inclusive environment
+such as the Web, where users find information that is often contradictory or
+questionable, provenance can help those users to make trust judgements.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+We present the PROV data model, PROV-DM,
+a generic data model for provenance that allows domain and application specific representations of provenance to be translated into such a data model and <em>interchanged</em> between systems.
+Thus, heterogeneous systems can export their native provenance into such a core data model, and applications that need to make sense of provenance can then import it,
+process it, and reason over it.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+The PROV data model distinguishes <em>core structures</em> from
+<em>extended structures</em>: core structures form the essence of
+provenance information, and are commonly found in various
+domain-specific vocabularies that deal
+with provenance or similar kinds of information [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-Mappings">Mappings</a></cite>].
+Extended structures enhance and refine core
+structures with more expressive capabilities to cater for more
+advanced uses of provenance.
+The PROV data model, comprising both core and extended structures, is a domain-agnostic model, but with clear extensibility points allowing further domain-specific and
+application-specific extensions to be defined.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+The PROV data model has a modular design and is structured according to six components covering various facets of provenance:</p>
+<ul>
+<li> component 1: entities and activities, and the time at which they were created, used, or ended;
+</li><li> component 2: derivations of entities from others;
+</li><li> component 3: agents bearing responsibility for entities that were generated and activities that happened;
+</li><li> component 4: bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance;
+</li><li> component 5: properties to link entities that refer to the same thing;
+</li><li> component 6: collections forming a logical structure for its members.
+</li></ul>
+
+
+<p>This specification presents the concepts of the PROV data model, and
+provenance types and relations, without specific concern for how they are applied.
+With these, it becomes possible to write useful provenance, and publish or embed it alongside the data it relates to. </p>
+
+<p>However, if something about which provenance is expressed is subject to change, then it is challenging to express its provenance precisely (e.g. the data from which a daily weather report is derived changes from day to day).
+This is addressed in a companion
+ specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>] by proposing formal constraints on
+ the way that provenance is related to the things it
+ describes (such as the use of attributes, temporal information and
+ specialization of entities), and additional conclusions that are valid
+ to infer.
+</p>
+
+<section id="compliance-with-this-document">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Compliance with this Document</h3>
+
+
+<p>For the purpose of compliance, the normative sections of this document
+are
+<a class="section-ref" href="#compliance-with-this-document"><span>Section 1.1</span></a>,
+<a class="section-ref" href="#conventions"><span>Section 1.3</span></a>,
+<a class="section-ref" href="#data-model-components"><span>Section 5.</span></a>, and
+<a href="#cross-references-to-prov-o-and-prov-n">Appendix A</a>.
+</p><ul>
+<li> Information in tables is normative if it appears in a normative section. </li>
+<li> All figures (including UML diagrams) are informative. </li>
+<li> Text in boxes labeled "Example" is informative.
+</li></ul>
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="structure-of-this-document">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Structure of this Document</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p><a href="#section-prov-overview">Section 2</a> provides an overview of the PROV data model, distinguishing a core set of types and relations, commonly found in provenance, from extended structures catering for more specific uses. It also introduces a modular organization of the data model in components. </p>
+
+<p><a href="#prov-notation">Section 3</a> overviews the Provenance Notation used to illustrate examples of provenance.</p>
+
+
+<p><a href="#prov-dm-example">Section 4</a> illustrates how the PROV data model can be used
+to express the provenance of a report published on the Web.</p>
+
+
+<p><a href="#data-model-components">Section 5</a> provides the definitions of PROV concepts, structured according to six components.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><a href="#extensibility-section">Section 6</a> summarizes PROV-DM extensibility points.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#valid-provenance">Section 7</a> introduces the idea that constraints can be applied to the PROV data model to validate provenance; these are covered in the companion specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="conventions">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Notational Conventions</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The key words "<em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="required">required</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="shall">shall</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="shall
+ not">shall
+ not</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="should not">should not</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em>", "<em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em>", and
+ "<em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>
+ Examples throughout this document use the PROV-N Provenance
+ Notation, briefly introduced in <a href="#prov-notation">Section 3</a> and specified fully in a separate document [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-N">PROV-N</a></cite>].</p>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="namespaces">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.4 </span>Namespaces</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+The following namespaces prefixes are used throughout this document.
+
+</p><div style="text-align: left;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="namespace-table"><span>Table 1<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#namespace-table"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Prefix and Namespaces used in this specification</caption> <!-- Table 1-->
+<tbody><tr><td><a><b>prefix</b></a></td><td><b>namespace IRI</b></td> <td><b>definition</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>prov</a></td><td>http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#</td><td>The PROV namespace (see <a class="section-ref" href="#term-NamespaceDeclaration"><span>Section 5.7.4</span></a>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>xsd</a></td><td>http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#</td><td>XML Schema Namespace [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>rdf</a></td><td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</td><td>The RDF namespace [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>(others)</a></td><td>(various)</td><td>All other namespace prefixes are used in examples only. <br> In particular, IRIs starting with "http://example.com" represent<br> some application-dependent IRI [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="section-prov-overview">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">2. </span>PROV Overview</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>This section introduces provenance concepts with informal explanations and illustrative
+examples. PROV distinguishes <em>core structures</em>, forming the essence of provenance, from <em>extended structures</em> catering for more specific uses of provenance. Core and extended structures are respectively presented in <a href="#core-structures">Section 2.1</a> and <a href="#section-extended-structures">Section 2.2</a>. Furthermore, the PROV data model is organized according to components, which form thematic groupings of concepts (see <a href="#section-overview-components">Section 2.3</a>). A <em>provenance description</em> is an instance of a provenance structure, whether core or extended, described below.
+</p>
+
+
+<section id="core-structures">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>PROV Core Structures</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>At its core, provenance describes the use and production of
+<em>entities</em> by <em>activities</em>, which may be
+influenced in
+various ways by <em>agents</em>. These core types and their relationships
+are illustrated
+by
+the UML diagram of <a href="#prov-core-structures-top" class="fig-ref">Figure 1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center; ">
+ <span class="figure" id="prov-core-structures-top" style="max-width: 70%; ">
+<img src="uml/essentials.png" alt="PROV Core Structures" style="max-width: 70%; "><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="prov-core-structures">Figure 1<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-core-structures"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> PROV Core Structures (Informative)</span>
+ </span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The concepts found in the core of PROV are introduced in the rest of this section.
+They are summarized in <a href="#overview-types-and-relations">Table 2</a>, where they are categorized as
+ type or relation.
+ The first column lists concepts, the second column indicates whether a concept maps to a type or a relation, whereas the third column contains the corresponding name, as it appears in Figure 1. Names of relations have a verbal form in the past tense to express what happened in the past, as opposed to what may or will happen. In the core of PROV, all relations are binary.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div style="text-align: left;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="overview-types-and-relations"><span>Table 2<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#overview-types-and-relations"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Mapping of PROV core concepts to types and relations</caption> <!-- Table 2 -->
+<tbody><tr><td><a><b>PROV Concepts</b></a></td><td><b>PROV-DM types or relations</b></td><td><b>Name</b></td><td><b>Overview</b></td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a>Entity</a></td><td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;">PROV-DM Types</td><td><a title="dfn-Entity" href="#dfn-entity" class="internalDFN">Entity</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-entity-activity"><span>Section 2.1.1</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>Activity</a></td><td><a title="dfn-Activity" href="#dfn-activity" class="internalDFN">Activity</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-entity-activity"><span>Section 2.1.1</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>Agent</a></td><td><a title="dfn-agent" href="#dfn-agent" class="internalDFN">Agent</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation"><span>Section 2.1.3</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a></td><td rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;">PROV-DM Relations</td><td><a title="wasGeneratedBy" href="#dfn-wasgeneratedby" class="internalDFN">WasGeneratedBy</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-entity-activity"><span>Section 2.1.1</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a></td><td><a title="used" href="#dfn-used" class="internalDFN">Used</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-entity-activity"><span>Section 2.1.1</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a></td><td><a title="wasInformedBy" href="#dfn-wasinformedby" class="internalDFN">WasInformedBy</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-entity-activity"><span>Section 2.1.1</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>Derivation</a></td><td><a title="wasDerivedFrom" href="#dfn-wasderivedfrom" class="internalDFN">WasDerivedFrom</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-derivation"><span>Section 2.1.2</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a></td><td><a title="wasAttributedTo" href="#dfn-wasattributedto" class="internalDFN">WasAttributedTo</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation"><span>Section 2.1.3</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a>Association</a></td><td><a title="wasAssociatedWith" href="#dfn-wasassociatedwith" class="internalDFN">WasAssociatedWith</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation"><span>Section 2.1.3</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a></td><td><a title="actedOnBehalfOf" href="#dfn-actedonbehalfof" class="internalDFN">ActedOnBehalfOf</a></td><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="section-ref" href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation"><span>Section 2.1.3</span></a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<form action="#"><p>
+<input id="hide-examples" onclick="set_display_by_class('div','anexample conceptexample','none'); set_display_by_id('hide-examples','none'); set_display_by_id('show-examples','');" type="button" value="Hide Concept Examples">
+<input id="show-examples" onclick="set_display_by_class('div','anexample conceptexample',''); set_display_by_id('hide-examples',''); set_display_by_id('show-examples','none');" style="display: none" type="button" value="Show Concept Examples">
+</p>
+</form>
+
+
+
+
+
+ <section id="section-entity-activity">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Entity and Activity</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+
+<p>In PROV, things we want to describe the provenance of are called <em>entities</em> and have some fixed aspects. The term "things" encompasses a broad diversity of notions, including digital objects such as a file or web page,
+physical things such as a mountain, a building, a printed book, or a car as well as abstract concepts and ideas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ An <span class="dfn">entity</span> is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary. </span> [<a href="#term-entity">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="entity-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 1<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#entity-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>An entity may be the document at IRI <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17526723">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17526723</a>, a file in a file system, a car, or an idea.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> An <span class="dfn">activity</span> is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities. </span> [<a href="#term-Activity">Detailed specification</a>]
+Just as entities cover a broad range of notions,
+activities can cover a broad range of
+notions:
+information processing activities
+ may for example move, copy, or duplicate digital entities;
+ physical activities can include
+ driving a car between two locations or printing a book.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="activity-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 2<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#activity-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>An activity may be the publishing of a document on the Web, sending a twitter message, extracting metadata embedded in a file, driving a car from Boston to Cambridge, assembling a data set based on a set of measurements, performing a statistical analysis over a data set, sorting news items according to some criteria, running a SPARQL query over a triple store, or editing a file.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Activities and entities are associated with each other in two different ways: activities utilize entities and activities produce entities. The act of utilizing or producing an entity may have a duration.
+ The term 'generation' refers to the completion of the act of producing; likewise, the term 'usage' refers to the beginning of the act of utilizing entities. Thus, we define the following concepts of generation and usage. </p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ <span class="dfn">Generation</span> is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. </span> [<a href="#term-Generation">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ <span class="dfn">Usage</span> is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity. </span> [<a href="#term-Usage">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="generation-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 3<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#generation-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>Examples of generation are the completed creation of a file by a
+program, the completed creation of a linked data set, and the completed
+publication of a new version of a document.
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="usage-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 4<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#usage-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>Usage examples include a procedure beginning to consume an argument, a service starting to read a value on a port, a program beginning to read a configuration
+file, or the point at which an ingredient, such as eggs, is being added in a baking activity. Usage may entirely consume an entity (e.g. eggs are no longer available after being added to
+the mix); in contrast, the same entity may be used multiple times, possibly by different activities (e.g. a file on a file system can be read indefinitely).
+</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="driving-a-car"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 5<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#driving-a-car"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Let us consider the activity of driving a car from Boston to Cambridge.
+One might reasonably ask what entities are used and generated by this activity.
+This is answered by
+considering that a single artifact may
+correspond to several entities; in this case, a car in Boston may be a
+different entity from the same car in Cambridge.
+Thus, among other things,
+an entity "car in Boston" would be used, and a new entity "car in
+Cambridge" would be generated by this activity of driving. The
+provenance trace of the car might include: designed in Japan,
+manufactured in Korea, shipped to Boston USA, purchased by customer,
+driven to Cambridge, serviced by engineer in Cambridge, etc., all of
+which might be important information when deciding whether or not it
+represents a sensible second-hand purchase. Or some of it might
+alternatively be relevant when trying to determine the truth of a web
+page reporting a traffic violation involving that car. This breadth
+of provenance allows descriptions of interactions between physical and
+digital artifacts.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The generation of an entity by an activity and its subsequent usage by another activity is termed communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ <span class="dfn">Communication</span> is the exchange of some unspecified entity by two activities, one activity using some entity generated by the other. </span> [<a href="#term-Communication">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="communication-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 6<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#communication-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The activity of writing a celebrity article was informed by (a
+communication instance) the activity of intercepting voicemails.
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+ <section id="section-derivation">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.1.2 </span>Derivation</h4>
+
+
+
+<p>Activities utilize entities and produce entities. In some cases, utilizing an entity influences the creation of another in some way. This notion of 'influence' is captured by derivations, defined as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <span class="dfn">derivation</span> is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.</span>
+ [<a href="#term-Derivation">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="derivation-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 7<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#derivation-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>Examples of derivation include the transformation of a relational table into a
+linked data set, the transformation of a canvas into a painting, the transportation of a work of art from London to New York, and a physical transformation such as the melting of ice into water.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+The focus of derivation is on connecting a generated entity to a used
+entity.
+While the basic idea is simple, the concept of derivation can be quite
+subtle: implicit is the notion that the generated entity was affected
+in some way by the used entity.
+
+If an artifact
+was used by an activity that also generated a new artifact, it does not always follow
+that the second artifact was derived from the first. In the activity
+of creating a painting, an artist may have mixed some paint that was
+never actually applied to the canvas: the painting would typically
+not be considered a derivation from the unused paint.
+<!-- The provenance
+model does not attempt to define what constitutes derivation; rather,
+it is considered to be something that is asserted, having been
+determined by unspecified means. -->
+PROV does not attempt to specify the conditions under which derivations
+exist; rather, derivation is considered to have been determined by unspecified means.
+Thus, while a chain of usage and generation is necessary for a
+derivation to hold between entities, it is not sufficient; some
+form of influence occurring during the activities involved is also needed.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="section-agents-attribution-association-delegation">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.1.3 </span>Agents and Responsibility</h4>
+
+<p>For many purposes, a key consideration
+ for deciding whether something is reliable and/or trustworthy is
+ knowing who or what <em>was reponsible</em> for its production. Data published by
+ a respected independent organization may be considered more
+ trustworthy than that from a lobby organization; a claim by a
+ well-known scientist with an established track record may be more
+ believed than a claim by a new student; a calculation performed by an
+ established software library may be more reliable than by a one-off
+ program.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ An <span class="dfn">agent</span> is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity. </span> [<a href="#term-agent">Detailed specification</a>]
+ An agent may be a particular type of entity or activity. This means that the model can be
+ used to express provenance of the agents themselves.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="agent-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 8<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#agent-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Software for checking the use of grammar in a document may be defined as an agent of a document preparation activity; one can also describe its provenance, including for instance the vendor and the version history.
+A site selling books on the Web, the services involved in the processing of orders, and the companies hosting them are also agents.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Agents can be related to entities, activities, and other agents.</p>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> <span class="dfn">Attribution</span> is the ascribing of an entity to an agent. </span>
+[<a href="#term-attribution">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="attribution-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 9<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#attribution-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>A blog post can be attributed to an author, a mobile phone to its manufacturer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Agents are defined as having some kind of responsibility for activities. </p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> An activity <span class="dfn">association</span> is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. </span>
+[<a href="#term-Association">Detailed specification</a>]</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="association-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 10<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#association-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>Examples of association between an activity and an agent are:
+</p><ul>
+<li>creation of a web page under the guidance of a designer;</li>
+<li>various forms of participation in a panel discussion, including audience member, panelist, or panel chair;</li>
+<li>a public event, sponsored by a company, and hosted by a museum;</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ <span class="dfn">Delegation</span> is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work. </span>
+[<a href="#term-delegation">Detailed specification</a>]
+ The nature of this relation is intended to be broad, including contractual relation, but also altruistic initiative by the representative agent. </p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="delegation-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 11<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#delegation-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>A student publishing a web page describing an academic
+department could result in both the student and the department being
+agents associated with the activity. It may not matter which actual
+student published a web page, but it may matter significantly that the department
+told the student to put up the web page.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-extended-structures">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>PROV Extended Structures</h3>
+
+<p>While the core of PROV focuses on essential provenance structures commonly found in provenance descriptions, extended structures
+are designed to support more advanced uses of provenance.
+The purpose of this section is twofold. First, mechanisms to specify these extended structures are introduced. Second, two further kinds of provenance structures are overviewed: they cater for provenance of provenance and collections, respectively.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<section id="section-prov-extended-mechanisms">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>Mechanisms to Define Extended Structures</h4>
+
+<p>Extended structures are defined by a variety of mechanisms
+outlined in this section: subtyping, expanded relations, optional
+identification, and new relations.</p>
+
+
+<section id="section-prov-extended-approach-subtyping">
+<h5><span class="secno">2.2.1.1 </span>Subtyping</h5><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>Subtyping can be applied to core types. For example, a software agent is special kind of agent, defined as follows.</p>
+
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ A <span class="dfn">SoftwareAgent</span> is running software. </span>
+
+
+<p>Subtyping can also be applied to core relations. For example, a revision is a special kind of derivation, defined as follows.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> A <span class="dfn">revision</span> is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original. </span></p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-prov-extended-approach-expanded-relation">
+<h5><span class="secno">2.2.1.2 </span>Expanded Relations</h5>
+
+<p><a class="section-ref" href="#core-structures"><span>Section 2.1</span></a> shows that seven concepts are mapped to binary relations in the core of PROV. However, some advanced uses of these concepts cannot be captured by a binary relation, but require relations to be expanded to n-ary relations.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, binary relations are actually shorthands that can be 'opened up' by applications and filled in with further application details. For example, derivation is a very high level relationship between two entities: an application may decide to 'open up' that relationship in an expanded relation that describes how an entity was derived from another by virtue of listing the generation, usage, and activity involved in the derivation relationship. Applications are free to decide which level of granularity they want describe, and PROV gives them the way to do that.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>To illustrate expanded relations, we revisit the concept of
+association, introduced
+in <a class="section-ref" href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation"><span>Section 2.1.3</span></a> (full definition of the expanded association can be found
+in <a class="section-ref" href="#term-Association"><span>Section 5.3.3</span></a>). Agents may rely on <em>plans</em>, i.e. sets of actions or steps, to achieve their
+goals in the context of an activity.
+Hence, an expanded form of
+association relation allows for a plan to be specified. Plan is defined by subtyping and
+full association by an expanded relation, as follows. </p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ A <span class="dfn">plan</span> is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals. </span>
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> An activity <span class="dfn">association</span> is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. It further allows for a plan to be specified, which is the plan intended by the agent to achieve some goals in the context of this activity. </span>
+</p>
+
+<p>There exist no
+prescriptive requirement on the nature of plans, their representation, the
+actions or steps they consist of, or their intended goals. Since plans may evolve over time,
+it may become necessary to track their provenance, so plans themselves are
+entities. Representing the plan explicitly in the provenance can be useful for various tasks: for example, to
+validate the execution as represented in the provenance record, to
+manage expectation failures, or to provide explanations.</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="association-example2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 12<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#association-example2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>An example of association between an activity and an agent involving a plan is:
+an XSLT transform (an activity) launched by a user (an agent) based on an XSL style sheet (a plan).
+
+</p></div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-prov-extended-approach-optional-identification">
+<h5><span class="secno">2.2.1.3 </span>Optional Identification</h5>
+
+<p>Some concepts exhibit both a core use, expressed as
+binary relation, and an extended use, expressed as n-ary relation. In
+some cases, mapping the concept to a relation, whether binary or
+n-ary, is not sufficient: instead, it may be required to
+identify an instance of such concept. In those cases, PROV allows for
+an optional identifier to be
+expressed to identify an instance of an association between two or
+more elements. This optional identifier can then be used to refer to
+an instance as part of other concepts.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="identifier-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 13<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#identifier-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>A service may read a same configuration file on two different occasions. Each usage can be identifed by its own identifier, allowing them to be distinguished.
+</p></div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="section-prov-extended-approach-further-relations">
+<h5><span class="secno">2.2.1.4 </span>Further Relations</h5>
+
+<p>Finally, PROV supports further relations that are not subtypes or expanded versions of existing relations (such as <a href="#concept-specialization" class="internalDFN">specialization</a>, <a href="#concept-alternate" class="internalDFN">alternate</a>).</p>
+
+
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="section-provenance-of-provnance">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.2.2 </span>Provenance of Provenance</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ A <span class="dfn">bundle</span> is a named set of provenance descriptions, and is itself an entity, so allowing provenance of provenance to be expressed. </span>
+
+</p><p>
+For users to decide whether they can place their trust in
+something, they may want to analyze its provenance, but also determine
+the agent its provenance is attributed to, and when it was
+generated. In other words, users need to be able to determine the provenance of provenance.
+Hence, provenance is also
+regarded as an entity (of type Bundle), by which provenance of provenance can then be
+expressed.
+</p>
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="bundle-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 14<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#bundle-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In a decision making situation, decision makers may be presented with the same piece of knowledge, issued by multiple sources. In order to validate this piece of knowledge, decision makers can consider its provenance, but also the provenance of its provenance, which may help determine whether it can be trusted.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-collections">
+<h4><span class="secno">2.2.3 </span>Collections</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <span class="dfn">collection</span> is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents that must themselves be entities. These constituents are said to be <span class="dfn">member</span> of the collections. </span> Many different types of collections exist, such as <em>sets</em>, <em>dictionaries</em>, or <em>lists</em>.
+Using Collections, one can express the provenance of the collection itself in addition to that of the members. </p>
+
+<div class="anexample conceptexample" id="collection-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 15<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#collection-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+An example of collection is an archive of documents. Each document has its own provenance, but the archive itself also has some provenance: who maintained it, which documents it contained at which point in time, how it was assembled, etc.
+</p></div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-overview-components">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Modular Organization</h3>
+
+<p>Besides the separation between core and extended structures, PROV-DM
+is further organized according to components, grouping concepts in a
+thematic manner. </p>
+
+<p> <a href="#components-overview">Table 3</a> enumerates the six components, five of which have already been implicitly overviewed in this section. All components contain extended structures, whereas only the first three contain core structures.
+
+</p><div id="components-overview-div" style="text-align: center;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="components-overview"><span>Table 3<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#components-overview"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Components Overview</caption> <!-- Table 3: -->
+<tbody><tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td>Component</td><td>Core <br>Structures</td><td>Overview</td><td>Specification</td><td>Description</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+<tr><td style=" padding: 8px;">1</td><td style="text-align: left;">Entities and Activities</td><td>✔</td><td><a href="#section-entity-activity">2.1.1</a></td><td><a href="#component1">5.1</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about entities and activities, and their interrelations</td></tr>
+<tr><td>2</td><td style="text-align: left;">Derivation</td><td>✔</td><td><a href="#section-derivation">2.1.2</a></td><td><a href="#component2">5.2</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about derivation and its subtypes</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3</td><td style="text-align: left;">Agent and Responsibility</td><td>✔</td><td><a href="#section-agents-attribution-association-delegation">2.1.3</a></td><td><a href="#component3">5.3</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about agents and concepts ascribing responsibility to them</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4</td><td style="text-align: left;">Bundles</td><td></td><td><a href="#section-provenance-of-provnance">2.2.2</a></td><td><a href="#component4">5.4</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance</td></tr>
+<tr><td>5</td><td style="text-align: left;">Alternate</td><td></td><td>—</td><td><a href="#component5">5.5</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about relations linking entities referring the same thing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>6</td><td style="text-align: left;">Collections</td><td></td><td><a href="#section-collections">2.2.3</a></td><td><a href="#component6">5.6</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">about collections</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="prov-notation">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">3. </span>The Provenance Notation</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+
+<p>To illustrate the application of PROV concepts to a concrete example (see <a href="#prov-dm-example">Section 4</a>) and to provide examples of concepts (see <a href="#data-model-components">Section 5</a>),
+we introduce PROV-N, a notation for writing instances of the PROV data model. For full details and for a normative reference, the reader is referred to the companion specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-N">PROV-N</a></cite>].
+PROV-N is a notation aimed at human consumption, with the following characteristics:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>PROV-N expressions adopt a <em>functional notation</em> consisting
+of a name and a list of arguments in parentheses.</li>
+
+<li>The interpretation of PROV-N arguments is defined according to their <em>position</em> in the list of arguments. This convention allows for a compact notation. </li>
+
+<li>The PROV data model defines <em>identifiers</em> as qualified names; in PROV-N, they are expressed as a local name optionally preceded of a prefix and a colon. </li>
+
+
+
+<li>
+PROV-N <em>optional arguments</em> need not be specified:
+the general rule for optional arguments is that, if none of them are used in the expression, then they are simply omitted, resulting in a simpler expression. However, it may be the case that only some of the optional arguments need to be specified. Because the position of the arguments in the expression matters, in this case, an additional marker must be used to indicate that a particular term is not available. The syntactic marker '<span class="name">-</span>' is used for this purpose.
+</li>
+
+<li>Most expressions
+include an identifier
+and a set of attribute-value pairs; both are optional unless otherwise specified. By convention, the identifier occurs in the <em>first position</em>, and the set of attribute-value pairs in the <em>last position</em>.
+Consistent with the convention on arguments, the marker '<span class="name">-</span>' can be used when the identifier is not available, or can be omitted altogether with no ambiguity arising. To further disambiguate expressions that contain an optional identifier, the optional identifier or marker must be followed by '<span class="name">;</span>'.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-prov-n"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 16<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-prov-n"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+An activity with identifier <span class="name">a1</span> and an attribute <span class="name">type</span> with value <span class="name">createFile</span>.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">activity(a1, [ prov:type="createFile" ])
+</pre>
+Two entities with identifiers <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>.
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(e1)
+entity(e2)
+</pre>
+The activity <span class="name">a1</span> used <span class="name">e1</span>, and <span class="name">e2</span> was generated by <span class="name">a1</span>.
+<pre class="codeexample">used(a1, e1)
+wasGeneratedBy(e2, a1)
+</pre>
+The same descriptions, but with an explicit identifier <span class="name">u1</span> for the usage, and the syntactic marker '<span class="name">-</span>' to mark the absence of identifier in the generation. Both are followed by '<span class="name">;</span>'.
+<pre class="codeexample">used(u1; a1, e1)
+wasGeneratedBy(-; e2, a1)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="prov-dm-example">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Illustration of PROV-DM by an Example</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p><a href="#section-prov-overview">Section 2</a> has introduced some provenance concepts, and how they are expressed as types or relations in the PROV data model. The purpose of this section is to put these concepts into practice in order to express the provenance of some document published on the Web.
+With this realistic example, PROV concepts are composed together, and a graphical illustration shows a provenance description forming a directed graph, rooted at the entity we want to explain the provenance of, and pointing to the entities, activities, and agents it depended on. This example also shows that, sometimes, multiple provenance descriptions about the same entity can co-exist, which then justifies the need for provenance of provenance.</p>
+
+
+<p>In this example, we consider one of the many documents published by the World Wide Web Consortium, and describe its provenance.
+Specifically, we consider the document identified by
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215</a>. Its provenance can be expressed from several perspectives: first, provenance can take the authors' viewpoint; second, it can be concerned with the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> process. Then, attribution of these two provenance descriptions is provided.</p>
+
+
+<section id="section-example-one">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Example: The Authors View</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+
+<p style="font-style:italic; "><b>Description:</b> A document
+is edited by some editor, using contributions from various
+contributors.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>In this perspective, provenance of the document
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215</a> is concerned with the editing activity as perceived by authors. This kind of information could be used by authors in their CV or in a narrative about this document. </p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>We paraphrase some PROV descriptions, express them with the PROV-N notation, and depict them with a graphical illustration (see <a href="#prov-a-document1-top" class="fig-ref">Figure 2</a>).
+Full details of the provenance record can be found <a href="examples/w3c-publication1.provn">here</a>.</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; ">
+ <span class="figure" id="prov-a-document1-top">
+ <img src="images/dm/w3c-publication1.png" alt="Provenance of a Document (1)" style="max-width: 98%; "><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="prov-a-document1">Figure 2<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-a-document1"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Provenance of a Document (part 1) (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 2 -->
+ </span>
+</div>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>There was a document <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span>, which from the author's perspective was a document in its second version.
+<pre>entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, [ prov:type="document", ex:version="2" ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>There was an editing activity.
+<pre>activity(ex:edit1, [ prov:type="edit" ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>The document was generated by the editing activity: this was a <a title="concept-generation">Generation</a>. Its time is not specified, hence, the marker '-'.
+<pre>wasGeneratedBy(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, ex:edit1, -)
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>There were some agents.
+<pre>agent(ex:Paolo, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+agent(ex:Simon, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>Agents were assigned various responsibilities in the editing activity: contributor and editor. The plan the agent relied upon is not specified, hence, the marker '-'.
+<pre>wasAssociatedWith(ex:edit1, ex:Paolo, -, [ prov:role="editor" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:edit1, ex:Simon, -, [ prov:role="contributor" ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Provenance descriptions can be <em>illustrated</em> graphically. The illustration is not intended to represent all the details of the model, but it is intended to show the essence of a set of
+provenance descriptions [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-LAYOUT">PROV-LAYOUT</a></cite>]. Therefore, it should not be seen as an alternate notation for expressing provenance.</p>
+
+<p>The graphical illustration takes the form of a graph. Entities, activities and agents are represented as nodes, with oval, rectangular, and pentagonal shapes, respectively. Usage,
+Generation, Derivation, and Association are represented as directed edges.</p>
+
+<p>Entities are laid out according to the ordering of their generation. We endeavor to show time progressing from left to right. This means that edges for Usage, Generation,
+Derivation, Association typically point leftwards</p>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="section-example-two">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Example: The Process View</h3>
+
+
+<p style="font-style:italic; "><b>Description:</b> The World Wide Web
+Consortium publishes documents according to its publication
+policy. Working drafts are published regularly to reflect the work
+accomplished by working groups. Every publication of a working draft
+must be preceded by a "publication request" to the Webmaster. The
+very first version of a document must also be preceded by a
+"transition request" to be approved by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> director. All working
+drafts are made available at a unique IRI. In this scenario, we consider two successive versions of a given document, the policy according to which they were published, and the associated requests.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We describe the kind of provenance record that the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium">WWW Consortium</a> could keep for auditors to check that due processes are followed. All entities involved in this example are Web resources, with well-defined IRIs (some of which refer to archived email messages, available to <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Members).</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Two versions of a document were involved: <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> (second working draft) and <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span> (first working draft);</li>
+<li> Both <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> and <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span> were published by the WWW Consortium (<span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium">w3:Consortium</a></span>); </li>
+<li> The publication activity for <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> was <span class="name">ex:act2</span>;</li>
+<li> The publication activity for <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span> was <span class="name">ex:act1</span>;
+</li>
+
+<li> The document <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> was derived from <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span>;</li>
+
+<li> The publication activity <span class="name">ex:act1</span> used a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/01-transitions.html#pubreq">publication request</a> (<span class="name"><a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-archive/2011Oct/0141">email:2011Oct/0141</a></span>) and a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/01-transitions.html#transreq">transition request</a> (<span class="name"><a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/chairs/2011OctDec/0004">chairs:2011OctDec/0004</a></span>);</li>
+<li> The publication activity <span class="name">ex:act2</span> used a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/01-transitions.html#pubreq">publication request</a> (<span class="name"><a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-archive/2011Dec/0111">email:2011Dec/0111</a></span>);</li>
+<li> Documents were published according to the process rules (<span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#rec-advance">process:rec-advance</a></span>), a plan in PROV terminology.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+We now paraphrase some PROV descriptions, and express them with the PROV-N notation, and depict them with a graphical illustration (see <a href="#prov-a-document2-top" class="fig-ref">Figure 3</a>). Full details of the provenance record can be found <a href="examples/w3c-publication2.provn">here</a>.
+
+</p><div style="text-align: center;">
+ <span class="figure" id="prov-a-document2-top">
+ <img src="images/dm/w3c-publication2.png" alt="Provenance of a Document (2)" style="max-width: 90%; "><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="prov-a-document2">Figure 3<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-a-document2"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Provenance of a Document (part 2) (Informative)</span> <!-- figure 3 -->
+ </span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>There was a document, a working draft (<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/02pd/rec54#WD">rec54:WD</a>), which is an entity so that we can describe its provenance. Similar descriptions exist for all entities.
+<pre>entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, [ prov:type='rec54:WD' ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+<li>There was a publication activity.
+<pre>activity(ex:act2, [ prov:type="publish" ])
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>The document was generated by the publication activity: this was a <a title="concept-Generation">Generation</a>. Its time is not specified, hence, the marker '-'.
+<pre>wasGeneratedBy(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, ex:act2, -)
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+
+<li>The second draft of the document was derived from the first draft: this was a <a title="concept-Derivation">Derivation</a>.
+<pre>wasDerivedFrom(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018)
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>The activity required a publication request: this was a <a title="concept-Usage">Usage</a>. Its time is not specified, hence, the marker '-'.
+<pre>used(ex:act2, email:2011Dec/0111, -)
+</pre>
+</li>
+
+<li>The activity was associated with the Consortium agent, and proceeded according to its publication policy: this is an <a title="concept-association">Association</a>.
+<pre>wasAssociatedWith(ex:act2, w3:Consortium, process:rec-advance)
+</pre>
+This relation is illustrated in <a href="#prov-a-document2-top" class="fig-ref">Figure 3</a> with a multi-edge labelled <span class="name">wasAssociatedWith</span> pointing to an agent and entity (representing a plan).
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p> This simple example has shown a variety of PROV concepts, such as Entity, Agent, Activity, Usage, Generation, Derivation, and Association. In this example, it happens that all entities were already Web resources, with readily available IRIs, which we used. We note that some of the resources are public, whereas others have restricted access: provenance statements only make use of their identifiers. If identifiers do not pre-exist, e.g. for activities, then they can be generated, for instance <span class="name">ex:act2</span>, occurring in the namespace identified by prefix <span class="name">ex</span>. We note that the IRI scheme developed by <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> is particularly suited for expressing provenance of these documents, since each IRI denotes a specific version of a document. It then becomes easy to relate the various versions with PROV relations. We note that an Association is a ternary relation (represented by a multi-edge labeled wasAssociatedWith) from an activity to an agent and a plan.</p>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="section-example-c">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Example: Attribution of Provenance</h3>
+
+<p>The two previous sections offer two different perspectives on the provenance of a document. PROV allows for multiple sources to provide the provenance of a subject. For users to decide whether they can place their trust in the document, they may want to analyze its provenance, but also determine who the provenance is attributed to, and when it was
+generated, etc. In other words, we need to be able to express the provenance of provenance.</p>
+
+<p>PROV-DM offers a construct to name a bundle of provenance descriptions (full details: <a href="examples/w3c-publication1.provn">ex:author-view</a>). </p>
+
+<pre class="codeexample">bundle ex:author-view
+
+ agent(ex:Paolo, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+ agent(ex:Simon, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+
+
+...
+
+endBundle
+</pre>
+
+Likewise, the process view can be expressed as a separate named bundle (full details: <a href="examples/w3c-publication2.provn">ex:process-view</a>).
+<pre class="codeexample">bundle ex:process-view
+
+ agent(w3:Consortium, [ prov:type='prov:Organization' ])
+
+...
+
+endBundle
+</pre>
+
+<p>To express their respective provenance, these bundles must be seen as entities, and all PROV constructs are now available to express their provenance. In the example below, <span class="name">ex:author-view</span> is attributed to the agent <span class="name">ex:Simon</span>, whereas <span class="name">ex:process-view</span> to <span class="name">w3:Consortium</span>.
+
+</p><pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:author-view, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle' ])
+wasAttributedTo(ex:author-view, ex:Simon)
+
+entity(ex:process-view, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle' ])
+wasAttributedTo(ex:process-view, w3:Consortium)
+</pre>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="data-model-components">
+
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">5. </span>PROV-DM Types and Relations</h2>
+
+<p>Provenance concepts, expressed as PROV-DM types and relations, are organized according to six components that are defined in this section.
+The components and their dependencies are illustrated in <a href="#prov-dm-components">Figure 4</a>. A component that relies on concepts defined in another is displayed above it in the figure. So, for example, component 5 (alternate) depends on concepts defined in component 4 (bundles), itself dependent on concepts defined in component 1 (entity and activity).
+</p>
+
+<div id="prov-dm-components-ul">
+<ul>
+<li><b>Component 1: entities and activities.</b> The first component consists of entities, activities, and concepts linking them, such as generation, usage, start, end. The first component is the only one comprising time-related concepts. </li>
+<li><b>Component 2: derivations.</b> The second component is formed with derivations and derivation subtypes.</li>
+<li><b>Component 3: agents, responsibility, and influence.</b> The third component consists of agents and concepts ascribing responsibility to agents.</li>
+<li><b>Component 4: bundles.</b> The fourth component is concerned with bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance.</li>
+<li><b>Component 5: alternate.</b> The fifth component consists of relations linking entities referring to the same thing. </li>
+<li><b>Component 6: collections.</b> The sixth component is about collections. </li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-4-prov-dm-components-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img usemap="#componentMap" src="images/dm/components-dependencies.png" alt="PROV-DM Components" style="max-width: 90%; ">
+<map id="componentMap" name="componentMap">
+<area title="agents/responsibility" href="#component3" coords="0,0,67,268" alt="agents/responsibility" shape="rect">
+<area title="agents/responsibility" href="#component3" coords="67,0,134,201" alt="agents/responsibility" shape="rect">
+<area title="agents/responsibility" href="#component3" coords="134,0,201,67" alt="agents/responsibility" shape="rect">
+<area title="derivations" href="#component2" coords="201,0,268,201" alt="derivations" shape="rect">
+<area title="derivations" href="#component2" coords="134,67,201,201" alt="derivations" shape="rect">
+<!--<area title="alternate" href="#component5" coords="268,0,335,67" alt="alternate" shape="rect"/> -->
+<area title="alternate" href="#component5" coords="335,0,402,201" alt="alternate" shape="rect">
+<area title="collections" href="#component6" coords="402,0,469,201" alt="collections" shape="rect">
+<area title="activities/entities" href="#component1" coords="67,201,469,268" alt="activities/entities" shape="rect">
+<area title="bundles" href="#component4" coords="268,0,402,201" alt="bundles" shape="rect">
+</map>
+<br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="prov-dm-components">Figure 4<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-dm-components"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> PROV-DM Components (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 4 -->
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+While not all PROV-DM relations are binary, they all involve two primary elements. Hence, <a href="#relations-at-a-glance">Table 4</a> indexes all relations (except <a href="#dfn-wasinfluencedby" class="internalDFN">wasInfluencedBy</a>) according to their two primary elements (referred to as subject and object). The table adopts the same color scheme as <a href="#prov-dm-components">Figure 4</a>, allowing components to be readily identified.
+Relation names appearing in bold correspond to the core structures introduced
+in <a href="#core-structures">Section 2.1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div id="relations-at-a-glance-div" style="text-align: center;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="relations-at-a-glance"><span>Table 4<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#relations-at-a-glance"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>PROV-DM Relations At a Glance</caption> <!-- Table 4 -->
+<tbody><tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td colspan="6">Object</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td colspan="2">Entity</td><td colspan="2">Activity</td><td colspan="2">Agent</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="3">Subject</td><td>Entity</td><td colspan="2"><div class="component2-color"><a class="essential">WasDerivedFrom</a><br><a>Revision</a><br><a>Quotation</a><br><a>PrimarySource</a></div><div class="component5-color"><a>AlternateOf</a><br><a>SpecializationOf</a></div><div class="component6-color"><a>HadMember</a></div></td><td class="component1-color"><a class="essential internalDFN" title="wasGeneratedBy" href="#dfn-wasgeneratedby">WasGeneratedBy</a><br><a title="wasInvalidatedBy" href="#dfn-wasinvalidatedby" class="internalDFN">WasInvalidatedBy</a></td><td class="component1-color" style="font-style: italic; "><a title="role" href="#concept-role" class="internalDFN">R</a><br><a title="time" href="#dfn-time" class="internalDFN">T</a><br><a title="location" href="#concept-location" class="internalDFN">L</a><br></td><td class="component3-color" colspan="2"><a class="essential">WasAttributedTo</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Activity</td><td class="component1-color"><a class="essential">Used</a><br><a>WasStartedBy</a><br><a>WasEndedBy</a></td><td class="component1-color" style="font-style: italic; "><a title="role" href="#concept-role" class="internalDFN">R</a><br><a title="time" href="#dfn-time" class="internalDFN">T</a><br><a title="location" href="#concept-location" class="internalDFN">L</a><br></td><td colspan="2" class="component1-color"><a class="essential">WasInformedBy</a></td><td class="component3-color"><a class="essential">WasAssociatedWith</a></td><td class="component3-color" style="font-style: italic; "><a title="role" href="#concept-role" class="internalDFN">R</a><br></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Agent</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td class="component3-color" colspan="2"><a class="essential">ActedOnBehalfOf</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letters 'R' and 'L' appearing in the right-hand side of some cells of <a href="#relations-at-a-glance">Table 4</a> indicate that attributes
+<a title="role" href="#concept-role" class="internalDFN">prov:role</a> (<a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-role"><span>Section 5.7.2.3</span></a>)
+and
+<a title="location" href="#concept-location" class="internalDFN">prov:location</a> (<a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-location"><span>Section 5.7.2.2</span></a>)
+are permitted for these relations.
+The letter 'T' indicates an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> <a title="time" href="#dfn-time" class="internalDFN">time</a> is also permitted.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+Some PROV-DM relations are not binary and involve extra optional element. They are summarized in <a href="#secondary-elements-relations-at-a-glance-div">Table 5</a> grouping secondary objects, according to their type. The table also adopts the same color scheme as <a href="#prov-dm-components">Figure 4</a>, allowing components to be readily identified. None of these relations correspond to the core structures introduced
+in <a href="#core-structures">Section 2.1</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div id="secondary-elements-relations-at-a-glance-div" style="text-align: center;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="secondary-elements-relations-at-a-glance"><span>Table 5<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#secondary-elements-relations-at-a-glance"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Secondary optional elements in PROV-DM Relations</caption> <!-- Table 4 -->
+<tbody><tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td colspan="3">Secondary Object</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td>Entity</td><td>Activity</td><td>Agent</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="3">Subject</td><td>Entity</td><td>—</td><td class="component2-color"><a>WasDerivedFrom</a> (<a href="#derivation.activity">activity</a>)</td><td>—</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Activity</td><td class="component3-color"><a>WasAssociatedWith</a> (<a href="#association.plan">plan</a>)</td><td class="component1-color"><a>WasStartedBy</a> (<a href="#start.starter">starter</a>)<br><a>WasEndedBy</a> (<a href="#end.ender">ender</a>)</td><td>—</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Agent</td><td>—</td><td class="component3-color"><a>ActedOnBehalfOf</a> (<a href="#delegation.activity">activity</a>)</td><td>—</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><a href="#prov-dm-types-and-relations">Table 6</a> is a complete index of all the types and relations of PROV-DM, color-coded according to the component they belong to. In the first column, concept names link to their informal definition, whereas, in the second column, representations link to the information used to represent the concept. Concept names appearing in bold in the first column are the core structures introduced in <a href="#core-structures">Section 2.1</a>. Likewise, these core structures have their names and parameters highlighted in bold in the second column (prov-n representation); expanded structures are not represented with a bold font.</p>
+
+
+<div id="prov-dm-types-and-relations-fig" style="text-align: left;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="prov-dm-types-and-relations"><span>Table 6<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-dm-types-and-relations"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>PROV-DM Types and Relations</caption> <!-- Table 6-->
+<tbody><tr><td><a><b>Type or Relation Name</b></a></td><td><b>Representation in the PROV-N notation</b></td><td><b>Component</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color"><td class="essential"><a>Entity</a></td><td><a title="dfn-Entity" class="essential internalDFN" href="#dfn-entity">entity(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</a></td><td rowspan="8"><a href="#component1">Component 1: Entities/Activities</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td class="essential"><a>Activity</a></td><td><a title="dfn-Activity" class="essential internalDFN" href="#dfn-activity">activity(id, st, et, [ attr1=val1, ...])</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td class="essential"><a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a></td><td><a title="wasGeneratedBy" href="#dfn-wasgeneratedby" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">wasGeneratedBy(</span>id;<span class="essential">e,a</span>,t,attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td class="essential"><a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a></td><td><a title="used" href="#dfn-used" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">used(</span>id;<span class="essential">a,e</span>,t,attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td class="essential"><a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a></td><td><a title="wasInformedBy" href="#dfn-wasinformedby" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">wasInformedBy(</span>id;<span class="essential">a2,a1</span>,attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a></td><td><a title="wasStartedBy" href="#dfn-wasstartedby" class="internalDFN">wasStartedBy(id;a2,e,a1,t,attrs)</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a></td><td><a title="wasEndedBy" href="#dfn-wasendedby" class="internalDFN">wasEndedBy(id;a2,e,a1,t,attrs)</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a></td><td><a title="wasInvalidatedBy" href="#dfn-wasinvalidatedby" class="internalDFN">wasInvalidatedBy(id;e,a,t,attrs)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr class="component2-color"><td class="essential"><a>Derivation</a></td><td><a title="wasDerivedFrom" href="#dfn-wasderivedfrom" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">wasDerivedFrom(</span>id; <span class="essential">e2, e1</span>, a, g2, u1, attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td><td rowspan="4"><a href="#component2">Component 2: Derivations</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component2-color"><td class="provType"><a>Revision</a></td><td><a title="dfn-revision">... prov:type='prov:Revision' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component2-color"><td class="provType"><a>Quotation</a></td><td><a title="dfn-quotation">... prov:type='prov:Quotation' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component2-color"><td class="provType"><a>Primary Source</a></td><td><a title="dfn-primary-source">... prov:type='prov:PrimarySource' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color" style="border-collapse: collapse; "><td class="essential"><a>Agent</a></td><td><a title="dfn-agent" class="essential internalDFN" href="#dfn-agent">agent(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</a></td><td rowspan="9"><a href="#component3">Component 3: Agents, Responsibility, Influence</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="essential"><a href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a></td><td><a title="wasAttributedTo" href="#dfn-wasattributedto" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">wasAttributedTo(</span>id;<span class="essential">e,ag</span>,attr<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="essential"><a>Association</a></td><td><a title="wasAssociatedWith" href="#dfn-wasassociatedwith" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">wasAssociatedWith(</span>id;<span class="essential">a,ag</span>,pl,attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="essential"><a href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a></td><td><a title="actedOnBehalfOf" href="#dfn-actedonbehalfof" class="internalDFN"><span class="essential">actedOnBehalfOf(</span>id;<span class="essential">ag2,ag1</span>,a,attrs<span class="essential">)</span></a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="provType"><a>Plan</a></td><td><a title="plan" href="#concept-plan" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:Plan' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="provType"><a>Person</a></td><td><a title="person" href="#concept-person" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:Person' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="provType"><a href="#concept-organization" class="internalDFN">Organization</a></td><td><a title="organization">... prov:type='prov:Organization' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td class="provType"><a title="software-agent" href="#concept-software-agent" class="internalDFN">SoftwareAgent</a></td><td><a title="software-agent" href="#concept-software-agent" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:SoftwareAgent' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td><a href="#concept-influence" class="internalDFN">Influence</a></td><td><a title="wasInfluencedBy" href="#dfn-wasinfluencedby" class="internalDFN">wasInfluencedBy(id;e2,e1,attrs)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr class="component4-color"><td><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">Bundle constructor</a></td><td><a title="dfn-bundle" href="#dfn-bundle-constructor" class="internalDFN">bundle id description_1 ... description_n endBundle</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="#component4">Component 4: Bundles</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component4-color"><td class="provType"><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">Bundle type</a></td><td><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:Bundle' ...</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+<tr class="component5-color"><td><a>Alternate</a></td><td><a title="alternateOf" href="#dfn-alternateof" class="internalDFN">alternateOf(alt1, alt2)</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="#component5">Component 5: Alternate</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component5-color"><td><a>Specialization</a></td><td><a title="specializationOf" href="#dfn-specializationof" class="internalDFN">specializationOf(infra, supra)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr class="component6-color"><td class="provType"><a>Collection</a></td><td><a title="collection" href="#concept-collection" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:Collection' ...</a></td><td rowspan="3"><a href="#component6">Component 6: Collections</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component6-color"><td class="provType"><a title="empty collection" href="#concept-empty-collection" class="internalDFN">EmptyCollection</a></td><td><a title="empty collection" href="#concept-empty-collection" class="internalDFN">... prov:type='prov:EmptyCollection' ...</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component6-color"><td><a href="#concept-membership" class="internalDFN">Membership</a></td><td><a title="hadMember" href="#dfn-hadmember" class="internalDFN">hadMember(c,e)</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+In the rest of the section, each type and relation is defined informally,
+ followed by a summary of the information used to represent the concept, and
+ illustrated with PROV-N examples.</p>
+
+
+<section id="component1">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Component 1: Entities and Activities</h3>
+
+<p>The first component of PROV-DM is concerned with <a title="entity" href="#concept-entity" class="internalDFN">entities</a> and <a title="activity" href="#concept-activity" class="internalDFN">activities</a>, and their interrelations: Used (<a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>), WasGeneratedBy (<a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>), WasStartedBy (<a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>), WasEndedBy (<a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a>), WasInvalidatedBy (<a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>), and WasInformedBy (<a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a>). <a href="#figure-component1">Figure 5</a> uses UML to depict the first component.
+Core structures are displayed in the yellow area, consisting of two classes (<a>Entity</a>, <a>Activity</a>) and three binary associations between them: Used (<a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>), WasGeneratedBy (<a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>), and WasInformedBy (<a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a>). The rest of the figure displays extended structures, including UML association classes (see [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-UML">UML</a></cite>], section 7.3.4, p. 42), represented in gray, to express expanded n-ary relations for Used (<a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>), WasGeneratedBy (<a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>), WasInvalidatedBy (<a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>), WasStartedBy (<a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>), WasEndedBy (<a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a>). The figure also makes explicit associations with <em>time</em> for these concepts (time being marked with the primitive stereotype). When not specified, cardinality is assumed to be 0..*.
+</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-5-entities-and-activities-component-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/component1.png" alt="entities and activities"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component1">Figure 5<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component1"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Entities and Activities Component Overview (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 5 -->
+</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+ <section id="term-entity">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.1 </span>Entity</h4>
+
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> An <dfn id="concept-entity" class="internalDFN">entity</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-entity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary. </div>
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-entity">An <dfn title="dfn-Entity" id="dfn-entity" class="internalDFN">entity</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-entity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression" id="pn-entity">entity(id, [attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-N, </span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="entity.id">id</span>: an identifier for an entity; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="entity.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set of attribute-value pairs ((<span class="name">attr1</span>, <span class="name">val1</span>), ...) representing additional information about the fixed aspects of this entity.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-entity"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 17<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-entity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following expression</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, [ prov:type="document", ex:version="2" ])
+</pre>
+states the existence of an entity, denoted by identifier <span class="name">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</span>, with type <span class="name">document</span> and version number <span class="name">2</span>. The attribute <span class="name">ex:version</span> is application specific, whereas the attribute <span class="name">type</span> (see <a href="#term-attribute-type">Section 5.7.4.4</a>) is reserved in the <a title="prov-namespace" href="#dfn-prov-namespace" class="internalDFN">PROV namespace</a>.
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="term-Activity">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.2 </span>Activity</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> An <dfn id="concept-activity" class="internalDFN">activity</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-activity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities. </div>
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-activity"> An <dfn title="dfn-Activity" id="dfn-activity" class="internalDFN">activity</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-activity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression" id="pn-activity">activity(id, st, et, [attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="activity.id">id</span>: an identifier for an activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="activity.startTime">startTime</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> time (<span class="name">st</span>) for the start of the activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="activity.endTime">endTime</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> time (<span class="name">et</span>) for the end of the activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="activity.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set of attribute-value pairs ((<span class="name">attr1</span>, <span class="name">val1</span>), ...) representing additional information about this activity.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-activity"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 18<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-activity"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following expression</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">activity(a1, 2011-11-16T16:05:00, 2011-11-16T16:06:00,
+ [ ex:host="server.example.org", prov:type='ex:edit' ])
+</pre>
+<p>states the existence of an activity with identifier <span class="name">a1</span>, start time <span class="name">2011-11-16T16:05:00</span>, and end time <span class="name">2011-11-16T16:06:00</span>, running on host <span class="name">server.example.org</span>, and of type <span class="name">edit</span>. The attribute <span class="name">host</span> is application specific (declared in some namespace with prefix <span class="name">ex</span>). The attribute <span class="name">type</span> is a reserved attribute of PROV-DM, allowing for sub-typing to be expressed (see <a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-type"><span>Section 5.7.2.4</span></a>).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>Further considerations:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>An activity is not an entity. This distinction is similar to the distinction between
+'continuant' and 'occurrent' in logic [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-Logic">Logic</a></cite>].
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-Generation">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.3 </span>Generation</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-generation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. </div>
+
+<p>Given that a generation is the completion of production of an entity,
+it is instantaneous.</p>
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-generation"><dfn title="wasGeneratedBy" id="dfn-wasgeneratedby" class="internalDFN">Generation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasgeneratedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasGeneratedBy(id; e, a, t, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="generation.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for a generation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="generation.entity">entity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">e</span>) for a created entity; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="generation.activity">activity</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">a</span>) for the activity that creates the entity;</li>
+
+<li><span class="attribute" id="generation.time">time</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> "generation time" (<span class="name">t</span>), the time at which the entity was completely created;</li>
+
+<li><span class="attribute" id="generation.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this generation.</li>
+</ul></div>
+<p>While each of <a href="#generation.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#generation.activity"><span class="attribute">activity</span></a>, <a href="#generation.time"><span class="attribute">time</span></a>, and <a href="#generation.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-generation1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 19<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-generation1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following expressions</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> wasGeneratedBy(e1, a1, 2001-10-26T21:32:52, [ ex:port="p1" ])
+ wasGeneratedBy(e2, a1, 2001-10-26T10:00:00, [ ex:port="p2" ])
+</pre>
+<p>state the existence of two generations (with respective times <span class="name">2001-10-26T21:32:52</span> and <span class="name">2001-10-26T10:00:00</span>), at which new entities, identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, were created by an
+activity, identified by <span class="name">a1</span>.
+The first one was available on port <span class="name">p1</span>, whereas the other was available on port <span class="name">p2</span>. The semantics of <span class="name">port</span> are application specific.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-generation2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 20<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-generation2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In some cases, we may want to record the time at which an entity was generated without having to specify the activity that generated it. To support this requirement, the activity element in generation is optional. Hence, the following expression indicates the time at which an entity is generated, without naming the activity that did it.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> wasGeneratedBy(e, -, 2001-10-26T21:32:52)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="term-Usage">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.4 </span>Usage</h4>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-usage"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity. </span> (Note: This definition is formulated for a given usage; it is permitted for an activity to have used a same entity multiple times.)</p>
+
+<p>Given that a usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity, it is
+instantaneous.</p>
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-usage"><dfn title="used" id="dfn-used" class="internalDFN">Usage</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-used"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">used(id; a, e, t, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="usage.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for a usage;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="usage.activity">activity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">a</span>) for the activity that used an entity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="usage.entity">entity</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">e</span>) for the entity being used;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="usage.time">time</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> "usage time" (<span class="name">t</span>), the time at which the entity started to be used;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="usage.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this usage.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<p>While each of <a href="#usage.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#usage.entity"><span class="attribute">entity</span></a>, <a href="#usage.time"><span class="attribute">time</span></a>, and <a href="#usage.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+<p>
+A reference to a given entity <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> appear in multiple usages that share
+ a given activity identifier.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-usage"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 21<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-usage"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following usages</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> used(a1, e1, 2011-11-16T16:00:00, [ ex:parameter="p1" ])
+ used(a1, e2, 2011-11-16T16:00:01, [ ex:parameter="p2" ])
+</pre>
+<p>state that the activity identified by <span class="name">a1</span> used two entities identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, at times <span class="name">2011-11-16T16:00:00</span> and <span class="name">2011-11-16T16:00:01</span>, respectively; the first
+one was found as the value of parameter <span class="name">p1</span>, whereas the second was found as value of parameter <span class="name">p2</span>. The semantics of <span class="name">parameter</span> is application specific.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-Communication">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.5 </span>Communication</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-communication"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the exchange of some unspecified entity by two activities, one activity using some entity generated by the other. </div>
+
+
+<p>A communication implies that activity <span class="name">a2</span> is dependent on another <span class="name">a1</span>, by way of some unspecified entity that is generated by <span class="name">a1</span> and used by <span class="name">a2</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-wasInformedBy">
+A <dfn title="wasInformedBy" id="dfn-wasinformedby" class="internalDFN">communication</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasinformedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written as
+<span class="pnExpression">wasInformedBy(id; a2, a1, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="communication.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier identifying the relation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="communication.informed">informed</span>: the identifier (<span class="name">a2</span>) of the informed activity;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="communication.informant">informant</span>: the identifier (<span class="name">a1</span>) of the informant activity;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="communication.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this communication.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-communication"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 22<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-communication"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Consider two activities <span class="name">a1</span> and <span class="name">a2</span>, the former performed by a government agency, and the latter by a driver caught speeding.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">activity(a1, [ prov:type="traffic regulations enforcing" ])
+activity(a2, [ prov:type="fine paying" ])
+wasInformedBy(a2, a1)
+</pre>
+The last line indicates that some implicit entity was generated by <span class="name">a1</span> and used by <span class="name">a2</span>; this entity may be a traffic ticket that had a notice of fine, amount, and payment mailing details.
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-Start">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.6 </span>Start</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-start"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is when an activity is deemed to have been started by an entity, known as <dfn id="concept-start-trigger" class="internalDFN">trigger</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-start-trigger"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>. The activity did not exist before its start. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity follows the activity's start. A start may refer to a trigger entity that set off the activity, or to an activity, known as <dfn id="concept-start-starter" class="internalDFN">starter</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-start-starter"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>, that generated the trigger. </div>
+
+<p>Given that a start is when an activity is deemed to have started, it
+is instantaneous.</p>
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-start">An activity <dfn title="wasStartedBy" id="dfn-wasstartedby" class="internalDFN">start</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasstartedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasStartedBy(id; a2, e, a1, t, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the activity start;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.activity">activity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">a2</span>) for the started activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.trigger">trigger</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">e</span>) for the entity triggering the activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.starter">starter</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">a1</span>) for the activity that generated the (possibly unspecified) entity (<span class="name">e</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.time">time</span>: the <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> time (<span class="name">t</span>) at which the activity was started; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="start.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this activity start.
+</li></ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>While each of <a href="#start.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#start.trigger"><span class="attribute">trigger</span></a>, <a href="#start.starter"><span class="attribute">starter</span></a>, <a href="#start.time"><span class="attribute">time</span></a>, and <a href="#start.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-start1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 23<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-start1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following example contains the description of an activity <span class="name">a1</span> (a discussion), which was started at a specific time, and was triggered by an email message <span class="name">e1</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(e1, [ prov:type="email message"] )
+activity(a1, [ prov:type="Discuss" ])
+wasStartedBy(a1, e1, -, 2011-11-16T16:05:00)
+</pre>
+Furthermore, if the message is also an input to the activity, this can be described as follows:
+<pre class="codeexample">used(a1, e1, -)
+</pre>
+<p>Alternatively, one can also describe the activity that generated the email message.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">activity(a0, [ prov:type="Write" ])
+wasGeneratedBy(e1, a0)
+wasStartedBy(a1, e1, a0, 2011-11-16T16:05:00)
+</pre>
+<p>If <span class="name">e1</span> is not known, it would also be valid to write:
+</p><pre class="codeexample">wasStartedBy(a1, -, a0, 2011-11-16T16:05:00)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-start2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 24<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-start2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In the following example, a race is started by a bang, and responsibility for this trigger is attributed to an agent
+ <span class="name">ex:Bob</span>.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">activity(ex:foot_race)
+entity(ex:bang)
+wasStartedBy(ex:foot_race, ex:bang, -, 2012-03-09T08:05:08-05:00)
+agent(ex:Bob)
+wasAttributedTo(ex:bang, ex:Bob)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-start3"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 25<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-start3"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In this example, filling the fuel tank was started as a consequence of
+observing low fuel. The trigger entity is unspecified, it could
+for instance have been the low fuel warning light, the fuel tank
+indicator needle position, or the engine not running properly.
+
+
+</p><pre class="codeexample" id="anexample-start4">activity(ex:filling-fuel)
+activity(ex:observing-low-fuel)
+
+agent(ex:driver, [ prov:type='prov:Person' )
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:filling-fuel, ex:driver)
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:observing-low-fuel, ex:driver)
+
+wasStartedBy(ex:filling-fuel, -, ex:observing-low-fuel, -)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>The relations wasStartedBy and used are orthogonal, and thus need to be expressed independently, according to the situation being described.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-End">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.7 </span>End</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-end"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is when an activity is deemed to have been ended by an entity, known as <dfn id="concept-end-trigger" class="internalDFN">trigger</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-end-trigger"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>. The activity no longer exists after its end. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity precedes the activity's end. An end may refer to a trigger entity that terminated the activity, or to an activity, known as <dfn id="concept-end-ender" class="internalDFN">ender</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-end-ender"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> that generated the trigger. </div>
+
+<p>Given that an end is when an activity is deemed to have ended, it is
+instantaneous.</p>
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-end">An activity <dfn title="wasEndedBy" id="dfn-wasendedby" class="internalDFN">end</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasendedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withAsn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasEndedBy(id; a2, e, a1, t, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="end.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the activity end;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="end.activity">activity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">a2</span>) for the ended activity;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="end.trigger">trigger</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">e</span>) for the entity triggering the activity ending;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="end.ender">ender</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">a1</span>) for the activity that generated the (possibly unspecified) entity (<span class="name">e</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="end.time">time</span>: the <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> time (<span class="name">t</span>) at which the activity was ended; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="end.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this activity end.
+</li></ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>While each of <a href="#end.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#end.trigger"><span class="attribute">trigger</span></a>, <a href="#end.ender"><span class="attribute">ender</span></a>, <a href="#end.time"><span class="attribute">time</span></a>, and <a href="#end.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-end"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 26<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-end"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following example is a description of an activity <span class="name">a1</span> (editing) that was ended following an approval document <span class="name">e1</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(e1, [ prov:type="approval document" ])
+activity(a1, [ prov:type="Editing" ])
+wasEndedBy(a1, e1)
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-Invalidation">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.1.8 </span>Invalidation</h4>
+
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-invalidation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by an activity. The entity is no longer available for use (or further invalidation) after invalidation. Any generation or usage of an entity precedes its invalidation.</div>
+
+<p>Given that an invalidation is the start of destruction, cessation, or
+expiry, it is instantaneous.</p>
+
+<p>
+Entities have a duration. Generation marks the beginning of an entity, whereas invalidation marks its end.
+An entity's lifetime can end for different reasons:</p>
+<ul>
+<li> an entity was destroyed: e.g. a painting was destroyed by fire; a Web page is taken out of a site;
+</li><li> an entity was consumed: e.g. Bob ate all his soup, Alice ran out of gas when driving to work;
+</li><li> an entity expires: e.g. a "buy one beer, get one free" offer is valid during happy hour (7-8pm);
+</li><li> an entity is time limited: e.g. the BBC news site on April 3rd, 2012;
+</li><li> an entity attribute is changing: e.g. the traffic light changed from green to red.
+</li></ul>
+<p>In the first two cases, the entity has physically disappeared after its termination: there is no more soup, or painting. In the third case, there may be an "offer voucher" that still exists, but it is no longer valid; likewise, on April 4th, the BBC news site still exists but it is not the same entity as BBC news Web site on April 3rd; or the
+green traffic light (an entity with a fixed aspect green light) became the
+red traffic light (another entity with a fixed aspect red light).
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-invalidation"><dfn title="wasInvalidatedBy" id="dfn-wasinvalidatedby" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasinvalidatedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasInvalidatedBy(id; e, a, t, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="invalidation.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for a invalidation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="invalidation.entity">entity</span>: an identifier for the invalidated entity; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="invalidation.activity">activity</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the activity that invalidated the entity;</li>
+
+<li><span class="attribute" id="invalidation.time">time</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> "invalidation time", the time at which the entity began to be invalidated;</li>
+
+<li><span class="attribute" id="invalidation.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this invalidation.</li>
+</ul></div>
+<p>While each of <a href="#invalidation.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#invalidation.activity"><span class="attribute">activity</span></a>, <a href="#invalidation.time"><span class="attribute">time</span></a>, and <a href="#invalidation.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-invalidation1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 27<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-invalidation1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+<em>The Painter</em>, a Picasso painting, is known to have been destroyed in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_artworks#20th_century">plane accident</a>.
+
+</p><pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:The-Painter)
+agent(ex:Picasso)
+wasAttributedTo(ex:The-Painter, ex:Picasso)
+activity(ex:crash)
+wasInvalidatedBy(ex:The-Painter, ex:crash, 1998-09-03T01:31:00, [ ex:circumstances="plane accident" ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-invalidation2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 28<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-invalidation2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The BBC news home page on 2012-04-03 <span class="name">ex:bbcNews2012-04-03</span>
+contained a reference to a given news item
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17595024">bbc:news/uk-17595024</a>,
+but the BBC news home page on the next day did not.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:bbcNews2012-04-03)
+hadMember(ex:bbcNews2012-04-03, bbc:news/uk-17595024)
+wasGeneratedBy (ex:bbcNews2012-04-03, -, 2012-04-03T00:00:01)
+wasInvalidatedBy(ex:bbcNews2012-04-03, -, 2012-04-03T23:59:59)
+</pre>
+
+We refer to example
+<a href="#anexample-specialization" class="anexample-ref"><span>Example 43</span></a>
+ for further descriptions of the BBC Web site, and to <a href="#term-membership">Section 5.6.2</a> for a description of the relation <a title="hadMember" href="#dfn-hadmember" class="internalDFN">hadMember</a>.
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-invalidation3"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 29<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-invalidation3"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In this example, the "buy one beer, get one free" offer expired at the end of the happy hour.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour)
+wasAttributedTo(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour, proprietor)
+wasInvalidatedBy(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour,
+ -,2012-03-10T18:00:00)
+</pre>
+<p>In contrast, in the following descriptions, Bob redeemed the offer 45 minutes before it expired, and got two beers.
+</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour)
+wasAttributedTo(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour, proprietor)
+activity(redeemOffer)
+entity(twoBeers)
+
+wasAssociatedWith(redeemOffer, bob)
+used(redeemOffer,
+ buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour,
+ 2012-03-10T17:15:00)
+wasInvalidatedBy(buy_one_beer_get_one_free_offer_during_happy_hour,
+ redeemOffer,
+ 2012-03-10T17:15:00)
+wasGeneratedBy(twoBeers,redeemOffer)
+</pre>
+<p>We see that the offer was both used to be converted into <span class="name">twoBeers</span> and invalidated by the <span class="name">redeemOffer</span> activity: in other words, the combined usage and invalidation indicate consumption of the offer.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="component2">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.2 </span>Component 2: Derivations</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The second component of PROV-DM is concerned with: <a title="derivation" href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivations</a> of <a title="entity" href="#concept-entity" class="internalDFN">entities</a> from other entities and derivation subtypes WasRevisionOf (<a>Revision</a>), WasQuotedFrom (<a>Quotation</a>), and HasPrimarySource (<a>Primary Source</a>).
+ <a href="#figure-component2">Figure 6</a> depicts the third component
+with PROV core structures in the yellow area, including two classes
+(<a>Entity</a>, <a>Activity</a>) and binary association WasDerivedFrom
+(<a>Derivation</a>). PROV extended structures are found outside this
+area. UML association classes express expanded n-ary relations.
+The subclasses are marked by the UML stereotype "prov:type" to indicate that the corresponding types are valid values for the attribute <a href="#term-attribute-type">prov:type</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-6-derivation-component-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/component2.png" alt="derivation"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component2">Figure 6<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component2"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Derivation Component Overview (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 6 -->
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<section id="term-Derivation">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.2.1 </span>Derivation</h4>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-derivation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>According to <a href="#section-prov-overview">Section 2</a>, for an entity to be transformed from, created from, or resulting from an update to another, there must be some
+underpinning activity or activities performing the necessary action(s) resulting in such a derivation.
+A derivation can be described at various levels of precision. In its simplest form, derivation relates two entities. Optionally, attributes can be added to represent further information about the derivation. If the derivation is the result of a single known activity, then this activity can also be optionally expressed. To provide a completely accurate description of the derivation, the generation and usage of the generated and used entities, respectively, can be provided, so as to make the derivation path, through usage, activity, and generation, explicit. Optional information such as activity, generation, and usage can be linked to derivations to aid analysis of provenance and to facilitate provenance-based reproducibility. </p>
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-derivation">A <dfn title="wasDerivedFrom" id="dfn-wasderivedfrom" class="internalDFN">derivation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasderivedfrom"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression" id="pn-wasDerivedFrom">wasDerivedFrom(id; e2, e1, a, g2, u1, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for a derivation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.generatedEntity">generatedEntity</span>: the identifier (<span class="name">e2</span>) of the entity generated by the derivation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.usedEntity">usedEntity</span>: the identifier (<span class="name">e1</span>) of the entity used by the derivation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.activity">activity</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">a</span>) for the activity using and generating the above entities;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.generation">generation</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">g2</span>) for the generation involving the generated entity (<span class="name">e2</span>) and activity (<span class="name">a</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.usage">usage</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">u1</span>) for the usage involving the used entity (<span class="name">e1</span>) and activity (<span class="name">a</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="derivation.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this derivation.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-derivation"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 30<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-derivation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following descriptions are about derivations between <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, but no information is provided as to the identity of the activity (and usage and generation) underpinning the derivation. In the second line, a type attribute is also provided.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">wasDerivedFrom(e2, e1)
+wasDerivedFrom(e2, e1, [ prov:type="physical transform" ])
+</pre>
+<p>The following description expresses that activity <span class="name">a</span>,
+using the entity <span class="name">e1</span> according to usage <span class="name">u1</span>,
+ derived the
+entity <span class="name">e2</span> and generated it according to generation
+ <span class="name">g2</span>. It is followed by descriptions for generation <span class="name">g2</span> and usage <span class="name">u1</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">wasDerivedFrom(e2, e1, a, g2, u1)
+wasGeneratedBy(g2; e2, a, -)
+used(u1; a, e1, -)
+</pre>
+<p>With such a comprehensive description of derivation, a program that analyzes provenance can identify the activity underpinning the derivation, it can identify how the preceding entity <span class="name">e1</span> was used by the activity (e.g. for instance, which argument it was passed as, if the activity is the result of a function invocation), and which output the derived entity <span class="name">e2</span> was obtained from (say, for a function returning multiple results).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-revision">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.2.2 </span>Revision</h4>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-revision" class="internalDFN">revision</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-revision"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original. </span></p>
+
+
+<p>
+ The implication here is that
+ the resulting entity contains substantial content from the
+ original.
+A <dfn id="dfn-revision" class="internalDFN">revision</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-revision"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation is a kind of <a href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</a> relation from a revised entity to a preceding entity.
+The type of a revision relation is denoted by:
+<dfn title="dfn-prov:revision" id="dfn-prov:revision" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Revision</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-prov:revision"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>.
+PROV defines no revision-specific attributes.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-revision"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 31<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-revision"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Revisiting the example of <a href="#section-example-two">Section 4.2</a>,
+we can now state that the report
+ <span class="name">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</span> was a revision of
+ the report <span class="name">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</span>.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, [ prov:type='rec54:WD' ])
+entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018, [ prov:type='rec54:WD' ])
+wasDerivedFrom(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215,
+ tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018,
+ [ prov:type='prov:Revision' ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+
+</section> <!-- end revision -->
+
+<section id="term-quotation">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.2.3 </span>Quotation</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-quotation" class="internalDFN">quotation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-quotation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the repeat of (some or all of) an entity, such as text or image, by someone who may or may not be its original author. </span>
+</p>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-quotation" class="internalDFN">quotation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-quotation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation
+ is a kind of <a href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</a> relation, for which an entity was derived from a preceding entity by copying, or "quoting", some or all of it.
+The type of a quotation relation is denoted by:
+<dfn title="dfn-prov:quotation" id="dfn-prov:quotation" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Quotation</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-prov:quotation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>.
+PROV defines no quotation-specific attributes.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-quotation"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 32<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-quotation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following paragraph is a quote from one of <a href="http://thinklinks.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/">the author's blogs</a>.
+</p><blockquote id="bl-dagstuhl"><em>
+"During the workshop, it became clear to me that the consensus based models (which are often graphical in nature) can not only be formalized but also be directly connected to these database focused formalizations. I just needed to get over the differences in syntax. This could imply that we could have nice way to trace provenance across systems and through databases and be able to understand the mathematical properties of this interconnection."</em>
+</blockquote>
+<p>If <a href="http://thinklinks.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/"><span class="name">wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/</span></a> denotes the original blog by agent <span class="name">ex:Paul</span>, and
+ <a href="#bl-dagstuhl"><span class="name">dm:bl-dagstuhl</span></a> denotes the above paragraph, then the following descriptions express that the above paragraph was copied by agent <span class="name">ex:Luc</span> from a part of the blog, attributed to the agent <span class="name">ex:Paul</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/)
+entity(dm:bl-dagstuhl)
+agent(ex:Luc)
+agent(ex:Paul)
+wasDerivedFrom(dm:bl-dagstuhl,
+ wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/,
+ [ prov:type='prov:Quotation' ])
+wasAttributedTo(dm:bl-dagstuhl, ex:Luc)
+wasAttributedTo(wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop/, ex:Paul)
+</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+
+</section> <!-- end quotation -->
+
+
+<section id="term-primary-source">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.2.4 </span>Primary Source</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-primary-source" class="internalDFN">primary source</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-primary-source"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> for a topic refers to something produced by some agent with direct experience and knowledge about the topic, at the time of the topic's study, without benefit from hindsight. </span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Because of the directness
+of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source">primary
+sources</a>, they "speak for themselves" in ways that cannot be
+captured through the filter of secondary sources. As such, it is
+important for secondary sources to reference those primary sources
+from which they were derived, so that their reliability can be
+investigated.</p>
+
+<p>It is also important to note that a given entity might be a primary source for one entity but not another. It the reason why Primary Source is defined as a relation as opposed to a subtype of Entity.</p>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-primary-source" class="internalDFN">primary source</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-primary-source"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation is a kind of a <a href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</a> relation from
+secondary materials to their primary sources. It is recognized that
+the determination of primary sources can be up to interpretation, and
+should be done according to conventions accepted within the
+application's domain.
+The type of a primary source relation is denoted by:
+<dfn title="dfn-prov:primary-source" id="dfn-prov:primary-source" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:PrimarySource</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-prov:primary-source"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup>.
+PROV defines no attributes specific to primary source.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-primary-source1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 33<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-primary-source1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Let us consider Charles Joseph Minard's flow map of Napoleon's March in
+1812, which was published in 1869. Although the map is not a primary source,
+Minard probably used the journal of Pierre-Irénée Jacob, pharmacist
+to Napoleon's army during the Russian campaign. This primary source relation
+can be encoded as follows.</p>
+
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:la-campagne-de-Russie-1812-1813, [ prov:type="map" ])
+entity(ex:revue-d-Histoire-de-la-Pharmacie-t-XVIII, [ prov:type="journal" ])
+wasDerivedFrom(ex:la-campagne-de-Russie-1812-1813,
+ ex:revue-d-Histoire-de-la-Pharmacie-t-XVIII,
+ [ prov:type='prov:PrimarySource' ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+
+</section> <!-- end primary source -->
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="component3">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Component 3: Agents, Responsibility, and Influence</h3>
+
+<p>The third component of PROV-DM, depicted in <a href="#figure-component3">Figure 7</a>, is concerned with <a title="agent" href="#concept-agent" class="internalDFN">agents</a> and the relations WasAttributedTo
+(<a href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a>), WasAssociatedWith (<a>Association</a>), ActedOnBehalfOf (<a href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a>), relating agents to entities, activities, and agents, respectively.
+ Core structures are displayed in the yellow area and include three classes and three binary associations. Outside the yellow area, extended structures comprise UML association classes to express expanded n-ary relations, and subclasses <a>Plan</a>, <a>Person</a>, <a title="software-agent" href="#concept-software-agent" class="internalDFN">SofwareAgent</a>, and <a href="#concept-organization" class="internalDFN">Organization</a>. The subclasses are marked by the UML stereotype "prov:type" to indicate that that these are valid values for the attribute <a href="#term-attribute-type">prov:type</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-7-agents-and-responsibility-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/component3.png" alt="agents and responsibilities"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component3">Figure 7<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component3"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Agents and Responsibility Overview (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 7 -->
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Component 3 further defines a general notion of <a>influence</a>, a relation implied by all relations defined so far. <a href="#figure-component3b">Figure 8</a> displays one new association class, generalizing previously introduced associations.</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-8-influence-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/Component3b.png" alt="Influence Overview"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component3b">Figure 8<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component3b"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Influence Overview (Informative)</span> <!-- Figure 8 -->
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<section id="term-agent">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.3.1 </span>Agent</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> An <dfn id="concept-agent" class="internalDFN">agent</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-agent"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity. </div>
+
+<p>An agent may be a particular type of entity or activity. This means that the model can be
+ used to express provenance of the agents themselves. </p>
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-agent">An <dfn title="dfn-agent" id="dfn-agent" class="internalDFN">agent</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-agent"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression" id="pn-agent">agent(id, [attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="agent.id">id</span>: an identifier for an agent;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="agent.attributes">attributes</span>: a set of attribute-value pairs ((<span class="name">attr1</span>, <span class="name">val1</span>), ...) representing additional information about this agent.
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+
+<p>
+
+It is useful to define some basic categories of agents from an interoperability perspective.
+There are three types of agents that are common across most anticipated domains of use; it is acknowledged that these types do not cover all kinds of agent. </p>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="name">SoftwareAgent</span>
+<div class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-software-agent" title="software-agent" class="internalDFN">SoftwareAgent</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-software-agent"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is running software. </div>
+
+<p></p></li>
+
+<li><span class="name">Organization</span>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> Agents of type <dfn id="concept-organization" class="internalDFN">Organization</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-organization"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> are social or legal institutions such as companies, societies, etc. </div>
+
+<p></p></li>
+
+<li><span class="name">Person</span>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> Agents of type <dfn id="concept-person" title="person" class="internalDFN">Person</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-person"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> are people. </div></li>
+</ul>
+<p>PROV defines no attributes specific to SoftwareAgent, Organization, and Person.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_34"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 34<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_34"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following expression is about an agent identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, which is a person, named Alice, with employee number 1234.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">agent(e1, [ex:employee="1234", ex:name="Alice", prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+</pre>
+<p>It is optional to specify the type of an agent. When present, it is expressed using the <span class="name">prov:type</span> attribute.</p>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-attribution">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.3.2 </span>Attribution</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-attribution"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the ascribing of an entity to an agent. </div>
+
+<p>When an entity <span class="name">e</span> is attributed to agent <span class="name">ag</span>, entity <span class="name">e</span> was generated by some unspecified activity that in turn was associated to agent <span class="name">ag</span>. Thus, this relation is useful when the activity is not known, or irrelevant.</p>
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-attribution">An <dfn title="wasAttributedTo" id="dfn-wasattributedto" class="internalDFN">attribution</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasattributedto"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasAttributedTo(id; e, ag, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="attribution.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the relation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="attribution.entity">entity</span>: an entity identifier (<span class="name">e</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="attribution.agent">agent</span>: the identifier (<span class="name">ag</span>) of the agent whom the entity is ascribed to, and therefore bears some responsibility for its existence;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="attribution.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this attribution.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-attribution"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 35<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-attribution"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Revisiting the example of
+<a class="section-ref" href="#section-example-one"><span>Section 4.1</span></a>,
+we can ascribe <span class="name">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</span> to some agents without an explicit activity.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">agent(ex:Paolo, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+agent(ex:Simon, [ prov:type='prov:Person' ])
+entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, [ prov:type='rec54:WD' ])
+wasAttributedTo(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, ex:Paolo, [ prov:type="editorship" ])
+wasAttributedTo(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, ex:Simon, [ prov:type="authorship" ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</section> <!-- end attribution -->
+
+
+<section id="term-Association">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.3.3 </span>Association</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> An activity <dfn id="concept-association" class="internalDFN">association</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-association"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. It further allows for a plan to be specified, which is the plan intended by the agent to achieve some goals in the context of this activity. </div>
+
+<p></p>
+<div class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-plan" class="internalDFN">plan</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-plan"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals. </div>
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-activity-association">An <dfn title="wasAssociatedWith" id="dfn-wasassociatedwith" class="internalDFN">association</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasassociatedwith"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup><span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasAssociatedWith(id; a, ag, pl, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="association.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the association between an activity and an agent;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="association.activity">activity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">a</span>) for the activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="association.agent">agent</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">ag</span>) for the agent associated with the activity;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="association.plan">plan</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">pl</span>) for the plan the agent relied on in the context of this activity;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="association.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this association of this activity with this agent.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<p>While each of <a href="#association.id"><span class="attribute">id</span></a>, <a href="#association.agent"><span class="attribute">agent</span></a>, <a href="#association.plan"><span class="attribute">plan</span></a>, and <a href="#association.attributes"><span class="attribute">attributes</span></a> is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>, at least one of them <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be present.</p>
+
+
+<p>PROV defines no plan-specific attributes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-wasAssociatedWith"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 36<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-wasAssociatedWith"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>In the following example, a designer agent and an operator agent are associated with an activity. The designer's goals are achieved by a workflow <span class="name">ex:wf</span>, described as an entity of type <span class="name"><a href="#concept-plan" class="internalDFN">plan</a></span>. </p>
+<pre class="codeexample">activity(ex:a, [ prov:type="workflow execution" ])
+agent(ex:ag1, [ prov:type="operator" ])
+agent(ex:ag2, [ prov:type="designer" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:a, ex:ag1, -, [ prov:role="loggedInUser", ex:how="webapp" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:a, ex:ag2, ex:wf, [ prov:role="designer", ex:context="project1" ])
+entity(ex:wf, [ prov:type='prov:Plan' ,
+ ex:label="Workflow 1",
+ prov:location="http://example.org/workflow1.bpel" %% xsd:anyURI ])
+</pre>
+Since the workflow <span class="name">ex:wf</span> is itself an entity, its provenance can also be expressed in PROV: it can be generated by some activity and derived from other entities,
+for instance.
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-wasAssociatedWith-2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 37<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-wasAssociatedWith-2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>In some cases, one wants to indicate a plan was followed, without having to specify which agent was involved.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">activity(ex:a, [ prov:type="workflow execution" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(ex:a, -, ex:wf)
+entity(ex:wf, [ prov:type='prov:Plan',
+ ex:label="Workflow 1",
+ ex:url="http://example.org/workflow1.bpel" %% xsd:anyURI])
+</pre>
+In this case, it is assumed that an agent exists, but it has not been specified.
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</section> <!-- end wasAssociatedWith -->
+
+<section id="term-delegation">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.3.4 </span>Delegation</h4>
+
+<div class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-delegation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work. </div>
+
+<p>For example, a
+student acted on behalf of his or her supervisor, who acted on behalf of the
+department chair, who acted on behalf of the university; all those
+agents are responsible in some way for the activity that took place but
+we do not say explicitly who bears responsibility and to what
+degree. </p>
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-delegation">
+A <dfn title="actedOnBehalfOf" id="dfn-actedonbehalfof" class="internalDFN">delegation</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-actedonbehalfof"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> link<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">actedOnBehalfOf(id; ag2, ag1, a, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="delegation.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier for the delegation link between delegate and responsible;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="delegation.delegate">delegate</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">ag2</span>) for the agent associated with an activity, acting on behalf of the responsible
+agent;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="delegation.responsible">responsible</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">ag1</span>) for the agent, on behalf of which the delegate agent acted;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="delegation.activity">activity</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier (<span class="name">a</span>) of an activity for which the delegation link holds;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="delegation.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this delegation link.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_38"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 38<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_38"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following fragment describes three agents: a programmer, a researcher, and a funder. The programmer and researcher are associated with a workflow activity. The programmer acts on behalf
+of the researcher (line-management) encoding the commands specified by the researcher; the researcher acts on behalf of the funder, who has a contractual agreement with the researcher. The terms
+'line-management' and 'contract' used in this example are domain specific.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">activity(a,[ prov:type="workflow" ])
+agent(ag1, [ prov:type="programmer" ])
+agent(ag2, [ prov:type="researcher" ])
+agent(ag3, [ prov:type="funder" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(a, ag1, [ prov:role="loggedInUser" ])
+wasAssociatedWith(a, ag2)
+wasAssociatedWith(a, ag3)
+actedOnBehalfOf(ag1, ag2, a, [ prov:type="line-management" ])
+actedOnBehalfOf(ag2, ag3, a, [ prov:type="contract" ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- too strong, move to part 2.
+<p>Further considerations:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>If an activity is not specified, then the subordinate agent is considered to act on behalf of
+the responsible agent, in all the activities the subordinate agent is associated with.
+</li>
+</ul>
+-->
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-influence">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.3.5 </span>Influence</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-influence" class="internalDFN">Influence</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-influence"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the capacity of an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation. </span>
+</p>
+
+
+<p> An influence relation between two objects <span class="name">o2</span> and <span class="name">o1</span> is a generic dependency of <span class="name">o2</span>
+on <span class="name">o1</span> that signifies some form of influence of <span class="name">o1</span> on <span class="name">o2</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-influence">
+An <dfn title="wasInfluencedBy" id="dfn-wasinfluencedby" class="internalDFN">Influence</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-wasinfluencedby"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">wasInfluencedBy(id; o2, o1, attrs)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="influence.id">id</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> identifier identifying the relation;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="influence.influencee">influencee</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">o2</span>) for an entity, activity, or agent;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="influence.influencer">influencer</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">o1</span>) for an ancestor entity, activity, or agent that the former depends on;
+</li><li><span class="attribute" id="influence.attributes">attributes</span>: an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set (<span class="name">attrs</span>) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this relation.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<p>
+A <a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>, <a>start</a>, <a>end</a>, <a>generation</a>, <a>invalidation</a>, <a>communication</a>, <a href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</a>, <a>attribution</a>, <a href="#concept-association" class="internalDFN">association</a>, and <a>delegation</a> is also an <a>influence</a>. It is <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> to adopt these more specific relations when writing provenance descriptions. It is anticipated that the <a href="#concept-influence" class="internalDFN">Influence</a> relation may be useful to express queries over provenance information.
+</p>
+
+
+<div id="mapping-relations-to-influence-table_text" style="text-align: left;">
+The following table establishes the correspondence between
+the attributes <a class="attribute" href="#influence.influencee">influencee</a> and <a class="attribute" href="#influence.influencer">influencer</a>, and attributes of
+<a>usage</a>, <a>start</a>, <a>end</a>, <a>generation</a>, <a>invalidation</a>, <a>communication</a>, <a href="#concept-derivation" class="internalDFN">derivation</a>, <a>attribution</a>, <a href="#concept-association" class="internalDFN">association</a>, and <a>delegation</a>.
+
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="mapping-relations-to-influence-table"><span>Table 7<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#mapping-relations-to-influence-table"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Mapping Relations to Influence</caption> <!-- Table 7-->
+<tbody><tr><td><a><b>Relation Name</b></a></td><td><b><a class="attribute" href="#influence.influencee">influencee</a></b></td><td><b><a class="attribute" href="#influence.influencer">influencer</a></b></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#generation.entity">entity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#generation.activity">activity</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#usage.activity">activity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#usage.entity">entity</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#communication.informed">informed</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#communication.informant">informant</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#start.activity">activity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#start.trigger">trigger</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#end.activity">activity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#end.trigger">trigger</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component1-color"><td><a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#invalidation.entity">entity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#invalidation.activity">activity</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component2-color"><td><a>Derivation</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#derivation.generatedEntity">generatedEntity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#derivation.usedEntity">usedEntity</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr class="component3-color"><td><a href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#attribution.entity">entity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#attribution.agent">agent</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td><a>Association</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#association.activity">activity</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#association.agent">agent</a></td></tr>
+<tr class="component3-color"><td><a href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#delegation.delegate">delegate</a></td><td><a class="attribute" href="#delegation.responsible">responsible</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="influence-example"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 39<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#influence-example"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>We refer to the example of <a class="section-ref" href="#section-example-two"><span>Section 4.2</span></a>, and specifically to <a href="#prov-a-document2-top" class="fig-ref">Figure 3</a>.
+We could have expressed that the influence of
+<span class="name">w3:Consortium</span>
+on <span class="name">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</span>.
+</p><pre class="codeexample"> wasInfluencedBy(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, w3:Consortium)
+</pre>
+Instead, it is recommended to express the more specific description:
+<pre class="codeexample"> wasAttributedTo(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215, w3:Consortium)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="component4">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Component 4: Bundles</h3>
+
+
+<p>The fourth component of PROV-DM is concerned with bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance.
+<a href="#figure-component4">Figure 9</a> depicts a UML class diagram for the fourth component. It comprises a <a>Bundle</a> class defined as a subclass of <a>Entity</a>.
+</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-9-bundle-component-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+
+<img src="uml/component4.png" alt="bundles"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component4">Figure 9<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component4"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Bundle Component Overview (Informative)</span>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<section id="term-bundle">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.4.1 </span>Bundle constructor</h4>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref">
+ A <dfn id="concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">bundle</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-bundle"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a named set of provenance descriptions, and is itself an entity, so allowing provenance of provenance to be expressed. </span>
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-bundle">
+ A <dfn title="dfn-bundle" id="dfn-bundle-constructor" class="internalDFN">bundle constructor</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-bundle-constructor"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> allows the content and the name of a bundle to be specified; it is written <span class="pnExpression">bundle id description_1 ... description_n endBundle</span> and consists of:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="bundle.constructor.id">id</span>: an identifier for the bundle;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="bundle.constructor.descriptions">descriptions</span>: a set of provenance descriptions <span class="name">
+description_1</span>, ..., <span class="name">description_n</span>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A bundle's identifier <span class="name">id</span> identifies a unique set of descriptions.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There may be other kinds of bundles not directly expressible by this constructor, such as provenance descriptions handwritten on a letter or a whiteboard, etc. Whatever the means by which bundles are expressed, all can be described, as in the following section.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+
+<section id="term-bundle-entity">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.4.2 </span>Bundle Type</h4>
+
+<p>A bundle is a named set of descriptions, but it is also an entity so that its provenance can be described. </p>
+
+<p>PROV defines the following type for bundles:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><span class="name">prov:Bundle</span> is the type that denotes <a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">bundles</a>.
+</li></ul>
+<p>PROV defines no bundle-specific attributes.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+A bundle description is of the form <span class="pnExpression">entity(id, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle', attr1=val1, ...] )</span>
+where <span class="name">id</span> is an identifier denoting a bundle,
+ a type <span>prov:Bundle</span> and
+an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> set of attribute-value pairs ((<span class="name">attr1</span>, <span class="name">val1</span>), ...) representing additional information about this bundle.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>The provenance of provenance can then be described using PROV constructs, as illustrated by
+<a href="#anexample-provenance-of-provenance" class="anexample-ref"><span>Example 40</span></a>
+and
+<a href="#anexample-provenance-aggregation" class="anexample-ref"><span>Example 41</span></a>.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-provenance-of-provenance"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 40<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-provenance-of-provenance"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>Let us consider two entities <span class="name">ex:report1</span> and <span class="name">ex:report2</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+entity(ex:report1, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=1 ])
+wasGeneratedBy(ex:report1, -, 2012-05-24T10:00:01)
+entity(ex:report2, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=2])
+wasGeneratedBy(ex:report2, -, 2012-05-25T11:00:01)
+wasDerivedFrom(ex:report2, ex:report1)
+</pre>
+
+<p>Let us assume that Bob observed the creation of <span class="name">ex:report1</span>.
+A first bundle can be expressed.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+bundle bob:bundle1
+ entity(ex:report1, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=1 ])
+ wasGeneratedBy(ex:report1, -, 2012-05-24T10:00:01)
+endBundle
+</pre>
+
+<p>In contrast,
+Alice observed the creation of <span class="name">ex:report2</span> and its derivation from <span class="name">ex:report1</span>.
+A separate bundle can also be expressed.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+bundle alice:bundle2
+ entity(ex:report1)
+ entity(ex:report2, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=2 ])
+ wasGeneratedBy(ex:report2, -, 2012-05-25T11:00:01)
+ wasDerivedFrom(ex:report2, ex:report1)
+endBundle
+</pre>
+
+<p>The first bundle contains the descriptions corresponding to Bob observing the creation of <span class="name">ex:report1</span>. Its provenance can be described as follows.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+entity(bob:bundle1, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle' ])
+wasGeneratedBy(bob:bundle1, -, 2012-05-24T10:30:00)
+wasAttributedTo(bob:bundle1, ex:Bob)
+</pre>
+
+<p>In contrast, the second bundle is attributed to Alice who
+observed the derivation of <span class="name">ex:report2</span> from <span class="name">ex:report1</span>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+entity(alice:bundle2, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle' ])
+wasGeneratedBy(alice:bundle2, -, 2012-05-25T11:15:00)
+wasAttributedTo(alice:bundle2, ex:Alice)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-provenance-aggregation"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 41<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-provenance-aggregation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>A provenance aggregator could merge two bundles, resulting in a novel bundle, whose provenance is described as follows.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+bundle agg:bundle3
+ entity(ex:report1, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=1 ])
+ wasGeneratedBy(ex:report1, -, 2012-05-24T10:00:01)
+
+ entity(ex:report2, [ prov:type="report", ex:version=2 ])
+ wasGeneratedBy(ex:report2, -, 2012-05-25T11:00:01)
+ wasDerivedFrom(ex:report2, ex:report1)
+endBundle
+
+entity(agg:bundle3, [ prov:type='prov:Bundle' ])
+agent(ex:aggregator01, [ prov:type='ex:Aggregator' ])
+wasAttributedTo(agg:bundle3, ex:aggregator01)
+wasDerivedFrom(agg:bundle3, bob:bundle1)
+wasDerivedFrom(agg:bundle3, alice:bundle2)
+</pre>
+<p>The new bundle is given a new identifier <span class="name">agg:bundle3</span> and is attributed to the <span class="name">ex:aggregator01</span> agent.
+</p></div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="component5">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.5 </span>Component 5: Alternate Entities</h3>
+
+
+<p>The fifth component of PROV-DM is concerned with
+relations SpecializationOf (<a href="#concept-specialization" class="internalDFN">specialization</a>) and AlternateOf (<a href="#concept-alternate" class="internalDFN">alternate</a>) between entities.
+ <a href="#figure-component5">Figure 10</a> depicts
+the fifth component with a single class and two binary associations.
+</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-10-alternates-component-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/component5.png" alt="alternates"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component5">Figure 10<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component5"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Alternates Component Overview (Informative)</span>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Two provenance descriptions about the same thing may emphasize differents aspects of that thing.</p>
+<div class="anexample" id="entity-example1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 42<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#entity-example1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>User Alice writes an article. In its provenance, she wishes to refer to the precise version of the article with a date-specific IRI, as she might edit the article later. Alternatively, user Bob refers to the article in general, independently of its variants over time.</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+The PROV data model introduces relations, called specialization and alternate
+that allow entities to be linked together. They are defined as follows. </p>
+
+
+<section id="term-specialization">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.5.1 </span>Specialization</h4>
+
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> An entity that is a <dfn id="concept-specialization" class="internalDFN">specialization</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-specialization"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter. In particular, the lifetime of the entity being specialized contains that of any specialization. </span>
+
+
+<p>
+Examples of aspects include a time period, an abstraction, and a context associated with the entity.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-specialization">A <dfn title="specializationOf" id="dfn-specializationof" class="internalDFN">specialization</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-specializationof"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">specializationOf(infra, supra)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="specialization.specificEntity">specificEntity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">infra</span>)
+of the entity that is a specialization of the general entity (<span class="name">supra</span>);</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="specialization.generalEntity">generalEntity</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">supra</span>) of the entity that is being specialized.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>A specialization is not, as defined here, also an influence, and therefore does not have an id and attributes.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-specialization"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 43<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-specialization"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The BBC news home page on 2012-03-23 <span class="name">ex:bbcNews2012-03-23</span>
+is a specialization of the BBC news page in general
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/">bbc:news/</a>. This can be expressed as follows.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">specializationOf(ex:bbcNews2012-03-23, bbc:news/)
+</pre>
+We have created a new qualified name, <span class="name">ex:bbcNews2012-03-23</span>, in the namespace <span class="name">ex</span>, to identify the specific page carrying this day's news, which would otherwise be the generic <span class="name">bbc:news/</span> page.
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-alternate">
+
+<h4><span class="secno">5.5.2 </span>Alternate</h4>
+
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> Two <dfn id="concept-alternate" class="internalDFN">alternate</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-alternate"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> entities present aspects of the same thing. These aspects may be the same or different, and the alternate entities may or may not overlap in time. </span>
+
+
+
+<p></p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-alternate">An <dfn title="alternateOf" id="dfn-alternateof" class="internalDFN">alternate</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-alternateof"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation<span class="withPn">, written <span class="pnExpression">alternateOf(e1, e2)</span> in PROV-N,</span> has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="alternate.alternate1">alternate1</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">e1</span>) of the first of the two entities;</li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="alternate.alternate2">alternate2</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">e2</span>) of the second of the two entities.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>An alternate is not, as defined here, also an influence, and therefore does not have an id and attributes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that <a title="alternateOf" href="#dfn-alternateof" class="internalDFN">alternateOf</a> is a necessarily very general
+relationship that, in reasoning, only states that the two
+alternate entities respectively fix some aspects of some common thing
+(possibly evolving over time), and so there is some relevant
+connection between the provenance of the alternates. In a
+specific application context, <a title="alternateOf" href="#dfn-alternateof" class="internalDFN">alternateOf</a>, or a subtype of it,
+could allow more inferences.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-alternate"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 44<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-alternate"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+A given news item on the BBC News site
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17526723">bbc:news/science-environment-17526723</a> for desktop
+is an alternate of a
+ <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-17526723">bbc:news/mobile/science-environment-17526723</a> for mobile devices.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(bbc:news/science-environment-17526723,
+ [ prov:type="a news item for desktop"])
+entity(bbc:news/mobile/science-environment-17526723,
+ [ prov:type="a news item for mobile devices"])
+alternateOf(bbc:news/science-environment-17526723,
+ bbc:news/mobile/science-environment-17526723)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-alternate2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 45<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-alternate2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+Considering again the two versions of the technical report <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span> (second working draft) and <span class="name"><span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111018">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018</a></span></span> (first working draft). They are alternates of each other.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018)
+entity(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215)
+alternateOf(tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018, tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215)
+</pre>
+<p>They are both specialization of the page <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="component6">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.6 </span>Component 6: Collections</h3>
+
+<p>The sixth component of PROV-DM is concerned with the notion of collections.
+A collection is an entity that has some members. The members are themselves entities, and therefore their provenance can be expressed. Some applications need to be able to express the provenance of the collection itself: e.g. who maintains the collection (attribution), which members it contains as it evolves, and how it was assembled. The purpose of Component 6 is to define the types and relations that are useful to express the provenance of collections. </p>
+
+<p><a href="#figure-component6">Figure 11</a> depicts
+the sixth component with two new classes (Collection, Empty Collection) and one association (HadMember).
+</p>
+
+
+<div style="text-align: center;">
+<span class="figure" id="fig-figure-11-collections-component-overview-informative" style="max-width: 95%; ">
+<img src="uml/component6.png" alt="collection"><br>
+<span class="figcaption" id="figure-component6">Figure 11<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#figure-component6"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> Collections Component Overview (Informative)</span>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<section id="term-collection">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.6.1 </span>Collection</h4>
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-collection" class="internalDFN">collection</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-collection"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents that must themselves be entities. These constituents are said to be <dfn id="dfn-member" class="internalDFN">member</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-member"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> of the collections. </span>
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> An <dfn id="concept-empty-collection" class="internalDFN">empty collection</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-empty-collection"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a collection without members. </span>
+
+
+<p>PROV-DM defines the following types related to collections:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li> <span class="name">prov:Collection</span> denotes an entity of type Collection, i.e. an entity that can participate in relations amongst collections;
+
+ </li><li><span class="name">prov:EmptyCollection</span> denotes an empty collection.
+</li></ul>
+<p>PROV defines no collection-specific attributes.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_46"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 46<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_46"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(c0, [ prov:type='prov:EmptyCollection' ]) // c0 is an empty collection
+entity(c1, [ prov:type='prov:Collection' ]) // c1 is a collection, with unknown content
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-membership">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.6.2 </span>Membership</h4>
+
+<p>A <strong>membership</strong> relation is defined the members of a Collection to be stated. </p>
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> <dfn id="concept-membership" class="internalDFN">Membership</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-membership"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the belonging of an entity to a collection. </span>
+
+
+<p>
+</p><div class="attributes" id="attributes-hadMember">
+ A <dfn title="hadMember" id="dfn-hadmember" class="internalDFN">membership</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-hadmember"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> relation, written <span class="pnExpression">hadMember(c, e)</span>, has:
+<ul>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="membership.collection">collection</span>: an identifier (<span class="name">c</span>) for the collection whose member is asserted; </li>
+<li><span class="attribute" id="membership.entity">entity</span>: the identifier <span class="name">e</span> of an entity that is member of the collection.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Membership is not, as defined here, also an influence, and therefore does not have an id and attributes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_47"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 47<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_47"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>In this example, <span class="name">c</span> is a collection known to have <span class="name">e0</span>, <span class="name">e1</span>, and <span class="name">e2</span> as members, and may have other members.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(e0)
+entity(e1)
+entity(e2)
+
+entity(c, [prov:type='prov:Collection' ]) // c is a collection, with unknown content
+hadMember(c, e0)
+hadMember(c, e1)
+hadMember(c, e2)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+
+</section> <!-- end collections-->
+
+
+
+
+
+<section id="second-class-elements">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.7 </span>Further Elements of PROV-DM</h3>
+
+This section introduces further elements of PROV-DM.
+
+
+
+
+<section id="term-identifier">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.7.1 </span>Identifier</h4>
+
+<p>
+An <dfn id="dfn-identifier" class="internalDFN">identifier</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-identifier"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a <a href="#concept-qualifiedName" class="internalDFN">qualified
+ name</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p><a>Entity</a>, <a>Activity</a>, and <a>Agent</a> have a mandatory identifier. Two entities (resp. activities, agents) are equal if they have the same identifier.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>, <a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>, <a href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a>, <a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>, <a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a>, <a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>, <a>Derivation</a>, <a href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a>, <a>Association</a>, <a href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a>, <a href="#concept-influence" class="internalDFN">Influence</a> have an optional identifier. Two generations (resp. usages, communications, etc.) are equal if they have the same identifier.
+
+</p></section>
+
+<section id="term-attribute">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.7.2 </span>Attribute</h4>
+
+<p>An <dfn title="dfn-attribute" id="dfn-attribute" class="internalDFN">attribute</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-attribute"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a <a href="#concept-qualifiedName" class="internalDFN">qualified name</a>.
+
+
+</p><p>The PROV data model introduces a pre-defined set of attributes in the <a title="prov-namespace" href="#dfn-prov-namespace" class="internalDFN">PROV namespace</a>, which we define below.
+This specification does not provide any interpretation for any attribute declared in any other namespace.</p>
+
+<div id="attributes-at-a-glance-divz" style="text-align: left;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="attributes-at-a-glance"><span>Table 8<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#attributes-at-a-glance"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>PROV-DM Attributes At a Glance</caption> <!-- Table 8 -->
+<tbody><tr><td><b>Attribute</b></td><td><b>Allowed In</b></td><td><b>value</b></td><td><b>Section</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="label" href="#concept-label" class="internalDFN">prov:label</a></td><td><em>any construct</em></td><td>A <a>Value</a> of type <a class="section-ref" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#string">xsd:string</a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-label"><span>Section 5.7.2.1</span></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="location" href="#concept-location" class="internalDFN">prov:location</a></td><td><a>Entity</a>, <a>Activity</a>, <a>Agent</a>, <a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>, <a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>, <a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>, <a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>, and <a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a></td><td>A <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-location"><span>Section 5.7.2.2</span></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="role" href="#concept-role" class="internalDFN">prov:role</a></td><td><a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>, <a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>, <a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>, <a>Association</a>, <a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>, and <a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a></td><td>A <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-role"><span>Section 5.7.2.3</span></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="type" href="#concept-type" class="internalDFN">prov:type</a></td><td><em>any construct</em></td><td>A <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-type"><span>Section 5.7.2.4</span></a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="value-attribute" href="#concept-value-attribute" class="internalDFN">prov:value</a></td><td><a>Entity</a></td><td>A <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-attribute-value"><span>Section 5.7.2.5</span></a> </td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<section id="term-attribute-label">
+<h5><span class="secno">5.7.2.1 </span>prov:label</h5>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="glossary-ref"> The attribute <dfn id="concept-label" title="label" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:label</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-label"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> provides a human-readable representation of an instance of a PROV-DM type or relation. </span>
+The value associated with the attribute <span class="name">prov:label</span> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a string.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_48"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 48<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_48"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following entity is provided with a label attribute.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> entity(ex:e1, [ prov:label="This is a human-readable label" ])
+</pre>
+
+<p>The following entity has two label attributes, in French and English.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> entity(ex:car01, [ prov:label="Voiture 01"@fr, prov:label="Car 01"@en ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="term-attribute-location">
+<h5><span class="secno">5.7.2.2 </span>prov:location</h5>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-location" title="location" class="internalDFN">location</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-location"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> can be an identifiable geographic place (ISO 19112), but it can also be a non-geographic place such as a directory, row, or column. </span>
+As such, there are numerous ways in which location can be expressed, such as by a coordinate,
+address, landmark, and so forth. This document does not specify how to concretely express locations, but instead provide a mechanism to introduce locations, by means of a reserved attribute. </p>
+
+
+<p>
+The attribute <span class="name">prov:location</span> is an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> attribute of <a>Entity</a>, <a>Activity</a>, <a>Agent</a>, <a href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a>, <a href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a>, <a href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a>, <a href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a>, and <a href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a>. The value associated with the attribute <span class="name">prov:location</span> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a PROV-DM <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a>, expected to denote a location.
+</p>
+
+<p>While the attribute <span class="name">prov:location</span> is allowed for several PROV concepts, it may not make sense to use it in some cases. For example, an activity that describes the relocation of an entity will have start and end locations, as well as every place in between those points.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example-location"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 49<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example-location"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following expression describes entity Mona Lisa, a painting, with a location attribute. </p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> entity(ex:MonaLisa, [ prov:location="Le Louvre, Paris", prov:type="StillImage" ])
+</pre>
+<p>The following expression describes a cell, at coordinates (5,5), with value 10. </p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> entity(ex:cell, [ prov:location="(5,5)", prov:value="10" %% xsd:integer ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="term-attribute-role">
+<h5><span class="secno">5.7.2.3 </span>prov:role</h5>
+
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-role" class="internalDFN">role</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-role"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is the function of an entity or agent with respect to an activity, in the context of a <a>usage</a>, <a>generation</a>, <a>invalidation</a>, <a href="#concept-association" class="internalDFN">association</a>, <a>start</a>, and <a>end</a>. </span></p>
+
+<p>
+The attribute <span class="name">prov:role</span> is allowed to occur multiple times in a list of attribute-value pairs. The value associated with a <span class="name">prov:role</span> attribute <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a PROV-DM <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-role"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 50<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-role"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following activity is associated with an agent acting as the operator. </p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> wasAssociatedWith(a, ag, [ prov:role="operator" ])
+</pre>
+<p>In the following expression, the activity <span class="name">ex:div01</span> used entity <span class="name">ex:cell</span> in the role of divisor.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">used(ex:div01, ex:cell, [ prov:role="divisor" ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-attribute-type">
+<h5><span class="secno">5.7.2.4 </span>prov:type</h5>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> The attribute <dfn id="concept-type" title="type" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:type</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-type"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> provides further typing information for any construct with an optional set of attribute-value pairs. </span></p>
+
+<p>
+PROV-DM liberally
+defines a type as a category of things having common characteristics. PROV-DM is agnostic about the representation of types, and only states that
+the value associated with a <span class="name">prov:type</span> attribute <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a PROV-DM <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value.</a> The attribute <span class="name">prov:type</span>
+is allowed to occur multiple times.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="example_51"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 51<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#example_51"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following describes an agent of type software agent.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample"> agent(ag, [ prov:type='prov:SoftwareAgent' ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following types are pre-defined in PROV, and are valid values for the <span class="name">prov:type</span> attribute.</p>
+
+
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="prov-dm-predefined-types"><span>Table 9<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-dm-predefined-types"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>PROV-DM Predefined Types</caption> <!-- Table 9 -->
+<tbody><tr><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Specification</b></td><td><b>Core concept</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Bundle</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-bundle"><span>Section 5.4.1</span></a></td><td><a>Entity</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="collection" href="#concept-collection" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Collection</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-collection"><span>Section 5.6.1</span></a></td><td><a>Entity</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="empty collection" href="#concept-empty-collection" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:EmptyCollection</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-collection"><span>Section 5.6.1</span></a></td><td><a>Entity</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="organization"><span class="name">prov:Organization</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-agent"><span>Section 5.3.1</span></a></td><td><a>Agent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="person" href="#concept-person" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Person</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-agent"><span>Section 5.3.1</span></a></td><td><a>Agent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="plan" href="#concept-plan" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:Plan</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-entity"><span>Section 5.1.1</span></a></td><td><a>Entity</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="primary source" href="#concept-primary-source" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:PrimarySource</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-primary-source"><span>Section 5.2.4</span></a></td><td><a>Derivation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="Quotation"><span class="name">prov:Quotation</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-quotation"><span>Section 5.2.3</span></a></td><td><a>Derivation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="Revision"><span class="name">prov:Revision</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-revision"><span>Section 5.2.2</span></a></td><td><a>Derivation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a title="software-agent" href="#concept-software-agent" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:SoftwareAgent</span></a></td><td><a class="section-ref" href="#term-agent"><span>Section 5.3.1</span></a></td><td><a>Agent</a></td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="term-attribute-value">
+<h5><span class="secno">5.7.2.5 </span>prov:value</h5>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> The attribute <dfn id="concept-value-attribute" title="value-attribute" class="internalDFN"><span class="name">prov:value</span></dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-value-attribute"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> provides a value that is a direct representation of an entity as a PROV-DM <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a>. </span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>The attribute <span class="name">prov:value</span> is an <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em> attribute of entity. The value associated with the attribute <span class="name">prov:value</span> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a PROV-DM <a title="value" href="#concept-value" class="internalDFN">Value</a>. The attribute <span class="name">prov:value</span> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> occur at most once in a set of attribute-value pairs.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-value1"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 52<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-value1"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>The following example illustrates the provenance of the number <span class="name">4</span> obtained by an activity that computed the length of an input string <span class="name">"abcd"</span>.
+The input and the output are expressed as entities <span class="name">ex:in</span> and <span class="name">ex:out</span>, respectively. They each have a <span class="name">prov:value</span> attribute associated with the corresponding value.
+</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:in, [ prov:value="abcd" ])
+entity(ex:out, [ prov:value=4 ])
+activity(ex:len, [ prov:type="string-length" ])
+used(ex:len, ex:in)
+wasGeneratedBy(ex:out, ex:len)
+wasDerivedFrom(ex:out, ex:in)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Two different entities <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> have the same value for the attribute
+prov:value. For instance,
+when two entities, with the same prov:value, are generated by two
+different activities, as illustrated
+by the following example.</p>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-value2"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 53<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-value2"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p><a href="#anexample-value1" class="anexample-ref"><span>Example 52</span></a> illustrates an entity with a given value
+ <span class="name">4</span>. This examples shows that another entity with the same value may be computed differently (by an addition).
+</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">entity(ex:in1, [ prov:value=3 ])
+entity(ex:in2, [ prov:value=1 ])
+entity(ex:out2, [ prov:value=4 ]) // ex:out2 also has value 4
+activity(ex:add1, [ prov:type="addition" ])
+used(ex:add1, ex:in1)
+used(ex:add1, ex:in2)
+wasGeneratedBy(ex:out2, ex:add1)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-value">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.7.3 </span>Value</h4>
+
+<p><span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-value" title="value" class="internalDFN">value</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-value"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a constant such as a string, number, time, qualified name, IRI, and encoded binary data, whose interpretation is outside the scope of PROV. </span> Values can occur in attribute-value pairs. </p>
+
+<p>Each kind of such values is called a <em>datatype</em>.
+ Use of the following data types is <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em>. </p>
+<ul>
+<li> The RDF-compatible [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] types, including those taken from
+the set of XML Schema Datatypes [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>];</li>
+<li> Qualified names introduced in this specification.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+The normative definitions of these datatypes are provided by their respective specifications.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p id="conformance-to-rdf-datatypes"><b>Conformance to RDF Datatypes</b> As of the publication of this document, RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS11">RDF-CONCEPTS11</a></cite>] is not yet a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a> for the latest version).
+Both the Provenance Working Group and the RDF Working Group are confident that there will be only minor changes before it becomes a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation. In order to take advantage of the anticipated corrections and new features sooner, while also providing stability in case the specification does not advance as expected, conformance to PROV as it relates to RDF Datatypes is defined as follows:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>If RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax becomes a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation, all references in PROV to
+RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax will be normative references to the 1.1 Recommendation.
+</li><li>Until that time, references in PROV to RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax features operate as follows:
+<ul>
+<li> If RDF 1.0 defines the features, then the reference is normative to the 1.0 definition [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>];</li>
+<li>otherwise, the feature is optional in PROV and the reference is informative only.</li>
+</ul>
+</li></ul>
+<p>This "change in normative reference" is effective as of the publication of RDF 1.1 as a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation. However, <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> expects to publish a new edition of PROV once RDF 1.1 becomes a Recommendation to update the reference explicitly.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-value"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 54<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-value"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+The following examples respectively are the string "abc", the integer number 1, and the IRI "http://example.org/foo".
+</p><pre class="codeexample"> "abc"
+ "1" %% xsd:integer
+ "http://example.org/foo" %% xsd:anyURI
+</pre>
+<p>The following example shows a value of type <span class="name">prov:QUALIFIED_NAME</span> (see
+<span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-QUALIFIED_NAME">prov:QUALIFIED_NAME</a></span> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-N">PROV-N</a></cite>]).
+The prefix <span class="name">ex</span> must be bound to a <a href="#dfn-namespace" class="internalDFN">namespace</a> declared in a <a href="#dfn-namespaceDeclaration" class="internalDFN">namespace declaration</a>.</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+ "ex:value" %% prov:QUALIFIED_NAME
+</pre>
+Alternatively, the same value can be expressed using the following convenience notation.
+<pre class="codeexample">
+ 'ex:value'
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>We note that PROV <dfn title="time" id="dfn-time" class="internalDFN">time instants</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-time"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> are defined according to xsd:dateTime [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>].</p>
+
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-time"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 55<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-time"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In the following example, the generation time of entity <span class="name">e1</span> is expressed according to
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#dateTime">xsd:dateTime</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>].</p>
+<pre class="codeexample">
+ wasGeneratedBy(e1,a1, 2001-10-26T21:32:52)
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-NamespaceDeclaration">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.7.4 </span>Namespace Declaration</h4>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-namespace" class="internalDFN">namespace</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-namespace"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is identified by an IRI [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. In PROV-DM, attributes, identifiers, and values with <a title="qualified name" href="#concept-qualifiedName" class="internalDFN">qualified names</a> as data type can be placed in a namespace using the mechanisms described in this specification. </p>
+
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-namespaceDeclaration" class="internalDFN">namespace declaration</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-namespaceDeclaration"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> consists of a binding between a prefix and a namespace. Every qualified name with this prefix in the scope of this
+declaration refers to this namespace. </p>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-defaultNamespaceDeclaration" class="internalDFN">default namespace declaration</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-defaultNamespaceDeclaration"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> consists of a namespace. Every un-prefixed qualified name
+refers to default namespace declaration.</p>
+
+<p>The <dfn title="prov-namespace" id="dfn-prov-namespace" class="internalDFN">PROV namespace</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-prov-namespace"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is identified by the IRI <a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#</a>.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section id="term-qualified-name">
+<h4><span class="secno">5.7.5 </span>Qualified Name</h4>
+
+
+<span class="glossary-ref"> A <dfn id="concept-qualifiedName" class="internalDFN">qualified name</dfn><sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#concept-qualifiedName"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup> is a name subject to <a href="#dfn-namespace" class="internalDFN">namespace</a> interpretation. It consists of a <a href="#dfn-namespace" class="internalDFN">namespace</a>, denoted by an optional prefix, and a local name. </span>
+
+<p>PROV-DM stipulates that a qualified name can be mapped into an IRI
+ by concatenating the IRI associated with the prefix and the local part.</p>
+
+<p>A qualified name's prefix is <em class="rfc2119" title="optional">optional</em>. If a prefix occurs in a
+ qualified name, it refers to a <a href="#dfn-namespace" class="internalDFN">namespace</a> declared in a namespace declaration. In the absence of prefix, the qualified name
+ refers to the <a title="default namespace declaration" href="#dfn-defaultNamespaceDeclaration" class="internalDFN">default namespace</a>.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+<!-- end sec. 5 -->
+
+ <section id="extensibility-section">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">6. </span>PROV-DM Extensibility Points</h2>
+
+
+<p>The PROV data model provides extensibility points that allow designers to specialize it for specific applications or domains. We summarize these extensibility points here. </p>
+
+
+<p>The <a title="prov-namespace" href="#dfn-prov-namespace" class="internalDFN">PROV namespace</a> declares a set of reserved attributes catering for extensibility: <a href="#term-attribute-type"><span class="name">prov:type</span></a>, <a href="#term-attribute-role"><span class="name">prov:role</span></a>, <a href="#term-attribute-location"><span class="name">prov:location</span></a>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Sub-types and sub-relations can be expressed by means of the reserved attribute
+<a href="#term-attribute-type"><span class="name">prov:type</span></a>.
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-sub-relation"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 56<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-sub-relation"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In the following example, <span class="name">e2</span> is a translation of <span class="name">e1</span>,
+expressed as a sub-type of derivation.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">
+ wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1, [prov:type='ex:Translation' ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-sub-type"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 57<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-sub-type"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In the following example, <span class="name">e</span> is described as a Car, a type of entity.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">
+ entity(e, [prov:type='ex:Car' ])
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</li>
+
+<li>Application and domain specific roles can be expressed by means of the reserved attribute
+<a href="#term-attribute-role"><span class="name">prov:role</span></a>.
+
+<div class="anexample" id="anexample-usage-with-role"><div class="anexampleTitle">Example 58<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#anexample-usage-with-role"><span class="diamond"> ◊</span></a></sup></div>
+<p>
+In the following example, two computers <span class="name">ex:laptop4</span> and <span class="name">ex:desktop9</span> are used in different roles in a work activity.
+</p><pre class="codeexample">
+ activity(ex:work)
+ entity(ex:laptop4)
+ entity(ex:desktop9)
+ used(ex:work, ex:laptop4, [prov:role="day-to-day machine"])
+ used(ex:work, ex:desktop9, [prov:role="backup machine"])
+</pre>
+</div>
+</li>
+
+
+<li> Attribute-value lists occur in all types and most relations of the data model. Applications designers are free to introduce further application-specific attributes. Attributes for a given application can be distinguished by qualifying them with a prefix denoting a namespace
+declared in a namespace declaration. New namespaces and associated prefixes can be declared, allowing attributes and names to be qualified.
+</li>
+
+
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>The PROV data model is designed to be application and technology independent, but implementers are welcome and encouraged to specialize PROV-DM to specific domains and applications. To ensure interoperability, specializations of
+the PROV data model that exploit the extensibility points summarized in this section must preserve the semantics specified in this document and in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>]. </p>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+
+
+<section id="valid-provenance">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">7. </span>Creating Valid Provenance</h2>
+
+<p>This specification defines PROV-DM, a data model that allows
+descriptions of the people, institutions, entities, and activities,
+involved in producing, influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a
+thing to be expressed. However, with this data model, it is also possible to compose
+descriptions that would not make sense: for instance, one could
+express that an entity was used before it was generated, or that the
+activity that generated an entity started after the entity
+generation. A set of constraints have been defined for PROV and
+can be found in a companion specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>].
+They <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be used by developers to compose provenance descriptions that are valid, and
+by implementers of reasoning engines aiming to check whether provenance descriptions have problems. </p>
+
+
+
+
+<p> The example of <a href="#prov-dm-example">section 3</a> contains identifiers such as <span class="name"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-prov-dm-20111215">tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215</a></span>, which denotes a specific version of a technical report. On the other hand, an IRI such as <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/</a> denotes the latest version of a document. One needs to ensure that provenance descriptions for the latter resource remain valid as the resource state changes. </p>
+
+<p>To this end, PROV allows asserters to describe "<em>partial states</em>" of entities by means of attributes and associated values. Some further constraints apply to the use of these attributes, since the values associated with them are expected to remain unchanged for some period of time. The constraints associated to attributes allow provenance descriptions to be refined, they can also be found in the companion specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+
+
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section class="appendix" id="cross-references-to-prov-o-and-prov-n">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Cross-References to PROV-O and PROV-N</h2>
+
+<p>PROV-DM is a conceptual data model which can be serialized in various ways.
+The following table contains the PROV-O classes and properties, as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-O">PROV-O</a></cite>], and PROV-N productions, as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-PROV-N">PROV-N</a></cite>] that correspond to PROV-DM concepts.</p>
+
+<div id="prov-dm-to-prov-o-and-prov-n-fig" style="text-align: left;">
+<table class="thinborder" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+<caption id="prov-dm-to-prov-o-and-prov-n"><span>Table 10<sup><a class="internalDFN" href="#prov-dm-to-prov-o-and-prov-n"><span class="diamond"> ◊:</span></a></sup> </span>Cross-References to PROV-O and PROV-N</caption> <!-- Table 10-->
+<tbody><tr><td><a><b>PROV-DM</b></a></td><td><b>PROV-O</b></td><td><b>PROV-N</b></td><td><b>Component</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Entity">Entity</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Entity">Entity</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-entityExpression">entityExpression</a></code>
+</td><td rowspan="8"><a href="#component1">Component 1:<br> Entities/Activities</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Activity">Activity</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Entity">Activity</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-activityExpression">activityExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Generation" href="#concept-generation" class="internalDFN">Generation</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasGeneratedBy">wasGeneratedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Generation">Generation</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-generationExpression">generationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Usage" href="#concept-usage" class="internalDFN">Usage</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#used">used</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Usage">Usage</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-usageExpression">usageExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Communication" href="#concept-communication" class="internalDFN">Communication</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasInformedBy">wasInformedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Communication">Communication</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-communicationExpression">communicationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Start" href="#concept-start" class="internalDFN">Start</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasStartedBy">wasStartedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Start">Start</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-startExpression">startExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="End" href="#concept-end" class="internalDFN">End</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasEndedBy">wasEndedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#End">End</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-endExpression">endExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component1-color">
+<td><a title="Invalidation" href="#concept-invalidation" class="internalDFN">Invalidation</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasInvalidatedBy">wasInvalidatedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Invalidation">Invalidation</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-invalidationExpression">invalidationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr class="component2-color">
+<td><a title="Derivation">Derivation</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasDerivedFrom">wasDerivedFrom</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Derivation">Derivation</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-derivationExpression">derivationExpression</a></code></td>
+<td rowspan="4"><a href="#component2">Component 2:<br> Derivations</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component2-color">
+<td class="provType"><a title="Revision">Revision</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasRevisionOf">wasRevisionOf</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Revision">Revision</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Revision">Revision</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component2-color">
+<td class="provType"><a title="Quotation">Quotation</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasQuotedFrom">wasQuotedFrom</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Quotation">Quotation</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Quotation">Quotation</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component2-color"><td class="provType"><a title="Primary Source">Primary Source</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#hadPrimarySource">hadPrimarySource</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#PrimarySource">PrimarySource</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Primary-Source">PrimarySource</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr class="component3-color" style="border-collapse: collapse; ">
+<td><a title="Agent">Agent</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Agent">Agent</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-agentExpression">agentExpression</a></code></td>
+<td rowspan="9"><a href="#component3">Component 3: <br>Agents, Responsibility, <br>Influence</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Attribution" href="#concept-attribution" class="internalDFN">Attribution</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasAttributedTo">wasAttributedTo</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Attribution">Attribution</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-attributionExpression">attributionExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Association">Association</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasAssociatedWith">wasAssociatedWith</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Association">Association</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-associationExpression">associationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Delegation" href="#concept-delegation" class="internalDFN">Delegation</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#actedOnBehalfOf">actedOnBehalfOf</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Delegation">Delegation</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-delegationExpression">delegationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Plan">Plan</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Plan">Plan</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Plan">Plan</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Person">Person</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Person">Person</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Person">Person</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Organization" href="#concept-organization" class="internalDFN">Organization</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Organization">Organization</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Organization">Organization</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="software-agent" href="#concept-software-agent" class="internalDFN">SoftwareAgent</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#SoftwareAgent">SoftwareAgent</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-SoftwareAgent">SoftwareAgent</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component3-color">
+<td><a title="Influence" href="#concept-influence" class="internalDFN">Influence</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#wasInfluencedBy">wasInfluencedBy</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Influence">Influence</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-influenceExpression">influenceExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+<tr class="component4-color">
+<td><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">Bundle constructor</a></td>
+<td> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#description-bundle">bundle description</a> </td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-bundle">bundle</a></code></td>
+<td rowspan="2"><a href="#component5">Component 4: <br> Bundles</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component4-color"><td class="provType"><a title="bundle" href="#concept-bundle" class="internalDFN">Bundle type</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Bundle">Bundle</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Bundle">Bundle</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component5-color">
+<td><a title="Alternate">Alternate</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#alternateOf">alternateOf</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-alternateExpression">alternateExpression</a></code></td>
+<td rowspan="2"><a href="#component4">Component 5: <br> Alternate</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component5-color">
+<td><a title="Specialization">Specialization</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#specializationOf">specializationOf</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-specializationExpression">specializationExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td><td style="border-width: 0px; "></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component6-color">
+<td><a title="Collection">Collection</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#Collection">Collection</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-Collection">Collection</a></code></td>
+<td rowspan="3"><a href="#component6">Component 6: <br> Collections</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component6-color">
+<td><a title="Empty Collection">EmptyCollection</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#EmptyCollection">EmptyCollection</a></td>
+<td>type <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#provn-type-EmptyCollection">EmptyCollection</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr class="component6-color">
+<td><a title="Membership" href="#concept-membership" class="internalDFN">Membership</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/#hadMember">hadMember</a></td>
+<td><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/#prod-membershipExpression">membershipExpression</a></code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody></table>
+</div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix" id="change-log">
+ <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">B. </span>Change Log</h2>
+
+<section id="changes-since-last-version">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Changes since last version</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Changed the status of this document section: added new documents to the PROV Family of Document, and removed the how to read section, referring instead to PROV-OVERVIEW.
+</li><li> Changed all URLs to PROV documents.
+</li></ul>
+</section>
+
+<section id="changes-since-last-call">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Changes since Last Call</h3>
+ <p> Please see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/ResponsesToPublicComments">Responses to Public Comments on the Last Call Working Draft</a> for more details about the justification of these changes.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/506">ISSUE-506</a>: Updated role from author to contributor, in line with text.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/492">ISSUE-492</a>: Fixed typos in <a href="#anexample-invalidation3" class="anexample-ref"><span>Example 29</span></a>.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/508">ISSUE-508</a>: Clarified the bold names and parameters in text preceding <a href="#prov-dm-types-and-relations-fig">Table 5</a>.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/501">ISSUE-501</a>: Put the example about driving a car to Boston in a box.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/450">ISSUE-450</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/514">ISSUE-514</a>: added table with secondary objects in relations.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/512">ISSUE-512</a>: simplied type of activity a2 to "fine paying"
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/509">ISSUE-509</a>: modified the introductory text to UML figures, so that they refer to relation names (e.g. WasStartedBy) as visualized in figures
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/515">ISSUE-515</a>: fixed typo
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/531">ISSUE-531</a>: added sentence on the use of prov:location attribute.
+
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/519">ISSUE-519</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/523">ISSUE-523</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/524">ISSUE-524</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/529">ISSUE-529</a>: changed UML diagram of figure 8 by removing explicit inheritance from influence for usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, and delegation. Instead, introduced correspondance table 7. Furthermore, in response to these issues, it was made clear that PROV defines no attribute specific to subtypes such as SoftwareAgent, ..., Plan, Revision, Bundle, Collection.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/495">ISSUE-495</a>: made explicit which section, figure, table was informative or normative.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/521">ISSUE-521</a>: now states that "an agent relied on a plan" instead of "an agent adopted a plan".
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/499">ISSUE-499</a>: Made explicit that generation/usage/invalidation/start/end are implicit.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/449">ISSUE-449</a>: Clarified definition of prov:value attribute and added an example.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/495">ISSUE-495</a>: added paragraph about 'relations opening up'. Clarified the role of '-' in example. Fixed dates in biblio. Fixed space issue in prov-n examples
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/516">ISSUE-516</a>: Stating that there moust be some underpinning activity or activities for a derivation, instead of just activities.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/525">ISSUE-525</a>: Made it explicit that Membership, Alternate, Specialization are not Influence
+</li><li> Copied the sentence " An agent may be a particular type of entity or activity. This means that the model can be
+ used to express provenance of the agents themselves. " from the informative section into the normative section.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/504">ISSUE-504</a>: Updated definition of collection.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/503">ISSUE-503</a>: Rephrased the introduction of expanded association in section 2.2.1.2 Expanded Relations.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/514">ISSUE-514</a>: added links to the attributes listed in the secondary element table. Also removed PrimarySource, Quotation, Revision.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/502">ISSUE-502</a>: Added sentence in section 2.1.2 explaining that the focus
+ of derivation is on connecting a generated entity to a used entity.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/526">ISSUE-526</a>: Added sentence clarifying sentence in section 5.5.2.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/462">ISSUE-462</a>: Added clarification regarding entity attributes (with respect to fixed aspects) and role of identifier with respect to equality.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/518">ISSUE-518</a>: Added clarifying sentence of primary source.
+</li><li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/552">ISSUE-552</a>: Clarifying phrasing around a quotation/revision/primary-source relation is a particular case of a derivation relation ...; updated definitions for start and end.
+</li><li> Rephrased original entity to preceding entity.
+</li><li> Moved feature at risk, Mention, to note document (prov-mention).
+</li></ul>
+
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix" id="acknowledgements">
+ <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">C. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+ <p>
+
+This document has been produced by the Provenance Working Group, and its contents reflect extensive discussion within the Working Group as a whole. The editors extend special thanks to Sandro Hawke (<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>/<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>) and Ivan Herman (<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>/<abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr>), <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> contacts for the Provenance Working Group.
+ </p>
+
+<p>
+The editors acknowledge valuable contributions from the following:
+Tom Baker,
+David Booth,
+Robert Freimuth,
+Satrajit Ghosh,
+Ralph Hodgson,
+Renato Iannella,
+Jacek Kopecky,
+James Leigh,
+Jacco van Ossenbruggen,
+Alan Ruttenberg,
+Reza Samavi, and
+Antoine Zimmermann.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Members of the Provenance Working Group at the time of publication of this document were:
+
+Ilkay Altintas (Invited expert),
+Reza B'Far (Oracle Corporation),
+Khalid Belhajjame (University of Manchester),
+James Cheney (University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics),
+Sam Coppens (iMinds),
+David Corsar (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science),
+Stephen Cresswell (The National Archives),
+Tom De Nies (iMinds),
+Helena Deus (DERI Galway at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland),
+Simon Dobson (Invited expert),
+Martin Doerr (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
+Kai Eckert (Invited expert),
+Jean-Pierre EVAIN (European Broadcasting Union, EBU-UER),
+James Frew (Invited expert),
+Irini Fundulaki (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
+Daniel Garijo (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid),
+Yolanda Gil (Invited expert),
+Ryan Golden (Oracle Corporation),
+Paul Groth (Vrije Universiteit),
+Olaf Hartig (Invited expert),
+David Hau (National Cancer Institute, NCI),
+Sandro Hawke (<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>/<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>),
+Jörn Hees (German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Gmbh),
+Ivan Herman, (<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>/<abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr>),
+Ralph Hodgson (TopQuadrant),
+Hook Hua (Invited expert),
+Trung Dong Huynh (University of Southampton),
+Graham Klyne (University of Oxford),
+Michael Lang (Revelytix, Inc.),
+Timothy Lebo (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+James McCusker (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+Deborah McGuinness (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+Simon Miles (Invited expert),
+Paolo Missier (School of Computing Science, Newcastle university),
+Luc Moreau (University of Southampton),
+James Myers (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+Vinh Nguyen (Wright State University),
+Edoardo Pignotti (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science),
+Paulo da Silva Pinheiro (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+Carl Reed (Open Geospatial Consortium),
+Adam Retter (Invited Expert),
+Christine Runnegar (Invited expert),
+Satya Sahoo (Invited expert),
+David Schaengold (Revelytix, Inc.),
+Daniel Schutzer (FSTC, Financial Services Technology Consortium),
+Yogesh Simmhan (Invited expert),
+Stian Soiland-Reyes (University of Manchester),
+Eric Stephan (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory),
+Linda Stewart (The National Archives),
+Ed Summers (Library of Congress),
+Maria Theodoridou (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
+Ted Thibodeau (OpenLink Software Inc.),
+Curt Tilmes (National Aeronautics and Space Administration),
+Craig Trim (IBM Corporation),
+Stephan Zednik (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
+Jun Zhao (University of Oxford),
+Yuting Zhao (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science).
+</p>
+ </section>
+
+
+
+
+<section id="references" class="appendix"><!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">D. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references"><h3><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">[PROV-CONSTRAINTS]</dt><dd>James Cheney; Paolo Missier; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-constraints-20130312/"><cite>Constraints of the PROV Data Model</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-constraints-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-constraints-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-N">[PROV-N]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/"><cite>PROV-N: The Provenance Notation</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-O">[PROV-O]</dt><dd>Timothy Lebo; Satya Sahoo; Deborah McGuinness; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/"><cite>PROV-O: The PROV Ontology</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">[RDF-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Jeremy J. Carroll. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210"><cite>Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax</cite></a>. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt><dd>S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> March 1997. Internet RFC 2119. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd>M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">[XMLSCHEMA11-2]</dt><dd>Henry S. Thompson et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/"><cite>W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes</cite></a>. 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references"><h3><span class="secno">D.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-Logic">[Logic]</dt><dd>W. E. Johnson. <a href="http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html"><cite>Logic: Part III</cite></a>.1924. URL: <a href="http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html">http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-Mappings">[Mappings]</dt><dd>Satya Sahoo; Paul Groth; Olaf Hartig; Simon Miles; Sam Coppens; James Myers; Yolanda Gil; Luc Moreau; Jun Zhao; Michael Panzer; Daniel Garijo <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/prov/wiki/Provenance_Vocabulary_Mappings"><cite>Provenance Vocabulary Mappings</cite></a>. August 2010 URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/prov/wiki/Provenance_Vocabulary_Mappings">http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/prov/wiki/Provenance_Vocabulary_Mappings</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-AQ">[PROV-AQ]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Paul Groth; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-aq-20130312/"><cite>Provenance Access and Query</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-aq-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-aq-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-DC">[PROV-DC]</dt><dd>Daniel Garijo; Kai Eckert; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dc-20130312/"><cite>Dublin Core to PROV Mapping</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dc-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dc-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-DICTIONARY">[PROV-DICTIONARY]</dt><dd>Tom De Nies; Sam Coppens; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/"><cite>PROV Dictionary</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-LAYOUT">[PROV-LAYOUT]</dt><dd>W3C PROV Working Group. <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/Diagrams"><cite>PROV Graph Layout Conventions</cite></a>. 2012. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/Diagrams">http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/Diagrams</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-LINKS">[PROV-LINKS]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Timothy Lebo; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-links-20130312/"><cite>Linking Across Provenance Bundles</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-links-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-links-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-OVERVIEW">[PROV-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd>Paul Groth; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/"><cite>PROV-OVERVIEW: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-PRIMER">[PROV-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Yolanda Gil; Simon Miles; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-primer-20130312/"><cite>PROV Model Primer</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-primer-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-primer-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-XML">[PROV-XML]</dt><dd>Hook Hua; Curt Tilmes; Stephan Zednik; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-xml-20130312/"><cite>PROV-XML: The PROV XML Schema</cite></a>. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-xml-20130312/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-xml-20130312/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS11">[RDF-CONCEPTS11]</dt><dd>Richard Cyganiak; David Wood; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/"><cite>RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</cite></a>. Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-UML">[UML]</dt><dd>Object Management Group <a href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.0/Superstructure/PDF/"><cite>Unified Modeling Language: Superstructure</cite></a>. version 2.0, 2005 URL: <a href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.0/Superstructure/PDF/">http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.0/Superstructure/PDF/</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>