--- a/model/ProvenanceModel.html Fri Nov 11 12:36:38 2011 +0000
+++ b/model/ProvenanceModel.html Fri Nov 11 13:00:17 2011 +0000
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
berjon.biblio[k] = extraReferences[k];
};
var extraReferences = {
+ "Logic":
+ "W. E. Johnson"+
+ "<a href=\"http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html\"><cite>Logic: Part III</cite></a>."+
+ "1924. "+
+ "URL: <a href=\"http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html\">http://www.ditext.com/johnson/intro-3.html</a>",
"PROV-SEMANTICS":
"James Cheney "+
"<a href=\"http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/FormalSemanticsStrawman\"><cite>Formal Semantics Strawman</cite></a>. "+
@@ -137,7 +142,7 @@
<section id="abstract">
<p>
PROV-DM is a core data model for provenance for building
-representations of the entities, people and processes involved in
+representations of the entities, people and activities involved in
producing a piece of data or thing in the world. PROV-DM is
domain-agnotisc, but with well-defined extensibility points allowing
further domain-specific and application-specific extensions to be
@@ -161,7 +166,7 @@
<p>
The term 'provenance' refers to the sources of information, such
-as people, entities, and processes, involved in producing,
+as people, entities, and activities, involved in producing,
influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a thing in the world.
In particular, the provenance of information is crucial in deciding
whether information is to be trusted, how it should be integrated with
@@ -212,9 +217,10 @@
<p><a href="#data-model-concepts">Section 5</a> provides the normative definition of PROV-DM and the notation PROV-ASN.</p>
+<p><a href="#prov-dm-shortcuts-and-abbreviations">Section 7</a> consists of common domain-independent shortcuts and abbreviations such as collection-related concepts and common relations.</p>
+
<p><a href="#extensibility-section">Section 6</a> summarizes PROV-DM extensibility points.</p>
-<p><a href="#prov-dm-extensions">Section 7</a> consists of common domain-independent extensions such as collection-related concepts and common relations.</p>
<p><a href="#resource-section">Section 8</a> discusses how the PROV-DM can be applied to the notion of resource.</p>
@@ -262,18 +268,18 @@
<p>When we talk about things in the world in natural language and even when we assign identifiers, we are often imprecise in ways that make it difficult to clearly and unambiguously report provenance: a resource with a URL may be understood as referring to a report available at that URL, the version of the report available there today, the report independent of where it is hosted over time, etc.</p>
-<p>Hence, to accommodate different perspectives on things and their situation in the world as perceived by us, we introduce the concept of <dfn id="concept-characterized-thing">characterized thing</dfn>, which refers to a thing and its situation in the world, as characterized by someone. A characterized thing <em>fixes some aspects</em> of a thing and its situation in the world, so that it becomes possible to express its provenance, and what causes these specific aspects to be as such. An alternative characterized thing may fix other aspects, and its provenance may be different.</p>
+<p>Hence, to accommodate different perspectives on things and their situation in the world as perceived by us, we introduce the idea of a characterized thing, which refers to a thing and its situation in the world, as characterized by someone. We then define an <dfn id="concept-entity">entity</dfn> as an identifiable characterized thing. An entity <em>fixes some aspects</em> of a thing and its situation in the world, so that it becomes possible to express its provenance, and what causes these specific aspects to be as such. An alternative entity may fix other aspects, and its provenance may be different.</p>
<div class="xmpl">
Different users may take different perspectives on a resource with
a URL. These perspectives in this conceptualization of the world are
-referred to as characterized things. Three such characterized things may be
+referred to as entities. Three such entities may be
expressed:
<ul>
<li>a report available at URL: fixes the nature of the thing, i.e. a document, and its location; </li>
<li>the version of the report available there today: fixes its version number, contents, and its date;</li>
<li>the report independent of where it is hosted and of its content over time: fixes the nature of the thing as a conceptual artifact.</li></ul>
-The provenance of these three characterized things will differ, and may be along the follow lines:
+The provenance of these three entities will differ, and may be along the follow lines:
<ul>
<li>the provenance of a report available at URL may include: the act of publishing it and making it available at a given location, possibly under some license and access control;</li>
<li>the provenance of the version of the report available there today may include: the authorship of the specific content, and reference to imported content;</li>
@@ -285,33 +291,35 @@
<div class='paolo'>can we follow through from the example. thare three perspectives, possibly by just one observer or multiple ones. but <strong>why is it so important for reporting provenance</strong> that this distinction is made? I feel we need to connect this approach to provenance recording strongly and right away</div>
-->
-<p>We do not assume that any characterization is more important than any other, and in fact, it is possible to describe the processing that occurred for the report to be commissioned, for individual versions to be created, for those versions to be published at the given URL, etc., each via a different characterized thing that characterizes the report appropriately.</p>
+<p>We do not assume that any characterization is more important than any other, and in fact, it is possible to describe the processing that occurred for the report to be commissioned, for individual versions to be created, for those versions to be published at the given URL, etc., each via a different entity that characterizes the report appropriately.</p>
<p>In the world, <dfn id="concept-activity">activities</dfn> involve
-things in multiple ways: they consume them, they process them, they
+entities in multiple ways: they consume them, they process them, they
transform them, they modify them, they change them, they relocate
them, they use them, they generate them, they are controlled by them,
etc.</p>
-<p>In our conceptualization of the world, instantaneous events, or <dfn id="concept-event">events</dfn> for short, happen in the world, which mark changes in the world, in its activities, and in its things. This specification assumes that a partial order exists between events. How practically such order is realized is beyond the scope of this specification. Possible implementations of that ordering include a single global notion of time and Lamport's style clocks.</p>
-
-<p> In this specification, the qualifier 'identifiable' is implicit whenever a reference is made to an activity or characterized thing.</p>
-
-
-<div class='note'>
-Now that "entity expression" is used to refer to the
-language construct, the term "entity" can unambiguously refer to the thing
-described by that construct; i.e. the characterized thing.
-This is raised in the following <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-wg/2011Sep/0315.html">email</a>.</div>
+<p>In our conceptualization of the world, instantaneous events, or <dfn id="concept-event">events</dfn> for short, happen in the world, which mark changes in the world, in its activities, and in its entities. This specification assumes that a partial order exists between events. How practically such order is realized is beyond the scope of this specification. Possible implementations of that ordering include a single global notion of time and Lamport's style clocks.</p>
+
+<p> In this specification, the qualifier 'identifiable' is implicit whenever a reference is made to an activity or an entity.</p>
+
</section>
<section>
<h3>PROV-ASN: The Provenance Abstract Syntax Notation</h3>
-<p>This specification defines PROV-DM, a data model for provenance, and relies on a language, PROV-ASN, the Provenance Abstract Syntax Notation, to express
-<em>instances</em> of that data model. </p>
+<p>This specification defines PROV-DM, a data model for provenance, consisting of provenance records describing how people, entities, and activities, were involved in producing,
+influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a thing in the world.</p>
+
+<p>This specification also relies on a language, PROV-ASN, the Provenance Abstract Syntax Notation, to express
+<em>instances</em> of that data model.
+For each construct of PROV-DM, a corresponding ASN expression is introduced, by way of a production in the ASN grammar. </p>
+
+
+
+
<p>PROV-ASN is an abstract syntax, whose goals are:
<ul>
@@ -320,7 +328,7 @@
<li>to provide the basis for a formal semantics.
</ul>
-<p>This specification provides a grammar for PROV-ASN. Each expression of the PROV-DM data model is explained
+<p>This specification provides a grammar for PROV-ASN. Each record of the PROV-DM data model is explained
in terms of the production of this grammar.</p>
@@ -400,26 +408,30 @@
<p>The model includes the following elements:</p>
<ul>
- <li>An <strong>Entity Expression</strong> (noted <samp>entity</samp> in the diagram, to reflect the term used in the ASN) is a representation of a <em>characterized thing</em>. The EntityExpression may specify a set of <strong>characterizing attributes</strong>. The
+ <li>An <strong>Entity Record</strong> (noted <samp>entity</samp> in the diagram, to reflect the term used in the ASN) is a representation of an <em>entity</em>. The EntityRecord may specify a set of <strong>attributes</strong>. The
<strong>wasComplementOf</strong> relationship is used to denote that two <samp>entities</samp> <em>complement</em> each other, in the sense that they each represent a partial, but mutually compatible characterization of the same thing.</li>
- <li>A<strong>Process Execution Expression </strong>(noted <samp>processExecution</samp> in the diagram) represents an activity that has an effect on entities, namely it either <em>generates</em> or <em>uses</em> one or more entities. Use and generation are modelled by means of the <strong>used</strong> and the <strong>wasGeneratedBy</strong> relationships. Additionally, one can use the <strong>hadParticipant</strong> relation to indicate participation of an <samp>entity</samp> in a <samp>processExecution</samp>. Activities may include not only computations, but also any other type of activity that can be described in terms of their effect on <samp>entities</samp>.
-Note that multiple <samp>processExecution</samp>s may <em>use</em> the same <samp>entity</samp>, and each may use multiple <samp>entities</samp>. Finally, entities can be derived from other entities, and this is specified using the <strong>wasDerivedFrom</strong> relation.</li>
+ <li>An <strong>Activity Record </strong>(noted <samp>activity</samp> in the diagram) represents an activity that has an effect on entities, namely it either <em>generates</em> or <em>uses</em> one or more entities. Use and generation are modelled by means of the <strong>used</strong> and the <strong>wasGeneratedBy</strong> relationships. Additionally, one can use the <strong>hadParticipant</strong> relation to indicate participation of an <samp>entity</samp> in a <samp>activity</samp>. Activities may include not only computations, but also any other type of activity that can be described in terms of their effect on <samp>entities</samp>.
+Note that multiple <samp>activities</samp> may <em>use</em> the same <samp>entity</samp>, and each may use multiple <samp>entities</samp>. Finally, entities can be derived from other entities, and this is specified using the <strong>wasDerivedFrom</strong> relation.</li>
- <li>An <strong>Agent Expression</strong> represent a particular <samp>entity</samp> that can be associated to activities, meaning it is capable of controlling <samp>processExecutions</samp>.
+ <li>An <strong>Agent Record</strong> represent a particular <samp>entity</samp> that can be associated to activities, meaning it is capable of controlling <samp>activitys</samp>.
Agents have a rather generic connotation: their association with an activity, represented by the <strong>controlledBy</strong> relationship, can take up various meanings (attribution, responsibility, supervision, management, etc.), which are not individually specified in the model.</li>
</ul>
-
-The model includes two additional elements: <strong>qualifiers</strong> and <strong>annotations</strong>. These are both structured as sets of attribute-value pairs.
- <ul><li> Qualifiers can be associated to relations, namely <strong>use</strong> and <strong>wasGeneratedBy</strong>, in order to further characterize their nature. <strong>Role</strong> is a pre-defined qualifier.</li>
-<li> Annotations are used to provide additional, "free-form" information regarding <strong>any</strong> identifiable construct of the model, with no prescribed meaning. The difference between attributes and annotations is further clarified <a href="#expression-annotation">here</a>. </li>
-</ul>
+<p> Set of attribute-value pairs can be associated to relations,
+namely <strong>used</strong>, <strong>wasGeneratedBy</strong>
+and <strong>wasControlledBy</strong>, in order to further characterize
+their nature. <strong>Role</strong> is a pre-defined attribute.</li>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The model includes a further additional elements: <strong>annotations</strong>. These are also structured as sets of attribute-value pairs. Annotations are used to provide additional, "free-form" information regarding <strong>any</strong> identifiable construct of the model, with no prescribed meaning. The difference between attributes in annotation attributes and the other attributes is further clarified <a href="#record-annotation">here</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Attributes and annotations are the main <strong>extensibility points</strong> in the model: individual interest groups are expected to extend PROV-DM by introducing new sets of attributes and annotations as needed to address applications-specific provenance modelling requirements. </p>
-Attributes, qualifiers, and annotation are the main <strong>extensibility points</strong> in the model: individual interest groups are expected to extend PROV-DM by introducing new sets of attributes, qualifiers, and annotations as needed to address applications-specific provenance modelling requirements.
-
-
- </section>
+</section>
<section class="informative" id="prov-dm-example">
@@ -483,7 +495,7 @@
In this section, the example is encoded according to the provenance data model (specified in section <a href="#data-model-concepts">PROV-DM: The Provenance Data Model</a>) and expressed in PROV-ASN.
<p>
-Entity Expressions (described in <a href="#expression-Entity">Section Entity</a>). The file in its various forms and its copies are modelled as entity expressions, corresponding to multiple characterizations, as per scenario. The entity expressions are identified by <span class="name">e0</span>, ..., <span class="name">e6</span>.</p>
+Entity Records (described in <a href="#record-Entity">Section Entity</a>). The file in its various forms and its copies are modelled as entity records, corresponding to multiple characterizations, as per scenario. The entity records are identified by <span class="name">e0</span>, ..., <span class="name">e6</span>.</p>
<pre>
entity(e0, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice" ])
entity(e1, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice", content="" ])
@@ -496,7 +508,7 @@
-<p>These entity expression list attributes that have been given values during intervals delimited by events; such intervals are referred to as <em>characterization intervals</em>. The following table lists all entity identifiers and their corresponding characterization intervals. When the end of the characterization interval is not delimited by an event described in this scenario, it is marked by "...".</p>
+<p>These entity records list attributes that have been given values during intervals delimited by events; such intervals are referred to as <em>characterization intervals</em>. The following table lists all entity identifiers and their corresponding characterization intervals. When the end of the characterization interval is not delimited by an event described in this scenario, it is marked by "...".</p>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr><td>Entity</td><td>Characterization Interval</td></tr>
@@ -513,59 +525,59 @@
<p>
-Process Execution Expressions (described in <a href="#expression-ProcessExecution">Section Process Execution</a>) represent activities in the scenario.</p>
+Activity Records (described in <a href="#record-Activity">Section Activity</a>) represent activities in the scenario.</p>
<pre>
-processExecution(pe0,create-file,t,,[])
-processExecution(pe1,add-crime-in-london,t+1,,[])
-processExecution(pe2,email,t+2,,[])
-processExecution(pe3,edit-London-New-York,t+3,,[])
-processExecution(pe4,email,t+4,,[])
-processExecution(pe5,spellcheck,,,[])
+activity(pe0,create-file,t,,[])
+activity(pe1,add-crime-in-london,t+1,,[])
+activity(pe2,email,t+2,,[])
+activity(pe3,edit-London-New-York,t+3,,[])
+activity(pe4,email,t+4,,[])
+activity(pe5,spellcheck,,,[])
</pre>
<p>
-Generation Expressions (described in <a href="#expression-Generation">Section Generation</a>) represent the event at which a file is created in a specific form. To describe the modalities according to which the various characterized things are generated by a given activity, a qualifier (expression described in <a href="#expression-qualifier">Section Qualifier</a>) is introduced. The interpretation of qualifiers is application specific. Illustrations of such qualifiers for the scenario are: no qualifier is provided for <span class="name">e0</span>;
+Generation Records (described in <a href="#record-Generation">Section Generation</a>) represent the event at which a file is created in a specific form. Attributes are used to describe the modalities according to which a given entity is generated by a given activity. The interpretation of attributes is application specific. Illustrations of such attributes for the scenario are: no attribute is provided for <span class="name">e0</span>;
<span class="name">e2</span> was generated by the editor's save function; <span class="name">e4</span> can be found on the smtp port, in the attachment section of the mail message; <span class="name">e6</span> was produced on the standard output of <span class="name">pe5</span>.</p>
<pre>
-wasGeneratedBy(e0, pe0, qualifier())
-wasGeneratedBy(e1, pe0, qualifier(fct="create"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e2, pe1, qualifier(fct="save"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e3, pe3, qualifier(fct="save"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e4, pe2, qualifier(port="smtp", section="attachment"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e5, pe4, qualifier(port="smtp", section="attachment"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e6, pe5, qualifier(file="stdout"))
+wasGeneratedBy(e0, pe0, [])
+wasGeneratedBy(e1, pe0, [ex:fct="create"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e2, pe1, [ex:fct="save"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e3, pe3, [ex:fct="save"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e4, pe2, [ex:port="smtp", ex:section="attachment"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e5, pe4, [ex:port="smtp", ex:section="attachment"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e6, pe5, [ex:file="stdout"])
</pre>
<p>
-Expressions of type <strong>UsedExpressions</strong> (described in <a href="#expression-Use">Section Use</a>) represent the event by which a file is read by a process execution.
-
-Likewise, to describe the modalities according to which the various things are used by activities, a qualifier (construct described in <a href="#expression-qualifier">Section Qualifier</a>) is introduced. Illustrations of such qualifiers are:
+Records of type <strong>UsedRecords</strong> (described in <a href="#record-Use">Section Use</a>) represent the event by which a file is read by an activity.
+
+Likewise, attributes describe the modalities according to which the various entities are used by activities. Illustrations of such attributes are:
<span class="name">e1</span> is used in the context of <span class="name">pe1</span>'s <span class="name">load</span> functionality; <span class="name">e2</span> is used by <span class="name">pe2</span> in the context of its attach functionality; <span class="name">e3</span> is used on the standard input by <span class="name">pe5</span>. </p>
<pre>
-used(pe1,e1,qualifier(fct="load"))
-used(pe3,e2,qualifier(fct="load"))
-used(pe2,e2,qualifier(fct="attach"))
-used(pe4,e3,qualifier(fct="attach"))
-used(pe5,e3,qualifier(file="stdin"))
+used(pe1,e1,[ex:fct="load"])
+used(pe3,e2,[ex:fct="load"])
+used(pe2,e2,[ex:fct="attach"])
+used(pe4,e3,[ex:fct="attach"])
+used(pe5,e3,[ex:file="stdin"])
</pre>
<p>
-Derivation Expressions (described in <a href="#expression-Derivation">Section Derivation</a>) express that an entity is derived from another. The first two are expressed in their compact version, whereas the following two are expressed in their full version, including the process execution underpinnng the derivation, and relevant qualifiers qualifying the use and generation of entities.</p>
+Derivation Records (described in <a href="#Derivation-Relation">Section Derivation Relation</a>) express that an entity is derived from another. The first two are expressed in their compact version, whereas the following two are expressed in their full version, including the activity underpinning the derivation, and relevant attribute describing the use and generation of entities.</p>
<pre>
wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)
wasDerivedFrom(e3,e2)
-wasDerivedFrom(e4,e2,pe2,qualifier(port=smtp, section="attachment"),qualifier(fct="attach"))
-wasDerivedFrom(e5,e3,pe4,qualifier(port=smtp, section="attachment"),qualifier(fct="attach"))
+wasDerivedFrom(e4,e2,pe2,[ex:port="smtp", ex:section="attachment"],[ex:fct="attach"])
+wasDerivedFrom(e5,e3,pe4,[ex:port="smtp", ex:section="attachment"],[ex:fct="attach"])
</pre>
<p>
-wasComplementOf: (this relation is described in <a href="#expression-complement-of">Section wasComplementOf</a>). The crime statistics file (<span class="name">e0</span>) has various contents over its existence (<span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">e3</span>); the entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">e3</span> complement <span class="name">e0</span> with an attribute <span class="name">content</span>. Likewise, the one denoted by <span class="name">e6</span> complements the expression denoted by <span class="name">e3</span> with an attribute <span class="name">spellchecked</span>.</p>
+wasComplementOf: (this relation is described in <a href="#record-complement-of">Section wasComplementOf</a>). The crime statistics file (<span class="name">e0</span>) has various contents over its existence (<span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">e3</span>); the entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">e3</span> complement <span class="name">e0</span> with an attribute <span class="name">content</span>. Likewise, the one denoted by <span class="name">e6</span> complements the record denoted by <span class="name">e3</span> with an attribute <span class="name">spellchecked</span>.</p>
<pre>
wasComplementOf(e1,e0)
wasComplementOf(e2,e0)
@@ -576,7 +588,7 @@
<p>
-Agent Expressions (described at <a href="#expression-Agent">Section Agent</a>): the various users are represented as agents, themselves being a type of entity.</p>
+Agent Records (described at <a href="#record-Agent">Section Agent</a>): the various users are represented as agents, themselves being a type of entity.</p>
<pre>
entity(a1, [ type="Person", name="Alice" ])
agent(a1)
@@ -597,13 +609,13 @@
<p>
-Control Expressions (described in <a href="#expression-Control">Section Control</a>): the influence of an agent over a process execution is expressed as control, and the nature of this influence is described by qualifier (construct described in <a href="#expression-qualifier">Section Qualifier</a>). Illustrations of such qualifiers include the role of the participating agent, as creator, author and communicator.</p>
+Control Records (described in <a href="#record-Control">Section Control</a>): the influence of an agent over an activity is expressed as control, and the nature of this influence is described by attributes. Illustrations of such attributes include the role of the participating agent, as creator, author and communicator (role is a reserved attribute in PROV-DM).</p>
<pre>
-wasControlledBy(pe0,a1, qualifier(role="creator"))
-wasControlledBy(pe1,a2, qualifier(role="author"))
-wasControlledBy(pe2,a3, qualifier(role="communicator"))
-wasControlledBy(pe3,a4, qualifier(role="author"))
-wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, qualifier(role="communicator"))
+wasControlledBy(pe0,a1, [prov:role="creator"])
+wasControlledBy(pe1,a2, [prov:role="author"])
+wasControlledBy(pe2,a3, [prov:role="communicator"])
+wasControlledBy(pe3,a4, [prov:role="author"])
+wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, [prov:role="communicator"])
</pre>
</section>
@@ -629,67 +641,73 @@
<p>This section contains the normative specification of PROV-DM, the PROV data model.</p>
- <section id="PROV-DM-expression">
+ <section id="PROV-DM-record">
-<h3>Expression</h3>
-
-<p>PROV-DM consists of a set of constructs to formulate representations of the world and constraints that must be satisfied by them. In PROV-ASN, such representations of the world MUST be conformant with the toplevel production <span class="nonterminal">expression</span> of the grammar. These <span class="nonterminal">expression</span>s are grouped in three categories:
-<span class="nonterminal">elementExpression</span> (see section <a href="#expression-element">Element</a>),
-<span class="nonterminal">relationExpression</span> (see section <a href="#expression-relation">Relation</a>), and
-<span class="nonterminal">accountExpression</span> (see section <a href="#expression-Account">Account</a>).</p>
+<h3>Record</h3>
+
+<p>PROV-DM consists of a set of constructs, referred to as <em>records</em>, to formulate representations of the world and constraints that must be satisfied by them.</p>
+
+<p>
+Furthermore, PROV-DM includes a "house-keeping construct", a record container,
+ used to wrap PROV-DM records and facilitate their interchange.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, such representations of the world MUST be conformant with the toplevel production <span class="nonterminal">record</span> of the grammar. These <span class="nonterminal">record</span>s are grouped in three categories:
+<span class="nonterminal">elementRecord</span> (see section <a href="#record-element">Element</a>),
+<span class="nonterminal">relationRecord</span> (see section <a href="#record-relation">Relation</a>), and
+<span class="nonterminal">accountRecord</span> (see section <a href="#record-Account">Account</a>).</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">expression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">elementExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">relationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">accountExpression</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">record</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">elementRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">relationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">accountRecord</span>
<br/>
<!-- -->
<br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">elementExpression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">entityExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">processExecutionExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">agentExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">annotationExpression</span> <br/>
+<span class="nonterminal">elementRecord</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">entityRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">activityRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">agentRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">annotationRecord</span> <br/>
<!-- -->
<br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">relationExpression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">generationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">useExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">derivationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">controlExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">complementExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">peOrderingExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">revisionExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">participationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">annotationAssociationExpression</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">relationRecord</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">generationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">useRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">derivationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">controlRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">complementRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">peOrderingRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">revisionRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">participationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">annotationAssociationRecord</span>
</div>
-<p>
-Furthermore, the PROV data model includes a "house-keeping construct", which is compliant with the production <span class="nonterminal">provenanceContainer</span> (see section <a href="#ProvenanceContainer">Provenance Container</a>). This construct is used to wrap PROV-DM expressions and facilitate their interchange.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a record container is compliant with the production <span class="nonterminal">recordContainer</span> (see section <a href="#RecordContainer">Record Container</a>). </p>
</section>
- <section id="expression-element">
+ <section id="record-element">
<h3>Element</h3>
-<p>This section describes all the PROV-ASN expressions conformant to the <span class='nonterminal'>elementExpression</span> production of the grammar.</p>
-
-
-
- <section id="expression-Entity">
+<p>This section describes all the PROV-DM records conformant to the <span class='nonterminal'>elementRecord</span> production of the grammar.</p>
+
+
+
+ <section id="record-Entity">
-<h4>Entity Expression</h4>
-
-<p>In PROV-DM, an <dfn id="dfn-entity" title="entity">entity expression</dfn> is a representation of an identifiable characterized thing.</p>
+<h4>Entity Record</h4>
+
+<p>In PROV-DM, an <dfn id="dfn-entity" title="entity">entity record</dfn> is a representation of an entity.</p>
<p>
-In PROV-ASN, an entity expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">entityExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+In PROV-ASN, an entity record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">entityRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">entityExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">entityRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">entity</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -712,43 +730,42 @@
-<p>An instance of an entity expression, noted <span class="name">entity(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>An entity record, noted <span class="name">entity(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">id</span> identifying a characterized thing;</li>
-<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">[ attr1=val1, ...]</span>, representing this characterized thing's situation in the world.</li>
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">id</span> identifying an entity;</li>
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">[ attr1=val1, ...]</span>, representing this entity's situation in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p>
-The assertion of an instance of an entity expression, <span class="name">entity(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span>, states, from a given asserter's viewpoint, the existence of an identifiable characterized thing, whose situation in the world is represented by the attribute-value pairs, which remain unchanged during a characterization interval, i.e. a continuous interval between two events in the world.
+The assertion of an entity record, <span class="name">entity(id, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span>, states, from a given asserter's viewpoint, the existence of an entity, whose situation in the world is represented by the attribute-value pairs, which remain unchanged during a characterization interval, i.e. a continuous interval between two events in the world.
</p>
<p>
-The following entity assertion,</p>
+The following entity record,</p>
<pre class="example">
entity(e0, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice" ])
</pre>
-states the existence of a thing of type File and location /shared/crime.txt, and creator alice, denoted by identifier e0, during some characterization interval.
+states the existence of an entity of type File and location /shared/crime.txt, and creator alice, denoted by identifier e0, during some characterization interval.
Further considerations:
<ul>
-<li>If an asserter wishes to characterize a thing with the same attribute-value pairs over several intervals, then they are required to assert multiple entity expressions, each with its own identifier (so as to allow potential dependencies between the various entity expressions to be expressed). </li>
+<li>If an asserter wishes to characterize an entity with the same attribute-value pairs over several intervals, then they are required to assert multiple entity records, each with its own identifier (so as to allow potential dependencies between the various entity records to be expressed). </li>
<li>There is no assumption that the set of attributes is complete and that the attributes are independent/orthogonal of each other.</li>
<li>A characterization interval may collapse into a single instant.</li>
<li>An entity assertion
- is about a characterized thing, whose situation in the world may be variant.
- An entity assertion is made at a particular point and is invariant, in the sense that
-its attributes are assigned a value as part of that assertion.
+ is about a thing, whose situation in the world may be variant.
+ An entity record is asserted at a particular point and is invariant, in the sense that
+its attributes are given a value as part of that assertion.
</li>
-<li>Activities are not represented by entities, but instead by process
-executions, as explained below.</li>
+<li>Activities are not represented by entity records, but instead by actity records, as explained below.</li>
</ul>
@@ -756,31 +773,31 @@
-<div class='note'>The group is still discussing the need for characterizing attributes in entity expressions. At heart: when it comes to exchanging provenance information, why do we *need*
+<div class='note'>The group is still discussing the need for characterizing attributes in entity records. At heart: when it comes to exchanging provenance information, why do we *need*
to know exactly what makes one entity a constrained view of another.
This is raised in the following <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-wg/2011Sep/0315.html">email</a>.</div>
-<div class='note'>The characterization interval of an entity expression is currently implicit. Making it explicit would allow us to define wasComplementOf more precisely. It would also allow us to address
+<div class='note'>The characterization interval of an entity record is currently implicit. Making it explicit would allow us to define wasComplementOf more precisely. It would also allow us to address
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/108">ISSUE-108</a>.
-Beginning and end of characterization interval could be expressed by attributes (similarly to process executions). </div>
+Beginning and end of characterization interval could be expressed by attributes (similarly to activities). </div>
</section>
- <section id="expression-ProcessExecution">
+ <section id="record-Activity">
-<h3>Process Execution Expression</h3>
-<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-ProcessExecution">process execution expression</dfn> is a representation of an identifiable activity, which performs a piece of work.</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a process execution expression's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>processExecutionExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<h3>Activity Record</h3>
+<p>In PROV-DM, an <dfn id="dfn-activity">activity record</dfn> is a representation of an identifiable activity, which performs a piece of work.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an activity record's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>activityRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">processExecutionExpression</span> :=
-<span class="name">processExecution</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">activityRecord</span> :=
+<span class="name">activity</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
[ <span class="name">,</span>
@@ -795,14 +812,14 @@
<span class="nonterminal">other-attribute-values</span> := <span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
</div>
-<p>The activity that a process execution expression is a representation of has a duration, delimited by its start and its end events; hence, it occurs over an interval delimited by two events. However, a process execution expression need not mention time information, nor duration, because they may not be known.</p>
-
-<p>Such start and end times constitute <em>attributes</em> of an activity, where the interpretation of attribute in the context of a process execution expression is the same as the interpretation of attribute for entity expression: a process execution expression's attribute remains constant for the duration of the activity it represents. Further characteristics of the activity in the world can be represented by other attribute-value pairs, which MUST also remain unchanged during the activity duration.</p>
-
-<p> An instance of a process execution expression, written <span class="name">processExecution(id, rl, st, et, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>An activity, represented by an activity record, is delimited by its start and its end events; hence, it occurs over an interval delimited by two events. However, an activity record need not mention time information, nor duration, because they may not be known.</p>
+
+<p>Such start and end times constitute <em>attributes</em> of an activity, where the interpretation of attribute in the context of an activity record is the same as the interpretation of attribute for entity record: an activity record's attribute remains constant for the duration of the activity it represents. Further characteristics of the activity in the world can be represented by other attribute-value pairs, which MUST also remain unchanged during the activity duration.</p>
+
+<p> An activity record, written <span class="name">activity(id, rl, st, et, [ attr1=val1, ...])</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">id</span>;</li>
-<li> MAY contain a <a href="#expression-RecipeLink">recipe link</a> <span class="name">rl</span>, which consists of a domain specific description of the activity;</li>
+<li> MAY contain a <a href="#record-RecipeLink">recipe link</a> <span class="name">rl</span>, which consists of a domain specific description of the activity;</li>
<li> MAY contain a start time <span class="name">st</span>;</li>
<li> MAY contain an end time <span class="name">et</span>;</li>
<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">[ attr1=val1, ...]</span>, representing other attributes of this activity that hold for its whole duration.</li>
@@ -810,43 +827,45 @@
<p>
-The following process execution assertion</p>
+The following activity assertion</p>
<pre class="example">
-processExecution(pe1,add-crime-in-london,t+1,t+1+epsilon,[host="server.example.org",type="app:edit"])
+activity(pe1,add-crime-in-london,t+1,t+1+epsilon,[host="server.example.org",type="app:edit"])
</pre>
<p>identified by identifier <span class="name">id</span>, states the existence of an activity with recipe link <span class="name">add-crime-in-london</span>, start time <span class="name">t+1</span>, and end time <span class="name">t+1+epsilon</span>, running on host <span class="name">server.example.org</span>, and of type <span class="name">edit</span> (declared in some namespace with prefix <span class="name">app</span>). The attribute <span class="name">host</span> is application specific, but MUST hold for the duration of activity. The attribute <span class="name">type</span> is a reserved attribute of PROV-DM, allowing for subtyping to be expressed.
</p>
-<p>The mere existence of a process execution assertion entails some event ordering in the world, since the start event precedes the end event. This is expressed by constraint <a href="#start-precedes-end">start-precedes-end</a>.</p>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='start-precedes-end'> From a process execution expression, one can infer that the
+<p>The mere existence of an activity assertion entails some event ordering in the world, since the start event precedes the end event. This is expressed by constraint <a href="#start-precedes-end">start-precedes-end</a>.</p>
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='start-precedes-end'> From an activity record, one can infer that the
start event precedes the end event of the represented activity.</div>
-<p>A process execution expression is not an entity expression.
-Indeed, an entity expression represents a thing that exists in full at
+<p>An activity record is not an entity record.
+Indeed, an entity record represents an entity that exists in full at
any point in its characterization interval, persists during this
interval, and preserves the characteristics that makes it
identifiable. Alternatively, an activity in something that happens,
unfolds or develops through time, but is typically not identifiable by
-the characteristics it exhibits at any point during its duration.</p>
+the characteristics it exhibits at any point during its duration.
+This distinction is similar to the distinction between
+'continuant' and 'occurrent' in logic [[Logic]].</p>
</section>
-<section id="expression-Agent">
-<h3>Agent Expression</h3>
-
-
-
-<p>An <dfn id="dfn-Agent">agent expression</dfn> is a representation of a characterized thing capable of
+<section id="record-Agent">
+<h3>Agent Record</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>An <dfn id="dfn-Agent">agent record</dfn> is a representation of an entity capable of
activity.</p>
-<p>In PROV-ASN, an agent expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">agentExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an agent record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">agentRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">agentExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">agentRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">agent</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -855,12 +874,12 @@
-<p> An agent expression, written <span class="name">agent(e)</span> in PROV-ASN,
- refers to an entity expression denoted by identifier <span class="name">e</span> and representing the characterized thing capable of activity.
+<p> An agent record, written <span class="name">agent(e)</span> in PROV-ASN,
+ refers to an entity record denoted by identifier <span class="name">e</span> and representing the entity capable of activity.
</p>
-<p>For a characterized thing, one can assert an agent expression or alternatively, one can infer an agent expression
-by involvement in an activity represented by a process execution expression. </p>
+<p>For an entity, one can assert an agent record or alternatively, one can infer an agent record
+by involvement in an activity represented by an activity record. </p>
@@ -870,68 +889,60 @@
<pre class="example">
entity(e1, [employee="1234", name="Alice"]) and agent(e1)
-entity(e2) and wasControlledBy(pe,e2,qualifier(role="author"))
+entity(e2) and wasControlledBy(pe,e2,[prov:role="author"])
</pre>
-<p>the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span> is accompanied by an explicit assertion of an agent expression, and this assertion holds irrespective of process executions it may be involved in. On the other hand, from the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, one can infer an agent expression, as per the following inference.
+<p>the entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span> is accompanied by an explicit assertion of an agent record, and this assertion holds irrespective of activities it may be involved in. On the other hand, from the entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, one can infer an agent record, as per the following inference.
</p>
<div class='constraint' id='control-agent'>
-<span class='conditional'>If</span> the expressions
+<span class='conditional'>If</span> the records
<span class="name">entity(e,av)</span>
and
<span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe,e)</span> hold for some identifiers
<span class="name">pe</span>, <span class="name">e</span>, and attribute-values <span class="name">av</span>, then
-the expression <span class="name">agent(e)</span> also holds.
+the record <span class="name">agent(e)</span> also holds.
</div>
</section>
- <section id="expression-annotation">
+ <section id="record-annotation">
-<h4>Annotation Expression</h4>
-
-<p>An <dfn id="dfn-annotation">annotation expression</dfn> is a set of name-value pairs, whose meaning is application specific. It may or may not be a representation of something in the world.</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, an annotation expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">annotationExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+<h4>Annotation Record</h4>
+
+<p>An <dfn id="dfn-annotation">annotation record</dfn> is a set of attribute-value pairs, whose meaning is application specific. It may or may not be a representation of something in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an annotation record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">annotationRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">annotationExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">annotationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">annotation</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">name-values</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
<!-- -->
-<span class="nonterminal">name-values</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">name-value</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">name-value</span> <span class="name">,</span> <span class="nonterminal">name-values</span>
-<br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">name-value</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">name</span>
-<span class="name">=</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>
</div>
-<p>A separate PROV-DM expression is used to associate an annotation with an expression (see <a href="#expression-annotationAssociation">Section on annotation association</a>). A given annotation may be associated with multiple expressions.
+<p>A separate PROV-DM record is used to associate an annotation with a record (see <a href="#record-annotationAssociation">Section on annotation association</a>). A given annotation may be associated with multiple records.
</p>
<p>
-The following annotation expression</p>
+The following annotation record</p>
<pre class="example">
-annotation(ann1,[color="blue", screenX=20, screenY=30])
+annotation(ann1,[ex:color="blue", ex:screenX=20, ex:screenY=30])
</pre>
-<p>consists of a list of application-specific name-value pairs, intended
-to help the rendering of the expression it is associated with, by
+<p>consists of a set of application-specific attribute-value pairs, intended
+to help the rendering of the record it is associated with, by
specifying its color and its position on the screen. In this example,
-these name-value pairs do not constitute a representation of something
+these attribute-value pairs do not constitute a representation of something
in the world; they are just used to help render provenance.
</p>
<p>
-Name-value pairs occurring in annotations differ from attribute-value pairs (occurring in entity expressions and process execution expressions). Attribute-value pairs MUST be a representation of something in the world, which remain constant for the duration of the characterization interval (for entity expression) or the activity duration (for process execution expressions). It is OPTIONAL for name-value pairs to be representations of something in the world. If they are a representation of something in the world, then it MAY change value for the corresponding duration. If name-value pairs are a representation of something in the world that does not change, they are not regarded as determining characteristics of a characterized thing or activity, for the purpose of provenance. Indeed, it is not expected that provenance would contain an explanation for these attribute-values.
+Attribute-value pairs occurring in annotations differ from attribute-value pairs occurring in entity records and activity records. In entity and activity records, attribute-value pairs MUST be a representation of something in the world, which remain constant for the duration of the characterization interval (for entity record) or the activity duration (for activity records). In annotation records, it is OPTIONAL for attribute-value pairs to be representations of something in the world. If they are a representation of something in the world, then it MAY change value for the corresponding duration. If attribute-value pairs of an annotation record are a representation of something in the world that does not change, they are not regarded as determining characteristics of an entity or activity, for the purpose of provenance.
</p>
@@ -940,30 +951,46 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-relation">
+<section id="record-relation">
<h3>Relation</h3>
-<p>This section describes all the PROV-ASN expressions conformant to the <span class='nonterminal'>relationExpression</span> production of the grammar.</p>
-
-
-<section id="expression-Generation">
-<h4>Generation Expression</h4>
-
-
-<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Generation">generation expression</dfn> is a representation of a world event, the creation of a new characterized thing by an activity. This characterized thing did not exist before creation.
-The representation of this invent encompasses a description of the modalities of generation of this thing by this activity.</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a generation expression's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>generationExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<p>This section describes all the PROV-DM records creating associations between the elements introduced in section <a href="#record-element">Section element</a>. While these relations are not binary, they all involve two primary elements. They can be summarized as follows. </p>
+
+
+<table border="1" align="center">
+<tr><td></td><td>Entity</td><td>Activity</td><td>Agent</td><td>Annotation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Entity</td><td>wasComplementOf</td><td>wasGeneratedBy</td><td>-</td><td>hasAnnotation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Activity</td><td>used</td><td>-</td><td>wasControlledBy<br>hadParticipant</td><td>hasAnnotation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Agent</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>wasComplementOf</td><td>hasAnnotation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Annotation</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>hasAnnotation</td></tr>
+<caption>PROV-DM Relation Summary</caption>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, all these relation records are conformant to the <span class='nonterminal'>relationRecord</span> production of the grammar.</p>
+
+<section id="activity-entity-relation">
+<h3>Activity-Entity Relation</h3>
+
+<section id="record-Generation">
+<h4>Generation Record</h4>
+
+
+<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Generation">generation record</dfn> is a representation of a world event, the creation of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before creation.
+The representation of this event encompasses a description of the modalities of generation of this entity by this activity.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a generation record's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>generationRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">generationExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">generationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasGeneratedBy</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">generationQualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
[<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">time</span>]
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
@@ -971,14 +998,14 @@
-<p>An instance of a generation expression, written <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe,q,t)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>A generation record, written <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe,attrs,t)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e</span> identifying an entity expression that represents the characterized thing that is created; </li>
-<li> contain an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> identifying a process execution expression that represents the activity that creates the characterized thing;</li>
-
-<li> contains a <a href="#expression-qualifier">generationQualifier</a> <span class="name">q</span> that describes the modalities of generation of this thing by this activity;</li>
-
-<li> MAY contain a "generation time" <span class="name">t</span>, the time at which the characterized thing was created.</li>
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e</span> identifying an entity record that represents the entity that is created; </li>
+<li> contain an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> identifying an activity record that represents the activity that creates the entity;</li>
+
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span> that describes the modalities of generation of this entity by this activity;</li>
+
+<li> MAY contain a "generation time" <span class="name">t</span>, the time at which the entity was created.</li>
</ul>
@@ -986,41 +1013,44 @@
<p>
The following generation assertions</p>
<pre class="example">
- wasGeneratedBy(e1,pe1,qualifier(port="p1", order=1),t1)
- wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe1,qualifier(port="p1", order=2),t2)
+ wasGeneratedBy(e1,pe1,[ex:port="p1", ex:order=1),t1)
+ wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe1,[ex:port="p1", ex:order=2),t2)
</pre>
-<p>state the existence of two events in the world (with respective times <span class="name">t1</span> and <span class="name">t2</span>), at which new characterized things, represented by entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, are created by an activity, itself represented by a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>.
-The first one is available as the first value on port p1, whereas the other is the second value on port p1. The semantics of <span class="name">port</span> and <span class="name">order</span> in these expressions are application specific.
+<p>state the existence of two events in the world (with respective times <span class="name">t1</span> and <span class="name">t2</span>), at which new entities, represented by entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, are created by an activity, itself represented by an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>.
+The first one is available as the first value on port p1, whereas the other is the second value on port p1. The semantics of <span class="name">port</span> and <span class="name">order</span> in these records are application specific.
</p>
-<p>A given entity expression can be referred to in a single generation expression in the scope of a given <a href="#expression-Account">account</a>.
+<p>A given entity record can be referred to in a single generation record in the scope of a given <a href="#record-Account">account</a>.
The rationale for this constraint is as follows.
-If two process executions sequentially set different values to some attribute by means of two different generate events, then they generate distinct entities. Alternatively, for two process executions to generate an entity simultaneously, they would require some synchronization by which they agree the entity is released for use; the end of this synchronization would constitute the actual generation of the entity, but is performed by a single process execution. This unicity constraint is formalized as follows.
-
-<div class='constraint' id='generation-unicity'>Given an entity expression denoted by <span class="name">e</span>, two process execution expressions denoted by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>, and two qualifiers <span class="name">q1</span> and <span class="name">q2</span>,
-<span class='conditional'>if</span> the expressions <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe1,q1)</span> and <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe2,q2)</span> exist in the scope of a given account,
-<span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">pe1</span>=<span class="name">pe2</span> and <span class="name">q1</span>=<span class="name">q2</span>.
+If two activities sequentially set different values to some attribute by means of two different generate events, then they generate distinct entities. Alternatively, for two activities to generate an entity simultaneously, they would require some synchronization by which they agree the entity is released for use; the end of this synchronization would constitute the actual generation of the entity, but is performed by a single activity. This unicity constraint is formalized as follows.
+
+<div class='constraint' id='generation-unicity'>Given an entity record denoted by <span class="name">e</span>, two activity records denoted by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>, and two sets of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span> and <span class="name">attrs2</span>,
+<span class='conditional'>if</span> the records <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe1,attrs1)</span> and <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe2,attrs2)</span> exist in the scope of a given account,
+<span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">pe1</span>=<span class="name">pe2</span> and <span class="name">attrs1</span>=<span class="name">attrs2</span>.
</div>
A generation event SHOULD have some visibility on the attributes of the generated entity, as expressed by the following constraint.
-<div class='constraint' id='generation-affects-attributes'>Given an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> for a process execution expression, an identifier <span class="name">e</span> for an entity expression, qualifier <span class="name">q</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>,
+<div class='deprecatedconstraint' id='generation-affects-attributes'>Given an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> for an activity record, an identifier <span class="name">e</span> for an entity record, a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>,
<span class='conditional'>if</span> the assertion <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe,p)</span>
-or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe,q,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the values of <em>some</em> of <span class="name">e</span>'s
-attributes are determined by the activity represented by process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span> and the
-entity expressions used by <span class="name">pe</span>.
+or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the values of <em>some</em> of <span class="name">e</span>'s
+attributes are determined by the activity represented by activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span> and the
+entity records used by <span class="name">pe</span>.
Only some (possibly none) of the attributes values may be determined
-since, in an open world, not all used entity expressions may have been
+since, in an open world, not all used entity records may have been
asserted.
</div>
+<div class='note'>The WG has approved that this constraint should be dropped. It and others had some influence on derivation transitivity. They will be removed from the documents once the proposal on derivation has been approved. </div>
+
+
The assertion of a generation event implies ordering of events in the world.
-<div class='constraint' id='generation-pe-ordering'><span class='conditional'>If</span> an assertion <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,pe,q)</span> or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,pe,q,t)</span>, <span class='conditional'>then</span> generation of the thing denoted by <span class="name">x</span> precedes the end
+<div class='interpretation' id='generation-pe-ordering'><span class='conditional'>If</span> an assertion <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,pe,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,pe,attrs,t)</span>, <span class='conditional'>then</span> generation of the entity denoted by <span class="name">x</span> precedes the end
of <span class="name">pe</span> and follows the beginning of <span class="name">pe</span>.
</div>
@@ -1033,24 +1063,24 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-Use">
-<h3>Use Expression</h3>
-
-
-
-<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Use">use expression</dfn> is a representation of a world event: the consumption of a characterized thing by an activity. The representation includes a description of the modalities of use of this thing by this activity.</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a use expression's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>useExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<section id="record-Use">
+<h3>Use Record</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Use">use record</dfn> is a representation of a world event: the consumption of an entity by an activity. The representation includes a description of the modalities of use of this entity by this activity.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a use record's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>useRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">useExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">useRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">used</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">useQualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
[<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">time</span>]
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
@@ -1058,25 +1088,25 @@
</div>
-<p>An instance of a use expression, written <span class="name">used(pe,e,q,t)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>A use record, written <span class="name">used(pe,e,attrs,t)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, which represents the consuming activity;</li>
-<li> refers to an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span>, which represents the characterized thing that is consumed;</li>
-<li> contains a <a href="#expression-qualifier">useQualifier</a> <span class="name">q</span>, which describes the modalities of use of this thing by this activity;</li>
-<li> MAY contain a "use time" <span class="name">t</span>, the time at which the characterized thing was used.</li>
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, which represents the consuming activity;</li>
+<li> refers to an entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span>, which represents the entity that is consumed;</li>
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span> that describe the modalities of use of this entity by this activity;</li>
+<li> MAY contain a "use time" <span class="name">t</span>, the time at which the entity was used.</li>
</ul>
<p>The following use assertions</p>
<pre class="example">
- used(pe1,e1,qualifier(parameter="p1"),t1)
- used(pe1,e2,qualifier(parameter="p2"),t2)
+ used(pe1,e1,[ex:parameter="p1"),t1)
+ used(pe1,e2,[ex:parameter="p2"),t2)
</pre>
-<p>state that the activity, represented by the process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>, consumed two characterized things, represented by entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, at times <span class="name">t1</span> and <span class="name">t2</span>, respectively; the first one was found as the value of parameter <span class="name">p1</span>, whereas the second was found as value of parameter <span class="name">p2</span>. The semantics of <span class="name">parameter</span> in these expressions is application specific.</p>
-
-
-<p>A reference to a given entity expression MAY appear in multiple use expressions that share
- a given process execution expression identifier. If one wants to annotate a use edge expression or if one wants to express a <a href="#pe-linked-derivationExpression"><span class='nonterminal'>pe-linked-derivationExpression</span></a> referring to this entity and process execution expressions, the qualifier occuring in this use assertion MUST be unique among the qualifiers qualifiying use expressions for this process execution expression.
+<p>state that the activity, represented by the activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>, consumed two entities, represented by entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, at times <span class="name">t1</span> and <span class="name">t2</span>, respectively; the first one was found as the value of parameter <span class="name">p1</span>, whereas the second was found as value of parameter <span class="name">p2</span>. The semantics of <span class="name">parameter</span> in these records is application specific.</p>
+
+
+<p>A reference to a given entity record MAY appear in multiple use records that share
+ a given activity record identifier. If one wants to annotate a use record or if one wants to express a <a href="#pe-linked-derivationRecord"><span class='nonterminal'>pe-linked-derivationRecord</span></a> referring to this entity and activity records, the attributes occuring in this use assertion MUST be unique among the attributes of other use records for this activity
</p>
<!-- Luc, should we write a constraint for this? It's not clear the
@@ -1084,19 +1114,21 @@
-<div class='constraint' id='use-attributes'>
-Given a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span>, a qualifier <span class="name">q</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span>
- assertion <span class="name">used(pe,e,q)</span> or <span class="name">used(pe,e,q,t)</span> holds,
-<span class='conditional'>then</span> the existence of an attribute-value pair in the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span> is a
-pre-condition for the termination of the activity represented by the process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>.
+<div class='deprecatedconstraint' id='use-attributes'>
+Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, an entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span>, a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span>
+ assertion <span class="name">used(pe,e,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">used(pe,e,attrs,t)</span> holds,
+<span class='conditional'>then</span> the existence of an attribute-value pair in the entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span> is a
+pre-condition for the termination of the activity represented by the activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>.
</div>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='use-pe-ordering'>Given a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span>, a qualifier <span class="name">q</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span>
- assertion <span class="name">used(pe,e,q)</span> or <span class="name">used(pe,e,q,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
- the use of the thing represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span> precedes the end
-time contained in the process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span> and follows its beginning. Furthermore, the generation of the thing denoted by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span> always precedes
+<div class='note'>The WG has approved that this constraint should be dropped. It and others had some influence on derivation transitivity. They will be removed from the documents once the proposal on derivation has been approved. </div>
+
+
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='use-pe-ordering'>Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, an entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span>, a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span>
+ assertion <span class="name">used(pe,e,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">used(pe,e,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
+ the use of the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span> precedes the end of activity represented by record identified by <span class="name">pe</span> and follows its beginning. Furthermore, the generation of the entity denoted by entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span> always precedes
its use.
</div>
@@ -1104,27 +1136,27 @@
<div class='issue'>Should we define a taxonomy of use? This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/23">ISSUE-23</a>.</div>
</section>
-
-
-
-<section id="expression-Derivation">
-<h3>Derivation Expression</h3>
-
-
-<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Derivation">derivation expression</dfn> is a representation that some characterized thing is transformed from, created from, or affected by another characterized thing in the world. </p>
-
-<p>PROV-DM offers two different forms of derivation expressions. The first one is tightly connected to the notion of activity (represented by a process execution expression), whereas the second one is not. The first kind of assertion is particularly suitable for asserters who have an intimate knowledge of activities, is more prescriptive, but offers a more precise description of derivation, whereas the second does not put such a requirement on the asserter, and allows a less precise description of derivation to be formulated. Both expressions need to be asserted by asserters, since PROV-DM does not provide the means to infer them; however, from these assertions, further derivations can be inferred by transitive closure. </p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a derivation expression's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>derivationExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="Derivation-Relation">
+<h3>Derivation Relation</h3>
+
+
+<p>In PROV-DM, a <dfn id="dfn-Derivation">derivation record</dfn> is a representation that some entity is transformed from, created from, or affected by another entity in the world. </p>
+
+<p>PROV-DM offers two different forms of derivation records. The first one is tightly connected to the notion of activity (represented by an activity record), whereas the second one is not. The first kind of assertion is particularly suitable for asserters who have an intimate knowledge of activities, is more prescriptive, but offers a more precise description of derivation, whereas the second does not put such a requirement on the asserter, and allows a less precise description of derivation to be formulated. Both records need to be asserted by asserters, since PROV-DM does not provide the means to infer them; however, from these assertions, further derivations can be inferred by transitive closure. </p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a derivation record's text matches the <span class='nonterminal'>derivationRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">derivationExpression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">pe-independent-derivationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">transitiveDerivationExpression</span><br/>
-
-<span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationExpression</span>:=
+<span class="nonterminal">derivationRecord</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">pe-independent-derivationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">transitiveDerivationRecord</span><br/>
+
+<span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationRecord</span>:=
<span class="name">wasDerivedFrom</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -1133,12 +1165,14 @@
[<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">generationQualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">generationAttributeValues</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">useQualifier</span>]
+<span class="nonterminal">useAttributesValues</span>]
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
-
-<span class="nonterminal">pe-independent-derivationExpression</span>:=
+<span class="nonterminal">generationAttributeValues</span>:= <span class="nonterminal">attributeValues</span><br/>
+<span class="nonterminal">useAttributeValues</span>:= <span class="nonterminal">attributeValues</span><br/>
+
+<span class="nonterminal">pe-independent-derivationRecord</span>:=
<span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -1146,7 +1180,7 @@
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">transitiveDerivationExpression</span>:=
+<span class="nonterminal">transitiveDerivationRecord</span>:=
<span class="name">dependedOn</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -1155,87 +1189,89 @@
<span class="name">)</span><br/>
</div>
-<p>The three kinds of derivation expressions are successively introduced.</p>
-
-
-<section id="pe-linked-derivationExpression">
-<h4>Process Execution Linked Derivation Expression</h4>
-
-<p>A process execution linked derivation expression, which, by definition of a derivation expression, is a representation that some characterized thing is transformed from, created from, or affected by another characterized thing, also entails the existence of a process execution expression that represents an activity that transforms, creates or affects this characterized thing.</p>
-
-<p>In its full form, a process-execution linked derivation expression, written <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>The three kinds of derivation records are successively introduced.</p>
+
+
+<section id="pe-linked-derivationRecord">
+<h4>Activity Linked Derivation Record</h4>
+
+<p>an activity linked derivation record, which, by definition of a derivation record, is a representation that some entity is transformed from, created from, or affected by another entity, also entails the existence of an activity record that represents an activity that transforms, creates or affects this entity.</p>
+
+<p>In its full form, a activity linked derivation record, written <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
-<li> refers to an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is a representation of the generated characterized thing;</li>
-<li> refers to an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, which is a representation of the used characterized thing;</li>
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, which is a representation of the activity using and generating the above characterized things;</li>
-<li> contains a qualifier <span class="name">q2</span>, which qualifies the generation expression pertaining to <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">pe</span>;</li>
-<li> contains a qualifier <span class="name">q1</span>, which qualifies in the use expression pertaining to <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">pe</span>.</li>
+<li> refers to an entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is a representation of the generated entity;</li>
+<li> refers to an entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, which is a representation of the used entity;</li>
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, which is a representation of the activity using and generating the above entities;</li>
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs2</span>, which describes the generation record pertaining to <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">pe</span>;</li>
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span>, which describes the use record pertaining to <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">pe</span>.</li>
</ul>
-<p>For convenience, PROV-DM allows for a compact, process-execution linked derivation assertion, written <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> in PROV-ASN, which:</p>
+<p>For convenience, PROV-DM allows for a compact, activity linked derivation assertion, written <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> in PROV-ASN, which:</p>
<ul>
-<li> refers to an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is a representation of the generated characterized thing;
-<li> refers to an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, which is a represenation of the used characterized thing.
+<li> refers to an entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is a representation of the generated entity;
+<li> refers to an entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, which is a represenation of the used entity.
</ul>
<p>The following derivation assertions</p>
<pre class="example">
-wasDerivedFrom(e5,e3,pe4,qualifier(channel="out"),qualifier(channel="in"))
+wasDerivedFrom(e5,e3,pe4,[ex:channel="out"),[ex:channel="in"])
wasDerivedFrom(e3,e2)
</pre>
<p>
-state the existence of process-linked derivations;
-the first expresses that the activity represented by the process execution <span class="name">pe4</span>, by
-using the thing represented by <span class="name">e3</span> obtained on the <span class="name">in</span> channel
+state the existence of activity-linked derivations;
+the first expresses that the activity represented by the activity <span class="name">pe4</span>, by
+using the entity denoted by <span class="name">e3</span> obtained on the <span class="name">in</span> channel
derived the
-thing represented by entity <span class="name">e5</span> and generated it on
-channel <span class="name">out</span>. The second is similar for <span class="name">e3</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, but it leaves the process execution expression and associated qualifiers implicit. The meaning of "channel" is application specific.
+entity denoted by <span class="name">e5</span> and generated it on
+channel <span class="name">out</span>. The second is similar for <span class="name">e3</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, but it leaves the activity record and associated attributes implicit. The meaning of "channel" is application specific.
</p>
-<p>If a derivation expression holds for <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, then it means that the thing represented by the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span> has an influence on the thing represented by the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is captured by a dependency between their attribute values; it also implies temporal ordering. These are specified as follows:</p>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='derivation-attributes'>Given a process execution expression denoted by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity expressions denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, qualifiers <span class="name">q1</span> and <span class="name">q2</span>, the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span>
+<p>If a derivation record holds for <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, then it means that the entity represented by the entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span> has an influence on the entity represented by the entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>, which is captured by a dependency between their attribute values; it also implies temporal ordering. These are specified as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='deprecatedconstraint' id='derivation-attributes'>Given an activity record denoted by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity records denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span> and <span class="name">attrs2</span>, the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span>
or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> holds <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>
- the values of some attributes of the entity expression identified by
+ the values of some attributes of the entity record identified by
<span class="name">e2</span> are partly or fully determined by the values of some
-attributes of the entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span>. </div>
-
-
-<div class='constraint' id='derivation-use-generation-ordering'>Given a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, qualifiers <span class="name">q1</span> and <span class="name">q2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span>
+attributes of the entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span>. </div>
+
+<div class='note'>The WG has approved that this constraint should be dropped. It and others had some influence on derivation transitivity. They will be removed from the documents once the proposal on derivation has been approved. </div>
+
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='derivation-use-generation-ordering'>Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, sets of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span> and <span class="name">attrs2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span>
or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
the use
-of characterized thing denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> precedes the generation of
-the characterized thing denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
+of entity denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> precedes the generation of
+the entity denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
</div>
<p>
-The following inference rule states that a generation and use event can be inferred from a process execution linked derivation expression.
+The following inference rule states that a generation and use event can be inferred from an activity linked derivation record.
</p>
<div class="constraint" id='derivation-events'>
-<span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
- <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,q2)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe,e1,q1)</span> also
+<span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
+ <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,attrs2)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe,e1,attrs1)</span> also
hold.
</div>
<p>The compact version has the same meaning as the fully formed
-process-execution linked derivation expression, except that a process
-execution expression is known to exist, though it does not need to be
+activity linked derivation record, except that an activity
+record is known to exist, though it does not need to be
asserted. This is formalized by the following inference rule,
-referred to as <em>process execution introduction</em>:</p>
-<div class='constraint' id="derivation-process-execution">
-<span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, and qualifiers <span class="name">q1</span>,<span class="name">q2</span>,
+referred to as <em>activity introduction</em>:</p>
+<div class='constraint' id="derivation-activity">
+<span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, and sets of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span>,<span class="name">attrs2</span>,
such that:
- <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,q2)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe,e1,q1)</span>.
+ <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,attrs2)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe,e1,attrs1)</span>.
</div>
@@ -1244,10 +1280,10 @@
<p>
Note that inferring derivation from use and generation does not hold
-in general. Indeed, when a generation <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,q2)</span>
-precedes <span class="name">used(pe,e1,q1)</span>, for
-some <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">q1</span>, <span class="name">q2</span>, and <span class="name">pe</span>, one
-cannot infer derivation <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span>
+in general. Indeed, when a generation <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,attrs2)</span>
+precedes <span class="name">used(pe,e1,attrs1)</span>, for
+some <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">attrs1</span>, <span class="name">attrs2</span>, and <span class="name">pe</span>, one
+cannot infer derivation <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span>
or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> since the values of attributes
of <span class="name">e2</span> cannot possibly be determined by the values of attributes
of <span class="name">e1</span>, given the creation of <span class="name">e2</span> precedes the use
@@ -1255,68 +1291,68 @@
</p>
-<p>A further inference is permitted from the compact version of derivation expression: </p>
+<p>A further inference is permitted from the compact version of derivation record: </p>
<div class='constraint' id='derivation-use'>
-<p>Given a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, and qualifier <span class="name">q2</span>,
-<span class='conditional'>if</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> and <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,q2)</span> hold, <span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists a qualifier <span class="name">q1</span>,
-such that <span class="name">used(pe,e1,q1)</span> also holds.
+<p>Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>, entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, and set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs2</span>,
+<span class='conditional'>if</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> and <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,attrs2)</span> hold, <span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span>,
+such that <span class="name">used(pe,e1,attrs1)</span> also holds.
</div>
-<p>This inference is justified by the fact that the characterized thing represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span> is generated by at most one activity in a given account (see <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a>). Hence, this process execution expression is also the one referred to in the use expression of <span class="name">e1</span>.
+<p>This inference is justified by the fact that the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span> is generated by at most one activity in a given account (see <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a>). Hence, this activity record is also the one referred to in the use record of <span class="name">e1</span>.
</p>
<p>We note that the "symmetric" inference, does not hold.
From <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe,e1)</span>, one cannot
-derive <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,q2)</span> because identifier <span class="name">e1</span> may occur in use expressions referring to
-many process execution expressions, but they may not be referred to in generation expressions containing identifier <span class="name">e2</span>.</p>
+derive <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e2,pe,attrs2)</span> because identifier <span class="name">e1</span> may occur in use records referring to
+many activity records, but they may not be referred to in generation records containing identifier <span class="name">e2</span>.</p>
</section>
<section>
-<h4>Process Execution Independent Derivation Expression</h4>
-
-
-
-
-<p>A process execution independent derivation expression is a representation of a derivation, which occurred by any means whether direct or not, and regardless of any activity in the world.</p>
-
-<p>A process-execution independent derivation expression, written <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom (e2, e1)</span> in PROV-ASN,
+<h4>Activity Independent Derivation Record</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<p>an activity independent derivation record is a representation of a derivation, which occurred by any means whether direct or not, and regardless of any activity in the world.</p>
+
+<p>A activity independent derivation record, written <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom (e2, e1)</span> in PROV-ASN,
<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, denoting an entity expression, which represents the generated characterized thing;
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, denoting an entity expression, which represents the used characterized thing.
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, denoting an entity record, which represents the generated entity;
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, denoting an entity record, which represents the used entity.
</ul>
-<p>If a derivation expression (wasEventuallyDerivedFrom) holds for <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, then
-this means that the thing represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span> has an influence on the thing represented entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span>,
+<p>If a derivation record (wasEventuallyDerivedFrom) holds for <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, then
+this means that the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span> has an influence on the entity represented entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>,
which at the minimum implies temporal ordering, specified as follows:</p>
<div class='constraint' id='derivation-generation-generation-ordering'>
-Given two entity expressions denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the expression <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span>
+Given two entity records denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the record <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span>
holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the
-generation event of the characterized thing represented by the entity expression denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> precedes the generation event of
-the characterized thing represented by the entity expression denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
+generation event of the entity represented by the entity record denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> precedes the generation event of
+the entity represented by the entity record denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
</div>
<p>Note that temporal ordering is between generations of <span class="name">e1</span>
-and <span class="name">e2</span>, as opposed to process execution linked derivation,
+and <span class="name">e2</span>, as opposed to activity linked derivation,
which implies temporal ordering between the use of <span class="name">e1</span> and
generation of <span class="name">e2</span> (see <a href="#derivation-use-generation-ordering">derivation-use-generation-ordering</a>). Indeed, in the case of
wasEventuallyDerivedFrom, nothing is known about the use of <span class="name">e1</span>,
-since there is no associated process execution.</p>
-
-<p>A process execution linked derivation expression is a richer than a process execution independent derivation expression, since it
-contains or implies the existence of a process execution expression. Hence, from
+since there is no associated activity.</p>
+
+<p>An activity linked derivation record is a richer than an activity independent derivation record, since it
+contains or implies the existence of an activity record. Hence, from
the former, we can infer the latter.</p>
<div class='constraint' id='derivation-linked-independent'>
-Given two entity expressions denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q12,q1)</span>
- holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the expression <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> also holds.
+Given two entity records denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the assertion <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span>
+ holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the record <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> also holds.
</div>
-<p>Hence, a process-execution independent derivation expression can be directly asserted or can be inferred (by means of <a href="#derivation-linked-independent">derivation-linked-independent</a>).</p>
+<p>Hence, an activity independent derivation record can be directly asserted or can be inferred (by means of <a href="#derivation-linked-independent">derivation-linked-independent</a>).</p>
<div class='note'>Should we link wasEventuallyDerivedFrom to attributes as we did for wasDerivedFrom? If so, this type of inference should be presented upfront, for both.</div>
@@ -1329,7 +1365,7 @@
</section>
<section>
-<h4>Transitive Derivation Expression</h4>
+<h4>Transitive Derivation Record</h4>
<p>
@@ -1337,20 +1373,20 @@
and if <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e3,e2)</span> holds because attribute <span class="name">a3.1</span>of <span class="name">e3</span> is determined by attribute <span class="name">a2.2</span> of <span class="name">e1</span>, it is not necessarily the case that an attribute of <span class="name">e3</span> is determined by an attribute of <span class="name">e1</span>; so, an asserter may not be able to assert <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e3,e1)</span>, since it would fail to satisfy constraint <a href="#derivation-attributes">derivation-attributes</a>. Hence, the constraint on attributes as expressed in <a href="#derivation-attributes">derivation-attributes</a> invalidates transitivity in the general case.
</p>
-<p>However, there is sense that <span class="name">e3</span> still depends on <span class="name">e1</span>, since <span class="name">e3</span> could not be generated without <span class="name">e1</span> existing. Hence, we introduce a weaker notion of derivation expression, which is transitive.</p>
-
-An instance of a transitive derivation expression, written <span class="name">dependedOn(e2, e1)</span> in PROV-ASN:
+<p>However, there is sense that <span class="name">e3</span> still depends on <span class="name">e1</span>, since <span class="name">e3</span> could not be generated without <span class="name">e1</span> existing. Hence, we introduce a weaker notion of derivation record, which is transitive.</p>
+
+A transitive derivation record, written <span class="name">dependedOn(e2, e1)</span> in PROV-ASN:
<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, denoting an entity expression, which represents the characterized thing that is the result of the derivation;
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, denoting an entity expression, which represents the characterized thing that the derivation relies upon.
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, denoting an entity record, which represents the entity that is the result of the derivation;
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, denoting an entity record, which represents the entity that the derivation relies upon.
</ul>
-<p>The expression <span class="name">dependedOn</span> can only be inferred; in other words, it cannot be asserted. It is
+<p>The record <span class="name">dependedOn</span> can only be inferred; in other words, it cannot be asserted. It is
transitive by definition and relies on the previously defined derivation assertions for its
base case.</p>
<div class='constraint' id='transitive-derivation'>
<ul>
-<li><span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,q2,q1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">dependedOn(e2,e1)</span> holds.</li>
+<li><span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,pe,attrs2,attrs1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">dependedOn(e2,e1)</span> holds.</li>
<li><span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">dependedOn(e2,e1)</span> holds.</li>
<li><span class='conditional'>If</span> <span class="name">dependedOn(e3,e2)</span> and <span class="name">dependedOn(e2,e1)</span> hold, <span class='conditional'>then</span> <span class="name">dependedOn(e3,e1)</span> holds.</li>
</ul>
@@ -1383,70 +1419,118 @@
-
-<section id="expression-Control">
-<h3>Control Expression</h3>
-
-<p> A <dfn id="dfn-Control">control expression</dfn> is a representation of the involvement of characterized thing (represented as an agent expression or an entity expression) in an activity, which is represented by a process execution expression; a control qualifier qualifies this involvement.</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a control expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">controlExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+<section id="activity-agent-relation">
+<h3>Activity-Agent Relation</h3>
+
+<section id="record-Control">
+<h4>Control Record</h4>
+
+<p> A <dfn id="dfn-Control">control record</dfn> is a representation of the involvement of entity (represented as an agent record or an entity record) in an activity, which is represented by an activity record; attributes describe this involvement.</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a control record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">controlRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">controlExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">controlRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasControlledBy</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>,
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>,
-<span class="nonterminal">controlQualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
<span class="name">)</span>
</div>
-<p>An instance of a control expression, written <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe,ag,q)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>A control record, written <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe,ag,attrs)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> denoting a process execution expression, representing the controlled activity;
-<li> refers to an agent expression or an entity expression identified by <span class="name">ag</span>, representing the controlling characterized thing;
-<li> contains a qualifier <span class="name">q</span>, qualifying the involvement of the thing in the activity.
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">pe</span> denoting an activity record, representing the controlled activity;
+<li> refers to an agent record or an entity record identified by <span class="name">ag</span>, representing the controlling entity;
+<li> contains a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span>, describing the involvement of the entity in the activity.
</ul>
<p>
The following control assertion</p>
<pre class="example">
-wasControlledBy(pe3,a4,qualifier[role="author"])
+wasControlledBy(pe3,a4,[prov:role="author"])
</pre>
-<p>states that the activity, represented by the process execution expression denoted by <span class="name">pe3</span> saw the involvement of a characterized thing, represented by entity expression denoted by <span class="name">a4</span> in the capacity of author. This specification reserves the qualifier name <span class="name">role</span> (see Section <a href="#expression-qualifier">Qualifier</a>) to denote the function of a characterized thing with respect to an activity.
+<p>states that the activity, represented by the activity record denoted by <span class="name">pe3</span> saw the involvement of an entity, represented by entity record denoted by <span class="name">a4</span> in the capacity of author. This specification reserves the attribute <span class="name">role</span> (see Section <a href="#extensibility-section">Extensibility Section</a>) to denote the function of an entity with respect to an activity.
</p>
</section>
-
-<section id="expression-complement-of">
-
-<h3>Complementarity Expression</h3>
-
-
-<p>A <dfn id="complementOf">complementarity expression</dfn> is a relationship between two characterized things stated to have compatible characterization over some continuous interval between two events.</p>
+<section id="record-Participation">
+<h4>Participation Record</h4>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-Participation">participation record</dfn> is a representation of the involvement of an entity in an activity. A participation record can be asserted or inferred.</p>
+
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a participation record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">participationRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+
+
+<div class='grammar'>
+<span class="nonterminal">participationRecord</span> :=
+<span class="name">hadParticipant</span>
+<span class="name">(</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">,</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p> A participation record,
+written <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e)</span> in PROV-ASN:
+<ul>
+<li> contains to identifier <span class="name">pe</span> identifying an activity record representing an activity;
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e</span> identifying an entity record, which is
+a representation of an entity involved in this activity.
+</ul>
+
+<p>An entity's participation in an activity can be by direct use or direct control. But also, if an entity and situation are characterized in two complementary manners (and are represented by two entity records related by <span class="name">isComplementOf</span>), if one of them participates in an activity, so does the other. The following captures the definition of participation.</p>
+
+<div class='constraint' id='participation'>
+Given two identifiers <span class="name">pe</span> and <span class="name">e</span>, respectively identifying an activity record and an entity record, the record <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e)</span> holds <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>:
+<ul>
+<li> <span class="name">used(pe,e)</span> holds, or</li>
+<li> <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe,e)</span> holds, or</li>
+<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e1,e)</span> holds for some entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, and
+ <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e1)</span> holds some activity record identified by <span class="name">pe</span>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='pending'>Suggested definition for participation. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/49">ISSUE-49</a>.</div>
+
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="record-complement-of">
+
+<h3>Complementarity Record</h3>
+
+
+<p>A <dfn id="complementOf">complementarity record</dfn> is a relationship between two entities stated to have compatible characterization over some continuous interval between two events.</p>
<p>
-The rationale for introducing this relationship is that in general, at any given time, for a thing in the world, there may be multiple ways of characterizing it, and hence multiple representations can be asserted by different asserters. In the example that follows, suppose thing "Royal Society" is represented by two asserters, each using a different set of attributes. If the asserters agree that both representations refer to "The Royal Society", the question of whether any correspondence can be established between the two representations arises naturally. This is particularly relevant when (a) the sets of attributes used by the two representations overlap partially, or (b) when one set is subsumed by the other. In both these cases, we have a situation where each of the two asserters has a partial view of "The Royal Society", and establishing a correspondence between them on the shared attributes is beneficial, as in case (a) each of the two representation <em>complements</em> the other, and in case (b) one of the two (that with the additional attributes) complements the other.</p>
-
-<p>This intuition is made more precise by considering the entities that form the representations of characterized things at a certain point in time.
-
-An entity expression represents, by means of attribute-value pairs, a thing and its situation in the world, which remain constant over a characterization interval.
-As soon as the thing's situation changes, this marks the end of the characterization interval for the entity expression representing it. The thing's novel situation is represented by an attribute with a new value, or an entirely different set of attribute-value pairs, embodied in another entity expression, with a new characterization interval. Thus, if we overlap the timelines (or, more generally, the sequences of value-changing events) for the two characterized things, we can hope to establish correspondences amongst the entity expressions that represent them at various points along that events line. The figure below illustrates this intuition.</p>
+The rationale for introducing this relationship is that in general, at any given time, for an entity in the world, there may be multiple ways of characterizing it, and hence multiple representations can be asserted by different asserters. In the example that follows, suppose thing "Royal Society" is represented by two asserters, each using a different set of attributes. If the asserters agree that both representations refer to "The Royal Society", the question of whether any correspondence can be established between the two representations arises naturally. This is particularly relevant when (a) the sets of attributes used by the two representations overlap partially, or (b) when one set is subsumed by the other. In both these cases, we have a situation where each of the two asserters has a partial view of "The Royal Society", and establishing a correspondence between them on the shared attributes is beneficial, as in case (a) each of the two representation <em>complements</em> the other, and in case (b) one of the two (that with the additional attributes) complements the other.</p>
+
+<p>This intuition is made more precise by considering the entities that form the representations of entities at a certain point in time.
+
+An entity record represents, by means of attribute-value pairs, a thing and its situation in the world, which remain constant over a characterization interval.
+As soon as the thing's situation changes, this marks the end of the characterization interval for the entity record representing it. The thing's novel situation is represented by an attribute with a new value, or an entirely different set of attribute-value pairs, embodied in another entity record, with a new characterization interval. Thus, if we overlap the timelines (or, more generally, the sequences of value-changing events) for the two entities, we can hope to establish correspondences amongst the entity records that represent them at various points along that events line. The figure below illustrates this intuition.</p>
<img src="complement-of.png" alt="illustration complementOf"/>
<p>
-Relation <em>complement-of</em> between two entity expressions is intended to capture these correspondences, as follows. Suppose entity expressions A and B share a set P of attributes, and each of them has other attributes in addition to P. If the values assigned to each attribute in P are <em>compatible</em> between A and B, then we say that <em>A is-complement-of B</em>, and <em>B is-complement-of A</em>, in a symmetrical fashion. In the particular case where the set P of attributes of B is a strict superset of A's attributes, then we say that <em>B is-complement-of A</em>, but in this case the opposite does not hold. In this case, the relation is not symmetric. (as a special case, A and B may not share any attributes at all, and yet the asserters may still stipulate that they are representing the same thing "Royal Society". The symmetric relation may hold trivially in this case).</p>
+Relation <em>complement-of</em> between two entity records is intended to capture these correspondences, as follows. Suppose entity records A and B share a set P of attributes, and each of them has other attributes in addition to P. If the values assigned to each attribute in P are <em>compatible</em> between A and B, then we say that <em>A is-complement-of B</em>, and <em>B is-complement-of A</em>, in a symmetrical fashion. In the particular case where the set P of attributes of B is a strict superset of A's attributes, then we say that <em>B is-complement-of A</em>, but in this case the opposite does not hold. In this case, the relation is not symmetric. (as a special case, A and B may not share any attributes at all, and yet the asserters may still stipulate that they are representing the same thing "Royal Society". The symmetric relation may hold trivially in this case).</p>
<p>The term <em>compatible</em> used above means that a mapping can be established amongst the values of attributes in P and found in the two entity expession. This generalizes to the case where attribute sets P1 and P2 of A, and B, respectively, are not identical but they can be mapped to one another. The simplest case is the identity mapping, in which A and B share attribute set P, and furthermore the values assigned to attributes in P match exactly.</p>
-<p>It is important to note that the relation holds only for the characterization intervals of the entity expessions involved As soon as one attribute changes value in one of them, new correspondences need to be found amongst the new entities. Thus, the relation has a validity span that can be expressed in terms of the event lines of the thing.</p>
+<p>It is important to note that the relation holds only for the characterization intervals of the entity expessions involved As soon as one attribute changes value in one of them, new correspondences need to be found amongst the new entities. Thus, the relation has a validity span that can be expressed in terms of the event lines of the entity.</p>
<!--
The "IVP of" relationship is designed to represent pairs of entities that correspond to each other. By their own nature, an entity remains valid only as long as all of its attributes do not change their value. It follows that the correspondence "B IVP of A" is only valid within the time interval during which such invariance attribute holds for both A and B. When any of the attribute values change in either A or B, those entities are replaced by new ones, and a new correspondence may be established. Thus, "IVP of" is defined relative to the intersection of the temporal intervals for which A and B are valid.
@@ -1454,10 +1538,10 @@
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a complementarity expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">complementarityExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a complementarity record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">complementarityRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">complementarityExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">complementarityRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasComplementOf</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -1468,7 +1552,7 @@
-<p>An instance of a complementarity expression is written <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e2,e1)</span>, where <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span> are two identifiers denoting entity expressions.</p>
+<p>A complementarity record is written <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e2,e1)</span>, where <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span> are two identifiers denoting entity records.</p>
<pre class="example">
entity(rs,[created="1870"])
@@ -1496,13 +1580,13 @@
<div class='constraint' id='wasComplementOf-necessary-cond'>
An assertion "wasComplementOf(B,A)" holds over the temporal intersection of A and B, <span class='conditional'>only if</span>:
<ol>
-<li> if a mapping can be established from an attribute X of entity expression identified by B to an attribute Y of entity expression identified by A, then the values of A and B must be consistent with that mapping;</li>
- <li>entity expression identified by B has some attribute that entity expression identified by A does not have.
+<li> if a mapping can be established from an attribute X of entity record identified by B to an attribute Y of entity record identified by A, then the values of A and B must be consistent with that mapping;</li>
+ <li>entity record identified by B has some attribute that entity record identified by A does not have.
</li></ol>
</div>
-<p>The complementariy relation is not transitive. Let us consider identifiers <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, and <span class="name">e3</span> identifying three entity expressions such that
- <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e3,e2)</span> and <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e2,e1)</span> hold. The expression <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e3,e1)</span> may not hold because the characterization intervals of the denoted entity expressions may not overlap.</p>
+<p>The complementariy relation is not transitive. Let us consider identifiers <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">e2</span>, and <span class="name">e3</span> identifying three entity records such that
+ <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e3,e2)</span> and <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e2,e1)</span> hold. The record <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e3,e1)</span> may not hold because the characterization intervals of the denoted entity records may not overlap.</p>
<div class='note'>We will allow wasComplementOf to be asserted between entities identified by qualified identifiers. This will allow us to express wasComplementOf between entities asserted in separate accounts (potentially, with the same identifiers).
@@ -1524,242 +1608,18 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-OrderingOfProcessExecutions">
-<h3>Process Execution Ordering Expression</h3>
-</section>
-
-<div class="note">Proposal to change the name to "Dependencies amongst Process Executions" to avoid ambiguities</div>
-
-<p>PROV-DM allows two forms of temporal relationships between activities to be expressed.
-An <dfn id="InformationFlowOrdering">information flow ordering expression</dfn> is a representation that a characterized thing was generated by an activity, before it was used by another activity.
-A <dfn id="ControlOrdering">control ordering expression</dfn> is a representation that the end of
-an activity precedes the start of another activity.
-</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a process execution ordering expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">peOrderingExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+
+<section id="record-annotationAssociation">
+<h4>Annotation Association Record</h4>
+
+
+<p>An <dfn id="dfn-annotationAssociation">annotation association record</dfn> establishes a link between an identifiable PROV-DM record and an annotation record referred to by its identifier. Multiple annotation records can be associated with a given PROV-DM record; symmetrically, multiple PROV-DM records can be associated with a given annotation record. Since annotation records have identifiers, they can also be annotated. The annotation mechanism (with annotation record and the annotation association record) forms a key aspect of the extensibility mechanism of PROV-DM (see <a href="#extensibility-section">extensibility section</a>).</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an annotation record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">annotationRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">peOrderingExpression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">informationFlowOrderingExpression</span> |
-<span class="nonterminal">controlOrderingExpression</span>
-<br/>
-
-<span class="nonterminal">informationFlowOrderingExpression</span> :=
-<span class="name">wasInformedBy</span>
-<span class="name">(</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">)</span>
-<br/>
-
-<span class="nonterminal">controlOrderingExpression</span> :=
-<span class="name">wasScheduledAfter</span>
-<span class="name">(</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">)</span>
-<br/>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>
-An instance of an information flow ordering expression, written as
-<span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span> in PROV-ASN:
-<ul>
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe2</span>;
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>
-</ul>
-and states information flow ordering between the activities represented by these expressions, specified as follows.
-
-<div class='constraint' id='wasInformedBy'>Given two process execution expressions identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>,
- the expression <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span>
-holds, <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>
- there is an entity expression identified by <span class="name">e</span> and qualifiers <span class="name">q1</span> and <span class="name">q2</span>,
-such that <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe1,q1)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe2,e,q2)</span> hold.
-</div>
-
-<p>The relationship <span class="name">wasInformedBy</span> is not transitive. Indeed, consider the expressions <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span> and <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe3,pe2)</span>, the expression
-<span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe3,pe1)</span>, may not necessarily hold, as illustrated by the following event line.
-<pre>
- ------ pe1
- |
- e1
- |
- ------- pe2
- |
- e2
- |
- ----- pe3
-</pre>
-<p>The end in process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe3</span> precedes the start in process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>, while interval for process execution expression <span class="name">pe2</span> overlaps with each interval for <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe3</span>, allowing information to flow (<span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, respectively).</p>
-
-
-
-<p>
-An instance of a control ordering expression, written as
-<span class="name">wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)</span> in PROV-ASN: </p>
-<ul>
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe2</span>;
-<li> refers to a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>,
-</ul>
-<p>and states control ordering between <span class="name">pe2</span> and <span class="name">pe1</span>, specified as follows.</p>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='wasScheduledAfter'>Given two process execution expressions identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>,
- the expression <span class="name">wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)</span>
-holds, <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>
- there are two entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>,
-such that <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe1,e1,qualifier(role="end"))</span> and <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe2,e2,qualifier(role="start"))</span> and <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span>.
-</div>
-<p>This definition assumes that the activities represented by process execution expressions identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span> are controlled by some agents (with identifiers <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>), where the first agent terminates (control qualifier <span class="name">qualifier(role="end")</span>) the first activity, and the second agents initiates (control qualifier <span class="name">qualifier(role="start")</span>) the second activity. The second agent being "derived" from the first enforces temporal ordering. </p>
-
-<p>
-In the following assertions, we find two process execution expressions, identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>, representing two activities, which took place on two separate hosts.</p>
-<pre class="example">
-processExecution(pe1,long-workflow,t1,t2,[host="server1.example.org"])
-processExecution(pe2,long-workflow,t3,t4,[host="server2.example.org"])
-entity(e1,[type="scheduler",state=1])
-entity(e2,[type="scheduler",state=2])
-wasControlledBy(pe1,e1,qualifier(role="end"))
-wasControlledBy(pe2,e2,qualifier(role="start"))
-wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)
-wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)
-</pre>
-<p>The one identified by <span class="name">pe2</span> is said to be
-scheduled after the one identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>
-because the scheduler terminated the activity (represented by process
-execution identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>) to relocate it
-to the new host.
-</p>
-
-
-<div class='pending'>Suggested definition for process ordering. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/50">ISSUE-50</a>.</div>
-
-
-
-<section id="expression-Revision">
-<h3>Revision Expression</h3>
-
-<p> A <dfn id="dfn-Revision">revision expression</dfn> is a representation of the creation of a characterized thing considered to be a variant of another. Deciding whether something is made available as a revision of something else usually involves an agent who represents someone in the world who takes responsibility for declaring that the former is variant of the latter. </p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a revision expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">revisionExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
-</p>
-
-<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">revisionExpression</span> :=
-<span class="name">wasRevisionOf</span>
-<span class="name">(</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-[<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>]
-<span class="name">)</span>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p>An instance of a revision expression, written <span class="name">wasRevisionOf(e2,e1,ag)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
-<ul>
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying an entity that represents a newer version of a thing;
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying an entity that represents an older version of a thing;
-<li> MAY refer to a responsible agent with identifier <span class="name">ag</span>.
-</ul>
-
-
-<p>A revision expression can only be asserted, since it needs to include a reference to an agent who represents someone in the real world who bears responsibility for declaring a variant of a thing. However, it needs to satisfy the following constraint, linking the two entity expressions by a derivation, and stating them to be a complement of a third entity expression.</p>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='wasRevision'>
-Given two identifiers <span class="name">old</span> and <span class="name">new</span> identifying two entities, and an identifier <span class="name">ag</span> identifying an agent,
-<span class='conditional'>if</span> an expression <span class="name">wasRevisionOf(new,old,ag)</span> is asserted, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
-there exists an entity expression identifier <span class="name">e</span> and attribute-values <span class="name">av</span>, such that the following expressions hold:
-<ul>
-<li> <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(new,old)</span>;
-<li> <span class="name">entity(e,av)</span>;
-<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(new,e)</span>;
-<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(old,e)</span>.
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="name">wasRevisionOf</span> is a strict sub-relation
- of <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedDerivedFrom</span> since two entities <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>
- may satisfy <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> without being a variant of
- each other.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The following revision assertion</p>
-<pre class="example">
-wasRevisionOf(e3,e2,a4)
-</pre>
-<p>states that the document represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e3</span> is declared to be revision of document represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e2</span> by agent representy by entity expression denoted by <span class="name">a4</span>.
-</p>
-
-
-<div class='pending'>Revision should be a class not a property. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/48">ISSUE-48</a>.</div>
-
-
-</section>
-
-<section id="expression-Participation">
-<h3>Participation Expression</h3>
-
-<p>A <dfn id="dfn-Participation">participation expression</dfn> is a representation of the involvement of a characterized thing in an activity. A participation expression can be asserted or inferred.</p>
-
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a participation expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">participationExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
-
-
-<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">participationExpression</span> :=
-<span class="name">hadParticipant</span>
-<span class="name">(</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
-<span class="name">)</span>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p>An instance of a participation expression,
-written <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e)</span> in PROV-ASN:
-<ul>
-<li> contains to identifier <span class="name">pe</span> identifying a process execution expression representing an activity;
-<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e</span> identifying an entity expression, which is
-a representation of a characterized thing involved in this activity.
-</ul>
-
-<p>A thing's participation in an activity can be by direct use or direct control. But also, if a thing and situation are characterized in two complementary manners (and are represented by two entity expressions related by <span class="name">isComplementOf</span>), if one of them participates in an activity, so does the other. The following captures the definition of participation.</p>
-
-<div class='constraint' id='participation'>
-Given two identifiers <span class="name">pe</span> and <span class="name">e</span>, respectively identifying a process execution expression and an entity expression, the expression <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e)</span> holds <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>:
-<ul>
-<li> <span class="name">used(pe,e)</span> holds, or</li>
-<li> <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe,e)</span> holds, or</li>
-<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(e1,e)</span> holds for some entity expression identified by <span class="name">e1</span>, and
- <span class="name">hadParticipant(pe,e1)</span> holds some process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe</span>.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class='pending'>Suggested definition for participation. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/49">ISSUE-49</a>.</div>
-
-</section>
-
-<section id="expression-annotationAssociation">
-<h4>Annotation Association Expression</h4>
-
-
-<p>An <dfn id="dfn-annotationAssociation">annotation association expression</dfn> establishes a link between an identifiable PROV-DM expression and an annotation expression referred to by its identifier. Multiple annotation expressions can be associated with a given PROV-DM expression; symmetrically, multiple PROV-DM expressions can be associated with a given annotation expression. Since annotation expressions have identifiers, they can also be annotated. The annotation mechanism (with annotation expression and the annotation association expression) forms a key aspect of the extensibility mechanism of PROV-DM (see <a href="#extensibility-section">extensibility section</a>).</p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, an annotation expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">annotationExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
-</p>
-
-<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">annotationAssociationExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">annotationAssociationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">hasAnnotation</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -1779,9 +1639,9 @@
<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
[<span class="name">,</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">attribute-values</span>
]
<span class="name">)</span>
</div>
@@ -1789,25 +1649,25 @@
<p>Since relations do not have identifiers but can be annotated, a <span class="nonterminal">relationIdentification</span> mechanism is provided allowing the constituents of relations to be listed so as to identify relations.
</p>
-<p>The interpretation of annotations is application-specific. See Section <a href="#expression-annotation">Annotation</a> for a discussion of the difference between attributes and annotations. </p>
+<p>The interpretation of annotations is application-specific. See Section <a href="#record-annotation">Annotation</a> for a discussion of the difference between attributes and annotations. </p>
<p>
-The following expressions</p>
+The following records</p>
<pre class="example">
entity(e1,[type="document"])
entity(e2,[type="document"])
-processExecution(pe,transform,t1,t2,[])
-used(pe,e1,qualifier(file="stdin"))
-wasGeneratedBy(e2, pe, qualifier(file="stdout"))
+activity(pe,transform,t1,t2,[])
+used(pe,e1,[prov:file="stdin"])
+wasGeneratedBy(e2, pe, [prov:file="stdout"])
annotation(ann1,[icon="doc.png"])
hasAnnotation(e1,ann1)
hasAnnotation(e2,ann1)
annotation(ann2,[style="dotted"])
-hasAnnotation(relation(pe,e1,qualifier(file="stdin")),ann2)
+hasAnnotation(relation(pe,e1,[prov:file="stdin"]),ann2)
</pre>
-<p>assert the existence of two documents in the world (attribute-value pair: <span class="name">type="document"</span>) represented by entity expressions identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, and annotate these expressions with an annotation indicating that the icon (an application specific way of rendering provenance) is <span class="name">doc.png</span>. It also asserts a process execution, its use of the first entity, and its generation of the second entity. The <span class="name">used</span> relation is annotated with a style (an application specific way of rendering this edge graphically).
+<p>assert the existence of two documents in the world (attribute-value pair: <span class="name">type="document"</span>) represented by entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, and annotate these records with an annotation indicating that the icon (an application specific way of rendering provenance) is <span class="name">doc.png</span>. It also asserts an activity, its use of the first entity, and its generation of the second entity. The <span class="name">used</span> relation is annotated with a style (an application specific way of rendering this edge graphically).
</p>
@@ -1818,43 +1678,44 @@
<section id="bundle">
<h3>Bundle</h3>
-In this section, two constructs are introduced to group
-PROV-DM expressions. The first
-one, <span class="nonterminal">accountExpression</span> is itself an
-expression, whereas the second
-one <span class="nonterminal">provenanceContainer</span> is not.
-
-
-<section id="expression-Account">
-<h3>Account Expression</h3>
-
-<p>In PROV-DM, an <dfn id="dfn-Account">account expression</dfn> is a wrapper of expressions with a dual purpose: </p>
+<p>In this section, two constructs are introduced to group
+PROV-DM records. The first
+one, <span class="nonterminal">accountRecord</span> is itself a
+record, whereas the second
+one <span class="nonterminal">recordContainer</span> is not.
+</p>
+
+
+<section id="record-Account">
+<h3>Account Record</h3>
+
+<p>In PROV-DM, an <dfn id="dfn-Account">account record</dfn> is a wrapper of records with a dual purpose: </p>
<ul>
<li> It is the mechanism by which attribution of provenance can be assserted; it allows asserters to bundle up their assertions, and assert suitable attribution;
-<li> It provides a scoping mechanism for expression identifiers and for some contraints (such as
+<li> It provides a scoping mechanism for record identifiers and for some contraints (such as
<a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a> and <a href="#derivation-use">derivation-use</a>).
</ul>
-<p>In PROV-ASN, an account expression's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">accountExpression</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an account record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">accountRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">accountExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">accountRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">account</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
<span class="nonterminal">asserter</span>
<span class="name">,</span>
-{ <span class="nonterminal">expression</span> }
+{ <span class="nonterminal">record</span> }
<span class="name">)</span>
</div>
-<p>An instance of an account expression, written <span class="name">account(id, uri, exprs)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<p>An account record, written <span class="name">account(id, uri, exprs)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
<ul>
<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">id</span> to identify this account;</li>
<li> contains an asserter identified by URI denoted by <span class="name">uri</span>;</li>
-<li> contains a <em>set</em> of provenance expressions denoted by <span class="name">exprs</span>.</li>
+<li> contains a <em>set</em> of provenance records denoted by <span class="name">exprs</span>.</li>
</ul>
@@ -1862,7 +1723,7 @@
Currently, the non-terminal <span class="nonterminal">asserter</span> is defined as URI. We may want the asserter to be an agent instead, and therefore use PROV-DM to express the provenance of PROV-DM assertions. The editors seek inputs on how to resolve this issue. </div>
<p>
-The following account expression</p>
+The following account record</p>
<pre class="example">
account(acc0,
http://example.org/asserter,
@@ -1870,26 +1731,26 @@
...
wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)
...
- processExecution(pe0,create-file,t)
- ...
- wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe0,qualifier())
+ activity(pe0,create-file,t)
...
- wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, qualifier(role="communicator")) )
+ wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe0,[])
+ ...
+ wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, [prov:role="communicator"]) )
</pre>
-<p>contains the set of provenance expressions of section <a href="#example-prov-asn-encoding">example-prov-asn-encoding</a>, is asserted by agent <span class="name">http://example.org/asserter</span>, and is identified by identifier <span class="name">acc0</span>.
+<p>contains the set of provenance records of section <a href="#example-prov-asn-encoding">example-prov-asn-encoding</a>, is asserted by agent <span class="name">http://example.org/asserter</span>, and is identified by identifier <span class="name">acc0</span>.
</p>
-<p>Account expressions constitue a scope for identifiers. An identifier within the scope of an account is intended to denote a single expression. However, nothing prevents an asserter from asserting an account containing, for example, multiple entity expressions with a same identifier but different attribute-values. In that case, they should be understood as a single entity expression with this identifier and the union of all attributes values, as formalized in <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a>.</p>
+<p>Account records constitue a scope for identifiers. An identifier within the scope of an account is intended to denote a single record. However, nothing prevents an asserter from asserting an account containing, for example, multiple entity records with a same identifier but different attribute-values. In that case, they should be understood as a single entity record with this identifier and the union of all attributes values, as formalized in <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a>.</p>
<div class='constraint' id='identified-entity-in-account'>
Given an identifier <span class="name">e</span>, two sets of attribute-values denoted by <span class="name">av1</span> and <span class="name">av2</span>,
- two entity expressions <span class="name">entity(e,av1)</span> and <span class="name">entity(e,av2)</span> occurring in an account are equivalent to the entity expression <span class="name">entity(e,av)</span> where <span class="name">av</span> is the set of attribute-value pairs formed by the union of <span class="name">av1</span> and <span class="name">av2</span>.
+ two entity records <span class="name">entity(e,av1)</span> and <span class="name">entity(e,av2)</span> occurring in an account are equivalent to the entity record <span class="name">entity(e,av)</span> where <span class="name">av</span> is the set of attribute-value pairs formed by the union of <span class="name">av1</span> and <span class="name">av2</span>.
</div>
-<p>Whilst constraint <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a> specifies how to understand multiple entity expressions with a same identifier within a given account, it does not guarantee that the entity expression formed with the union of all attribute-value pairs is consistent. Indeed, a given attribute may be assigned multiple values, resulting in an inconsistent entity expression, as illustrated by the following example.</p>
+<p>Whilst constraint <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a> specifies how to understand multiple entity records with a same identifier within a given account, it does not guarantee that the entity record formed with the union of all attribute-value pairs is consistent. Indeed, a given attribute may be assigned multiple values, resulting in an inconsistent entity record, as illustrated by the following example.</p>
<p>
-In the following account expression, we find two entity expressions with a same identifier <span class="name">e</span>.</p>
+In the following account record, we find two entity records with a same identifier <span class="name">e</span>.</p>
<pre class="example">
account(acc1,
http://example.org/id,
@@ -1897,10 +1758,10 @@
entity(e,[type="person",age=30])
...)
</pre>
-<p>Application of <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a> results in an entity expression containing the attribute-value pairs <span class="name">age=20</span> and <span class="name">age=30</span>. This results in an inconsistent characterization of a person. We note that deciding whether a set of attribute-values is consistent or not is application specific.
+<p>Application of <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a> results in an entity record containing the attribute-value pairs <span class="name">age=20</span> and <span class="name">age=30</span>. This results in an inconsistent characterization of a person. We note that deciding whether a set of attribute-values is consistent or not is application specific.
</p>
-<p>Account expressions can be nested since an account expression can occur among the expressions being wrapped by another account. </p>
+<p>Account records can be nested since an account record can occur among the records being wrapped by another account. </p>
<p>
@@ -1908,8 +1769,8 @@
it satisfies the constraints <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a> and <a href="#derivation-use">derivation-use</a>.</p>
<p> The union of two accounts is another account,
-containing the unions of their respective expressions, where
- expressions with a same identifier should be understood according to constraint <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a>. Well-formed
+containing the unions of their respective records, where
+ records with a same identifier should be understood according to constraint <a href="#identified-entity-in-account">identified-entity-in-account</a>. Well-formed
accounts are not
closed under union because the
constraint <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a> may no
@@ -1917,74 +1778,74 @@
<p>
-Indeed, let us consider another account expression</p>
+Indeed, let us consider another account record</p>
<pre class="example">
account(acc2,
http://example.org/asserter2,
entity(e0, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice" ])
...
- processExecution(pe1,create-file,t1)
+ activity(pe1,create-file,t1)
...
- wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe1,qualifier(fct="create"))
+ wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe1,[ex:fct="create"])
... )
</pre>
-<p>with identifier <span class="name">acc2</span>, containing assertions by asserter by <span class="name">http://example.org/asserter2</span> stating that thing represented by entity expression identified by <span class="name">e0</span> was generated by an activity represented by process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> instead of <span class="name">pe0</span> in the previous account <span class="name">acc0</span>. If accounts <span class="name">acc0</span> and <span class="name">acc2</span> are merged together, the resulting set of expressions violates <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Account expressions constitue a scope for identifiers. Since accounts can be nested, their scope can also be nested; thus, the scope of identifiers should be understood in the context of such nested scopes. When an expression with an identifier occurs directly within an account, then its identifier denotes this expression in the scope of this account, except in sub-accounts where expressions with the same identifier occur. </p>
+<p>with identifier <span class="name">acc2</span>, containing assertions by asserter by <span class="name">http://example.org/asserter2</span> stating that the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e0</span> was generated by an activity represented by activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> instead of <span class="name">pe0</span> in the previous account <span class="name">acc0</span>. If accounts <span class="name">acc0</span> and <span class="name">acc2</span> are merged together, the resulting set of records violates <a href="#generation-unicity">generation-unicity</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Account records constitute a scope for identifiers. Since accounts can be nested, their scope can also be nested; thus, the scope of identifiers should be understood in the context of such nested scopes. When a record with an identifier occurs directly within an account, then its identifier denotes this record in the scope of this account, except in sub-accounts where records with the same identifier occur. </p>
<p>
-The following account expression is inspired from section <a href="#example-prov-asn-encoding">example-prov-asn-encoding</a>. This account, identified by <span class="name">acc3</span>, declares entity expression identified by <span class="name">e0</span>, which is being referred to in the nested account <span class="name">acc4</span>. The scope of identifier <span class="name">e0</span> is account <span class="name">acc3</span>, including subaccount <span class="name">acc4</span>.</p>
+The following account record is inspired from section <a href="#example-prov-asn-encoding">example-prov-asn-encoding</a>. This account, identified by <span class="name">acc3</span>, declares entity record identified by <span class="name">e0</span>, which is being referred to in the nested account <span class="name">acc4</span>. The scope of identifier <span class="name">e0</span> is account <span class="name">acc3</span>, including subaccount <span class="name">acc4</span>.</p>
<pre class="example">
account(acc3,
http://example.org/asserter1,
entity(e0, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice" ])
- processExecution(pe0,create-file,t)
- wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe0,qualifier())
+ activity(pe0,create-file,t)
+ wasGeneratedBy(e0,pe0,[])
account(acc4,
http://example.org/asserter2,
entity(e1, [ type="File", location="/shared/crime.txt", creator="Alice", content="" ])
- processExecution(pe0,copy-file,t)
- wasGeneratedBy(e1,pe0,qualifier(fct="create"))
+ activity(pe0,copy-file,t)
+ wasGeneratedBy(e1,pe0,[ex:fct="create"])
isComplement(e1,e0)))
</pre>
-<p>Alternatively, a process execution expression identified by <span class="name">pe0</span> occurs in each of the two accounts. Therefore, each process execution expression is asserted in a separate scope, and therefore may represent different activities in the world.
+<p>Alternatively, an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe0</span> occurs in each of the two accounts. Therefore, each activity record is asserted in a separate scope, and therefore may represent different activities in the world.
</p>
-<p>The account expression is the hook by which further meta information can be expressed about provenance, such as asserter, time of creation, signatures. How general meta-information is expressed is beyond the scope of this specification, except for asserters.</p>
-
-<div class='note'>We are going to introduce a disambiguation mechanism by which we can qualify identifiers by the account in which they occur (or the sequence of nested accounts in which they occur). This mechanism allows two entity expressions, asserted separately in two different accounts but with the same identifier, to be uniquely referred to.
+<p>The account record is the hook by which further meta information can be expressed about provenance, such as asserter, time of creation, signatures. How general meta-information is expressed is beyond the scope of this specification, except for asserters.</p>
+
+<div class='note'>We are going to introduce a disambiguation mechanism by which we can qualify identifiers by the account in which they occur (or the sequence of nested accounts in which they occur). This mechanism allows two entity records, asserted separately in two different accounts but with the same identifier, to be uniquely referred to.
</div>
</section>
-<section id="ProvenanceContainer">
-<h4>Provenance Container</h4>
-
-<p>A <dfn id="dfn-ProvenanceContainer">provenance container</dfn> is a house-keeping construct of PROV-DM, also capable of bundling PROV-DM expressions. A provenance container is not an expression, but can be exploited to return assertions in response to a request for the provenance of something ([[PROV-PAQ]]). </p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a provenance container's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">provenanceContainer</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+<section id="RecordContainer">
+<h4>Record Container</h4>
+
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-RecordContainer">record container</dfn> is a house-keeping construct of PROV-DM, also capable of bundling PROV-DM records. A record container is not a record, but can be exploited to return assertions in response to a request for the provenance of something ([[PROV-PAQ]]). </p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a record container's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">recordContainer</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">provenanceContainer</span> :=
-<span class="name">provenanceContainer</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">recordContainer</span> :=
+<span class="name">recordContainer</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
{ <span class="nonterminal">namespaceDeclaration</span> }
<span class="name">,</span>
{ <span class="nonterminal">identifier</span> }
<span class="name">,</span>
-{ <span class="nonterminal">expression</span> }
+{ <span class="nonterminal">record</span> }
<span class="name">)</span>
</div>
-<p>An instance of a provenance container, written <span class="name">provenanceContainer(decls, ids, exprs)</span> in PROV-ASN:
+<p>A record container, written <span class="name">recordContainer(decls, ids, exprs)</span> in PROV-ASN:
<ul>
<li> contains a set of namespace declarations <span class="name">decls</span>, declaring namespaces and associated prefixes, which can be used in attributes (conformant to production <span class="nonterminal">attribute</span>) and in names (conformant to production <span class="nonterminal">name</span>) in <span class="name">exprs</span>;</li>
<li> contains a set of identifiers <span class="name">ids</span> naming all accounts occurring (at any nesting level) in <span class="name">exprs</span>;</li>
-<li> contains one or more expressions <span class="name">exprs</span>.</li>
+<li> contains one or more records <span class="name">exprs</span>.</li>
</ul>
-<p>All the expressions in <span class="name">exprs</span> are implictly wrapped in a default account, scoping all the identifiers they declare directly, and constituting a toplevel account, in the hierarchy of accounts. Consequently, every provenance expression is always expressed in the context of an account, either explicitly in an asserted account, or implicitly in a container's default account.</p>
+<p>All the records in <span class="name">exprs</span> are implictly wrapped in a default account, scoping all the identifiers they declare directly, and constituting a toplevel account, in the hierarchy of accounts. Consequently, every provenance record is always expressed in the context of an account, either explicitly in an asserted account, or implicitly in a container's default account.</p>
<p>
The following container </p>
@@ -2007,87 +1868,14 @@
</section>
-<section id="sub-expression">
-<h3>Sub-Expressions</h3>
-
-This section specifies the productions of sub-expressions of PROV-DM expressions.
-
-<section id="expression-qualifier">
-<h4>Qualifier</h4>
-
-<p>A <dfn id="dfn-qualifier">qualifier</dfn> is an ordered list of name-value pairs, used to qualify use expressions, generation expressions and control expressions. </p>
-
-<p>In PROV-ASN, a qualifier's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
-
-
-<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">useQualifier</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span> <br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">generationQualifier</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span> <br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">controlQualifier</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span> <br/>
-<br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">qualifier</span> :=
-<span class="name">qualifier</span>
-<span class="name">(</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">name-values</span> <span class="name">)</span> <br/>
-<!-- -->
-<span class="nonterminal">name-values</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">name-value</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">name-value</span> <span class="name">,</span> <span class="nonterminal">name-values</span>
-<br/>
-<span class="nonterminal">name-value</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">name</span>
-<span class="name">=</span>
-<span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>Use, generation, and control expressions MUST contain a qualifier. A qualifier's sequence of name-value pairs MAY be empty. </p>
-
-<div class="note">aren't these two sentences contradictory></div>
-
-<p>The interpretation of a qualifier is specific to the process execution expression it occurs in, which means that a same qualifier may appear in two different process execution expressions with different interpretations.
-From this specification's viewpoint, a qualifier's interpretation is out of
-scope.</p>
-
-
-
-<p>
-By definition, a use (resp. generation, control) expression does not contain an identifier.
-If one wants to annotate a use (resp. generation, control) expression, this expression MUST be identifiable from its constituents, i.e. its source's identifier, its destination's identifier, and its qualifier.</p>
-
-<p> To be able to annotate use (resp. generation, control) expressions that refer to a given process execution identifier,
- any qualifier occuring in use expressions (resp. generation, control) with this identifier and a given entity expression identifier MUST be unique.</p>
-
-<div class='note'>It may seem strange that we do not require use expressions to have an identifier. Mandating the presence of identifiers in use expressions would facilitate their annotation. However, this would make it difficult for use expressions to be encoded as properties in OWL2.
-</div>
-
-<p>Qualifiers are used in determining the exact source and destination of a <span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationExpression</span>. Hence,
-if one wants to express a <span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationExpression</span> referring to an entity expression and a process execution expression, then:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>the useQualifier MUST be unique among the qualifiers occuring in use expressions for this process execution expression;
-<li>the generationQualifier MUST be unique among the qualifiers occuring in generation expressions for this process execution expression.
-</ul>
-
-
-<p>The PROV data model introduces the qualifier <span class="name">role</span> in the <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> to denote the function of a characterized thing with respect to an activity, in the context of a use/generation/control relation. The value associated with a <span class="name">role</span> attribute MUST be conformant with <span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>. </p>
-
-
-<p>
-The following control expression qualifies the role of the agent identified by <span class="name">a5</span> in this control relation. </p>
-<pre class="example">
- wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, qualifier(role="communicator"))
-</pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-</section>
-
-<section id="expression-attribute">
+<section id="sub-record">
+<h3>Further Terms in Records</h3>
+
+This section specifies the productions of further terms in PROV-DM records.
+
+
+
+<section id="record-attribute">
<h4>Attribute</h4>
<p>An <dfn id="dfn-attribute">attribute</dfn> is a finite sequence of characters. (Exact production TBD).</p>
@@ -2096,29 +1884,56 @@
<span class="nonterminal">attribute</span> :=
<em>a qualified name</em></div>
-<p>If a namespace prefix occurs in the qualified name, it refers to a namespace declared in the provenance container.</p>
-</section>
-
-
-<section id="expression-name">
-<h4>Name</h4>
-
-
-<p>A <dfn id="dfn-name">name</dfn> is a finite sequence of characters. (Exact production TBD).</p>
-
-<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">name</span> :=
-<em>a qualified name</em></div>
-<p>If a namespace prefix occurs in the qualified name, it refers to a namespace declared in the provenance container.</p>
-
-<div class='note'>Proposed to adopt the abbreviatedIRI definition of OWL2 [[!OWL2-SYNTAX]]
-(see section <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-syntax-20091027/#IRIs">IRIs</a>).
+<p>If a namespace prefix occurs in the qualified name, it refers to a namespace declared in the record container.</p>
+
+
+<p>The PROV data model introduces the attribute <span class="name">role</span> in the <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> to denote the function of an entity with respect to an activity, in the context of a use/generation/control relation. The value associated with a <span class="name">role</span> attribute MUST be conformant with <span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>. </p>
+
+
+<p>
+The following control record describes the role of the agent identified by <span class="name">a5</span> in this control relation with activity <span class="name">pe4</span>. </p>
+<pre class="example">
+ wasControlledBy(pe4,a5, [prov:role="communicator"])
+</pre>
+<p>From this specification's viewpoint, an the interpretation of an attribute declared in a namespace other than prov-dm is out of
+scope.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='note'>The following text needs to find a home. It is proposed to introduce optional identifiers for relations, and this will be largely redundant.
</div>
+
+
+<p>
+By definition, a use (resp. generation, control) record does not contain an identifier.
+If one wants to annotate a use (resp. generation, control) record, this record MUST be identifiable from its constituents, i.e. its source's identifier, its destination's identifier, and its attributes.</p>
+
+<p> To be able to annotate use (resp. generation, control) records that refer to a given activity identifier,
+ any attribute-value set occurring in use records (resp. generation, control) with this identifier and a given entity record identifier MUST be unique.</p>
+
+<div class='note'>It may seem strange that we do not require use records to have an identifier. Mandating the presence of identifiers in use records would facilitate their annotation. However, this would make it difficult for use records to be encoded as properties in OWL2.
+</div>
+
+<p>Attribute-value are used in determining the exact source and destination of a <span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationRecord</span>. Hence,
+if one wants to express a <span class="nonterminal">pe-linked-derivationRecord</span> referring to an entity record and an activity record, then:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the set of attribute-values of a use record MUST be unique among the set of attribute-values occurring in use records for this activity;
+<li>the set of attribute-values of a generation record MUST be unique among the set of attribute-values occurring in generation records for this activity.
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
</section>
-<section id="expression-identifier">
+
+
+<section id="record-identifier">
<h4>Identifier</h4>
@@ -2131,18 +1946,56 @@
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span> :=
<em>?????</em></div>
-<div class='note'>We are going to introduce a notion of qualified identifier, which allows us to refer to an identifier in the scope of a given account. Given that accounts may be nested, a qualifier identifier will be prefixed by a sequence of account identifiers, and then followed by an identifier, local to the innermost account.
+<div class='note'>We are going to introduce a notion of qualified identifier, which allows us to refer to an identifier in the scope of a given account. Given that accounts may be nested, a qualified identifier will be prefixed by a sequence of account identifiers, and then followed by an identifier, local to the innermost account.
</div>
</section>
-<section id="expression-literal">
+<section id="record-literal">
<h4>Literal</h4>
-Literals represent data values such as particular string or integers.
-
-<div class='note'>It is proposed to use the definition of OWL2 Literal [[!OWL2-SYNTAX]]
+<p>
+A PROV-DM Literal represents a data value such as a particular string
+or number. A PROV-DM Literal represents a value whose interpretation is outside the scope of PROV-DM.
+</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a Literal's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">Literal</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.</p>
+
+<div class='grammar'>
+<span class="nonterminal">Literal</span> := <span class="nonterminal">typedLiteral</span> | <span class="nonterminal">stringConvenienceNotation</span> </br>
+<span class="nonterminal">typedLiteral</span> := <span class="nonterminal">quotedString</span> <span class="name">^^</span> <span class="nonterminal">Datatype</span></br>
+<span class="nonterminal">Datatype</span> := <span class="nonterminal">IRI</span></br>
+</br>
+<span class="nonterminal">stringConvenienceNotation</span> := <span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralNoLanguage</span> | <span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralWithLanguage</span></br>
+<span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralNoLanguage</span> := <span class="nonterminal">quotedString</span></br>
+<span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralWithLanguage</span> := <span class="nonterminal">quotedString</span> <span class="nonterminal">languageTag</span></br>
+
+<span class="nonterminal">languageTag</span> := <em>@ (U+40) by followed a nonempty sequence of characters matching the langtag production from [[!BCP47]]</em>
+</div>
+
+<p>The non terminals <span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralNoLanguage</span> and
+<span class="nonterminal">stringLiteralWithLanguage</span>
+are syntactic sugar for quoted strings with datatype <span class="name">xsd:string</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p> In particular, a PROV-DM Literal may be a URI-typed string (with datatype <span class="name">xsd:anyURI</span>), or URI-denoted resource (with datatype <span class="name">rdf:Resource</span>); in either case; such URI has no specific interpretation in the context of PROV-DM.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+The following examples respectively are the string "abc", the string "abc" with language english, the string "abc", the integer number "1", the URI "http://example.org/foo", and the resource denoted by "http://example.org/foo"
+<pre class="example">
+ "abc"
+ "abc"@en
+ "abc"^^xsd:string
+ "1"^^xsd:int
+ "http://example.org/foo"^^xsd:anyURI
+ "http://example.org/foo"^^rdf:Resource
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class='note'>Should we define structural equivalence of literals as in OWL2? [[!OWL2-SYNTAX]]
(see section <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-syntax-20091027/#Literals">Literals</a>).
</div>
@@ -2151,24 +2004,24 @@
-<section id="expression-Time">
+<section id="record-Time">
<h4>Time</h4>
<p><dfn id="dfn-time">Time instants</dfn> are defined according to xsd:dateTime [[!XMLSCHEMA-2]].</p>
-<p>It is OPTIONAL to assert time in use, generation, and process execution expressions.</p>
+<p>It is OPTIONAL to assert time in use, generation, and activity records.</p>
<section>
<h4>Temporal Events</h4>
Four kinds of discrete events underpin the PROV-DM data model. They are:
<ol>
-<li>Generation of a characterized thing by an activity: identifies the final instant of a characterized thing's creation timespan, after which it becomes available for use.</li>
-<li>Use of a characterized thing by an activity: identifies the first instant of a characterized thing's consumption timespan.</li>
-<li>Start of an activity: identifies the instant an activity, represented by a process execution, starts;</li>
-<li>End of an activity: identifies the instant an activity, represented by a process execution, ends.</li>
+<li>Generation of an entity by an activity: identifies the final instant of an entity's creation timespan, after which it becomes available for use.</li>
+<li>Use of an entity by an activity: identifies the first instant of an entity's consumption timespan.</li>
+<li>Start of an activity: identifies the instant an activity, represented by an activity, starts;</li>
+<li>End of an activity: identifies the instant an activity, represented by an activity, ends.</li>
</ol>
</section>
@@ -2184,10 +2037,10 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-Asserter">
+<section id="record-Asserter">
<h3>Asserter</h3>
-<p>An <dfn id="dfn-asserter">asserter</dfn> is a creator of PROV-DM expressions. An asserter is denoted by an IRI.</p>
+<p>An <dfn id="dfn-asserter">asserter</dfn> is a creator of PROV-DM records. An asserter is denoted by an IRI.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
<span class="nonterminal">asserter</span> := <em>an IRI</em>
@@ -2198,7 +2051,7 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-NamespaceDeclaration">
+<section id="record-NamespaceDeclaration">
<h3>Namespace Declaration</h3>
<p>A <dfn id="dfn-namespaceDeclaration">namespace declaration</dfn> declares a namespace and a prefix to denote it.</p>
@@ -2209,11 +2062,11 @@
</section>
-<section id="expression-RecipeLink">
+<section id="record-RecipeLink">
<h3>Recipe Link</h3>
-<p>A <dfn id="dfn-RecipeLink">recipe link</dfn> is an association between a process execution expression and a process specification that underpins the represented activity.
+<p>A <dfn id="dfn-RecipeLink">recipe link</dfn> is an association between an activity record and a process specification that underpins the represented activity.
</p>
<div class='grammar'>
@@ -2221,7 +2074,7 @@
</div>
<p>
-It is OPTIONAL to assert recipe links in process executions.
+It is OPTIONAL to assert recipe links in activities.
</p>
@@ -2235,14 +2088,14 @@
-<section id="expression-Location">
+<section id="record-Location">
<h3>Location</h3>
<p><dfn id="dfn-Location">Location</dfn> is an identifiable geographic place (ISO 19112). As such, there are numerous ways in which location can be expressed, such as by a coordinate, address, landmark, row, column, and so forth. This document does not specify how to concretely express locations, but instead provide a mechanism to introduce locations in assertions. </p>
<p>
-Location is an OPTIONAL attribute of entity expressions and process execution expressions. The value associated with a attribute <span class="name">location</span> MUST be a <span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>, expected to denote a location.
+Location is an OPTIONAL attribute of entity records and activity records. The value associated with a attribute <span class="name">location</span> MUST be a <span class="nonterminal">Literal</span>, expected to denote a location.
</p>
@@ -2254,50 +2107,17 @@
</section>
- <section id="extensibility-section">
-<h2>PROV-DM Extensibility Points</h2>
-
-
-<p>The PROV data model provides several extensibility points that allow designers to specialize it to specific applications or domains. We summarize these extensibility points here:
-
-<ul>
-<li> Attributes are constructs of the data model that allow representations of aspects of the world's things and activities to be expressed. Applications are free to introduce application-specific attributes, according to their perspective on the world. Attributes for a given application can be distinguished by qualifying them with a prefix denoting a namespace declared in a namespace declaration.
-
-<p>The <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> declares a set of reserved attributes: <span class="name">type</span>, <span class="name">location</span>.</li>
-
-<li>Annotation expressions allow arbitrary metadata to be associated with identifiable expressions of PROV-DM. Annotation expressions consist of name-value pairs. Like attributes, names are qualified by a namespace.</li>
-
-<li> Qualifiers offer a mechanism to
-describe modalities of use, generation, and control
-They consist of ordered sequence of name-value pairs. Such names
-are also qualified by namespaces.
-
-<p>The <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> declares a reserved qualifier: <span class="name">role</span>.</p></li>
-
-<li>Namespaces allow attributes and names to be qualified. </li>
-
-<li>Subtyping is allowed by means of the reserved attribute <span class="name">type</span>.</li>
-
-<li>Domain specific values can be expressed by means of typed literals. </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>The PROV data model is designed to be application and technology independent, but specializations of PROV-DM are welcome and encouraged. To ensure inter-operability, specializations of the PROV data model that exploit the extensibility points summarized in this section MUST preserve the semantics specified in this document. For instance, a qualified attribute on a domain specific entity expression MUST represent an aspect of a characterized thing and this aspect MUST remain unchanged during the characterization's interval of this entity expression.</p>
-
-
-
- </section>
-
-
- <section id="prov-dm-extensions">
-<h2>PROV-DM extensions</h2>
-
-
-<section id="expression-Collection">
+
+ <section id="prov-dm-shortcuts-and-abbreviations">
+<h2>PROV-DM Shortcuts and Abbreviations</h2>
+
+
+<section id="record-Collection">
<h3>Collections</h3>
The purpose of this section is to enable modelling of part-of relationships amongst entities. In particular, a form of <strong>collection</strong> entity type is introduced, consisting of a set of key-value pairs. Key-value pairs provide a generic indexing structure that can be used to model commonly used data structures, including associative lists (also known as "dictionaries" in some programming languages), relational tables, ordered lists, and more.<br/>
-The relations introduced here are all specializations of the <a href="#expression-Derivation"><strong>wasDerivedFrom</strong></a> pe-linked derivation. They are designed to model:
+The relations introduced here are all specializations of the <a href="#record-Derivation"><strong>wasDerivedFrom</strong></a> pe-linked derivation. They are designed to model:
<ul>
<li><strong>insertion</strong>: a collection entity c' is obtained from collection entity c, by adding entity e having key k to c;
@@ -2305,15 +2125,15 @@
<li><strong>selection</strong>: an entity e was selected from collection c using key k.
</ul>
- A collection expression is defined as follows.
+ A collection record is defined as follows.
<div class='grammar'>
- <span class="nonterminal">collectionExpression</span> :=
-<span class="nonterminal">collectionDerivationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">keyDerivationExpression</span>
-| <span class="nonterminal">entityMembershipExpression</span>
+ <span class="nonterminal">collectionRecord</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">collectionDerivationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">keyDerivationRecord</span>
+| <span class="nonterminal">entityMembershipRecord</span>
<br/>
- <span class="nonterminal">collectionDerivationExpression</span> :=
+ <span class="nonterminal">collectionDerivationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasAddedTo_Coll</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2329,7 +2149,7 @@
<span class="name">)</span>
<br/>
- <span class="nonterminal">keyDerivationExpression</span> :=
+ <span class="nonterminal">keyDerivationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasAddedTo_Key</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2345,7 +2165,7 @@
<span class="name">)</span>
<br/>
- <span class="nonterminal">entityMembershipExpression</span> :=
+ <span class="nonterminal">entityMembershipRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasAddedTo_Entity</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2355,12 +2175,12 @@
<br/>
</div>
-<p> Expression: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Coll(c2,c1)</span> (resp. <span class="name">wasRemovedFrom_Coll(c2,c1)</span>) denotes that collection <span class="name">c2</span> is an updated version of collection <span class="name">c1</span>, following an insertion (resp. deletion) operation.</p>
+<p> Record: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Coll(c2,c1)</span> (resp. <span class="name">wasRemovedFrom_Coll(c2,c1)</span>) denotes that collection <span class="name">c2</span> is an updated version of collection <span class="name">c1</span>, following an insertion (resp. deletion) operation.</p>
-<p> Expression: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Key(c,k)</span> (resp. <span class="name">wasRemovedFrom_Key(c,k)</span>) denotes that collection <span class="name">c</span> had
+<p> Record: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Key(c,k)</span> (resp. <span class="name">wasRemovedFrom_Key(c,k)</span>) denotes that collection <span class="name">c</span> had
a new value with key <span class="name">k</span> added to (resp. removed from) it.</p>
-<p> Expression: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Entity(c,e)</span> denotes that collection <span class="name">c</span> had entity
+<p> Record: <span class="name">wasAddedTo_Entity(c,e)</span> denotes that collection <span class="name">c</span> had entity
<span class="name">e</span> added to it.
</p>
@@ -2406,14 +2226,192 @@
<div class='note'>The types of these relations need to be made explicit.</div>
+<section id="record-OrderingOfActivities">
+<h3>Activity Ordering Record</h3>
+</section>
+
+<div class="note">Proposal to change the name to "Dependencies amongst Activities" to avoid ambiguities</div>
+
+<p>PROV-DM allows two forms of temporal relationships between activities to be expressed.
+An <dfn id="InformationFlowOrdering">information flow ordering record</dfn> is a representation that an entity was generated by an activity, before it was used by another activity.
+A <dfn id="ControlOrdering">control ordering record</dfn> is a representation that the end of
+an activity precedes the start of another activity.
+</p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, an activity ordering record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">peOrderingRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+</p>
+
+<div class='grammar'>
+<span class="nonterminal">peOrderingRecord</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">informationFlowOrderingRecord</span> |
+<span class="nonterminal">controlOrderingRecord</span>
+<br/>
+
+<span class="nonterminal">informationFlowOrderingRecord</span> :=
+<span class="name">wasInformedBy</span>
+<span class="name">(</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">,</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">)</span>
+<br/>
+
+<span class="nonterminal">controlOrderingRecord</span> :=
+<span class="name">wasScheduledAfter</span>
+<span class="name">(</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">,</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">)</span>
+<br/>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+A information flow ordering record, written as
+<span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span> in PROV-ASN:
+<ul>
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe2</span>;
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>
+</ul>
+and states information flow ordering between the activities represented by these records, specified as follows.
+
+<div class='constraint' id='wasInformedBy'>Given two activity records identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>,
+ the record <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span>
+holds, <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>
+ there is an entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span> and sets of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs1</span> and <span class="name">attrs2</span>,
+such that <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(e,pe1,attrs1)</span> and <span class="name">used(pe2,e,attrs2)</span> hold.
+</div>
+
+<p>The relationship <span class="name">wasInformedBy</span> is not transitive. Indeed, consider the records <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe2,pe1)</span> and <span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe3,pe2)</span>, the record
+<span class="name">wasInformedBy(pe3,pe1)</span>, may not necessarily hold, as illustrated by the following event line.
+<pre>
+ ------ pe1
+ |
+ e1
+ |
+ ------- pe2
+ |
+ e2
+ |
+ ----- pe3
+</pre>
+<p>The end in activity record identified by <span class="name">pe3</span> precedes the start in activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>, while interval for activity record <span class="name">pe2</span> overlaps with each interval for <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe3</span>, allowing information to flow (<span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, respectively).</p>
+
+
+
+<p>
+A control ordering record, written as
+<span class="name">wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)</span> in PROV-ASN: </p>
+<ul>
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe2</span>;
+<li> refers to an activity record identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>,
+</ul>
+<p>and states control ordering between <span class="name">pe2</span> and <span class="name">pe1</span>, specified as follows.</p>
+
+<div class='constraint' id='wasScheduledAfter'>Given two activity records identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>,
+ the record <span class="name">wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)</span>
+holds, <span class='conditional'>if and only if</span>
+ there are two entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>,
+such that <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe1,e1,[prov:role="end"])</span> and <span class="name">wasControlledBy(pe2,e2,[prov:role="start"])</span> and <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span>.
+</div>
+<p>This definition assumes that the activities represented by activity records identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span> are controlled by some agents (with identifiers <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>), where the first agent terminates (control attribute <span class="name">[prov:role="end")</span>) the first activity, and the second agents initiates (control attribute <span class="name">[prov:role="start")</span>) the second activity. The second agent being "derived" from the first enforces temporal ordering. </p>
+
+<p>
+In the following assertions, we find two activity records, identified by <span class="name">pe1</span> and <span class="name">pe2</span>, representing two activities, which took place on two separate hosts.</p>
+<pre class="example">
+activity(pe1,long-workflow,t1,t2,[host="server1.example.org"])
+activity(pe2,long-workflow,t3,t4,[host="server2.example.org"])
+entity(e1,[type="scheduler",state=1])
+entity(e2,[type="scheduler",state=2])
+wasControlledBy(pe1,e1,[prov:role="end"])
+wasControlledBy(pe2,e2,[prov:role="start"])
+wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1)
+wasScheduledAfter(pe2,pe1)
+</pre>
+<p>The one identified by <span class="name">pe2</span> is said to be
+scheduled after the one identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>
+because the scheduler terminated the activity (represented by activity identified by <span class="name">pe1</span>) to relocate it
+to the new host.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class='pending'>Suggested definition for process ordering. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/50">ISSUE-50</a>.</div>
+
+
+
+<section id="record-Revision">
+<h3>Revision Record</h3>
+
+<p> A <dfn id="dfn-Revision">revision record</dfn> is a representation of the creation of an entity considered to be a variant of another. Deciding whether something is made available as a revision of something else usually involves an agent who represents someone in the world who takes responsibility for declaring that the former is variant of the latter. </p>
+
+<p>In PROV-ASN, a revision record's text matches the <span class="nonterminal">revisionRecord</span> production of the grammar defined in this specification document.
+</p>
+
+<div class='grammar'>
+<span class="nonterminal">revisionRecord</span> :=
+<span class="name">wasRevisionOf</span>
+<span class="name">(</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+<span class="name">,</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
+[<span class="name">,</span>
+<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>]
+<span class="name">)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p> A revision record, written <span class="name">wasRevisionOf(e2,e1,ag)</span> in PROV-ASN:</p>
+<ul>
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying an entity that represents a newer version of an entity;
+<li> contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying an entity that represents an older version of an entity;
+<li> MAY refer to a responsible agent with identifier <span class="name">ag</span>.
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>A revision record can only be asserted, since it needs to include a reference to an agent who represents someone in the real world who bears responsibility for declaring a variant of an entity. However, it needs to satisfy the following constraint, linking the two entity records by a derivation, and stating them to be a complement of a third entity record.</p>
+
+<div class='constraint' id='wasRevision'>
+Given two identifiers <span class="name">old</span> and <span class="name">new</span> identifying two entities, and an identifier <span class="name">ag</span> identifying an agent,
+<span class='conditional'>if</span> a record <span class="name">wasRevisionOf(new,old,ag)</span> is asserted, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
+there exists an entity record identifier <span class="name">e</span> and attribute-values <span class="name">av</span>, such that the following records hold:
+<ul>
+<li> <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedFrom(new,old)</span>;
+<li> <span class="name">entity(e,av)</span>;
+<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(new,e)</span>;
+<li> <span class="name">wasComplementOf(old,e)</span>.
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="name">wasRevisionOf</span> is a strict sub-relation
+ of <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedDerivedFrom</span> since two entities <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>
+ may satisfy <span class="name">wasEventuallyDerivedDerivedFrom(e2,e1)</span> without being a variant of
+ each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following revision assertion</p>
+<pre class="example">
+wasRevisionOf(e3,e2,a4)
+</pre>
+<p>states that the document represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e3</span> is declared to be revision of document represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span> by agent representy by entity record denoted by <span class="name">a4</span>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class='pending'>Revision should be a class not a property. This is <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/track/issues/48">ISSUE-48</a>.</div>
+
+
+</section>
+
<section>
-<h3>Attribution Expression</h3>
-
-<p>An attribution expression represents that a characterized thing is ascribed to an agent and is compliant with the <span class="nonterminal">attributionExpression</span> production.</p>
+<h3>Attribution Record</h3>
+
+<p>An attribution record represents that an entity is ascribed to an agent and is compliant with the <span class="nonterminal">attributionRecord</span> production.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">attributionExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">attributionRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasAttributedTo</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2422,39 +2420,38 @@
<span class="name">)</span>
</div>
-<p> An instance of an attribution expression, written <span class="name"> wasAttributedTo(e,ag)</span>:</p>
+<p> An attribution record, written <span class="name"> wasAttributedTo(e,ag)</span>:</p>
<ul>
-<li>contains an identifer <span class="name">e</span>, identifying an entity expression;
+<li>contains an identifer <span class="name">e</span>, identifying an entity record;
<li>contains an identifer <span class="name">ag</span>, identifying the agent whom the entity is attributed to.
</ul>
-<p>Attribution models the notion of a process execution generating an entity identified by <span class="name">e</span> being controlled by an agent <span class="name">ag</span>, which takes responsibility for generating <span class="name">e</span>. Formally, this is expressed as the following necessary condition.</p>
+<p>Attribution models the notion of an activity generating an entity identified by <span class="name">e</span> being controlled by an agent <span class="name">ag</span>, which takes responsibility for generating <span class="name">e</span>. Formally, this is expressed as the following necessary condition.</p>
<div class='constraint' id='attribution-implication'>
<span class='conditional'>If</span>
<span class="name">wasAttributedTo(e,ag)</span> holds for some identifiers
<span class="name">e</span> and <span class="name">ag</span>,
-<span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists a process execution identified by <span class="name">pe</span> such that the following statements hold:
+<span class='conditional'>then</span> there exists an activity identified by <span class="name">pe</span> such that the following statements hold:
<pre>
-processExecution(pe,recipe,t1,t2,attr)
+activity(pe,recipe,t1,t2,attr1)
wasGenerateBy(e,pe)
-wasControlledBy(pe,ag,q)
+wasControlledBy(pe,ag,attr2)
</pre>
-for some attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attr</span>, time <span class="name">t1</span>, <span class="name">t2</span>, and qualifier <span class="name">q</span>.
+for some sets of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attr1</span> and <span class="name">attr2</span>, time <span class="name">t1</span>, and <span class="name">t2</span>.
</div>
</section>
<section>
-<h3>Quotation Expression</h3>
-
-
-
-<p> A quotation expression is a representation of the repeating or copying of some part of a characterized thing, compatible with
-the <span class="nonterminal">quotationExpression</span> production.</p>
+<h3>Quotation Record</h3>
+
+
+<p> A quotation record is a representation of the repeating or copying of some part of an entity, compatible with
+the <span class="nonterminal">quotationRecord</span> production.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">quotationExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">quotationRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasQuoteOf</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2468,10 +2465,10 @@
</div>
-<p> An instance of a quotation expression, written <span class="name"> wasQuoteOf(e2,e1,ag2,ag1)</span>:</p>
+<p> A quotation record, written <span class="name"> wasQuoteOf(e2,e1,ag2,ag1)</span>:</p>
<ul>
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, identifying an entity expression that represents the quote;
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, identifying an entity expression representing what is being quoted;
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span>, identifying an entity record that represents the quote;
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span>, identifying an entity record representing what is being quoted;
<li>MAY refer to an agent who is doing the quoting, identified by <span class="name">ag2</span>;
<li>MAY refer to the agent that is quoted, identified by <span class="name">ag1</span>.
</ul>
@@ -2480,7 +2477,7 @@
<span class='conditional'>If</span>
<span class="name">wasQuoteOf(e2,e1,ag2,ag1)</span> holds for some identifiers
<span class="name">e2</span>, <span class="name">e1</span>, <span class="name">ag2</span>, <span class="name">ag1</span>,
-<span class='conditional'>then</span> the following expressions hold:
+<span class='conditional'>then</span> the following records hold:
<pre>
wasEventuallyDerivedDerivedFrom(e2,e1)
wasAttributedTo(e2,ag2)
@@ -2492,12 +2489,12 @@
<section>
-<h3>Summary Expression</h3>
-<p>A summary expression represents that a characterized thing is a synopsis or abbreviation of another entity. A summary expression is compliant with the
-<span class="nonterminal">summaryExpression</span> production.</p>
+<h3>Summary Record</h3>
+<p>A summary record represents that an entity is a synopsis or abbreviation of another entity. A summary record is compliant with the
+<span class="nonterminal">summaryRecord</span> production.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">summaryExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">summaryRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">wasSummaryOf</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2509,8 +2506,8 @@
<p> An assertion wasSummaryOf, written <span class="name"> wasSummaryOf(e2,e1)</span>:</p>
<ul>
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying the entity expression that represents the summary;
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying the entity expression that represents what is being summarized.
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying the entity record that represents the summary;
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying the entity record that represents what is being summarized.
</ul>
<p>
@@ -2521,15 +2518,15 @@
</section>
<section>
-<h3>Original Source Expression</h3>
-
-<p>An original-source expression represents a characterized thing in
-which another characterized thing first appeared. A original-source
-expression is compliant with the
-<span class="nonterminal">originalSourceExpression</span> production.</p>
+<h3>Original Source Record</h3>
+
+<p>An original-source record represents an entity in
+which another entity first appeared. A original-source
+record is compliant with the
+<span class="nonterminal">originalSourceRecord</span> production.</p>
<div class='grammar'>
-<span class="nonterminal">originalSourceExpression</span> :=
+<span class="nonterminal">originalSourceRecord</span> :=
<span class="name">hadOriginalSource</span>
<span class="name">(</span>
<span class="nonterminal">identifier</span>
@@ -2540,8 +2537,8 @@
<p> An assertion hadOriginalSource, written <span class="name"> hadOriginalSource(e2,e1)</span>:</p>
<ul>
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying the entity expression representing the original thing;
-<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying an entity expression, representing a thing that had appeared previously.
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e1</span> identifying the entity record representing the original entity;
+<li>contains an identifier <span class="name">e2</span> identifying an entity record, representing an entity that had appeared previously.
</ul>
<p>
@@ -2553,19 +2550,56 @@
</section>
</section>
+ <section id="extensibility-section">
+<h2>PROV-DM Extensibility Points</h2>
+
+
+<p>The PROV data model provides several extensibility points that allow designers to specialize it to specific applications or domains. We summarize these extensibility points here:
+
+<ul>
+<li> Attributes are constructs of the data model that allow representations of aspects of the world's entities and activities to be expressed. Applications are free to introduce application-specific attributes, according to their perspective on the world. Attributes for a given application can be distinguished by qualifying them with a prefix denoting a namespace declared in a namespace declaration.
+
+<p>The <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> declares a set of reserved attributes: <span class="name">type</span>, <span class="name">location</span>.</li>
+
+
+<li> Sets of Attribute-value pairs offer a mechanism to
+describe modalities of use, generation, and control
+Such attributes are also qualified by namespaces.
+
+<p>The <a href="#prov-dm-namespace">PROV-DM namespace</a> declares a reserved attribute: <span class="name">role</span>.</p></li>
+
+
+<li>Annotation records allow arbitrary metadata to be associated with identifiable records of PROV-DM. Annotation records consist of name-value pairs. Like attributes, names are qualified by a namespace.</li>
+
+
+<li>Namespaces allow attributes and names to be qualified. </li>
+
+<li>Subtyping is allowed by means of the reserved attribute <span class="name">type</span>.</li>
+
+<li>Domain specific values can be expressed by means of typed literals. </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The PROV data model is designed to be application and technology independent, but specializations of PROV-DM are welcome and encouraged. To ensure inter-operability, specializations of the PROV data model that exploit the extensibility points summarized in this section MUST preserve the semantics specified in this document. For instance, a qualified attribute on a domain specific entity record MUST represent an aspect of an entity and this aspect MUST remain unchanged during the characterization's interval of this entity record.</p>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+
+
<section id="resource-section">
<h2>Resources, URIs, Entities, Identifiers, and Scope</h2>
-<p>This specification introduces the notion of an identifiable characterized thing in the world. In PROV-DM, an entity expression is a representation of such an identifiable characterized thing. An entity expression includes an identifier identifying this characterized thing. Identifiers are URIs (TBC). </p>
+<p>This specification introduces the notion of an identifiable entity in the world. In PROV-DM, an entity record is a representation of such an identifiable entity. An entity record includes an identifier identifying this entity. Identifiers are URIs (TBC). </p>
<p>The term 'resource' is used in a general sense
for whatever might be identified by a URI [[!RFC3986]]. On the Web, a URI denotes a resource, without any expectation that the resource is accessed. </p>
-<p>The purpose of this section is to clarify the relationship between resource and the notions of characterized thing and entity expression. </p>
-
-<p>A resource is an instance of a thing in the world. One may take multiple perspectives on such a thing and its situation in the world, fixing some its aspects.</p>
-
-<p> We refer to the example of section <a href="#conceptualization">2.1</a> for a resource (at some URL) and three different perspectives, referred to as characterized things. Three different entity expressions can be expressed for this report, which in the PROV-ASN sample below, are expressed within a same account.
+<p>The purpose of this section is to clarify the relationship between resource and the notions of entity and entity record. </p>
+
+<p>A resource is an instance of an entity in the world. One may take multiple perspectives on such a thing and its situation in the world, fixing some its aspects.</p>
+
+<p> We refer to the example of section <a href="#conceptualization">2.1</a> for a resource (at some URL) and three different perspectives, referred to as entities. Three different entity records can be expressed for this report, which in the PROV-ASN sample below, are expressed within a same account.
</p>
<pre>
@@ -2578,10 +2612,10 @@
...)
</pre>
-<p>Each entity expression contains an idenfier that identifies the characterized thing it represents.
+<p>Each entity record contains an idenfier that identifies the entity it represents.
In this example, three identifiers were minted using the URN syntax with "example" namespace.</p>
-<p>Given that the report is a resource denoted by the URI <span class="name">http://example.org/crime.txt</span>, we could simply use this URI as the identifier of an entity. This would avoid us minting new URIs. Hence, the report URI would play a double role: as a URI it denotes a resource accessible at that URI, and as a PROV-DM identifier, it identifies a specific characterization of this report. A given identifier identifies a single characterized thing within the scope of an account. Hence, below, all entities expressions have been given the same identifier but appear in the scope of different accounts. </p>
+<p>Given that the report is a resource denoted by the URI <span class="name">http://example.org/crime.txt</span>, we could simply use this URI as the identifier of an entity. This would avoid us minting new URIs. Hence, the report URI would play a double role: as a URI it denotes a resource accessible at that URI, and as a PROV-DM identifier, it identifies a specific characterization of this report. A given identifier identifies a single entity within the scope of an account. Hence, below, all entities records have been given the same identifier but appear in the scope of different accounts. </p>
<pre>
account(acc2,
@@ -2632,7 +2666,7 @@
<li>The graphical illustration is a graph. </li>
-<li>entities, process executions and agents are represented as nodes, with oval, rectangular, and half-hexagonal shapes, respectively. </li>
+<li>Entities, activities and agents are represented as nodes, with oval, rectangular, and half-hexagonal shapes, respectively. </li>
<li>Use, Generation, Derivation, IVPof are represented as directed edges.</li>
@@ -2649,6 +2683,20 @@
-->
+<section class="appendix">
+ <h2>Changes Since Previous Version</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>11/11/11: Swapped sections 6 and 7.</li>
+<li>11/11/11: Use attribute-value pairs uniformly, instead of qualifiers and name-value pairs.</li>
+<li>11/08/11: Renamed 'provenance container' into 'record container'.</li>
+<li>11/07/11: Addressed ISSUE-143 (qualifiers as a set of name value pairs).</li>
+<li>11/07/11: Added a section on Literals (ISSUE-142).</li>
+<li>11/07/11: Aligned terminology 'activity' and 'process execution record'.</li>
+<li>11/07/11: Renamed 'xxx Expression' into 'xxx Record' to avoid the language connotation.</li>
+<li>11/07/11: Defined entity as identifiable characterized thing, and updated text accordingly.</li>
+<li>10/08/11: Made explicit the term expression wherever was appropriate, including section titles.</li>
+</ul>
+ </section>
<section class="appendix">
<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>