W3C

PROV Dictionary

W3C Working Draft 12 March 2013

This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/
Latest published version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dictionary/
Latest editor's draft:
http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dictionary/Overview.html
Previous version:
Editors:
Tom De Nies, iMinds - Ghent University
Sam Coppens, iMinds - Ghent University
Authors:
Paolo Missier, Newcastle University
Luc Moreau, University of Southampton
James Cheney, University of Edinburgh
Timothy Lebo, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Stian Soiland-Reyes, University of Manchester

Copyright © 2013 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.

Abstract

Provenance is information about entities, activities, and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness. This document describes extensions to PROV to facilitate the modeling of provenance for dictionary data structures. [PROV-DM] specifies a Collection as an entity that provides a structure to some constituents, which are themselves entities. However, some applications may need a mechanism to specify more structure to a Collection, in order to accurately describe its provenance. Therefore, in this document, we introduce Dictionary, a specific type of Collection with a logical structure consisting of key-value pairs.

The PROV Document Overview describes the overall state of PROV, and should be read before other PROV documents.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

PROV Family of Documents

This document is part of the PROV family of documents, a set of documents defining various aspects that are necessary to achieve the vision of inter-operable interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments such as the Web. These documents are listed below. Please consult the [PROV-OVERVIEW] for a guide to reading these documents.

This document was published by the Provenance Working Group as a First Public Working Draft. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-prov-comments@w3.org (subscribe, archives). All comments are welcome.

Publication as a First Public Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. The group does not expect this document to become a W3C Recommendation. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Provenance is a record that describes the people, institutions, entities, and activities involved in producing, influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a thing. The specifications [PROV-O], [PROV-DM], [PROV-N], and [PROV-XML] have respectively defined the PROV ontology, the PROV conceptual model, the PROV notation, and the PROV XML schema, allowing provenance descriptions to be expressed, represented in various representations, and interchanged between systems across the Web.

[PROV-DM] specifies Collection as an entity that provides a structure to some constituents, which are themselves entities. However, some applications may need a mechanism to specify more structure to a Collection, in order to accurately describe its provenance.

Therefore, this document introduces a new concept, Dictionary, that has a logical structure consisting of key-entity pairs.

2. Conceptual Definition of Dictionary

In this section a specific type of collection, as specified in [PROV-DM], is introduced. This new type of collection, Dictionary, is specified as follows.

Conceptually, a dictionary has a logical structure consisting of key-value pairs. This structure is often referred to as a map, and is a generic indexing mechanism that can abstract commonly used data structures, including associative lists, relational tables, ordered lists, and more. This document provides a mechanism to assert the provenance for these types of data structures, in the most general way, as a collection of key-value pairs, modified through insertions and deletions. Any more specialized structures can be modeled to some extent in terms of these key-value pairs. Here, we will discuss the provenance of dictionaries structured in terms of key-value pairs. However, how this key-value pair structure is translated to more specialized data structures, is beyond the scope of this document.

In this document, a dictionary is viewed as a snapshot of a data structure with key-value pairs, following a sequence of state-changing insertion and removal operations. These operations result in new snapshots, each snapshot forming a distinct and identifiable dictionary entity. Thus, when the structure of a dictionary changes (through insertions or removals), a new dictionary entity is defined, whereas the older dictionary entity remains the same.

Following the earlier definitions for generic collections, PROV-Dictionary defines the following types related to dictionaries:

Note that the complete content of a dictionary is unknown unless it can be traced back to an empty dictionary through a series of insertions and removals. If an asserter wants to explicitly state that a dictionary is empty, it is recommended that the prov:type prov:EmptyCollection is used.

Example 1 ◊
entity(d0, [prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary' ])  // d0 is an empty dictionary
entity(d1, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary'  ])      // d1 is a dictionary, with (so far) unknown content

2.1 Dictionary Membership

Similar to the collection membership relation, the dictionary membership allows stating the members of a Dictionary. However, it provides additional structure. Note that dictionary membership implies collection membership, but not vice versa. This implication is formalized in Inference D1.

A dictionary membership ◊ relation, written hadDictionaryMember(d, e_1, key_1), has:
  • dictionary: an identifier (d) for the dictionary whose members are asserted;
  • entity: an entity e_1 that is associated with the key and is a member of the dictionary;
  • key: a key key_1 that is associated with the specified entity. key_1 is a value ;

Keys cannot be repeated in the same dictionary. However, a dictionary can contain the same entity more than once, as long as it is associated with different keys.

Note that the collection membership relation, written hadMember(c, e), can be used when c has prov:type = 'prov:Collection' or prov:type = 'prov:Dictionary'. However, the dictionary membership, written hadDictionaryMember(d, e, "k"), can only be used when d has prov:type = 'prov:Dictionary'.

Example 2 ◊
entity(d, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])    // d1 is a dictionary, with (so far) unknown content

entity(e1)
entity(e2)

hadDictionaryMember(d, e1, "k1")  
hadDictionaryMember(d, e2, "k2")
From these descriptions, we conclude:
  • d had the following key-entity pairs as members: ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2), and may have contained others.

Thus, the membership of d is only partially known, unless it was derived through insertions and removals from an empty dictionary (See Completeness constraints).

2.2 Dictionary Insertion

An Insertion ◊ relation, written derivedByInsertionFrom(id; d2, d1, {(key_1, e_1), ..., (key_n, e_n)}, attrs), has:

  • id: an optional identifier identifying the relation;
  • after: an identifier (d2) for the dictionary after insertion;
  • before: an identifier (d1) for the dictionary before insertion;
  • key-entity-set: all inserted key-entity pairs (key_1, e_1), ..., (key_n, e_n). Here, each key_i is a value, and e_i is an identifier for the entity that has been inserted with the key; each key_i is expected to be unique for the key-entity-set, as formalized in Inference D2;
  • attributes: an optional set (attrs) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this relation.

An Insertion relation derivedByInsertionFrom(id; d2, d1, {(key_1, e_1), ..., (key_n, e_n)}) states that d2 is the dictionary following the insertion of pairs (key_1, e_1), ..., (key_n, e_n) into dictionary d1. Note that insertion and the specified key-entity-set are considered to be complete. This means that we assume that no unknown keys were inserted in or removed from a dictionary after an insertion. This is formalized in Inference D7.

Example 3 ◊
entity(d0, [prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary' ])    // d0 is an empty dictionary
entity(e1)
entity(e2)
entity(e3)
entity(d1, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])
entity(d2, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])

derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d0, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)})       
derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k3", e3)}, [ dcterms:description ="A second insertion" ])    //an insertion with optional attribute dcterms:description
From this set of descriptions, we conclude:
  • d0 was the dictionary { }
  • d1 was the dictionary { ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2) }
  • d2 was the dictionary { ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2), ("k3", e3) }

Futhermore, insertion provides an "update semantics" for the keys that are already present in a dictionary, since a new pair replaces an existing pair with the same key in the new dictionary. This is illustrated by the following example.

Example 4 ◊
entity(d0, [prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary' ])    // d0 is an empty dictionary
entity(e1)
entity(e2)
entity(e3)
entity(d1, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])
entity(d2, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])

derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d0, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)})       
derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", e3)})
This is a case of update of e1 to e3 for the same key, "k1".
From this set of descriptions, we conclude:
  • d0 was the dictionary { }
  • d1 was the dictionary { ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2) }
  • d2 was the dictionary { ("k1", e3), ("k2", e2) }

2.3 Dictionary Removal

A Removal ◊ relation, written derivedByRemovalFrom(id; d2, d1, {key_1, ... key_n}, attrs), has:

  • id: an optional identifier identifying the relation;
  • after: an identifier (d2) for the dictionary after the deletion;
  • before: an identifier (d1) for the dictionary before the deletion;
  • key-set: the set of deleted keys key_1, ..., key_n. Here, each key_i is a value;
  • attributes: an optional set (attrs) of attribute-value pairs representing additional information about this relation.

A Removal relation derivedByRemovalFrom(id; d2,d1, {key_1, ..., key_n}) states that d2 is the dictionary following the removal of the set of pairs corresponding to keys key_1...key_n from d1. If a key that is not present in the dictionary is removed, the dictionary remains unchanged. Note that removal and the specified key-set are considered to be complete. This means that we assume that no unknown keys were inserted in or removed from a dictionary after a removal. This is formalized in Inference D7.

Example 5 ◊
entity(d0, [prov:type="prov:EmptyDictionary"])    // d0 is an empty dictionary
entity(e1)
entity(e2)
entity(e3)
entity(d1, [prov:type="prov:Dictionary"])
entity(d2, [prov:type="prov:Dictionary"])
entity(d3, [prov:type="prov:Dictionary"])
entity(d4, [prov:type="prov:Dictionary"])

derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d0, {("k1", e1), ("k2",e2)})       
derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k3", e3)})
derivedByRemovalFrom(d3, d2, {"k1", "k3"})   
derivedByRemovalFrom(d4, d3, {"k1"})
From this set of descriptions, we conclude:
  • d0 was the dictionary { }
  • d1 was the dictionary { ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2) }
  • d2 was the dictionary { ("k1", e1), ("k2", e2), ("k3", e3) }
  • d3 was the dictionary { ("k2", e2) }
  • d4 was the dictionary { ("k2", e2) }
Note that "k1" was not present in d3, and thus its removal to obtain d4 did not change the contents of the dictionary.

3. PROV-N Notation of Dictionary Concepts

The notation used for dictionaries in this document extends the standard PROV-N according to the principles described in the PROV-N extensibility chapter. However, because dictionaries are defined in the same namespace as the rest of PROV-N, the terms in this document do not have a non-empty prefix. For the remainder of this document, we will assume that the default namespace http://www.w3.org/ns/prov# is used, and thus, no prefix is specified for the terms associated with dictionaries.
Note
Note that the use of a non-empty prefix for extensions of PROV-N is technically not valid. The terms used in this document can be made valid by the addition of a prefix "prov:" to all PROV-Dictionary terms. However, this would greatly reduce the readability of this document. The Working Group is currently discussing how to address this issue before the next Working Draft of this document.
The [Grammar for PROV-Dictionary] is available for download.

3.1 Dictionary and EmptyDictionary Expression

PROV-Dictionary provides no dedicated syntax for Collection and EmptyCollection. Dictionaries are declared in the same way as Collections. A Dictionary or an EmptyDictionary must be expressed as an entityExpression with attribute prov:type='prov:Dictionary', or prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary', respectively.
Example 6 ◊

The following two expressions are about a dictionary and an empty dictionary, respectively. 

  entity(ex:d1,   [ prov:type='prov:Dictionary' ])
  entity(ex:d2,   [ prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary' ])

3.2 Membership

membershipExpression ::= hadDictionaryMember ( dIdentifier , eIdentifier , key )

The following table summarizes how each constituent of a PROV-DM Membership maps to a non-terminal.

Dictionary MembershipNon-Terminal
dictionarydIdentifier
entityeIdentifier
keykey
Example 7 ◊

In this example, d is a dictionary known to have e0 as member, and may have other members.

entity(e0)

entity(d, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary'  ]) 
hadDictionaryMember(d, e0, "k0")

3.3 Insertion

derivationByInsertionFromExpression ::= derivedByInsertionFrom ( optionalIdentifier ; dIdentifier , dIdentifier , { keyValuePairs } , optionalAttributeValuePairs )

The following table summarizes how each constituent of a PROV-Dictionary Insertion maps to a non-terminal.

InsertionNon-Terminal
idoptionalIdentifier
afterdIdentifier
beforedIdentifier
key-value-pairskeyValuePairs
attributesoptionalAttributeValuePairs
Example 8 ◊
 derivedByInsertionFrom(id; d1, d, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)}, [])

Here id is the optional insertion identifier, d1 is the identifier for the dictionary after the insertion, d is the identifier for the dictionary before the insertion, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)} is the set of key-entity pairs that have been inserted in d, and [] is the optional (empty) set of attributes.

The remaining examples show cases where some of the optionals are omitted. 
 derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)})  
 derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d, {("k1", e1)})  
 derivedByInsertionFrom(d1, d, {("k1", e1), ("k2", e2)}, [])

3.4 Removal

derivationByRemovalFromExpression ::= derivedByRemovalFrom ( optionalIdentifier ; dIdentifier , dIdentifier , { keySet } , optionalAttributeValuePairs )

The following table summarizes how each constituent of a PROV-Dictionary Removal maps to a non-terminal.

RemovalNon-Terminal
idoptionalIdentifier
afterdIdentifier
beforedIdentifier
key-setkeySet
attributesoptionalAttributeValuePairs
Example 9 ◊
 derivedByRemovalFrom(id; d3, d, {"k1", "k2"}, [])

Here id is the optional removal identifier, d1 is the identifier for the collection after the removal, d is the identifier for the collection before the removal, {"k1", "k2"} is the set of keys that have been removed from d, and [] is the optional (empty) set of attributes.

The remaining examples show cases where some of the optionals are omitted. 
   derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d, {"k1", "k2"})               
   derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d, {"k1"})               
   derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d, {"k1", "k2"}, [])

3.5 Other expressions

For the notation of dictionaries, we used some new non-terminals. We provide their production rules here.

dIdentifier ::= identifier

key ::= literal

keyValuePairs ::= keyValuePair , keyValuePair

keyValuePair ::= ( key , eIdentifier )

keySet ::= key , key

4. PROV-O Representation of Dictionary

In this section, the ontological definition of prov:Dictionary is given, in order to extend [PROV-O] with dictionaries. For more information on the terminology, syntax and conventions used in this section, we refer to [PROV-O].

The classes and properties defined in this document will be included in the default namespace of PROV. Users of the ontology have the option of importing <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>, which includes all extensions, including PROV-Dictionary, or if they wish to have only [PROV-O] terms, they can import <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-o#>. Similarly, <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-dictionary#> holds only the PROV-Dictionary terms. The [OWL file for PROV-Dictionary] is available for download. (Note that this file is unfinished at the time of this working draft, and may be subject to change.)

A prov:Dictionary is a prov:Entity that acts as a container to some members, which are themselves entities. Specifically, a dictionary is composed of set of key-value pairs, where a literal key is used to identify a constituent entity within the dictionary.

Example 1
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:e1 a prov:Entity .
:e2 a prov:Entity .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary;
    prov:hadDictionaryMember [ 
       a prov:KeyValuePair;
       prov:pairKey   "k1"^^xsd:string;
       prov:pairValue :e1
     ], [ 
       a prov:KeyValuePair;
       prov:pairKey   "k2"^^xsd:string;
       prov:pairValue :e2
     ];
.

It is worth noting that :d1 may also have other members. If one wants to explicitly state that a dictionary has no members, that dictionary can be described as an instance of the subclass prov:EmptyDictionary.

To describe the provenance of a dictionary, PROV-Dictionary provides two kinds of influence: prov:qualifiedInsertion is used to describe that a dictionary was obtained from an existing dictionary by inserting a set of key-value pairs. prov:qualifiedRemoval is used to specify that a given dictionary was obtained from an existing dictionary by removing a set of key-value pairs. The example below specifies that the dictionary :d1 was obtained from the empty dictionary :d by inserting the key-value pairs ("k1", :e1) and ("k2", :e2).

Example 2
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:e1 a prov:Entity .
:e2 a prov:Entity .

:d  a prov:EmptyDictionary .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :d;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :d;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "k1"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :e1;
      ], [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "k2"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :e2;
      ];
   ]; 
.

Similarly, the example below specifies that the dictionary :d3 was obtained by removing the key-value pairs associated with the keys "k1" and "k2" from the dictionary :d2. Thus, :d3 does not contain the members ("k1", :e1) and ("k2", :e2) from :d2.

Example 3
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:d2 a prov:Dictionary .

:d3 a prov:Dictionary;
   prov:derivedByRemovalFrom :d2;
   prov:qualifiedRemoval [ 
      a prov:Removal;
      prov:dictionary :d2;
      prov:removedKey    "k1"^^xsd:string, 
                      "k3"^^xsd:string;
   ];
.

4.1 Overview

These terms are used to describe the provenance of dictionaries.

4.2 Dictionary Classes

Class: prov:Dictionary back to overview

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Dictionary

A dictionary is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents, which are themselves entities. These constituents are said to be member of the dictionary.

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix my:     <http://example.org/ontology#> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:seating_chart_2012
   a prov:Dictionary, prov:Collection, prov:Entity, my:SeatingChart;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :seating_chart_2011;
   dcterms:date "2012";
   my:hasTotalStudents 45;
.

This concept allows for the provenance of the dictionary, but also of its constituents to be expressed. Such a notion of dictionary corresponds to a wide variety of concrete data structures, such as a maps or associative arrays.

A given dictionary forms a given structure for its members. A different structure (obtained either by insertion or removal of members) constitutes a different dictionary.

is subclass of
prov:Collection
described with properties
prov:hadDictionaryMemberop prov:derivedByInsertionFromop prov:qualifiedRemovalop prov:qualifiedInsertionop prov:derivedByRemovalFromop
in range of
prov:derivedByInsertionFromop prov:derivedByRemovalFromop prov:dictionaryop
has subclass
prov:EmptyDictionary

Class: prov:EmptyDictionary back to overview

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#EmptyDictionary

Example 
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:e1 a prov:Entity .
:e2 a prov:Entity .

:d  a prov:EmptyDictionary
.

An empty dictionary (i.e. has no members).

is subclass of
prov:Dictionary prov:EmptyCollection

Class: prov:Insertion back to overview

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Insertion

Insertion is a derivation that transforms a dictionary into another, by insertion of one or more key-value pairs.

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-NEW-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe>;
      ];
   ];
.

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe> a prov:Entity .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions a prov:Dictionary .

Insertion is a derivation that transforms a dictionary into another, by insertion of one or more key-value pairs.

is subclass of
prov:Derivation
described with properties
prov:dictionary prov:insertedKeyValuePair
in range of
prov:qualifiedInsertionop
qualifies
prov:derivedByInsertionFrom

Class: prov:KeyValuePair back to overview

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#KeyValuePair

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .


:our-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
    prov:hadDictionaryMember [
       a prov:KeyValuePair;
       prov:pairKey "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
       prov:pairValue :george;
    ];
    prov:hadDictionaryMember [
       a prov:KeyValuePair;
       prov:pairKey "pitcher"^^xsd:string;
       prov:pairValue :carl;
    ];
.

:george a prov:Entity .
:carl   a prov:Entity .

A key-value pair. Part of a prov:Dictionary through prov:hadDictionaryMember. The key is any RDF Literal, the value is a prov:Entity.

described with properties
prov:pairKeydp prov:pairValueop
in range of
prov:hadDictionaryMemberop prov:insertedKeyValuePairop

Class: prov:Removal back to overview

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Removal

Removal is a derivation that transforms a dictionary into another, by removing one or more key-value pairs.

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary .

:d2 
   a prov:Dictionary, 
     prov:Entity;
   prov:derivedByRemovalFrom :d1;
   prov:qualifiedRemoval [
      a prov:Removal, prov:DictionaryInvolvement;
      prov:dictionary :d1;
      prov:removedKey "k1"^^xsd:string, 
                      "k2"^^xsd:string;
   ];
.

Removal is a derivation that transforms a dictionary into another, by removing one or more key-value pairs specified by prov:removedKey.

is subclass of
prov:Derivation
described with properties
prov:dictionary prov:removedKeydp
in range of
prov:qualifiedRemovalop
qualifies
prov:derivedByRemovalFrom

4.3 Dictionary Properties

Property: prov:derivedByInsertionFromop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#derivedByInsertionFrom

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .


:e1 a prov:Entity .
:e2 a prov:Entity .

:d  a prov:EmptyDictionary .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :d;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :d;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "k1"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :e1;
      ], [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "k2"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :e2;
      ];
   ]; 
.

The dictionary was derived from the other by insertion. prov:qualifiedInsertion shows details of the insertion, in particular the inserted key-value pairs.

has super-properties
has domain
has range
can be qualified with

Property: prov:derivedByRemovalFromop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#derivedByRemovalFrom

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary .

:d2 
   a prov:Dictionary, prov:Entity;
   prov:derivedByRemovalFrom :d1;
   prov:qualifiedRemoval [
      a prov:Removal;
      prov:dictionary :d1;
      prov:removedKey "k1"^^xsd:string, 
                      "k2"^^xsd:string;
   ];
.

The dictionary was derived from the other by removal. prov:qualifiedRemoval shows details of the removal, in particular the removed key-value pairs.

has super-properties
has domain
has range
can be qualified with

Property: prov:dictionaryop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#dictionary

Example 
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.org/> .

:e1 a prov:Entity .

:d  a prov:EmptyDictionary .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :d;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :d;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "k1"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :e1;
      ];
   ]; 
.

The property used by a prov:Insertion and prov:Removal to cite the prov:Dictionary that was prov:derivedByInsertionFrom or prov:derivedByRemovalFrom another dictionary.

has super-properties
has domain
has range

Property: prov:insertedKeyValuePairop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#insertedKeyValuePair

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-NEW-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe>;
      ];
   ];
.

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe> a prov:Entity .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions a prov:Dictionary .

An object property to refer to the prov:KeyValuePair inserted into a prov:Dictionary.

has domain
has range

Property: prov:hadDictionaryMemberop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadDictionaryMember

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
      prov:hadDictionaryMember [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :george;
      ], [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "pitcher"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :carl;
      ];
.

:george a prov:Entity .
:carl   a prov:Entity .

Describes the key-value pair that was member of a prov:Dictionary. A dictionary can have multiple members.

has domain
has range

Property: prov:pairKeydp

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#pairKey

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
      prov:hadDictionaryMember [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :george;
      ], [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "pitcher"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :carl;
      ];
.

:george a prov:Entity .
:carl   a prov:Entity .

The key of a KeyValuePair, which is an element of a prov:Dictionary.

has characteristics Functional

has domain
has range
  • http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal

Property: prov:pairValueop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#pairValue

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
      prov:hadDictionaryMember [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :george;
      ], [
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey "pitcher"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue :carl;
      ];
.

:george a prov:Entity .
:carl   a prov:Entity .

The value of a KeyValuePair.

has characteristics Functional

has domain
has range

Property: prov:qualifiedInsertionop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedInsertion

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:our-NEW-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions;
   prov:derivedByInsertionFrom :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
   prov:qualifiedInsertion [ 
      a prov:Insertion;
      prov:dictionary :our-old-baseball-team-field-positions;
      prov:insertedKeyValuePair [ 
         a prov:KeyValuePair;
         prov:pairKey   "first-baseman"^^xsd:string;
         prov:pairValue <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe>;
      ];
   ];
.

<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jim_Thorpe> a prov:Entity .

:our-old-baseball-team-field-positions
   a prov:Dictionary, 
         :FieldPositions  .

The dictionary was derived from the other by insertion. prov:qualifiedInsertion shows details of the insertion, in particular the inserted key-value pairs.

has domain
has range
qualifies
prov:derivedByInsertionFrom

Property: prov:qualifiedRemovalop

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedRemoval

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:d1 a prov:Dictionary .

:d2 
   a prov:Dictionary, prov:Entity;
   prov:derivedByRemovalFrom :d1;
   prov:qualifiedRemoval [
      a prov:Removal;
      prov:dictionary :d1;
      prov:removedKey "k1"^^xsd:string, 
                      "k2"^^xsd:string;
   ];
.

The dictionary was derived from the other by removal. prov:qualifiedRemoval shows details of the removal, in particular the removed keys.

has domain
has range
qualifies
prov:derivedByRemovalFrom

Property: prov:removedKeydp

IRI:http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#removedKey

Example 
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix :     <http://example.com/> .

:d2 
   a prov:Dictionary, 
     prov:Entity;
   prov:derivedByRemovalFrom :d1;
   prov:qualifiedRemoval [
      a prov:Removal, 
        prov:DictionaryInvolvement;
      prov:dictionary :d1;
      prov:removedKey "k1"^^xsd:string, 
                       1337, 
                       3.14;
   ];
.

The key removed in a Removal.

has domain
has range
  • http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal

5. PROV-XML Representation of Dictionary

This section details how to describe dictionaries with the [PROV-XML] serialization. The [XML schema for PROV-Dictionary] is available for download.
Note
The Working Group is currently discussing the best way of disseminating the XML Schema for PROV-DM and its extensions. For now, we recommend importing both the [PROV-XML Schema] and the [XML schema for PROV-Dictionary].

5.1 Dictionary

To specialize an Entity as a Dictionary, include a prov:type with the value "prov:Dictionary".

An EmptyDictionary is asserted with the prov:type "prov:EmptyDictionary" and denotes a Dictionary with no members.

Example 4
<prov:document
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
    xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">

  <!-- d0 is an empty dictionary -->
  <prov:entity prov:id="d0">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:EmptyDictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>

  <!-- d1 is a dictionary, with (so far) unknown content -->
  <prov:entity prov:id="d1">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>

</prov:document>

5.2 Key-Value Pair

Key-value pairs are used to identify the members of a dictionary.

<xs:complexType xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="KeyValuePair"  >
  <xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef" />
  <xs:element name="key" type="xs:anySimpleType" />
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="keyValuePair" type="prov:KeyValuePair"/>
Example 5
<prov:document>
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
    xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">

  <prov:entity prov:id="e0"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e1"/>
  
  <prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:entity prov:ref="e0"/>
    <prov:key>k0</prov:key>
  </prov:keyValuePair>
  
  <prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:entity prov:ref="e1"/>
    <prov:key>k1</prov:key>
  </prov:keyValuePair>
</prov:document>

5.3 Dictionary Membership

The members of a dictionary are specified by listing key-value pairs inside a prov:DictionaryMembership element

<xs:complexType xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="DictionaryMembership">
  <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="dictionary" type="prov:IDRef"/>
	<xs:element name="keyValuePair type="prov:KeyValuePair" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="hadDictionaryMember" type="prov:DictionaryMembership"/>
Example 6
<prov:document
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">

  <prov:entity prov:id="e0"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e1"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e2"/>

  <prov:entity prov:id="d">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>

  <prov:hadDictionaryMember>
    <prov:dictionary prov:ref="d"/>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e0"/>
      <prov:key>k0</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e1"/>
      <prov:key>k1</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e2"/>
      <prov:key>k2</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
  </prov:hadDictionaryMember>

</prov:document>

5.4 Insertion

To specify that one dictionary was derived by insertion of key-value pairs into another one, a prov:Insertion element is used.

<xs:complexType xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="Insertion">
  <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="newDictionary" type="prov:IDRef"/>
    <xs:element name="oldDictionary" type="prov:IDRef"/>
	<xs:element name="keyValuePair type="prov:KeyValuePair" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="derivedByInsertionFrom" type="prov:Insertion"/>
Example 7
<prov:document
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">

  <prov:entity prov:id="e0"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e1"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e2"/>

  <prov:entity prov:id="d1">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>
  
  <prov:entity prov:id="d2">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>

  <prov:hadDictionaryMember>
    <prov:dictionary prov:ref="d1"/>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e0"/>
      <prov:key>k0</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
  </prov:hadDictionaryMember>
  
  <prov:derivedByInsertionFrom>
    <prov:newDictionary prov:ref="d2"/>
    <prov:oldDictionary prov:ref="d1"/>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e1"/>
      <prov:key>k1</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e2"/>
      <prov:key>k2</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
  </prov:derivedByInsertionFrom>
  
</prov:document>

5.5 Removal

To specify that one dictionary was derived by removal of key-value pairs from another one, a prov:Removal element is used.

<xs:complexType xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="Removal">
  <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="newDictionary" type="prov:IDRef"/>
    <xs:element name="oldDictionary" type="prov:IDRef"/>
    <xs:element name="key" type="xs:anySimpleType" maxOccurs="unbounded" />
  </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="derivedByRemovalFrom" type="prov:Removal"/>
Example 8
<prov:document
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#">

  <prov:entity prov:id="e0"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e1"/>
  <prov:entity prov:id="e2"/>

  <prov:entity prov:id="d1">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>
  
  <prov:entity prov:id="d2">
    <prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Dictionary</prov:type>
  </prov:entity>

  <prov:hadDictionaryMember>
    <prov:dictionary prov:ref="d1"/>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e0"/>
      <prov:key>k0</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e1"/>
      <prov:key>k1</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
    <prov:keyValuePair>
      <prov:entity prov:ref="e2"/>
      <prov:key>k2</prov:key>
    </prov:keyValuePair>
  </prov:hadDictionaryMember>
  
  <prov:derivedByRemovalFrom>
    <prov:newDictionary prov:ref="d2"/>
    <prov:oldDictionary prov:ref="d1"/>
    <prov:key>k1</prov:key>
    <prov:key>k2</prov:key>
  </prov:derivedByRemovalFrom>
  
</prov:document>

6. Constraints Associated with Dictionary

In this section, we specify some inferences and constraints associated with dictionaries. These inferences and constraints may be applied to obtain valid provenance when using dictionaries. For more information about valid provenance and its purpose, we refer to the disclaimer in [PROV-CONSTRAINTS]. Whereas collections were deliberately left unconstrained in [PROV-DM] and [PROV-CONSTRAINTS] to remain as general as possible, dictionaries are intended to provide more structure, and thus, are constrained more strictly. For more information on how to read this section, we refer to [PROV-CONSTRAINTS].

6.1 Inferences

Dictionary membership implies collection membership.

Inference D1 (dictionary-membership-collection-membership)

IF hadDictionaryMember(d, e1, "k1") THEN hadMember(d, e1)

Each key maps to a single entity.

Inference D2 (key-single-entity)

IF hadDictionaryMember(d1, e1, "k1") and hadDictionaryMember(d1, e2, "k1") THEN e1 = e2

If a dictionary was derived from another dictionary by an insertion, then the former holds all key-entity pairs of the latter, except those updated by the insertion.

Inference D3 (membership-insertion-membership)

IF hadDictionaryMember(d1, e, "k") and derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", e1),...,("kn", en)}) and k ∉ {"k1",...,"kn"} THEN hadDictionaryMember(d2, e, "k")

A dictionary that was derived by an insertion of key-entity pairs, holds all these specified key-entity pairs. This inference also means that Insertion provides an "update semantics" for the keys that are already present in a dictionary.

Inference D4 (insertion-membership)

IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", e1),...,("kn",en)}) THEN hadDictionaryMember(d2, ei, "ki") for each i ∈ [1..n]

Insertion and removal are special cases of derivation.

Inference D5 (insertion-derivation)

IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", e1),...,("kn",en)}) THEN wasDerivedFrom(d2, d1)

Inference D6 (removal-derivation)

IF derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, {"k1",...,"kn"}) THEN wasDerivedFrom(d2, d1)

Insertions and removals do not introduce any new key-entity pairs, other than those specified.

Inference D7 (insertion-removal-membership)
  1. IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", _e1)}) and derivedByRemovalFrom(d3, d2, {"k1"}) and hadDictionaryMember(d1, e2, "k2") and k1 ≠ k2 THEN hadDictionaryMember(d3, e2, "k2")
  2. IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, {("k1", _e1)}) and derivedByRemovalFrom(d3, d2, {"k1"}) and hadDictionaryMember(d3, e2, "k2") and k1 ≠ k2 THEN hadDictionaryMember(d1, e2, "k2")
Note that this inference, together with constraints D9, D10 and D11, and the fact that an EmptyDictionary does not contain any key-entity pairs, guarantees completeness of a dictionary, if it can be traced back to an EmptyDictionary through insertions and removals. Here, completeness means that all key-entity pairs of the dictionary are known through a hadDictionaryMember statement.

6.2 Constraints

A dictionary that was derived by removal from another dictionary, cannot contain the key-entity pairs that were removed from the latter.

Constraint D8 (impossible-removal-membership)

IF derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, {"k1",...,"kn"}) and hadDictionaryMember(d2, e, "ki") and i ∈ [1..n] THEN INVALID

A dictionary must not be derived through multiple insertion or removal relations.

Constraint D9 (impossible-removal-insertion)

Here, KV1 and KV2 are sets of key-entity pairs.

IF derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, KV1) and derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, KV2)THEN INVALID

Constraint D10 (impossible-insertion-insertion)

Here, KV1 and KV2 are sets of key-entity pairs.

IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, KV1) and derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, KV2)THEN KV1 = KV2

Constraint D11 (impossible-removal-removal)

Here, K1 and K2 are sets of keys.

IF derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, K1) and derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, K2)THEN K1 = K2

6.3 Typing

Constraint D12 (typing)

  1. IF entity(d, [prov:type='prov:Dictionary']) THEN 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d)

  2. IF entity(d, [prov:type='prov:EmptyDictionary']) THEN 'prov:EmptyDictionary' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'prov:EmptyCollection' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d)

  3. IF hadDictionaryMember(d, e, "k") THEN 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(e)

  4. Here, KV is a set of key-entity pairs

    IF derivedByInsertionFrom(d2, d1, KV) THEN 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d2) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d2) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d2) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(e1)

  5. Here, K is a set of keys

    IF derivedByRemovalFrom(d2, d1, K) THEN 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'prov:Dictionary' ∈ typeOf(d2) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d1) and 'prov:Collection' ∈ typeOf(d2) and 'entity' ∈ typeOf(d2)

A. Acknowledgements

Members of the Provenance Working Group at the time of publication of this document were: Ilkay Altintas (Invited expert), Reza B'Far (Oracle Corporation), Khalid Belhajjame (University of Manchester), James Cheney (University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics), Sam Coppens (iMinds - Ghent University), David Corsar (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science), Stephen Cresswell (The National Archives), Tom De Nies (iMinds - Ghent University), Helena Deus (DERI Galway at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland), Simon Dobson (Invited expert), Martin Doerr (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)), Kai Eckert (Invited expert), Jean-Pierre EVAIN (European Broadcasting Union, EBU-UER), James Frew (Invited expert), Irini Fundulaki (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)), Daniel Garijo (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid), Yolanda Gil (Invited expert), Ryan Golden (Oracle Corporation), Paul Groth (Vrije Universiteit), Olaf Hartig (Invited expert), David Hau (National Cancer Institute, NCI), Sandro Hawke (W3C/MIT), Jörn Hees (German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Gmbh), Ivan Herman, (W3C/ERCIM), Ralph Hodgson (TopQuadrant), Hook Hua (Invited expert), Trung Dong Huynh (University of Southampton), Graham Klyne (University of Oxford), Michael Lang (Revelytix, Inc.), Timothy Lebo (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), James McCusker (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Deborah McGuinness (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Simon Miles (Invited expert), Paolo Missier (School of Computing Science, Newcastle university), Luc Moreau (University of Southampton), James Myers (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Vinh Nguyen (Wright State University), Edoardo Pignotti (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science), Paulo da Silva Pinheiro (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Carl Reed (Open Geospatial Consortium), Adam Retter (Invited Expert), Christine Runnegar (Invited expert), Satya Sahoo (Invited expert), David Schaengold (Revelytix, Inc.), Daniel Schutzer (FSTC, Financial Services Technology Consortium), Yogesh Simmhan (Invited expert), Stian Soiland-Reyes (University of Manchester), Eric Stephan (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), Linda Stewart (The National Archives), Ed Summers (Library of Congress), Maria Theodoridou (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)), Ted Thibodeau (OpenLink Software Inc.), Curt Tilmes (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Craig Trim (IBM Corporation), Stephan Zednik (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Jun Zhao (University of Oxford), Yuting Zhao (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science).

B. References

B.1 Informative references

[PROV-AQ]
Graham Klyne; Paul Groth; eds. Provenance Access and Query. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-aq-20130312/
[PROV-CONSTRAINTS]
James Cheney; Paolo Missier; Luc Moreau; eds. Constraints of the PROV Data Model. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-constraints-20130312/
[PROV-DC]
Daniel Garijo; Kai Eckert; eds. Dublin Core to PROV Mapping. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dc-20130312/
[PROV-DICTIONARY]
Tom De Nies; Sam Coppens; eds. PROV Dictionary. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-dictionary-20130312/
[PROV-DM]
Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-dm-20130312/
[PROV-N]
Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. PROV-N: The Provenance Notation. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-n-20130312/
[PROV-O]
Timothy Lebo; Satya Sahoo; Deborah McGuinness; eds. PROV-O: The PROV Ontology. 12 March 2013, W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-prov-o-20130312/
[PROV-OVERVIEW]
Paul Groth; Luc Moreau; eds. PROV-OVERVIEW: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-overview-20130312/
[PROV-PRIMER]
Yolanda Gil; Simon Miles; eds. PROV Model Primer. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-primer-20130312/
[PROV-SEM]
James Cheney; ed. Semantics of the PROV Data Model. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-sem-20130312.
[PROV-XML]
Hook Hua; Curt Tilmes; Stephan Zednik; eds. PROV-XML: The PROV XML Schema. 12 March 2013, Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-prov-xml-20130312/