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- </p>
- <h1 class="title" id="title">Dublin Core to PROV Mapping</h1>
- <h2 id="w3c-working-draft-11-december-2012"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Draft 11 December 2012</h2>
- <dl><dt>This version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-dc-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-dc-20121211/</a></dd>
- <dt>Latest published version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dc/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dc/</a></dd><dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
- <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html</a></dd>
- <dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://delicias.dia.fi.upm.es/members/DGarijo/">Daniel Garijo</a>, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain</dd>
-<dd><a href="http://www.kaiec.org/">Kai Eckert</a>, Manheim University Library, Germany</dd>
-<dt>Authors:</dt><dd><span><a href="http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/simonm">Simon Miles</a></span>, King's College London, UK</dd>
-<dd><span>Craig M. Trim</span>, IBM, USA</dd>
-<dd><span>Michael Panzer</span>, OCLC Online Computer Library center, USA</dd>
-</dl><p class="copyright">
- <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
- 2012
-
- <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
- (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
- <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
- <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved.
- <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
- <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
- <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
- </p><hr></div>
- <div class="introductory section" id="abstract"><h2>Abstract</h2>
- <p>
- This document provides a mapping between the PROV-O OWL2
- ontology [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-O" class="bibref">PROV-O</a></cite>] and
- the Dublin Core Terms Vocabulary [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>].
- </p>
- <p style="text-align: center;">
- The direct mappings are available <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/e3d298ff8c78/dc-note/files/DirectMappings.ttl">here</a>.
- </p>
- <p style="text-align: center;">
- The prov refinements for Dublin Core can be accessed here <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/e3d298ff8c78/dc-note/files/Refinements.ttl">here</a>.
- </p>
- </div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p><em>This
- section describes the status of this document at the time of its
-publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
-current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
- <h4 id="prov-family-of-documents">PROV Family of Documents</h4>
- This document is part of the PROV family of documents, a set of
-documents defining various aspects that are necessary to achieve the
-vision of inter-operable
- interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments
-such as the Web. These documents are:
- <ul>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/">PROV-OVERVIEW</a> (Note), an overview of the PROV family of documents [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-OVERVIEW" class="bibref">PROV-OVERVIEW</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/">PROV-PRIMER</a> (Note), a primer for the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-PRIMER" class="bibref">PROV-PRIMER</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/">PROV-O</a> (Recommendation), the PROV ontology, an OWL2 ontology allowing the mapping of PROV to RDF [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-O" class="bibref">PROV-O</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/">PROV-DM</a> (Recommendation), the PROV data model for provenance [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-DM" class="bibref">PROV-DM</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/">PROV-N</a> (Recommendation), a notation for provenance aimed at human consumption [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-N" class="bibref">PROV-N</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a> (Recommendation), a set of constraints applying to the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS" class="bibref">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>];</li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/">PROV-AQ</a> (Note), the mechanisms for accessing and querying provenance [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-AQ" class="bibref">PROV-AQ</a></cite>]; </li>
- <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/">PROV-XML</a> (Note), an XML schema for the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-XML" class="bibref">PROV-XML</a></cite>].</li>
- <li> <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html">PROV-DC</a> (Note), a mapping between Dublin Core and PROV (this document).</li>
-
- </ul>
- <h4 id="how-to-read-the-prov-family-of-documentation">How to read the PROV Family of Documentation</h4>
- <ul>
- <li>The primer is the entry point to PROV offering an introduction to the provenance model.</li>
- <li>The Linked Data and Semantic Web community should focus on PROV-O
-defining PROV classes and properties specified in an OWL2 ontology. For
-further details, PROV-DM and PROV-CONSTRAINTS specify the constraints
-applicable to the data model, and its interpretation. </li>
- <li>Developers seeking to retrieve or publish provenance should focus on PROV-AQ.</li>
- <li>Readers seeking to implement other PROV serializations
- should focus on PROV-DM and PROV-CONSTRAINTS. PROV-O and PROV-N offer examples of mapping to RDF and text, respectively.</li>
- </ul><p>This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/">Provenance Working Group</a> as a First Public Working Draft. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to <a href="mailto:public-prov-comments@w3.org">public-prov-comments@w3.org</a> (<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>, <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/">archives</a>). All feedback is welcome.</p><p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
- Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
-obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite
-this document as other than work in progress.</p>
-<p> This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>. The group does not expect this document to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation. <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46974/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
- made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also
-includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has
-actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="section" id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#introduction"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mapping-from-dublin-core-to-prov"><span class="secno">2. </span>Mapping from Dublin Core to PROV</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#basic-considerations"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Basic considerations </a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#what-is-ex-doc1--entities-in-dublin-core"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>What is ex:doc1? Entities in Dublin Core</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#direct-mappings"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Direct mappings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#prov-refinements"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>PROV refinements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#complex-mappings"><span class="secno">2.5 </span>Complex Mappings</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#entity-agent-mappings--who"><span class="secno">2.5.1 </span>Entity-Agent mappings (Who)</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-creator"><span class="secno">2.5.1.1 </span> dct:creator</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-contributor"><span class="secno">2.5.1.2 </span>dct:contributor</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-publisher"><span class="secno">2.5.1.3 </span>dct:publisher</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#entity-date-mappings--when"><span class="secno">2.5.2 </span>Entity-Date mappings (When)</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-created"><span class="secno">2.5.2.1 </span> dct:created</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-issued"><span class="secno">2.5.2.2 </span>dct:issued</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-modified"><span class="secno">2.5.2.3 </span>dct:modified</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-dateaccepted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.4 </span>dct:dateAccepted</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-datecopyrighted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.5 </span>dct:dateCopyrighted</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-datesubmitted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.6 </span>dct:dateSubmitted</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#cleanup"><span class="secno">2.6 </span>Cleanup</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#list-of-terms-excluded-from-the-mapping"><span class="secno">2.7 </span>List of terms excluded from the mapping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mapping-from-prov-to-dc"><span class="secno">2.8 </span>Mapping from PROV to DC</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
-
-
- <div class="section" id="introduction">
-<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
-
- <p>
- The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) [<cite><a href="#bib-DCMI" class="bibref">DCMI</a></cite>]
- provides a core metadata vocabulary,
- commonly referred to as Dublin Core. The original element set, from
-1995, contains 15 broadly-defined elements still in use.
- The core elements have no range specification, and arbitrary values can
- be used as objects. The core elements have been
- expanded beyond the original fifteen. Existing elements have been
-refined and new elements have been added. This expanded vocabulary is
- referred to as "DCMI Terms" and currently consists of 55 properties [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>].
- </p>
- The use of DCMI terms is preferred and the Dublin Core element set has been depecreated.
- Both element sets have different namespaces. The original element set is typically referred with the
- <code>dc</code> prefix, while <code>dct</code> (or <code>dcterms</code>) is used as prefix for the newer DCMI element set.
- <p></p>
- <p>
- DCMI terms hold a lot of provenance information and tell us about a resource, <i>when</i> it was affected in the past,
- <i>who</i> affected it and <i>how</i> it was affected. The rest of the DCMI terms (description metadata), tell us <i>what</i> was affected.
- There is no direct information in Dublin Core describing <i>where</i> a resource was affected. Such information is usually
- only available for the publication of a resource (i.e., an action located at the address of the publisher).
- </p>
- <p>
- A classification of the <code>dct</code> terms is provided in <a href="#categories">Table 1</a>. This classification is by necessity
- somewhat conservative, as it can be argued that elements placed in the description metadata terms contain
- provenance information as well, depending on their usage. Based on this, 25 (out of 55) terms can be considered as
- provenance related. These terms can be further categorized according to the question they answer regarding the
- provenance of a resource:
- </p><p>
-
- <b>Dates and Time terms (When?):</b>This category contains date and time related terms.
- Dates typically belong to the provenance record of a resource. It can be questioned whether a resource changes by
- being published or not. Depending on the application, however, the publication can be seen as an action that changes
- the state of the resource. Two dates can be considered special regarding their relevance for
- provenance: <code>dct:available</code> and <code>dct:valid</code>. They are different from the other dates as by definition they can represent a
- date range. Often, the range of availability or validity of a resource is inherent to the resource and known
- beforehand – consider the validity of a passport or the availability of a limited special offer published on the web.
- In these cases, there is no action involved that makes the resource invalid or unavailable, it is simply determined
- by the validity range. On the other hand, if an action is involved, e.g., a resource is declared invalid because
- a mistake has been found, then it is relevant for its provenance.
- </p><p>
-
- <b>Agency Terms (Who?):</b> This category contains agent related terms. All properties that have <code>dct:Agent</code> as range,
- i.e., a resource that acts or has the power to act. The <code>dct:contributor</code>, <code>dct:creator</code>,
- and <code>dct:publisher</code> clearly influence
- the resource and therefore are important for its origin. This is not immediately clear for the <code>dct:rightsHolder</code>,
- but as ownership is considered the important provenance information
-for many resources, like artworks, it is included in this category.
- </p><p>
- <b>Derivation Terms (How?):</b> This category contains derivation related terms.
- Resources are often derived from other resources. In this case, the original resource becomes part of the provenance
- record of the derived resource. Derivations can be further classified as <code>dct:isVersionOf, dct:isFormatOf, dct:replaces, dct:source</code>.
- <code>dct:references</code> is a weaker relation, but it can be assumed that a referenced resource influenced the described resource
- and therefore it is relevant for its provenance. The respective inverse properties do not necessarily contribute to
- the provenance of the described resource, e.g., a resource is usually not directly affected by being referenced or
- by being used as a source – at most indirectly, as the validity state can change if a resource is replaced by a new
- version. However, inverse properties belong to the provenance related terms as they can be used to describe the relations
- between the resources involved. Finally, licensing and rights are considered part of the provenance of the resource as well,
- since they restrict how the resource has been used by its owners.
- </p>
- <div id="categories" ><!-- align="center"-->
- <table>
- <caption> <a href="#categories"> Table 1:</a> Categorization of the Dublin Core Terms </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>Category</th>
- <th>Sub-category</th>
- <th>Terms</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>Descriptive metadata</b></td>
- <td>-</td>
- <td><a href="#term_abstract">abstract</a>, <a href="#term_accessRights">accessRights</a>, <a href="#term_accrualMethod">accrualMethod</a>,
- <a href="#term_accrualPeriodicity">accrualPeriodicity</a>, <a href="#term_accrualPolicy">accrualPolicy</a>,
- <a href="#term_alternative">alternative</a>, <a href="#term_audience">audience</a>, <a href="#term_bibliographicCitation">bibliographicCitation</a>,
- <a href="#term_conformsTo">conformsTo</a>, <a href="#term_coverage"> coverage</a>, <a href="#term_description">description</a>,
- <a href="#term_educationLevel">educationLevel</a>, <a href="#term_extent">extent</a>,<a href="#term_hasPart"> hasPart</a>,
- <a href="#term_isPartOf">isPartOf</a>, <a href="#term_format">format</a>, <a href="#term_identifier">identifier</a>,
- <a href="#term_instructionalMethod">instructionalMethod</a>, <a href="#term_isRequiredBy">isRequiredBy</a>, <a href="#term_language">language</a>,
- <a href="#term_mediator">mediator</a>, <a href="#term_medium">medium</a>, <a href="#term_relation">relation</a>,
- <a href="#term_requires">requires</a>, <a href="#term_spatial">spatial</a>, <a href="#term_subject">subject</a>,
- <a href="#term_tableOfContents">tableOfContents</a>, <a href="#term_temporal">temporal</a>, <a href="#term_title">title</a>, <a href="#term_type">type</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
- <td>Who</td>
- <td><a href="#term_contributor">contributor</a>, <a href="#term_creator">creator</a>, <a href="#term_publisher">publisher</a>, <a href="#term_rights_holder">rightsHolder</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
- <td>When</td>
- <td><a href="#term_available">available</a>, <a href="#term_created">created</a>, <a href="#term_date">date</a>, <a href="#term_dateAccepted">dateAccepted</a>,
- <a href="#term_dateCopyRighted">dateCopyrighted</a>, <a href="#term_dateSubmitted">dateSubmitted</a>, <a href="#term_issued">issued</a>,
- <a href="#term_modified">modified</a>, <a href="#term_valid">valid</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
- <td>How</td>
- <td><a href="#term_has_Version">isVersionOf</a>, <a href="#term_has_Version">hasVersion</a>, <a href="#term_has_Format">isFormatOf</a>, <a href="#term_has_Format">hasFormat</a>, <a href="#term_license">license</a>,
- <a href="#term_references">references</a>, <a href="#term_isReferencedBy">isReferencedBy</a>, <a href="#term_replaces">replaces</a>, <a href="#term_replaces">isReplacedBy</a>, <a href="#term_rights">rights</a>,
- <a href="#term_source">source</a></td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>
- This leaves one very special term: <i>provenance</i>. This term is defined as a "statement of any changes in ownership and
- custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation" [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>],
- which corresponds to the traditional definition of provenance for artworks. Despite being relevant for provenance,
- this definition may overlap partially with almost half of the DCMI terms, which
- specify concrete aspects of provenance of a resource.
- </p><p>
- An example of a simple metadata record annotated with <code>dct</code> terms can be seen below:
- </p><p>
- <a href="#example1">Example 1</a>: a simple metadata record:
- </p><pre class="example" id="example1">ex:doc1 dct:title "A mapping from Dublin Core..." ;
- dct:creator ex:kai, ex:daniel, ex:simon, ex:michael ;
- dct:created "2012-02-28" ;
- dct:publisher ex:w3c ;
- dct:issued "2012-02-29" ;
- dct:subject ex:dublincore ;
- dct:replaces ex:doc2 ;
- dct:format "HTML" .</pre>
- In <a href="#example1">Example 1</a>, <code>dct:title</code>, <code>dct:subject</code> and <code>dct:format</code>
- are descriptions of the resource <code>ex:doc1</code>.
- They do not provide any information on how the resource was created or modified in the past.
- On the other hand, some statements imply provenance-related information. For example <code>dct:creator</code>
- implies that the document has been created and refers to an author. Similarly, the existence
- of the <code>dct:issued</code> date implies that the document has been published. This information is redundantly
- implied by the <code>dct:publisher</code> statement as well. Finally, <code>dct:replaces</code> relates
- the document to another document <code>ex:doc2</code> which had probably
- some kind of influence on <code>ex:doc1</code>.
- <p></p>
- <h3 id="namespaces">1.1 Namespaces</h3>
- <p>The namespaces used through the document can be seen in <a href="#ns"> Table 2</a> below:
- </p><div id="ns" ><!--align="center"-->
- <table>
- <caption> <a href="#ns"> Table 2</a>: Namespaces used in the document </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr><td><b>owl</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#></td></tr>
- <tr><td><b>rdfs</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#></td></tr>
- <tr><td><b>prov</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#></td></tr>
- <tr><td><b>dct</b></td><td><http://purl.org/dc/terms/></td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="section" id="mapping-from-dublin-core-to-prov">
- <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Mapping from Dublin Core to PROV</h2>
- <p>A mapping between Dublin Core Terms and PROV-O has many advantages. First, it can provide valuable insights
- into the different characteristics of both data models (in particular it explains PROV from a Dublin Core point of view).
- Second, such a mapping can be used to extract PROV data from the large amount of Dublin Core data available on
- the Web today. Third, the mapping can translate PROV data to Dublin Core and make it accessible for applications that
- understand Dublin Core. Finally, the mapping can lower the barrier to entry for PROV adoption. Simple Dublin Core
- statements can be used as starting point for PROV data generation. </p>
- <div class="section" id="basic-considerations">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Basic considerations </h3>
- <p>
- Substantially, a complete mapping from Dublin Core to PROV consists of three parts:
- </p><p>
- 1) <b>Direct mappings</b> between terms that can be expressed in form of subclass or subproperty relationships in RDFS
- – or equivalent relationships in OWL.
- </p><p>
- 2) Definition of new <b>refinements</b> (subclasses or subproperties) of the target vocabulary to reflect the expressiveness of the source vocabulary.
- </p><p>
- 3) Provision of <b>complex mappings</b> that create statements in the target vocabulary based on statements in the source vocabulary. Since
- the mapping produces blank nodes for each <code>dct</code> statement, a clean-up phase with strategies for reducing the blank nodes is also necessary.
- </p>
- <p>
- </p></div>
- <div class="section" id="what-is-ex-doc1--entities-in-dublin-core">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>What is ex:doc1? Entities in Dublin Core</h3>
- <p>
- Consider the example metadata record shown at the beginning of this document (in <a href="#example1">example 1</a>). As a <code>dc</code>
- metadata record describes the resulting document as a whole,
- it is not clear how this document relates to the different states that the document had until it reached its final state.
- For example, a document may have a <code>dct:created</code> date and a <code>dct:issued</code>
- date. According to
- the PROV ontology, the activity of issuing a document involves two
-different states of the document: the document before it was issued
- and the issued document. Each of these states correspond to a
-different specialization of the document, even if the document
- has not changed. Generally, there are two approaches to deal with
-this issue:</p>
- <p></p><p>
- 1) To create new instances of entities, typically as blank nodes, that are all related to the original
- document by means of <code>prov:specializationOf</code>. This leads to bloated and not very intuitive data models, e.g. think
- about the translation of a single <code>dct:publisher</code> statement, where anyone would expect to somehow find some activity and
- agent that are directly related to the document (as in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>).
- </p><p>
- </p><div id="figure_mapping_example" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
- <img src="img/example1.png" alt="A mapping example illustrating the first approach">
- <div style="text-align: center;">
- <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>. A mapping example creating blank nodes for each state of the resource. In PROV entities are represented
- with ellipses, activities with rectangles and agents with pentagons.
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p><p>
- 2) To adopt the original resource (<code>ex:doc1</code>) as the <code>prov:Entity</code> used and then generated by the PublicationActivity
- (<code>:_activity</code>). However, this representation leads to a misinterpretation of the <code>dct</code> statement, as shown in the example of
- <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>. The representation implies that <code>ex:doc1</code>
- was generated by <code>_:activity</code> and then used by <code>_:activity</code> afterwards, instead of being used and then being generated by
- <code>_:activity</code> (<code>prov:Entities</code> must exist before being used).
-
- </p><p>
- </p><div id="figure_mapping_example_conflating" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
- <img src="img/mapping-example%2520-%2520conflating.png" alt="A mapping example illustrating the second approach">
- <div style="text-align: center;">
- <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>. A mapping example conflating blank nodes in the same resource. The used and generated resources have the same identifier.
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p><p>
- Since the first option provides a correct interpretation of the <code>dct</code> statements, it has been chosen as guideline in the complex mapping.
- Blank nodes are used for the mapping, although any naming mechanism could be provided if necessary,
- leaving the conflating of nodes to the clean-up phase.
- </p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="direct-mappings">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Direct mappings</h3>
- <p>
- The direct mappings provide basic interoperability using the integration mechanisms of RDF. By means
- of OWL 2 RL reasoning, any PROV application can at least make some sense from Dublin Core data. The direct mappings also
- contribute to the formal definition of the vocabularies by translating them to PROV.</p>
- <p>Dublin Core, while less complex from a modeling perspective,
- is more specific about the type of the activity taking place. PROV
-provides general attribution, and
- the details about the kind of influence that an activity or an agent
-had are left to custom refinements of the PROV classes and properties.
- </p>
- <p>
- <a href="#list_of_direct_terms">Table 3</a> and <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2">Table 4</a> provide the detailed mapping plus the rationale for each term.
- The rest of the terms can be found in the
- <a href="#list_of_excluded_terms">list of terms left out of the mapping</a>.
- </p>
- <div class="note">
- <p>Some of the terms of the list are still under discussion: <code>dct:replaces</code> and <code>dct:isVersionOf</code>.</p>
- </div>
- <p>
- </p><div id="list_of_direct_terms">
- <table>
- <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_terms"> Table 3:</a> Direct mappings </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>DC Term</th>
- <th>Relation</th>
- <th>PROV Term</th>
- <th>Rationale</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:Agent</b></td>
- <td>owl:equivalentClass</td>
- <td> prov:Agent.</td>
- <td>Both <code>dct:Agent</code> and <code>prov:Agent</code> refer to the same concept: a resource that has the power to act (which then has responsibility for an activity).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:rightsHolder</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
- <td>The rights holder has the attribution of the activity that created the licensed resource.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:creator</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
- <td>A creator is the agent who created the resource. He is the one involved in the creation activity that led to the resource.
- He has the attribution for that activity</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:publisher</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
- <td>A publisher has the attribution of the publishing activity that led to the published resource.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:contributor</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
- <td>A contributor is involved either in the creation activity or in
-the updating of the resource. Therefore he/she is attributed to take
- part in those activities.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:isVersionOf</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasDerivedFrom</td>
- <td><code>dct:isVersionOf</code> refers to "a related resource to which the current resource is a version, edition or adaptation".
- Hence the current resource has been derived from the original one.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:isFormatOf</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:alternateOf</td>
- <td><code>dct:isFormatOf</code> refers to another resource which is the same but in another format. Thus the mapping is straightforward to <code>prov:alternateOf</code>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:hasFormat</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:alternateOf</td>
- <td> See rationale for <code>dct:isFormatOf</code></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:replaces</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasInfluencedBy</td>
- <td>This mapping is not straightforward. There is a relation between
- two resources when the former replaces the latter, but it is not
-necessarily
- derivation, revision, specification or alternate. Thus, the term is
-mapped to <code>prov:wasInfluencedBy</code></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:source </b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:wasDerivedFrom</td>
- <td>In Dublin Core, <code>dct:source</code> is defined as a "related resource from which the described resource is derived", which matches the notion of derivation
- in PROV-DM ("a transformation of an entity in another")</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:type</b></td>
- <td>owl:equivalentProperty</td>
- <td>prov:type</td>
- <td>Both properties relate two resources in a similar way: the nature of the resource (or genre).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:created</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td><code>dct:created</code> is a property used to describe the time of creation of an entity, which corresponds to the time of its generation.
- The rationale to map this property as a subclass of <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code>
- is that resources in Dublin Core may have
- many dates associated to them (creation, modification, issue, etc.),
- each of which could correspond to a different version of the document.
- In this case, the creation is the first date asserted to the
-document, but doesn't necessarily correspond to the current version of
-the resource.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:issued</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td>Date when the resource was issued. It is mapped as a subproperty of <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code> because the issued resource is an entity itself,
- which has been generated at a certain time.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:dateAccepted</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td>The rationale is similar to the previous two properties: the
-version of the resource which was accepted could be different from the
-created or issued one.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:dateCopyrighted</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:dateSubmitted</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:modified</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
- <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- With the direct mapping, a metadata record such as <a href="#example1">example 1</a> will infer that
- the resource was <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code> at two different
-times. Although this may seem inconsistent, it is supported by PROV and
-it is due to the difference
- between Dublin Core and PROV resources: while the former conflates
-more than one version or "state" of the resource in a single entity, the
- latter
- proposes to separate all of them. Thus, the mapping produces
-provenance that complies with the current definition of entity but
- it does not comply with all the PROV constraints [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS" class="bibref">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>].
- <p></p>
- <p>
- Some properties have been found to be superproperties of certain prov concepts. These can be seen below in <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2">Table 4</a>:
- <!-- SHOULD ADD THIS FOR EACH
- <pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-24-prov-o-html-examples/rdf/create/rdf/property_qualifiedAttribution.ttl"
- -->
- </p>
-
- <div id="list_of_direct_mappings2">
- <table>
- <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2"> Table 4:</a> Direct mappings (2) </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>PROV Term</th>
- <th>Relation</th>
- <th>DC Term</th>
- <th>Rationale</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>prov:hadPrimarySource</td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td><b>dct:source</b></td>
- <td>The definition of <code>prov:hadPrimarySource</code> ("something produced by some agent with direct experience
- and knowledge about the topic") is more restrictive than <code>dct:source</code> ( "A related resource from which the
- described resource is derived").</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>prov:wasRevisionOf</td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td><b>dct:isVersionOf</b></td>
- <td>Similar to the previous property, <code>prov:wasRevisionOf</code> is more restrictive in the sense that it refers to revised version of a resource, while
- <code>dct:isVersionOf</code> involves versions, editions or adaptations of the original resource.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>
- <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core">Table 5</a> enumerates the mapping of the <code>dct</code> properties that map to inverse relationships in PROV. These
- have been separated in a different table because they don't belong to the core of PROV.
- </p>
- <div id="list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core" >
- <table>
- <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core"> Table 5:</a> Direct mappings to the PROV terms not included in the core </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>PROV Term</th>
- <th>Relation</th>
- <th>DC Term</th>
- <th>Rationale</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:hasVersion</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:hadDerivation</td>
- <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:isVersionOf</code>.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><b>dct:isReplacedBy</b></td>
- <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
- <td>prov:influenced</td>
- <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:replaces</code></td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="prov-refinements">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>PROV refinements</h3>
- <p>
- To properly reflect the meaning of the Dublin Core terms, more specific subclasses are needed:
- </p><p>
- </p><pre class="code"> prov:PublicationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:ContributionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:CreationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity .
- prov:ModificationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:AcceptanceActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:CopyrightingActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:SubmissionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:PublisherRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
- prov:ContributorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
- prov:CreatorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role, prov:ContributorRole .
- </pre>
- <p></p>
-
- <p>
- Custom refinements of the properties should be omitted as they would
-be identical to the Dublin Core terms. If these more
- specific properties are needed, the Dublin Core terms should be used
-directly, according to the direct mappings presented in section 2.3.
- </p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="complex-mappings">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.5 </span>Complex Mappings</h3>
- <p>
- The complex mappings consist on a set of patterns defined to generate
-qualified PROV statements from Dublin Core statements. This type of
-qualification may not be
- always needed, and it is the choice of the implementor whether to use
-them or not depending on the use case. It is also important to note that
- not all the
- direct mappings have a complex mapping associated, just those which
-imply a specific activity: creation, publication, etc.
- The complex mappings are provided in form of SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries,
- i.e., queries that describe a
- resulting RDF graph based on another RDF graph found in the original
-data. We divide the queries in different categories:
- </p>
- <div class="section" id="entity-agent-mappings--who">
- <h4><span class="secno">2.5.1 </span>Entity-Agent mappings (Who)</h4>
- <p>
- In this category, we have three terms: <code>dct:contributor</code>, <code>dct:creator</code> and <code>dct:publisher</code>.
- The three of them can be mapped with the same pattern, similar to the one presented in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>.
- The only changes required are the roles and activities involved for each term.
-
- </p><p>
- In the text below, variables <code>?document</code> and <code>?agent</code> are set to different matching values depending
- on the data found in the triple store. The graph in the CONSTRUCT part can be seen as a template
- where the variables are placeholders that are filled with the values found in the data.
- The mapping corresponds to the graph in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>
- (with small changes
- for creator and rightsHolder). With this mapping,
- the difference in the complexity becomes obvious. Many blank nodes
-are created, so a subsequent clean-up phase that relates them and
-provides stable
- URIs for the entities is required. Depending on the implementation,
-URIs can also be coined here for every specialization.
- <!--Sometimes URIs for the specializations are also available and simply not exposed to the Dublin Core record.-->
- The implementation proposed in this document is an example that works conservatively. The assumption is that no further
- information about the identity of the specializations is available.
-
- </p>
- <div class="section" id="dct-creator">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.1 </span> dct:creator</h5>
- A creator is the agent associated with role CreatorRole in the
-CreationActivity that created a specialization of the entity
-(?document).
- <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association;
- prov:agent ?agent;
- prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:creator ?agent.
- }
- </pre>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-contributor">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.2 </span>dct:contributor</h5>
- Contributor is mapped following the previous pattern. Only the roles and activities change:
- <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity ;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association ;
- prov:agent ?agent ;
- prov:hadRole prov:ContributorRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:contributor ?agent .
- }
- </pre>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-publisher">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.3 </span>dct:publisher</h5>
- In case of publication, a second specialization representing the entity before the publication is necessary:
- <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity;
- prov:specializationOf ?document.
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association ;
- prov:agent ?agent ;
- prov:hadRole prov:PublisherRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:publisher ?agent .
- }
- </pre>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="entity-date-mappings--when">
- <h4><span class="secno">2.5.2 </span>Entity-Date mappings (When)</h4>
- <p>
- Dates often correspond with a who-property, e.g., creator and created
- or publisher and issued.
- Therefore, they lead to similar complex patterns (providing a date
-instead of an agent associated with the corresponding activity).
- When using Dublin Core terms, it is usual to see that a resource is
-annotated with several <code>dct</code> assertions like creator, publisher,
- issued, date, etc., but in this phase of the mapping each term is treated independently.
- </p>
-
- <div class="section" id="dct-created">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.1 </span> dct:created</h5>
- <p></p>
- <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
-
- # The “output”
- _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:created ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- </div>
-
- <div class="section" id="dct-issued">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.2 </span>dct:issued</h5>
- <p>
- </p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
- # The “input”
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The “output”
- _:iss_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:issued ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-modified">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.3 </span>dct:modified</h5>
- <p></p><pre class="code">
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ModificationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
- # The “input”
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The “output”
- _:modified_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:modified ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-dateaccepted">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.4 </span>dct:dateAccepted</h5>
- <p></p><pre class="code">
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:AcceptanceActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
- # The “input”
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The “output”
- _:accepted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateAccepted ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-datecopyrighted">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.5 </span>dct:dateCopyrighted</h5>
- <p></p><pre class="code">CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CopyrightingActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
- # The “input”
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The “output”
- _:copyrighted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateCopyrighted ?date.
- }
- </pre><p></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="dct-datesubmitted">
- <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.6 </span>dct:dateSubmitted</h5>
- <p></p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:SubmissionActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
- # The “input”
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The “output”
- _:submitted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateSubmitted ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- </div>
-
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="cleanup">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.6 </span>Cleanup</h3>
- <p>
- The clean-up phase depends on how implementers interpret the described resources. The approach presented in this document
- is conservative and it leads to the proliferation of blank nodes. Blank nodes could be renamed to specific identifiers
- by the implementer, in order to avoid obtaining additional blank nodes when reapplying the construct queries presented
- in the previous section.</p>
- <p> Providing a set of rules to conflate the blank nodes is not in the scope of this document. However, the group has
- created a list of suggestions for implementers with proposals on how this could be achieved:</p>
- <p>1) <b>Conflate properties referring to the same state of the resource</b>:
- In Dublin Core certain properties complement each other (e.g.,
- creator and created, publisher and issued, modified and contributor,
-etc.). By combining some of the queries, some of the records
- could be grouped creating more complete PROV assertions.</p>
- <p>The example below shows how to conflate the blank nodes for <code>dct:creator</code> and <code>dct:created</code> properties:
- </p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity.
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association;
- prov:agent ?agent;
- prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
- ] .
-
- # The “output”
- _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:creator ?agent;
- dct:created ?date.
- }
- </pre>
- <a href="#figure_cleanup1">Figure 3</a> shows a graphical representation of the pattern:
-
- <div id="figure_cleanup1" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
- <img src="img/cleanup1.png" alt="Gathering complementing properties to conflate blank nodes">
- <div style="text-align: center;">
- <a href="#figure_cleanup1">Figure 3</a>. Gathering complementing properties to conflate blank nodes.
- </div>
- </div>
-
- <p></p>
- <p>2) Another solution is to <b>sort all the activities according to their date</b>,
- if known, and conflate the blank
- nodes result of one activity and the input of the subsequent activity,
- in case they are both specializations of the same entity.
- <a href="#figure_cleanup2">Figure 4</a> shows a graphical example with
- two different activities (creation and publication) that happened at
-different
- points in time. Instead of creating different blank nodes for the
-respective usage and generation, both activities share the same
- blank node (<code>_:created_entity</code>).
- </p><div id="figure_cleanup2" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
- <img src="img/cleanup2.png" alt="Sorting the activities by date to conflate blank nodes">
- <div style="text-align: center;">
- <a href="#figure_cleanup2">Figure 4</a>. Sorting the activities by date to conflate blank nodes.
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <!--<p>3) Finally, another solution is to <b>ignore all the specializations of <code>ex:doc1</code> and use the resource itself</b>. This solution
- would avoid the majority of the blank nodes, linking all the activities with the resource. However, the results would be confusing in
- case there are several Dublin Core statements describing the same resource (like <code>dct:publisher</code> and <code>creator</code>), since most of the
- activities would use and generate the same resource at different times (all the provenance of the different versions of the resource
- would be conflated in the same entity). A graphical representation of an example can be seen in <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>.
- </p>
- <p>
- </p>-->
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="list-of-terms-excluded-from-the-mapping">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.7 </span>List of terms excluded from the mapping</h3>
- <div class="note">
- <p>Some of the terms of the list are still under discussion: <code>dct:alternative</code> and <code>dct:references</code>.</p>
- </div>
- <p>
- </p><table>
- <caption> <a href="#list_of_excluded_terms"> Table 6:</a> List of terms excluded from the mapping </caption>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>Term</th>
- <th>Category</th>
- <th>Rationale</th>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_abstract">dct:abstract</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Summary of the resource. Thus, not part of its provenance.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_accrualMethod">dct:accrualMethod</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive Metadata</td>
- <td>Method by which items are added to a collection. It doesn't describe the action itself, so it is out of the scope of the mapping</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_accrualPeriodicity">dct:accrualPeriodicity</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Frequency of the addition of items to a collection.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_accrualPolicy">dct:accrualPolicy</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Policy associated with the insertion of items to a collection. It could be used to enrich the qualified
- involvement, but there is no direct mapping of this relationship.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_alternative">dct:alternative</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Refers to an alternative name of the resource. </td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_audience">dct:audience</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>The audience for whom the resource is useful.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_conformsTo">dct:conformsTo</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Indicates the standard to which the resource conforms to (if any).</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_coverage">dct:coverage</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Topic of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_description">dct:description</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>An account of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_educationLevel">dct:educationLevel</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>The educational level of the audience for which the resource is intended too.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_extent">dct:extent</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Size or duration of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_format">dct:format</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Format of the resource. </td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_identifier">dct:identifier</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>An unambiguous reference on a given context. </td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_instructionalMethod">dct:instructionalMethod</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Method used to create the knowledge that the resource is supposed to support.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_isPartOf">dct:isPartOf</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Inverse of <code>dct:hasPart</code>.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_isRequiredBy">dct:isRequiredBy</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>The current resource is required for supporting the function of another resource. This is not related
- the provenance, since it refers to something that may not have happened yet (e.g., a library dependency, but the program
- that needs it hasn’t been executed yet).</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_language">dct:language</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Language of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_mediator">dct:mediator</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Entity that mediates access to the resource. </td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_medium">dct:medium</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Material of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_requires">dct:requires</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:isRequiredBy</code> (see <code>dct:isRequiredBy</code>).</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_hasPart">dct:hasPart</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>A resource that is included in the current resource. Since entity composition is out of the scope of PROV,
- this property has been excluded from the mapping</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_spatial">dct:spatial</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Spatial characteristics of the content of the resource (e.g., the book is about Spain). Thus it can't be mapped to <code>prov:hadLocation</code>.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_subject">dct:subject</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Subject of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_tableOfContents">dct:tableOfContents</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>List of subunits of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_temporal">dct:temporal</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Temporal characteristics of which the resource refers to (e.g., a book about 15th century).</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_title">dct:title</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Title of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_type">dct:type</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Type of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_bibliographicCitation">dct:bibliographicCitation</b></td>
- <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
- <td>Property that relates the literal representing the bibliographic citation of the resource to the
- actual resource (e.g., <code>:el_Quijote dct:bibliographicCitation "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: El Quijote, España"</code>).</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td id="term_references"><b>dct:references</b></td>
- <td> Provenance: How </td>
- <td>This term could be used to refer to sources that have been used to create the document, but it could
- be also used to cite the sources that are not relevant for the current work. For this reason it has been dropped
- from the mapping.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td id="term_isReferencedBy"><b>dct:isRefrencedBy</b></td>
- <td> Provenance: How </td>
- <td>Inverse to <code>dct:references</code>.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_accessRights">dct:accessRights</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: How</td>
- <td>Agents who can access the resource (security status). Since the privileges of the resource are part of the
- description of the resource, the property has been excluded from the mapping.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_license">dct:license</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: How</td>
- <td>License of the resource. It has been left out of the mapping because there is no term in PROV-O to represent this information.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_rights">dct:rights</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: How</td>
- <td>Metadata about the rights of the resource.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_date">dct:date</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: When</td>
- <td>Date is a very general property. It is the superproperty which
-all the other specialize, but there is no equivalent concept in PROV. It
- has been excluded from the mapping</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_available">dct:available</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: When</td>
- <td>Property that states when a resource is available. The group
-could not reach consensus on how to map this property, so it was finally
- dropped from the mapping.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_valid">dct:valid</b></td>
- <td>Provenance: When</td>
- <td>Property that states when a resource is valid. The notion of
-invalidation is defined in PROV-DM, but not the notion of validation.
-Thus this property is left out of the mapping.</td>
- </tr><tr>
- <td><b id="term_relation">dct:relation</b></td>
- <td>Provenance </td>
- <td>A related resource. This relationship is very broad and could relate either provenance resources or not.
- Therefore it could be seen as a superproperty of <code>prov:wasDerivedFrom</code>, <code>prov:wasInfluencedBy</code>, <code>prov:alternateOf</code>, <code>prov:specializationOf</code>, etc. Thus there is no direct mapping.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody></table>
- <p></p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="mapping-from-prov-to-dc">
- <h3><span class="secno">2.8 </span>Mapping from PROV to DC</h3>
- <p>
- The mapping from PROV to Dublin Core is not part of this note.
- It can be questioned, if a mapping without additional information would provide meaningful data.
- If refinements are used, the mapping would be straight forward using the inverse of the
- mapping patterns used in this document. However, without such refinements, few Dublin Core statements can be inferred,
- apart from some unqualified dates. Dublin Core includes provenance information, but the focus lies on
- the description of the resources. Pure PROV data models a provenance chain, but it contains almost
- no information about the resulting resource itself. </p>
- </div>
- </div>
-
- <div id="acknowledgements" class="appendix section">
- <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
- <p>
- We would like to thank Antoine Isaac, Ivan Herman, Timothy Lebo and
-Satya Sahoo for their feedback; and María Poveda and Idafen Santana
-Pérez for his help with the HTML generation.
- </p>
- </div>
-
-<div class="appendix section" id="references"><!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><div class="section" id="normative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">[PROV-CONSTRAINTS]</dt><dd>James Cheney; Paolo Missier; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/"><cite>Constraints of the PROV Data Model</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-N">[PROV-N]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/"><cite>PROV-N: The Provenance Notation</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-O">[PROV-O]</dt><dd>Timothy Lebo; Satya Sahoo; Deborah McGuinness; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/"><cite>PROV-O: The PROV Ontology</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/</a>
-</dd></dl></div><div class="section" id="informative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-DCMI">[DCMI]</dt><dd><a href="http://dublincore.org/"><cite>Dublin Core Metadata Initiative</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://dublincore.org/">http://dublincore.org/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-DCTERMS">[DCTERMS]</dt><dd><a href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/"><cite>Dublin Core Terms Vocabulary</cite></a>. 8 December 2010. URL: <a href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/">http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-AQ">[PROV-AQ]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Paul Groth; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/"><cite>Provenance Access and Query</cite></a>. 19 June 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-DM">[PROV-DM]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/"><cite>PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-OVERVIEW">[PROV-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd>Paul Groth; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/"><cite>PROV-OVERVIEW: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-PRIMER">[PROV-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Yolanda Gil; Simon Miles; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/"><cite>PROV Model Primer</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/</a>
-</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-XML">[PROV-XML]</dt><dd>Hook Hua; Curt Tilmes; Stephan Zednik; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/"><cite>PROV-XML: The PROV XML Schema</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/</a>
-</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/DirectMappings.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
-@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
-@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
-@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
-
- dct:Agent owl:equivalentClass prov:Agent.
- dct:rightsHolder rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
- dct:creator rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
- dct:publisher rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
- dct:contributor rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
- dct:isVersionOf rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasDerivedFrom .
- dct:hasVersion rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:hadDerivation .
- dct:hasFormat rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:alternateOf .
- dct:isFormatOf rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:alternateOf .
- dct:replaces rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasInfluencedBby .
- dct:isReplacedBy rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:influenced .
- dct:source rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasDerivedFrom .
- dct:type owl:equivalentProperty prov:type .
-
- prov:hadPrimarySource rdfs:subPropertyOf dct:source .
- prov:wasRevisionOf rdfs:subPropertyOf dct:isVersionOf .
-
- dct:created rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
- dct:issued rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
- dct:dateAccepted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
- dct:dateCopyRighted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
- dct:dateSubmitted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
- dct:modified rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/Refinements.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
-@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
-@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
-@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
-
- prov:PublicationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:ContributionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:CreationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity .
- prov:ModificationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:AcceptanceActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:CopyrightingActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:SubmissionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
- prov:PublisherRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
- prov:ContributorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
- prov:CreatorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role, prov:ContributorRole .
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/contributor.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity ;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association ;
- prov:agent ?agent ;
- prov:hadRole prov:ContributorRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:contributor ?agent .
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/creator.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX dcprov: ???
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association;
- prov:agent ?agent;
- prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:creator ?agent.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/publisher.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
-@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
-@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
-@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
- CONSTRUCT {
- ?document a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- ?agent a prov:Agent .
-
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity;
- prov:specializationOf ?document.
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity;
- prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
- prov:qualifiedAssociation [
- a prov:Association ;
- prov:agent ?agent ;
- prov:hadRole prov:PublisherRole .
- ].
-
- _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
-
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:publisher ?agent .
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/created.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
-CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
-
- # The output
- _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:created ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateAccepted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:AcceptanceActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
-# The input
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The output
- _:accepted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateAccepted ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateCopyRighted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CopyrightingActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
-# The input
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The output
- _:copyrighted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateCopyrighted ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateSubmitted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:SubmissionActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
-# The input
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The output
- _:submitted_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:dateSubmitted ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/issued.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
-# The input
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The output
- _:iss_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:issued ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
--- a/dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/modified.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:46:07 2012 +0100
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
- PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
- PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
- PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
- PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
-
- CONSTRUCT{
- ?document a prov:Entity .
-
- _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ModificationActivity ;
- prov:used _:used_entity .
-
-# The input
- _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
- prov:specializationOf ?document .
-
- # The output
- _:modified_entity a prov:Entity ;
- prov:specializationOf ?document ;
- prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
- prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
- prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
- prov:qualifiedGeneration [
- a prov:Generation ;
- prov:atTime ?date ;
- prov:activity _:activity .
- ] .
- } WHERE {
- ?document dct:modified ?date.
- }
\ No newline at end of file
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Binary file dc-note/releases/NOTE-prov-dc-20121211/img/cleanup2.png has changed
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/Overview.html Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html dir="ltr" lang="en"><head>
+ <title>Dublin Core to PROV Mapping</title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+ <!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+ <!-- PM -->
+ <style type="text/css">
+ .note { font-size:small; margin-left:50px }
+ </style>
+
+ <!--<script src="img/toggles.js"></script> -->
+
+
+
+ <!-- check why this import doesn't work <script src="../model/prov-magic.js" class="remove"></script>-->
+
+ <style type="text/css">
+ /*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr,
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+}
+
+dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- WEB IDL --- */
+pre.idl {
+ border-top: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ padding: 1em;
+ line-height: 120%;
+}
+
+pre.idl:before {
+ content: "WebIDL";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #90b8de;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+}
+
+.idlType {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlModule*/
+/*.idlModuleID*/
+/*.idlInterface*/
+.idlInterfaceID, .idlDictionaryID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlSuperclass {
+ font-style: italic;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+/*.idlAttribute*/
+.idlAttrType, .idlFieldType, .idlMemberType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlAttrName, .idlFieldName, .idlMemberName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlAttrName a, .idlFieldName a, .idlMemberName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlMethod*/
+.idlMethType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlMethName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlMethName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlParam*/
+.idlParamType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlParamName {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.extAttr {
+ color: #666;
+}
+
+/*.idlConst*/
+.idlConstType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlConstName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlConstName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlException*/
+.idlExceptionID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #c00;
+}
+
+.idlTypedefID, .idlTypedefType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlRaises, .idlRaises a.idlType, .idlRaises a.idlType code, .excName a, .excName a code {
+ color: #c00;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.excName a {
+ font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.idlRaises a.idlType, .excName a.idlType {
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #c00;
+}
+
+.excGetSetTrue, .excGetSetFalse, .prmNullTrue, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptTrue, .prmOptFalse {
+ width: 45px;
+ text-align: center;
+}
+.excGetSetTrue, .prmNullTrue, .prmOptTrue { color: #0c0; }
+.excGetSetFalse, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptFalse { color: #c00; }
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+<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD"></head>
+ <body style="display: inherit;"><div class="head"><p><a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+ <img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72"></a>
+ </p>
+ <h1 class="title" id="title">Dublin Core to PROV Mapping</h1>
+ <h2 id="w3c-working-draft-11-december-2012"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Draft 11 December 2012</h2>
+ <dl><dt>This version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-dc-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-dc-20121211/</a></dd>
+ <dt>Latest published version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dc/">http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dc/</a></dd><dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html</a></dd>
+ <dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://delicias.dia.fi.upm.es/members/DGarijo/">Daniel Garijo</a>, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain</dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.kaiec.org/">Kai Eckert</a>, Manheim University Library, Germany</dd>
+<dt>Authors:</dt><dd><span><a href="http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/simonm">Simon Miles</a></span>, King's College London, UK</dd>
+<dd><span>Craig M. Trim</span>, IBM, USA</dd>
+<dd><span>Michael Panzer</span>, OCLC Online Computer Library center, USA</dd>
+</dl><p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2012
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+ (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved.
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
+ </p><hr></div>
+ <div class="introductory section" id="abstract"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <p>
+ This document provides a mapping between the PROV-O OWL2
+ ontology [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-O" class="bibref">PROV-O</a></cite>] and
+ the Dublin Core Terms Vocabulary [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>].
+ </p>
+ <p style="text-align: center;">
+ The direct mappings are available <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/e3d298ff8c78/dc-note/files/DirectMappings.ttl">here</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p style="text-align: center;">
+ The prov refinements for Dublin Core can be accessed here <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/e3d298ff8c78/dc-note/files/Refinements.ttl">here</a>.
+ </p>
+ </div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p><em>This
+ section describes the status of this document at the time of its
+publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
+current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
+ <h4 id="prov-family-of-documents">PROV Family of Documents</h4>
+ This document is part of the PROV family of documents, a set of
+documents defining various aspects that are necessary to achieve the
+vision of inter-operable
+ interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments
+such as the Web. These documents are:
+ <ul>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/">PROV-OVERVIEW</a> (Note), an overview of the PROV family of documents [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-OVERVIEW" class="bibref">PROV-OVERVIEW</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/">PROV-PRIMER</a> (Note), a primer for the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-PRIMER" class="bibref">PROV-PRIMER</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/">PROV-O</a> (Recommendation), the PROV ontology, an OWL2 ontology allowing the mapping of PROV to RDF [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-O" class="bibref">PROV-O</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/">PROV-DM</a> (Recommendation), the PROV data model for provenance [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-DM" class="bibref">PROV-DM</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/">PROV-N</a> (Recommendation), a notation for provenance aimed at human consumption [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-N" class="bibref">PROV-N</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a> (Recommendation), a set of constraints applying to the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS" class="bibref">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>];</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/">PROV-AQ</a> (Note), the mechanisms for accessing and querying provenance [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-AQ" class="bibref">PROV-AQ</a></cite>]; </li>
+ <li> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/">PROV-XML</a> (Note), an XML schema for the PROV data model [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-XML" class="bibref">PROV-XML</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/dc-note/dc-note.html">PROV-DC</a> (Note), a mapping between Dublin Core and PROV (this document).</li>
+
+ </ul>
+ <h4 id="how-to-read-the-prov-family-of-documentation">How to read the PROV Family of Documentation</h4>
+ <ul>
+ <li>The primer is the entry point to PROV offering an introduction to the provenance model.</li>
+ <li>The Linked Data and Semantic Web community should focus on PROV-O
+defining PROV classes and properties specified in an OWL2 ontology. For
+further details, PROV-DM and PROV-CONSTRAINTS specify the constraints
+applicable to the data model, and its interpretation. </li>
+ <li>Developers seeking to retrieve or publish provenance should focus on PROV-AQ.</li>
+ <li>Readers seeking to implement other PROV serializations
+ should focus on PROV-DM and PROV-CONSTRAINTS. PROV-O and PROV-N offer examples of mapping to RDF and text, respectively.</li>
+ </ul><p>This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/">Provenance Working Group</a> as a First Public Working Draft. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to <a href="mailto:public-prov-comments@w3.org">public-prov-comments@w3.org</a> (<a href="mailto:public-prov-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>, <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/">archives</a>). All feedback is welcome.</p><p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
+ Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
+obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite
+this document as other than work in progress.</p>
+<p> This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>. The group does not expect this document to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation. <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46974/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
+ made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also
+includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has
+actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="section" id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#introduction"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mapping-from-dublin-core-to-prov"><span class="secno">2. </span>Mapping from Dublin Core to PROV</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#basic-considerations"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Basic considerations </a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#what-is-ex-doc1--entities-in-dublin-core"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>What is ex:doc1? Entities in Dublin Core</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#direct-mappings"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Direct mappings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#prov-refinements"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>PROV refinements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#complex-mappings"><span class="secno">2.5 </span>Complex Mappings</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#entity-agent-mappings--who"><span class="secno">2.5.1 </span>Entity-Agent mappings (Who)</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-creator"><span class="secno">2.5.1.1 </span> dct:creator</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-contributor"><span class="secno">2.5.1.2 </span>dct:contributor</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-publisher"><span class="secno">2.5.1.3 </span>dct:publisher</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#entity-date-mappings--when"><span class="secno">2.5.2 </span>Entity-Date mappings (When)</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-created"><span class="secno">2.5.2.1 </span> dct:created</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-issued"><span class="secno">2.5.2.2 </span>dct:issued</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-modified"><span class="secno">2.5.2.3 </span>dct:modified</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-dateaccepted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.4 </span>dct:dateAccepted</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-datecopyrighted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.5 </span>dct:dateCopyrighted</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dct-datesubmitted"><span class="secno">2.5.2.6 </span>dct:dateSubmitted</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#cleanup"><span class="secno">2.6 </span>Cleanup</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#list-of-terms-excluded-from-the-mapping"><span class="secno">2.7 </span>List of terms excluded from the mapping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#mapping-from-prov-to-dc"><span class="secno">2.8 </span>Mapping from PROV to DC</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+
+ <div class="section" id="introduction">
+<!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+ <p>
+ The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) [<cite><a href="#bib-DCMI" class="bibref">DCMI</a></cite>]
+ provides a core metadata vocabulary,
+ commonly referred to as Dublin Core. The original element set, from
+1995, contains 15 broadly-defined elements still in use.
+ The core elements have no range specification, and arbitrary values can
+ be used as objects. The core elements have been
+ expanded beyond the original fifteen. Existing elements have been
+refined and new elements have been added. This expanded vocabulary is
+ referred to as "DCMI Terms" and currently consists of 55 properties [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>].
+ </p>
+ The use of DCMI terms is preferred and the Dublin Core element set has been depecreated.
+ Both element sets have different namespaces. The original element set is typically referred with the
+ <code>dc</code> prefix, while <code>dct</code> (or <code>dcterms</code>) is used as prefix for the newer DCMI element set.
+ <p></p>
+ <p>
+ DCMI terms hold a lot of provenance information and tell us about a resource, <i>when</i> it was affected in the past,
+ <i>who</i> affected it and <i>how</i> it was affected. The rest of the DCMI terms (description metadata), tell us <i>what</i> was affected.
+ There is no direct information in Dublin Core describing <i>where</i> a resource was affected. Such information is usually
+ only available for the publication of a resource (i.e., an action located at the address of the publisher).
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A classification of the <code>dct</code> terms is provided in <a href="#categories">Table 1</a>. This classification is by necessity
+ somewhat conservative, as it can be argued that elements placed in the description metadata terms contain
+ provenance information as well, depending on their usage. Based on this, 25 (out of 55) terms can be considered as
+ provenance related. These terms can be further categorized according to the question they answer regarding the
+ provenance of a resource:
+ </p><p>
+
+ <b>Dates and Time terms (When?):</b>This category contains date and time related terms.
+ Dates typically belong to the provenance record of a resource. It can be questioned whether a resource changes by
+ being published or not. Depending on the application, however, the publication can be seen as an action that changes
+ the state of the resource. Two dates can be considered special regarding their relevance for
+ provenance: <code>dct:available</code> and <code>dct:valid</code>. They are different from the other dates as by definition they can represent a
+ date range. Often, the range of availability or validity of a resource is inherent to the resource and known
+ beforehand – consider the validity of a passport or the availability of a limited special offer published on the web.
+ In these cases, there is no action involved that makes the resource invalid or unavailable, it is simply determined
+ by the validity range. On the other hand, if an action is involved, e.g., a resource is declared invalid because
+ a mistake has been found, then it is relevant for its provenance.
+ </p><p>
+
+ <b>Agency Terms (Who?):</b> This category contains agent related terms. All properties that have <code>dct:Agent</code> as range,
+ i.e., a resource that acts or has the power to act. The <code>dct:contributor</code>, <code>dct:creator</code>,
+ and <code>dct:publisher</code> clearly influence
+ the resource and therefore are important for its origin. This is not immediately clear for the <code>dct:rightsHolder</code>,
+ but as ownership is considered the important provenance information
+for many resources, like artworks, it is included in this category.
+ </p><p>
+ <b>Derivation Terms (How?):</b> This category contains derivation related terms.
+ Resources are often derived from other resources. In this case, the original resource becomes part of the provenance
+ record of the derived resource. Derivations can be further classified as <code>dct:isVersionOf, dct:isFormatOf, dct:replaces, dct:source</code>.
+ <code>dct:references</code> is a weaker relation, but it can be assumed that a referenced resource influenced the described resource
+ and therefore it is relevant for its provenance. The respective inverse properties do not necessarily contribute to
+ the provenance of the described resource, e.g., a resource is usually not directly affected by being referenced or
+ by being used as a source – at most indirectly, as the validity state can change if a resource is replaced by a new
+ version. However, inverse properties belong to the provenance related terms as they can be used to describe the relations
+ between the resources involved. Finally, licensing and rights are considered part of the provenance of the resource as well,
+ since they restrict how the resource has been used by its owners.
+ </p>
+ <div id="categories" ><!-- align="center"-->
+ <table>
+ <caption> <a href="#categories"> Table 1:</a> Categorization of the Dublin Core Terms </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Category</th>
+ <th>Sub-category</th>
+ <th>Terms</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Descriptive metadata</b></td>
+ <td>-</td>
+ <td><a href="#term_abstract">abstract</a>, <a href="#term_accessRights">accessRights</a>, <a href="#term_accrualMethod">accrualMethod</a>,
+ <a href="#term_accrualPeriodicity">accrualPeriodicity</a>, <a href="#term_accrualPolicy">accrualPolicy</a>,
+ <a href="#term_alternative">alternative</a>, <a href="#term_audience">audience</a>, <a href="#term_bibliographicCitation">bibliographicCitation</a>,
+ <a href="#term_conformsTo">conformsTo</a>, <a href="#term_coverage"> coverage</a>, <a href="#term_description">description</a>,
+ <a href="#term_educationLevel">educationLevel</a>, <a href="#term_extent">extent</a>,<a href="#term_hasPart"> hasPart</a>,
+ <a href="#term_isPartOf">isPartOf</a>, <a href="#term_format">format</a>, <a href="#term_identifier">identifier</a>,
+ <a href="#term_instructionalMethod">instructionalMethod</a>, <a href="#term_isRequiredBy">isRequiredBy</a>, <a href="#term_language">language</a>,
+ <a href="#term_mediator">mediator</a>, <a href="#term_medium">medium</a>, <a href="#term_relation">relation</a>,
+ <a href="#term_requires">requires</a>, <a href="#term_spatial">spatial</a>, <a href="#term_subject">subject</a>,
+ <a href="#term_tableOfContents">tableOfContents</a>, <a href="#term_temporal">temporal</a>, <a href="#term_title">title</a>, <a href="#term_type">type</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
+ <td>Who</td>
+ <td><a href="#term_contributor">contributor</a>, <a href="#term_creator">creator</a>, <a href="#term_publisher">publisher</a>, <a href="#term_rights_holder">rightsHolder</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
+ <td>When</td>
+ <td><a href="#term_available">available</a>, <a href="#term_created">created</a>, <a href="#term_date">date</a>, <a href="#term_dateAccepted">dateAccepted</a>,
+ <a href="#term_dateCopyRighted">dateCopyrighted</a>, <a href="#term_dateSubmitted">dateSubmitted</a>, <a href="#term_issued">issued</a>,
+ <a href="#term_modified">modified</a>, <a href="#term_valid">valid</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Provenance</b></td>
+ <td>How</td>
+ <td><a href="#term_has_Version">isVersionOf</a>, <a href="#term_has_Version">hasVersion</a>, <a href="#term_has_Format">isFormatOf</a>, <a href="#term_has_Format">hasFormat</a>, <a href="#term_license">license</a>,
+ <a href="#term_references">references</a>, <a href="#term_isReferencedBy">isReferencedBy</a>, <a href="#term_replaces">replaces</a>, <a href="#term_replaces">isReplacedBy</a>, <a href="#term_rights">rights</a>,
+ <a href="#term_source">source</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ This leaves one very special term: <i>provenance</i>. This term is defined as a "statement of any changes in ownership and
+ custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation" [<cite><a href="#bib-DCTERMS" class="bibref">DCTERMS</a></cite>],
+ which corresponds to the traditional definition of provenance for artworks. Despite being relevant for provenance,
+ this definition may overlap partially with almost half of the DCMI terms, which
+ specify concrete aspects of provenance of a resource.
+ </p><p>
+ An example of a simple metadata record annotated with <code>dct</code> terms can be seen below:
+ </p><p>
+ <a href="#example1">Example 1</a>: a simple metadata record:
+ </p><pre class="example" id="example1">ex:doc1 dct:title "A mapping from Dublin Core..." ;
+ dct:creator ex:kai, ex:daniel, ex:simon, ex:michael ;
+ dct:created "2012-02-28" ;
+ dct:publisher ex:w3c ;
+ dct:issued "2012-02-29" ;
+ dct:subject ex:dublincore ;
+ dct:replaces ex:doc2 ;
+ dct:format "HTML" .</pre>
+ In <a href="#example1">Example 1</a>, <code>dct:title</code>, <code>dct:subject</code> and <code>dct:format</code>
+ are descriptions of the resource <code>ex:doc1</code>.
+ They do not provide any information on how the resource was created or modified in the past.
+ On the other hand, some statements imply provenance-related information. For example <code>dct:creator</code>
+ implies that the document has been created and refers to an author. Similarly, the existence
+ of the <code>dct:issued</code> date implies that the document has been published. This information is redundantly
+ implied by the <code>dct:publisher</code> statement as well. Finally, <code>dct:replaces</code> relates
+ the document to another document <code>ex:doc2</code> which had probably
+ some kind of influence on <code>ex:doc1</code>.
+ <p></p>
+ <h3 id="namespaces">1.1 Namespaces</h3>
+ <p>The namespaces used through the document can be seen in <a href="#ns"> Table 2</a> below:
+ </p><div id="ns" ><!--align="center"-->
+ <table>
+ <caption> <a href="#ns"> Table 2</a>: Namespaces used in the document </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><td><b>owl</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#></td></tr>
+ <tr><td><b>rdfs</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#></td></tr>
+ <tr><td><b>prov</b></td><td><http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#></td></tr>
+ <tr><td><b>dct</b></td><td><http://purl.org/dc/terms/></td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ <p></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="section" id="mapping-from-dublin-core-to-prov">
+ <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Mapping from Dublin Core to PROV</h2>
+ <p>A mapping between Dublin Core Terms and PROV-O has many advantages. First, it can provide valuable insights
+ into the different characteristics of both data models (in particular it explains PROV from a Dublin Core point of view).
+ Second, such a mapping can be used to extract PROV data from the large amount of Dublin Core data available on
+ the Web today. Third, the mapping can translate PROV data to Dublin Core and make it accessible for applications that
+ understand Dublin Core. Finally, the mapping can lower the barrier to entry for PROV adoption. Simple Dublin Core
+ statements can be used as starting point for PROV data generation. </p>
+ <div class="section" id="basic-considerations">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Basic considerations </h3>
+ <p>
+ Substantially, a complete mapping from Dublin Core to PROV consists of three parts:
+ </p><p>
+ 1) <b>Direct mappings</b> between terms that can be expressed in form of subclass or subproperty relationships in RDFS
+ – or equivalent relationships in OWL.
+ </p><p>
+ 2) Definition of new <b>refinements</b> (subclasses or subproperties) of the target vocabulary to reflect the expressiveness of the source vocabulary.
+ </p><p>
+ 3) Provision of <b>complex mappings</b> that create statements in the target vocabulary based on statements in the source vocabulary. Since
+ the mapping produces blank nodes for each <code>dct</code> statement, a clean-up phase with strategies for reducing the blank nodes is also necessary.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p></div>
+ <div class="section" id="what-is-ex-doc1--entities-in-dublin-core">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>What is ex:doc1? Entities in Dublin Core</h3>
+ <p>
+ Consider the example metadata record shown at the beginning of this document (in <a href="#example1">example 1</a>). As a <code>dc</code>
+ metadata record describes the resulting document as a whole,
+ it is not clear how this document relates to the different states that the document had until it reached its final state.
+ For example, a document may have a <code>dct:created</code> date and a <code>dct:issued</code>
+ date. According to
+ the PROV ontology, the activity of issuing a document involves two
+different states of the document: the document before it was issued
+ and the issued document. Each of these states correspond to a
+different specialization of the document, even if the document
+ has not changed. Generally, there are two approaches to deal with
+this issue:</p>
+ <p></p><p>
+ 1) To create new instances of entities, typically as blank nodes, that are all related to the original
+ document by means of <code>prov:specializationOf</code>. This leads to bloated and not very intuitive data models, e.g. think
+ about the translation of a single <code>dct:publisher</code> statement, where anyone would expect to somehow find some activity and
+ agent that are directly related to the document (as in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>).
+ </p><p>
+ </p><div id="figure_mapping_example" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
+ <img src="img/example1.png" alt="A mapping example illustrating the first approach">
+ <div style="text-align: center;">
+ <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>. A mapping example creating blank nodes for each state of the resource. In PROV entities are represented
+ with ellipses, activities with rectangles and agents with pentagons.
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <p></p><p>
+ 2) To adopt the original resource (<code>ex:doc1</code>) as the <code>prov:Entity</code> used and then generated by the PublicationActivity
+ (<code>:_activity</code>). However, this representation leads to a misinterpretation of the <code>dct</code> statement, as shown in the example of
+ <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>. The representation implies that <code>ex:doc1</code>
+ was generated by <code>_:activity</code> and then used by <code>_:activity</code> afterwards, instead of being used and then being generated by
+ <code>_:activity</code> (<code>prov:Entities</code> must exist before being used).
+
+ </p><p>
+ </p><div id="figure_mapping_example_conflating" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
+ <img src="img/mapping-example%2520-%2520conflating.png" alt="A mapping example illustrating the second approach">
+ <div style="text-align: center;">
+ <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>. A mapping example conflating blank nodes in the same resource. The used and generated resources have the same identifier.
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <p></p><p>
+ Since the first option provides a correct interpretation of the <code>dct</code> statements, it has been chosen as guideline in the complex mapping.
+ Blank nodes are used for the mapping, although any naming mechanism could be provided if necessary,
+ leaving the conflating of nodes to the clean-up phase.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="direct-mappings">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Direct mappings</h3>
+ <p>
+ The direct mappings provide basic interoperability using the integration mechanisms of RDF. By means
+ of OWL 2 RL reasoning, any PROV application can at least make some sense from Dublin Core data. The direct mappings also
+ contribute to the formal definition of the vocabularies by translating them to PROV.</p>
+ <p>Dublin Core, while less complex from a modeling perspective,
+ is more specific about the type of the activity taking place. PROV
+provides general attribution, and
+ the details about the kind of influence that an activity or an agent
+had are left to custom refinements of the PROV classes and properties.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <a href="#list_of_direct_terms">Table 3</a> and <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2">Table 4</a> provide the detailed mapping plus the rationale for each term.
+ The rest of the terms can be found in the
+ <a href="#list_of_excluded_terms">list of terms left out of the mapping</a>.
+ </p>
+ <div class="note">
+ <p>Some of the terms of the list are still under discussion: <code>dct:replaces</code> and <code>dct:isVersionOf</code>.</p>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ </p><div id="list_of_direct_terms">
+ <table>
+ <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_terms"> Table 3:</a> Direct mappings </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <th>DC Term</th>
+ <th>Relation</th>
+ <th>PROV Term</th>
+ <th>Rationale</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:Agent</b></td>
+ <td>owl:equivalentClass</td>
+ <td> prov:Agent.</td>
+ <td>Both <code>dct:Agent</code> and <code>prov:Agent</code> refer to the same concept: a resource that has the power to act (which then has responsibility for an activity).</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:rightsHolder</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
+ <td>The rights holder has the attribution of the activity that created the licensed resource.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:creator</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
+ <td>A creator is the agent who created the resource. He is the one involved in the creation activity that led to the resource.
+ He has the attribution for that activity</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:publisher</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
+ <td>A publisher has the attribution of the publishing activity that led to the published resource.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:contributor</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasAttributedTo</td>
+ <td>A contributor is involved either in the creation activity or in
+the updating of the resource. Therefore he/she is attributed to take
+ part in those activities.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:isVersionOf</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasDerivedFrom</td>
+ <td><code>dct:isVersionOf</code> refers to "a related resource to which the current resource is a version, edition or adaptation".
+ Hence the current resource has been derived from the original one.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:isFormatOf</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:alternateOf</td>
+ <td><code>dct:isFormatOf</code> refers to another resource which is the same but in another format. Thus the mapping is straightforward to <code>prov:alternateOf</code>.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:hasFormat</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:alternateOf</td>
+ <td> See rationale for <code>dct:isFormatOf</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:replaces</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasInfluencedBy</td>
+ <td>This mapping is not straightforward. There is a relation between
+ two resources when the former replaces the latter, but it is not
+necessarily
+ derivation, revision, specification or alternate. Thus, the term is
+mapped to <code>prov:wasInfluencedBy</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:source </b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:wasDerivedFrom</td>
+ <td>In Dublin Core, <code>dct:source</code> is defined as a "related resource from which the described resource is derived", which matches the notion of derivation
+ in PROV-DM ("a transformation of an entity in another")</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:type</b></td>
+ <td>owl:equivalentProperty</td>
+ <td>prov:type</td>
+ <td>Both properties relate two resources in a similar way: the nature of the resource (or genre).</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:created</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td><code>dct:created</code> is a property used to describe the time of creation of an entity, which corresponds to the time of its generation.
+ The rationale to map this property as a subclass of <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code>
+ is that resources in Dublin Core may have
+ many dates associated to them (creation, modification, issue, etc.),
+ each of which could correspond to a different version of the document.
+ In this case, the creation is the first date asserted to the
+document, but doesn't necessarily correspond to the current version of
+the resource.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:issued</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>Date when the resource was issued. It is mapped as a subproperty of <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code> because the issued resource is an entity itself,
+ which has been generated at a certain time.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:dateAccepted</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>The rationale is similar to the previous two properties: the
+version of the resource which was accepted could be different from the
+created or issued one.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:dateCopyrighted</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:dateSubmitted</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:modified</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>See <code>dct:dateAccepted</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ With the direct mapping, a metadata record such as <a href="#example1">example 1</a> will infer that
+ the resource was <code>prov:generatedAtTime</code> at two different
+times. Although this may seem inconsistent, it is supported by PROV and
+it is due to the difference
+ between Dublin Core and PROV resources: while the former conflates
+more than one version or "state" of the resource in a single entity, the
+ latter
+ proposes to separate all of them. Thus, the mapping produces
+provenance that complies with the current definition of entity but
+ it does not comply with all the PROV constraints [<cite><a href="#bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS" class="bibref">PROV-CONSTRAINTS</a></cite>].
+ <p></p>
+ <p>
+ Some properties have been found to be superproperties of certain prov concepts. These can be seen below in <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2">Table 4</a>:
+ <!-- SHOULD ADD THIS FOR EACH
+ <pre rel="prov:wasQuotedFrom" resource="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/tip/examples/eg-24-prov-o-html-examples/rdf/create/rdf/property_qualifiedAttribution.ttl"
+ -->
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="list_of_direct_mappings2">
+ <table>
+ <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings2"> Table 4:</a> Direct mappings (2) </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <th>PROV Term</th>
+ <th>Relation</th>
+ <th>DC Term</th>
+ <th>Rationale</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>prov:hadPrimarySource</td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td><b>dct:source</b></td>
+ <td>The definition of <code>prov:hadPrimarySource</code> ("something produced by some agent with direct experience
+ and knowledge about the topic") is more restrictive than <code>dct:source</code> ( "A related resource from which the
+ described resource is derived").</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>prov:wasRevisionOf</td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td><b>dct:isVersionOf</b></td>
+ <td>Similar to the previous property, <code>prov:wasRevisionOf</code> is more restrictive in the sense that it refers to revised version of a resource, while
+ <code>dct:isVersionOf</code> involves versions, editions or adaptations of the original resource.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core">Table 5</a> enumerates the mapping of the <code>dct</code> properties that map to inverse relationships in PROV. These
+ have been separated in a different table because they don't belong to the core of PROV.
+ </p>
+ <div id="list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core" >
+ <table>
+ <caption> <a href="#list_of_direct_mappings_no_prov_core"> Table 5:</a> Direct mappings to the PROV terms not included in the core </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <th>PROV Term</th>
+ <th>Relation</th>
+ <th>DC Term</th>
+ <th>Rationale</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:hasVersion</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:hadDerivation</td>
+ <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:isVersionOf</code>.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>dct:isReplacedBy</b></td>
+ <td>rdfs:subPropertyOf</td>
+ <td>prov:influenced</td>
+ <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:replaces</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="prov-refinements">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>PROV refinements</h3>
+ <p>
+ To properly reflect the meaning of the Dublin Core terms, more specific subclasses are needed:
+ </p><p>
+ </p><pre class="code"> prov:PublicationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:ContributionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:CreationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity .
+ prov:ModificationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:AcceptanceActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:CopyrightingActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:SubmissionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:PublisherRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
+ prov:ContributorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
+ prov:CreatorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role, prov:ContributorRole .
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+
+ <p>
+ Custom refinements of the properties should be omitted as they would
+be identical to the Dublin Core terms. If these more
+ specific properties are needed, the Dublin Core terms should be used
+directly, according to the direct mappings presented in section 2.3.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="complex-mappings">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.5 </span>Complex Mappings</h3>
+ <p>
+ The complex mappings consist on a set of patterns defined to generate
+qualified PROV statements from Dublin Core statements. This type of
+qualification may not be
+ always needed, and it is the choice of the implementor whether to use
+them or not depending on the use case. It is also important to note that
+ not all the
+ direct mappings have a complex mapping associated, just those which
+imply a specific activity: creation, publication, etc.
+ The complex mappings are provided in form of SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries,
+ i.e., queries that describe a
+ resulting RDF graph based on another RDF graph found in the original
+data. We divide the queries in different categories:
+ </p>
+ <div class="section" id="entity-agent-mappings--who">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.5.1 </span>Entity-Agent mappings (Who)</h4>
+ <p>
+ In this category, we have three terms: <code>dct:contributor</code>, <code>dct:creator</code> and <code>dct:publisher</code>.
+ The three of them can be mapped with the same pattern, similar to the one presented in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>.
+ The only changes required are the roles and activities involved for each term.
+
+ </p><p>
+ In the text below, variables <code>?document</code> and <code>?agent</code> are set to different matching values depending
+ on the data found in the triple store. The graph in the CONSTRUCT part can be seen as a template
+ where the variables are placeholders that are filled with the values found in the data.
+ The mapping corresponds to the graph in <a href="#figure_mapping_example">Figure 1</a>
+ (with small changes
+ for creator and rightsHolder). With this mapping,
+ the difference in the complexity becomes obvious. Many blank nodes
+are created, so a subsequent clean-up phase that relates them and
+provides stable
+ URIs for the entities is required. Depending on the implementation,
+URIs can also be coined here for every specialization.
+ <!--Sometimes URIs for the specializations are also available and simply not exposed to the Dublin Core record.-->
+ The implementation proposed in this document is an example that works conservatively. The assumption is that no further
+ information about the identity of the specializations is available.
+
+ </p>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-creator">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.1 </span> dct:creator</h5>
+ A creator is the agent associated with role CreatorRole in the
+CreationActivity that created a specialization of the entity
+(?document).
+ <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association;
+ prov:agent ?agent;
+ prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:creator ?agent.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-contributor">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.2 </span>dct:contributor</h5>
+ Contributor is mapped following the previous pattern. Only the roles and activities change:
+ <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity ;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association ;
+ prov:agent ?agent ;
+ prov:hadRole prov:ContributorRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:contributor ?agent .
+ }
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-publisher">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.1.3 </span>dct:publisher</h5>
+ In case of publication, a second specialization representing the entity before the publication is necessary:
+ <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document.
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association ;
+ prov:agent ?agent ;
+ prov:hadRole prov:PublisherRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:publisher ?agent .
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="entity-date-mappings--when">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.5.2 </span>Entity-Date mappings (When)</h4>
+ <p>
+ Dates often correspond with a who-property, e.g., creator and created
+ or publisher and issued.
+ Therefore, they lead to similar complex patterns (providing a date
+instead of an agent associated with the corresponding activity).
+ When using Dublin Core terms, it is usual to see that a resource is
+annotated with several <code>dct</code> assertions like creator, publisher,
+ issued, date, etc., but in this phase of the mapping each term is treated independently.
+ </p>
+
+ <div class="section" id="dct-created">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.1 </span> dct:created</h5>
+ <p></p>
+ <pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:created ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section" id="dct-issued">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.2 </span>dct:issued</h5>
+ <p>
+ </p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+ # The “input”
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:iss_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:issued ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-modified">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.3 </span>dct:modified</h5>
+ <p></p><pre class="code">
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ModificationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+ # The “input”
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:modified_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:modified ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-dateaccepted">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.4 </span>dct:dateAccepted</h5>
+ <p></p><pre class="code">
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:AcceptanceActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+ # The “input”
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:accepted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateAccepted ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-datecopyrighted">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.5 </span>dct:dateCopyrighted</h5>
+ <p></p><pre class="code">CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CopyrightingActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+ # The “input”
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:copyrighted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateCopyrighted ?date.
+ }
+ </pre><p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="dct-datesubmitted">
+ <h5><span class="secno">2.5.2.6 </span>dct:dateSubmitted</h5>
+ <p></p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:SubmissionActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+ # The “input”
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:submitted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateSubmitted ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="cleanup">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.6 </span>Cleanup</h3>
+ <p>
+ The clean-up phase depends on how implementers interpret the described resources. The approach presented in this document
+ is conservative and it leads to the proliferation of blank nodes. Blank nodes could be renamed to specific identifiers
+ by the implementer, in order to avoid obtaining additional blank nodes when reapplying the construct queries presented
+ in the previous section.</p>
+ <p> Providing a set of rules to conflate the blank nodes is not in the scope of this document. However, the group has
+ created a list of suggestions for implementers with proposals on how this could be achieved:</p>
+ <p>1) <b>Conflate properties referring to the same state of the resource</b>:
+ In Dublin Core certain properties complement each other (e.g.,
+ creator and created, publisher and issued, modified and contributor,
+etc.). By combining some of the queries, some of the records
+ could be grouped creating more complete PROV assertions.</p>
+ <p>The example below shows how to conflate the blank nodes for <code>dct:creator</code> and <code>dct:created</code> properties:
+ </p><pre class="code"> CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity.
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association;
+ prov:agent ?agent;
+ prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
+ ] .
+
+ # The “output”
+ _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:creator ?agent;
+ dct:created ?date.
+ }
+ </pre>
+ <a href="#figure_cleanup1">Figure 3</a> shows a graphical representation of the pattern:
+
+ <div id="figure_cleanup1" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
+ <img src="img/cleanup1.png" alt="Gathering complementing properties to conflate blank nodes">
+ <div style="text-align: center;">
+ <a href="#figure_cleanup1">Figure 3</a>. Gathering complementing properties to conflate blank nodes.
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p></p>
+ <p>2) Another solution is to <b>sort all the activities according to their date</b>,
+ if known, and conflate the blank
+ nodes result of one activity and the input of the subsequent activity,
+ in case they are both specializations of the same entity.
+ <a href="#figure_cleanup2">Figure 4</a> shows a graphical example with
+ two different activities (creation and publication) that happened at
+different
+ points in time. Instead of creating different blank nodes for the
+respective usage and generation, both activities share the same
+ blank node (<code>_:created_entity</code>).
+ </p><div id="figure_cleanup2" class="figure" style="text-align: center;">
+ <img src="img/cleanup2.png" alt="Sorting the activities by date to conflate blank nodes">
+ <div style="text-align: center;">
+ <a href="#figure_cleanup2">Figure 4</a>. Sorting the activities by date to conflate blank nodes.
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <p></p>
+ <!--<p>3) Finally, another solution is to <b>ignore all the specializations of <code>ex:doc1</code> and use the resource itself</b>. This solution
+ would avoid the majority of the blank nodes, linking all the activities with the resource. However, the results would be confusing in
+ case there are several Dublin Core statements describing the same resource (like <code>dct:publisher</code> and <code>creator</code>), since most of the
+ activities would use and generate the same resource at different times (all the provenance of the different versions of the resource
+ would be conflated in the same entity). A graphical representation of an example can be seen in <a href="#figure_mapping_example_conflating">Figure 2</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>-->
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="list-of-terms-excluded-from-the-mapping">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.7 </span>List of terms excluded from the mapping</h3>
+ <div class="note">
+ <p>Some of the terms of the list are still under discussion: <code>dct:alternative</code> and <code>dct:references</code>.</p>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ </p><table>
+ <caption> <a href="#list_of_excluded_terms"> Table 6:</a> List of terms excluded from the mapping </caption>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Term</th>
+ <th>Category</th>
+ <th>Rationale</th>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_abstract">dct:abstract</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Summary of the resource. Thus, not part of its provenance.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_accrualMethod">dct:accrualMethod</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive Metadata</td>
+ <td>Method by which items are added to a collection. It doesn't describe the action itself, so it is out of the scope of the mapping</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_accrualPeriodicity">dct:accrualPeriodicity</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Frequency of the addition of items to a collection.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_accrualPolicy">dct:accrualPolicy</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Policy associated with the insertion of items to a collection. It could be used to enrich the qualified
+ involvement, but there is no direct mapping of this relationship.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_alternative">dct:alternative</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Refers to an alternative name of the resource. </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_audience">dct:audience</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>The audience for whom the resource is useful.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_conformsTo">dct:conformsTo</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Indicates the standard to which the resource conforms to (if any).</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_coverage">dct:coverage</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Topic of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_description">dct:description</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>An account of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_educationLevel">dct:educationLevel</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>The educational level of the audience for which the resource is intended too.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_extent">dct:extent</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Size or duration of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_format">dct:format</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Format of the resource. </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_identifier">dct:identifier</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>An unambiguous reference on a given context. </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_instructionalMethod">dct:instructionalMethod</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Method used to create the knowledge that the resource is supposed to support.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_isPartOf">dct:isPartOf</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Inverse of <code>dct:hasPart</code>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_isRequiredBy">dct:isRequiredBy</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>The current resource is required for supporting the function of another resource. This is not related
+ the provenance, since it refers to something that may not have happened yet (e.g., a library dependency, but the program
+ that needs it hasn’t been executed yet).</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_language">dct:language</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Language of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_mediator">dct:mediator</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Entity that mediates access to the resource. </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_medium">dct:medium</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Material of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_requires">dct:requires</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Inverse property of <code>dct:isRequiredBy</code> (see <code>dct:isRequiredBy</code>).</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_hasPart">dct:hasPart</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>A resource that is included in the current resource. Since entity composition is out of the scope of PROV,
+ this property has been excluded from the mapping</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_spatial">dct:spatial</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Spatial characteristics of the content of the resource (e.g., the book is about Spain). Thus it can't be mapped to <code>prov:hadLocation</code>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_subject">dct:subject</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Subject of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_tableOfContents">dct:tableOfContents</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>List of subunits of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_temporal">dct:temporal</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Temporal characteristics of which the resource refers to (e.g., a book about 15th century).</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_title">dct:title</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Title of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_type">dct:type</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Type of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_bibliographicCitation">dct:bibliographicCitation</b></td>
+ <td>Descriptive metadata</td>
+ <td>Property that relates the literal representing the bibliographic citation of the resource to the
+ actual resource (e.g., <code>:el_Quijote dct:bibliographicCitation "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: El Quijote, España"</code>).</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td id="term_references"><b>dct:references</b></td>
+ <td> Provenance: How </td>
+ <td>This term could be used to refer to sources that have been used to create the document, but it could
+ be also used to cite the sources that are not relevant for the current work. For this reason it has been dropped
+ from the mapping.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td id="term_isReferencedBy"><b>dct:isRefrencedBy</b></td>
+ <td> Provenance: How </td>
+ <td>Inverse to <code>dct:references</code>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_accessRights">dct:accessRights</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: How</td>
+ <td>Agents who can access the resource (security status). Since the privileges of the resource are part of the
+ description of the resource, the property has been excluded from the mapping.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_license">dct:license</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: How</td>
+ <td>License of the resource. It has been left out of the mapping because there is no term in PROV-O to represent this information.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_rights">dct:rights</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: How</td>
+ <td>Metadata about the rights of the resource.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_date">dct:date</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: When</td>
+ <td>Date is a very general property. It is the superproperty which
+all the other specialize, but there is no equivalent concept in PROV. It
+ has been excluded from the mapping</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_available">dct:available</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: When</td>
+ <td>Property that states when a resource is available. The group
+could not reach consensus on how to map this property, so it was finally
+ dropped from the mapping.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_valid">dct:valid</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance: When</td>
+ <td>Property that states when a resource is valid. The notion of
+invalidation is defined in PROV-DM, but not the notion of validation.
+Thus this property is left out of the mapping.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td><b id="term_relation">dct:relation</b></td>
+ <td>Provenance </td>
+ <td>A related resource. This relationship is very broad and could relate either provenance resources or not.
+ Therefore it could be seen as a superproperty of <code>prov:wasDerivedFrom</code>, <code>prov:wasInfluencedBy</code>, <code>prov:alternateOf</code>, <code>prov:specializationOf</code>, etc. Thus there is no direct mapping.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody></table>
+ <p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="section" id="mapping-from-prov-to-dc">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.8 </span>Mapping from PROV to DC</h3>
+ <p>
+ The mapping from PROV to Dublin Core is not part of this note.
+ It can be questioned, if a mapping without additional information would provide meaningful data.
+ If refinements are used, the mapping would be straight forward using the inverse of the
+ mapping patterns used in this document. However, without such refinements, few Dublin Core statements can be inferred,
+ apart from some unqualified dates. Dublin Core includes provenance information, but the focus lies on
+ the description of the resources. Pure PROV data models a provenance chain, but it contains almost
+ no information about the resulting resource itself. </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="acknowledgements" class="appendix section">
+ <!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+ <p>
+ We would like to thank Antoine Isaac, Ivan Herman, Timothy Lebo and
+Satya Sahoo for their feedback; and María Poveda and Idafen Santana
+Pérez for his help with the HTML generation.
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="references"><!--OddPage--><h2><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><div class="section" id="normative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-PROV-CONSTRAINTS">[PROV-CONSTRAINTS]</dt><dd>James Cheney; Paolo Missier; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/"><cite>Constraints of the PROV Data Model</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-constraints-20121211/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-N">[PROV-N]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/"><cite>PROV-N: The Provenance Notation</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-n-20121211/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-O">[PROV-O]</dt><dd>Timothy Lebo; Satya Sahoo; Deborah McGuinness; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/"><cite>PROV-O: The PROV Ontology</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-o-20121211/</a>
+</dd></dl></div><div class="section" id="informative-references"><h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-DCMI">[DCMI]</dt><dd><a href="http://dublincore.org/"><cite>Dublin Core Metadata Initiative</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://dublincore.org/">http://dublincore.org/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-DCTERMS">[DCTERMS]</dt><dd><a href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/"><cite>Dublin Core Terms Vocabulary</cite></a>. 8 December 2010. URL: <a href="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/">http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-AQ">[PROV-AQ]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Paul Groth; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/"><cite>Provenance Access and Query</cite></a>. 19 June 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-aq-20120619/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-DM">[PROV-DM]</dt><dd>Luc Moreau; Paolo Missier; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/"><cite>PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-prov-dm-20121211/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-OVERVIEW">[PROV-OVERVIEW]</dt><dd>Paul Groth; Luc Moreau; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/"><cite>PROV-OVERVIEW: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-overview-20121211/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-PRIMER">[PROV-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Yolanda Gil; Simon Miles; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/"><cite>PROV Model Primer</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-primer-20121211/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-PROV-XML">[PROV-XML]</dt><dd>Hook Hua; Curt Tilmes; Stephan Zednik; eds. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/"><cite>PROV-XML: The PROV XML Schema</cite></a>. 11 December 2012, Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-prov-xml-20121211/</a>
+</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/DirectMappings.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
+@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
+@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
+@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
+
+ dct:Agent owl:equivalentClass prov:Agent.
+ dct:rightsHolder rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
+ dct:creator rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
+ dct:publisher rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
+ dct:contributor rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo .
+ dct:isVersionOf rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasDerivedFrom .
+ dct:hasVersion rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:hadDerivation .
+ dct:hasFormat rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:alternateOf .
+ dct:isFormatOf rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:alternateOf .
+ dct:replaces rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasInfluencedBby .
+ dct:isReplacedBy rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:influenced .
+ dct:source rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasDerivedFrom .
+ dct:type owl:equivalentProperty prov:type .
+
+ prov:hadPrimarySource rdfs:subPropertyOf dct:source .
+ prov:wasRevisionOf rdfs:subPropertyOf dct:isVersionOf .
+
+ dct:created rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
+ dct:issued rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
+ dct:dateAccepted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
+ dct:dateCopyRighted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
+ dct:dateSubmitted rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
+ dct:modified rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime .
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/Refinements.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
+@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
+@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
+@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
+
+ prov:PublicationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:ContributionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:CreationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity .
+ prov:ModificationActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:AcceptanceActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:CopyrightingActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:SubmissionActivity rdfs:subClassOf prov:Activity .
+ prov:PublisherRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
+ prov:ContributorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role .
+ prov:CreatorRole rdfs:subClassOf prov:Role, prov:ContributorRole .
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/contributor.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ContributionActivity ;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association ;
+ prov:agent ?agent ;
+ prov:hadRole prov:ContributorRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:contributor ?agent .
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/creator.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX dcprov: ???
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association;
+ prov:agent ?agent;
+ prov:hadRole prov:CreatorRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent.
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:creator ?agent.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-agent/publisher.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
+@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
+@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>.
+@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
+ CONSTRUCT {
+ ?document a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ ?agent a prov:Agent .
+
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document.
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity;
+ prov:wasAssociatedWith ?agent ;
+ prov:qualifiedAssociation [
+ a prov:Association ;
+ prov:agent ?agent ;
+ prov:hadRole prov:PublisherRole .
+ ].
+
+ _:resulting_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasAttributedTo ?agent .
+
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:publisher ?agent .
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/created.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CreationActivity ;
+
+ # The output
+ _:created_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:created ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateAccepted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:AcceptanceActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+# The input
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The output
+ _:accepted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateAccepted ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateCopyRighted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:CopyrightingActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+# The input
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The output
+ _:copyrighted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateCopyrighted ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/dateSubmitted.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:SubmissionActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+# The input
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The output
+ _:submitted_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:dateSubmitted ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/issued.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:PublicationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+# The input
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The output
+ _:iss_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:issued ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/dc-note/releases/WD-prov-dc-20121211/files/construct queries/entity-date/modified.ttl Mon Dec 03 12:50:44 2012 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ PREFIX prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>
+ PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
+ PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+ PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
+
+ CONSTRUCT{
+ ?document a prov:Entity .
+
+ _:activity a prov:Activity, prov:ModificationActivity ;
+ prov:used _:used_entity .
+
+# The input
+ _:used_entity a prov:Entity .
+ prov:specializationOf ?document .
+
+ # The output
+ _:modified_entity a prov:Entity ;
+ prov:specializationOf ?document ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedBy _:activity ;
+ prov:wasGeneratedAtTime ?date;
+ prov:wasDerivedFrom _:used_entity ;
+ prov:qualifiedGeneration [
+ a prov:Generation ;
+ prov:atTime ?date ;
+ prov:activity _:activity .
+ ] .
+ } WHERE {
+ ?document dct:modified ?date.
+ }
\ No newline at end of file
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