--- a/ontology/prov-o-html-sections/description-expanded-terms.inc.html Mon Nov 26 10:09:24 2012 -0500
+++ b/ontology/prov-o-html-sections/description-expanded-terms.inc.html Mon Nov 26 10:12:46 2012 -0500
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<section id="description-expanded-terms">
<h3>Expanded Terms</h3>
- <p>The terms introduced in this section provide additional ways to describe the provenance among Entities, Activities, and Agents.
+ <p>The terms introduced in this section provide additional ways to describe the provenance among Entities, Activities, and Agents.
The additional terms are illustrated in the following figure and can be separated into five different categories.</p>
<div id="expanded-terms-figure" style="text-align: center;" class="figure">
<img src="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/ontology/diagram-history/2012-05-03/expanded.svg"
- style="width: 60%; min-width: 25em; max-width: 60em"
+ style="width: 60%; min-width: 25em; max-width: 60em"
alt="PROV-O Starting Point terms"/>
<div class="figcaption"><a href="#expanded-terms-figure">Figure 3</a>.
The expanded terms build upon those in the <a href="#description-starting-point-terms">Starting Points section</a>.<br/>
@@ -18,113 +18,113 @@
<p>The <strong>first</strong> category extends the <a href="#description-starting-point-terms">Starting Point terms</a> with subclasses, subproperties, and a superproperty.</p>
- <p>Three subclasses of Agent (<a href="#Person" class="qname">prov:Person</a>, <a href="#Organization" class="qname">prov:Organization</a>, and
+ <p>Three subclasses of Agent (<a href="#Person" class="qname">prov:Person</a>, <a href="#Organization" class="qname">prov:Organization</a>, and
<a href="#SoftwareAgent" class="qname">prov:SoftwareAgent</a>) and
- three subclasses of Entity are provided (<a href="#Collection" class="qname">prov:Collection</a>, <a href="#Bundle" class="qname">prov:Bundle</a>,
- and <a href="#Plan" class="qname">prov:Plan</a>).
+ three subclasses of Entity are provided (<a href="#Collection" class="qname">prov:Collection</a>, <a href="#Bundle" class="qname">prov:Bundle</a>,
+ and <a href="#Plan" class="qname">prov:Plan</a>).
</p>
<p>
- A <span class="repeated">prov:Collection</span> is an Entity that provides a structure (e.g. set, list, etc.) to some constituents (which are themselves Entities).
- The <span class="repeated">prov:Collection</span> class can be used to express the provenance of the collection itself:
- e.g. who maintained the collection, which members it contained as it evolved, and how it was assembled.
+ A <span class="repeated">prov:Collection</span> is an Entity that provides a structure (e.g. set, list, etc.) to some constituents (which are themselves Entities).
+ The <span class="repeated">prov:Collection</span> class can be used to express the provenance of the collection itself:
+ e.g. who maintained the collection, which members it contained as it evolved, and how it was assembled.
The <a href="#hadMember" class="qname">prov:hadMember</a> property is used to assert membership in a collection.
</p>
<div id="description-bundle">
<p>
- A <span class="repeated">prov:Bundle</span> is a named set of provenance descriptions, which may itself have provenance.
+ A <span class="repeated">prov:Bundle</span> is a named set of provenance descriptions, which may itself have provenance.
The named set of provenance descriptions may be expressed as PROV-O or any other form.
- The subclass of Bundle that names a set of PROV-O assertions is not provided by PROV-O, since it is more appropriate to do so using other recommendations,
- standards, or technologies. In any case, a Bundle of PROV-O assertions is an abstract set of RDF triples, and adding or removing a triple creates a new distinct
+ The subclass of Bundle that names a set of PROV-O assertions is not provided by PROV-O, since it is more appropriate to do so using other recommendations,
+ standards, or technologies. In any case, a Bundle of PROV-O assertions is an abstract set of RDF triples, and adding or removing a triple creates a new distinct
Bundle of PROV-O assertions.
</p>
</div>
- <p>A <span class="repeated">prov:Plan</span> is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals.
+ <p>A <span class="repeated">prov:Plan</span> is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals.
</p>
<p>
- More general and more specific properties are also provided by the expanded terms. More generally, the property
- <a href="#wasInfluencedBy" class="qname">prov:wasInfluencedBy</a> is a superproperty that relates any influenced Entity, Activity, or Agent to any other
- influencing Entity, Activity, or Agent that had an effect on its characteristics.
+ More general and more specific properties are also provided by the expanded terms. More generally, the property
+ <a href="#wasInfluencedBy" class="qname">prov:wasInfluencedBy</a> is a superproperty that relates any influenced Entity, Activity, or Agent to any other
+ influencing Entity, Activity, or Agent that had an effect on its characteristics.
- Three subproperties of <span class="repeated">prov:wasDerivedFrom</span> are also provided for certain kinds of derivation among Entities:
+ Three subproperties of <span class="repeated">prov:wasDerivedFrom</span> are also provided for certain kinds of derivation among Entities:
<a href="#wasQuotedFrom" class="qname">prov:wasQuotedFrom</a> cites a potentially larger Entity (such as a book, blog, or image) from which a new Entity was created
- by repeating some or all of the original,
- <a href="#wasRevisionOf" class="qname">prov:wasRevisionOf</a> indicates that the derived Entity contains substantial content from the original Entity
- (e.g., two editions of a book), and
- <a href="#hadPrimarySource" class="qname">prov:hadPrimarySource</a> cites a preceding Entity produced by some agent with direct experience and
- knowledge about the topic (such as a reading from a sensor, or a journal written during an historical event).
+ by repeating some or all of the original,
+ <a href="#wasRevisionOf" class="qname">prov:wasRevisionOf</a> indicates that the derived Entity contains substantial content from the original Entity
+ (e.g., two editions of a book), and
+ <a href="#hadPrimarySource" class="qname">prov:hadPrimarySource</a> cites a preceding Entity produced by some agent with direct experience and
+ knowledge about the topic (such as a reading from a sensor, or a journal written during an historical event).
</p>
-
- <p>The <strong>second</strong> category of expanded terms relates Entities according to their levels of abstraction, where some Entities may present more specific aspects than their more general counterparts.
+
+ <p>The <strong>second</strong> category of expanded terms relates Entities according to their levels of abstraction, where some Entities may present more specific aspects than their more general counterparts.
While <a href="#specializationOf" class="qname">prov:specializationOf</a> links a more specific Entity to a more general one (e.g., today's BBC news home page versus BBC's news home page on any day), <a href="#alternateOf" class="qname">prov:alternateOf</a> links Entities that present aspects of the same thing, but not necessarily the same aspects or at the same time (e.g., the serialization of a document in different formats or a backup copy of a computer file).
</p>
-
+
<p>
- The <strong>third</strong> category of expanded terms allows further description of Entities. The property <a href="#value" class="qname">prov:value</a>
- provides a literal value that is a direct representation of an entity.
+ The <strong>third</strong> category of expanded terms allows further description of Entities. The property <a href="#value" class="qname">prov:value</a>
+ provides a literal value that is a direct representation of an entity.
For example, the <span class="repeated">prov:value</span> of a quote could be a string of the sentences stated, or the <span class="repeated">prov:value</span> of an Entity involved in a numeric calculation could be the xsd:integer four.
- The property <a href="#atLocation" class="qname">prov:atLocation</a> can be used to describe the <a href="#Location" class="qname">prov:Location</a> of any
- Entity, Activity, Agent, or <a href="#InstantaneousEvent" class="qname">prov:InstantaneousEvent</a>
- (i.e., the starting or ending of an activity or the generation, usage, or invalidation of an entity).
- The properties used to describe instances of <span class="repeated">prov:Location</span> are outside the scope of PROV-O;
+ The property <a href="#atLocation" class="qname">prov:atLocation</a> can be used to describe the <a href="#Location" class="qname">prov:Location</a> of any
+ Entity, Activity, Agent, or <a href="#InstantaneousEvent" class="qname">prov:InstantaneousEvent</a>
+ (i.e., the starting or ending of an activity or the generation, usage, or invalidation of an entity).
+ The properties used to describe instances of <span class="repeated">prov:Location</span> are outside the scope of PROV-O;
reuse of other existing vocabulary is encouraged.
</p>
-
- <p>The <strong>fourth</strong> category of expanded terms describes the lifetime of an Entity beyond being <strong>generated</strong> by an Activity and <strong>used</strong> by other Activities. For example, a painting could not have been displayed before it was painted, and it could not be sold after it was destroyed by fire.
- Similar to how Activities have start and end times, an Entity may be bound by points in time for which it was generated or is no longer usable.
-The properties <a href="#generatedAtTime" class="qname">prov:generatedAtTime</a> and <a href="#invalidatedAtTime" class="qname">prov:invalidatedAtTime</a> can be used to bound the starting and ending moments of an Entity's existence. The Activities that led to the generation or invalidation of an Entity can be provided using <span class="repeated">prov:wasGeneratedBy</span> and <a href="#wasInvalidatedBy" class="qname">prov:wasInvalidatedBy</a>, respectively.
-<a href="#generated" class="qname">prov:generated</a> and <a href="#invalidated" class="qname">prov:invalidated</a> are the inverses of <span class="repeated">prov:wasGeneratedBy</span> and <span class="repeated">prov:wasInvalidatedBy</span>, respectively, and are defined to facilitate Activity-as-subject as well as Entity-as-subject descriptions.
+
+ <p>The <strong>fourth</strong> category of expanded terms describes the lifetime of an Entity beyond being <strong>generated</strong> by an Activity and <strong>used</strong> by other Activities. For example, a painting could not have been displayed before it was painted, and it could not be sold after it was destroyed by fire.
+ Similar to how Activities have start and end times, an Entity may be bound by points in time for which it was generated or is no longer usable.
+The properties <a href="#generatedAtTime" class="qname">prov:generatedAtTime</a> and <a href="#invalidatedAtTime" class="qname">prov:invalidatedAtTime</a> can be used to bound the starting and ending moments of an Entity's existence. The Activities that led to the generation or invalidation of an Entity can be provided using <span class="repeated">prov:wasGeneratedBy</span> and <a href="#wasInvalidatedBy" class="qname">prov:wasInvalidatedBy</a>, respectively.
+<a href="#generated" class="qname">prov:generated</a> and <a href="#invalidated" class="qname">prov:invalidated</a> are the inverses of <span class="repeated">prov:wasGeneratedBy</span> and <span class="repeated">prov:wasInvalidatedBy</span>, respectively, and are defined to facilitate Activity-as-subject as well as Entity-as-subject descriptions.
For more about inverses, see the non-normative <a href="#names-of-inverse-properties">Appendix B</a>.
</p>
- <p>The <strong>fifth</strong> category of expanded terms describes the lifetime of an Activity beyond its start and end times and predecessor Activities.
- Activities may also be started or ended by Entities, which are described using the properties <a href="#wasStartedBy" class="qname">prov:wasStartedBy</a>
- and <a href="#wasEndedBy" class="qname">prov:wasEndedBy</a>, respectively. Since Entities may start or end Activities, and Agents may be Entities,
+ <p>The <strong>fifth</strong> category of expanded terms describes the lifetime of an Activity beyond its start and end times and predecessor Activities.
+ Activities may also be started or ended by Entities, which are described using the properties <a href="#wasStartedBy" class="qname">prov:wasStartedBy</a>
+ and <a href="#wasEndedBy" class="qname">prov:wasEndedBy</a>, respectively. Since Entities may start or end Activities, and Agents may be Entities,
then Agents may also start or end Activities.
</p>
- <div id="narrative-example-expanded-1" about="#narrative-example-expanded-1"
+ <div id="narrative-example-expanded-1" about="#narrative-example-expanded-1"
typeof="prov:Entity" class="exampleOuter" xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">
- <p>The following examples illustrate the expanded terms by elaborating the <a href="#narrative-example-simple-1">crime chart example</a> from the previous section.
+ <p>The following examples illustrate the expanded terms by elaborating the <a href="#narrative-example-simple-1">crime chart example</a> from the previous section.
After aggregating the dataset and creating the chart, Derek published a post to exhibit his work.
- </p>
+ </p>
<p>
<a href="#narrative-example-expanded-1"/>Example 2</a>:
</p>
<pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1.ttl"
- class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
+ class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
</div>
-
- <p>Agent <code>:derek</code>, acting again on behalf of the <code>:national_newspaper_inc</code> organization,
+
+ <p>Agent <code>:derek</code>, acting again on behalf of the <code>:national_newspaper_inc</code> organization,
used the <code>:postEditor</code> tool to publish a post about his recent data analysis <code>:aggregatedByRegions</code>.
The blog editing tool tracked Derek's actions as PROV-O assertions and published them as a Bundle (the current file <code><></code>).
The tool recorded that <code>:derek</code> started and ended the publishing activity (<code>:publicationActivity1123</code>)
that generated the post <code>:post9821v1</code>. The post
included a permanent link where the content of the latest version is available
- (<code>:more-crime-happens-in-cities</code>) in addition to a textual snapshot of the current version (using prov:value).
+ (<code>:more-crime-happens-in-cities</code>) in addition to a textual snapshot of the current version (using prov:value).
Derek also included additional domain-specific descriptions of the post, such as its title.
</p>
<p>Shortly after publishing the post, Derek noticed a typographical error in his narrative.
Because the fix would be minimal, he did not record the activity that led to the new version.
Instead, he related the new version (<code>:post9821v2</code>) as a revision of the previous (<code>:post9821v1</code>).
- Since both versions of the blog are forms of the long-standing blog permalink <code>:more-crime-happens-in-cities</code>,
+ Since both versions of the blog are forms of the long-standing blog permalink <code>:more-crime-happens-in-cities</code>,
the revisions are alternates of one another and each is a <a href="#specializationOf" class="qname">prov:specializationOf</a> of <code>:more-crime-happens-in-cities</code>.
- </p>
+ </p>
<div id="expanded-example-illustration-1" style="text-align: center;" class="figure">
<img src="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/ontology/diagram-history/2012-07-09-david/expanded-terms-example-bundlePost.svg"
- style="width: 95%; min-width: 25em; max-width: 60em"
+ style="width: 95%; min-width: 25em; max-width: 60em"
alt="PROV-O Starting Point terms"/>
- <div class="figcaption"><a href="#expanded-example-illustration-1">Figure 4</a>.
+ <div class="figcaption"><a href="#expanded-example-illustration-1">Figure 4</a>.
An illustration of the PROV-O assertions in <a href="#narrative-example-expanded-1">Example 2</a>, where Derek<br/>
published two versions of a blog for the National Newspaper, Inc.<br/>
The diagrams in this document depict Entities as yellow ovals, Activities as blue rectangles,<br/>
@@ -133,41 +133,42 @@
</div>
-
+
<div id="narrative-example-expanded-2" about="#narrative-example-expanded-2" typeof="prov:Entity" class="exampleOuter" xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">
- <p>Shortly after Derek published his blog post, Monica adapted the text for a wider audience in a new post (<code>:post9822</code>).
- This rewrite is an alternate, abbreviated view of the same topic that Derek wrote about and began from his original text.
+ <p>Shortly after Derek published his blog post, Monica adapted the text for a wider audience in a new post (<code>:post9822</code>).
+ This rewrite is an alternate, abbreviated view of the same topic that Derek wrote about and was created from his original text.
Since the provenance produced by the activities of Derek and Monica corresponded to different user views, the system
- automatically published it in different <a href="#Bundle" class="qname">prov:Bundles</a>.
+ automatically published it in different <a href="#Bundle" class="qname">prov:Bundles</a>.
The tool also asserted provenance about the bundle that it produced (e.g., the date of creation and its creator).
- Because a bundle is a kind of entity, all of the provenance assertions about entities apply to assertions about bundles.
- </p>
- <p>
+ Because a bundle is a kind of entity, all provenance assertions that can be made about entities can also be made about bundles.
+ The use of bundles enables the creation of provenance of provenance.
+ </p>
+ <p>
<a href="#narrative-example-expanded-2"/>Example 3</a>:
</p>
<pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1_a.ttl"
- class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1_a.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
+ class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt1_a.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
</div>
-
+
<div id="narrative-example-expanded-3" about="#narrative-example-expanded-3" typeof="prov:Entity" class="exampleOuter" xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">
<p>After some time, John wrote his own conclusions quoting the previous two posts:
- </p>
- <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
<a href="#narrative-example-expanded-3"/>Example 4</a>:
</p>
<pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt2.ttl"
- class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt2.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
+ class="example">{% escape %}{% include "includes/prov/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt2.ttl" %}{% endescape %}</pre>
</div>
-
-
+
+
<div id="narrative-example-expanded-4" about="#narrative-example-expanded-4" typeof="prov:Entity" class="exampleOuter" xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">
<p>Agent <code>:john</code> also named the URI of the original source (<code>:aggregatedByRegions</code>). All the provenance statements related to his post
are grouped in a new <span class="repeated">prov:Bundle</span>.
-
- Unfortunately, there was a problem in the servers where <code>:post19201</code> was being stored, and all the data related to the post was lost permanently.
+
+ Unfortunately, there was a problem in the servers where <code>:post19201</code> was being stored, and all the data related to the post was lost permanently.
Thus, the system invalidated the entity automatically and notified John about the error.
- </p>
- <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
<a href="#narrative-example-expanded-4"/>Example 5</a>:
</p>
<pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-25-extended-crime-file-example/rdf/extended-crime-file-pt4.ttl"