--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120524/diff-20120426.html Wed May 23 23:31:14 2012 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,22716 @@
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+</head>
+
+
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 property="dcterms:title" class="title" id="title">
+The
+JSON-LD
+API
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 property="bibo:subtitle" id="subtitle">
+An
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</h2>
+<h2 property="dcterms:issued" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2012-05-24T06:33:35+0000" id="unofficial-draft-24-may-2012">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">26
+April
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">24
+May
+</ins>
+2012
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a href="diff-20120426.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+JSON-LD
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+harmonizes
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON
+by
+outlining
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+This
+document
+outlines
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+programmatically
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#toc" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#contributing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.3
+</span>
+Contributing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Callbacks
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdCallback
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods-2" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Data
+Structures
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#url" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.1
+</span>
+URL
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.2
+</span>
+JsonLdOptions
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#quad" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#attributes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.3.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#node" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.4
+</span>
+Node
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#attributes-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.4.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.5
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#attributes-2" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.5.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.6
+</span>
+Blank
+Node
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#attributes-3" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.6.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#literal" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.7
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#attributes-4" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.7.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5.1
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5.2
+</span>
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.10
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11
+</span>
+Framing
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.1
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.2
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#subject-map-generation" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.3
+</span>
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#remove-embed" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.4
+</span>
+Remove
+Embedded
+Definition
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#embed-values" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.5
+</span>
+Embed
+Values
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.12
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Flattening
+</ins></a><ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.12.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+List
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">4.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins></a></li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#appendix-b" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+Initial
+Context
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+D.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+D.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#introduction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+simple
+language
+for
+representing
+data
+on
+the
+Web.
+Linked
+Data
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+graph
+of
+interlinked
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+or
+Web
+sites.
+Data
+entities
+are
+described
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s,
+which
+are
+typically
+dereferencable
+and
+thus
+may
+be
+used
+to
+find
+more
+information
+about
+an
+entity,
+creating
+a
+"Web
+of
+Knowledge".
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+simple
+publishing
+method
+for
+expressing
+not
+only
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+but
+also
+for
+adding
+semantics
+to
+existing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+light-weight
+syntax
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+and
+other
+Web-based
+programming
+environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+interoperable
+Web
+services
+and
+when
+storing
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+document
+storage
+engines.
+It
+is
+practical
+and
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+That
+is,
+it
+supports
+every
+major
+Web-based
+structured
+data
+model
+in
+use
+today.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+syntax
+does
+not
+necessarily
+require
+applications
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+allows
+to
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+adding
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+either
+in-band
+or
+out-of-band.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+easy
+to
+parse,
+efficient
+to
+generate,
+convertible
+to
+RDF
+in
+one
+pass,
+and
+require
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</p>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#how-to-read-this-document" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Authors
+that
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+JSON-LD
+processors
+operate.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+Examples
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+existing
+vocabularies
+and
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+to
+refer
+to
+vocabularies.
+The
+following
+is
+a
+list
+of
+all
+vocabularies
+and
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+abbreviations,
+as
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
+Dublin
+Core
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+dc
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+dc:title
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
+Friend
+of
+a
+Friend
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+foaf:knows
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+RDF
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+rdf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
+XSD
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+several
+terms
+which
+are
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name/value
+<del class="diff-old">pairs
+(or
+members).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">pairs.
+</ins>
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+an
+ordered
+collection
+of
+values.
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+array
+order
+is
+not
+preserved
+by
+default,
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided.
+This
+is
+because
+the
+basic
+data
+model
+of
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>,
+which
+is
+inherently
+unordered.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes.
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Boolean
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+use
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+value
+within
+JSON-LD
+is
+used
+to
+ignore
+or
+reset
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="subject_definition" id="dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+used
+to
+represent
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+one
+or
+more
+properties
+of
+that
+subject.
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+subject
+definition
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+<del class="diff-old">they
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+keys
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+and
+it
+has
+one
+or
+more
+keys
+other
+than
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="subject_reference" id="dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+used
+to
+reference
+a
+subject
+having
+only
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="linked-data" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#linked-data" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+Linked
+Data
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">
+subject
+</dfn>
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]).
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">
+object
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
+property
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">
+literal
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>.
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="contributing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#contributing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.3
+</span>
+Contributing
+</h3>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Technical
+discussion
+typically
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+on
+the
+second
+and
+fourth
+week
+of
+each
+month.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="the-application-programming-interface" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#the-application-programming-interface" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+easier
+to
+work
+with
+in
+various
+programming
+languages.
+If
+a
+JSON-LD
+API
+is
+provided
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+API
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+implemented.
+</p>
+<div id="jsonldprocessor" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldprocessor" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>string or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">graph</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+context
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+compacted
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+an
+appropirate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+compaction
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+compact.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+expansion
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+also
+includes
+<code>
+optimize
+</code>,
+which
+if
+set
+will
+cause
+processor-specific
+optimization.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+expanded
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+expansion
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+expand.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+<ins class="diff-new">context
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+ObjectOrURL
+</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
+✔
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+optional
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+when
+expanding
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdCallback
+</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+options
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdOptions
+</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
+✔
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+affect
+the
+expansion
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em><ins class="diff-new">
+Return
+type:
+</ins></em><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+void
+</ins></a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+flatten
+</ins></code></dt><dd><a href="#flattening"><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattens
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+the
+given
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#flattening-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+flattened
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+flattening
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+exception
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+thrown.
+</ins><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+It
+is
+still
+being
+discussed
+if
+the
+flatten()
+method
+should
+be
+added
+or
+not.
+See
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-new">
+ISSUE-109
+</ins></a>.</p><table class="parameters"><tr><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Parameter
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Type
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Nullable
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Optional
+</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
+Description
+</ins></th></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+URL
+</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+flatten
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+flatten.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+or
+URL
+</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+graph
+in
+the
+document
+that
+should
+be
+flattened.
+To
+return
+the
+default
+graph
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+to
+be
+passed,
+for
+the
+merged
+graph
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+for
+any
+other
+graph
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+identifying
+the
+graph
+has
+to
+be
+passed.
+The
+default
+value
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@merged
+</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
+ObjectOrURL
+</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
+✔
+</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
+✘
+</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+optional
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+when
+expanding
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+expansion
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#framing">
+Frames
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+is
+used
+to
+build
+the
+framed
+output
+and
+is
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+there
+are
+no
+matches
+for
+the
+frame,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+returned.
+Exceptions
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown
+if
+there
+are
+errors.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+framing
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+frame.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+frame
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+frame
+to
+use
+when
+re-arranging
+the
+data
+of
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+fromRDF
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Creates
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+given
+an
+set
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">s.
+</del>
+</a>.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+[]
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+array
+of
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">statements.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quads.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+is
+complete
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+will
+affect
+the
+algorithm.
+This
+includes
+<code>
+notType
+</code>,
+which
+if
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+causes
+the
+resulting
+document
+to
+use
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+as
+a
+property,
+instead
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+toRDF
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Processes
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>,
+calling
+the
+provided
+<code>
+callback
+</code>
+for
+each
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+generated.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+URL
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+convert
+to
+RDF
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+convert
+to
+RDF.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+<del class="diff-old">context
+ObjectOrURL
+✔
+✘
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+input
+when
+expanding
+the
+input
+.
+</del>
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+created
+from
+processing
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+affect
+the
+conversion
+to
+RDF
+such
+as,
+e.g.,
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="callbacks" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#callbacks" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Callbacks
+</h3>
+<div id="jsonldcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdCallback
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+used
+to
+return
+a
+processed
+JSON-LD
+representation
+as
+the
+result
+of
+processing
+an
+API
+method.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld">jsonLd</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrObjectArray</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">jsonld</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h5>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld">
+<code>
+jsonLd
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+when
+processing
+is
+complete.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+jsonld
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+ObjectOrObjectArray
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+processed
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="quadcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quadcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+called
+whenever
+the
+processor
+generates
+a
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+during
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">statement()
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad()
+</ins>
+</code>
+call.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+interface {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-QuadCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h5>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+whenever
+a
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+is
+generated
+by
+the
+processor.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+<del class="diff-old">statement.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="data-structures" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-structures" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Data
+Structures
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+section
+describes
+datatype
+definitions
+used
+within
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+</p>
+<div id="url" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#url" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.1
+</span>
+URL
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
+<code>
+URL
+</code>
+</a>
+datatype
+is
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<pre class="idl">
+<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-URL">
+typedef
+<span class="idlTypedefType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>
+<span class="idlTypedefID">
+URL
+</span>
+;
+</span>
+</pre>
+<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+This
+datatype
+indicates
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+interpreted
+as
+a
+Universal
+Resource
+Locator
+identifying
+a
+document,
+which
+when
+parsed
+as
+JSON
+yields
+either
+a
+<code>
+JSON
+object
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+array
+</code>.
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="jsonldoptions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldoptions" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.2
+</span>
+JsonLdOptions
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdOptiones
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdOptions
+</ins></code>
+</a>
+type
+is
+used
+to
+convery
+a
+set
+of
+options
+to
+an
+interface
+method.
+</p>
+<pre class="idl">
+<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+typedef
+<span class="idlTypedefType">
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</span>
+<span class="idlTypedefID">
+JsonLdOptions
+</span>
+;
+</span>
+</pre>
+<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+<dt>
+<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
+<code>
+URL
+</code>
+</a>
+base
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+Base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+use
+when
+expanding
+the
+document.
+This
+overrides
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+if
+it
+is
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
+<code>
+URL
+</code>
+</a>
+or
+if
+it
+is
+a
+<code>
+object
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+object[]
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+boolean
+optimize
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+is
+allowed
+to
+optimize
+the
+output
+of
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+produce
+even
+compacter
+representations.
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compaction
+optimization
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification
+and
+thus
+not
+defined.
+Consequently,
+different
+implementations
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+implement
+different
+optimization
+algorithms.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+boolean
+noType
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+will
+not
+use
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+when
+generating
+the
+output,
+and
+will
+use
+the
+expanded
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+as
+the
+property
+instead
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</dd>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+following
+data
+structures
+are
+used
+for
+representing
+data
+about
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">statements
+(triples
+or
+quads).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quads.
+</ins>
+They
+are
+used
+for
+normalization,
+<a>
+fromRDF
+</a>,
+and
+from
+<a>
+toRDF
+</a>
+interfaces.
+</p>
+<div id="quad" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quad" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+interface
+represents
+an
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Statement.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad.
+See
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+definition
+for
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+triple
+</ins></a></cite>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+most
+closely
+aligns
+to
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+Quad
+</ins></code></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+interface {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Quad">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-name">name</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="attributes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.3.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-Quad-name">
+<code>
+name
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+name
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+identifying
+it
+as
+a
+member
+of
+a
+named
+graph.
+If
+the
+attribute
+is
+present,
+it
+indicates
+that
+this
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+is
+a
+member
+of
+a
+<em>
+named
+graph
+</em>
+associated
+with
+<em>
+name
+</em>.
+If
+it
+is
+missing,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+is
+a
+member
+of
+the
+<em>
+default
+graph
+</em>.
+<div class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+element
+is
+at
+risk,
+and
+may
+be
+removed.
+</ins></div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-object">
+<code>
+object
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+object
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-property">
+<code>
+property
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+property
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Quad-subject">
+<code>
+subject
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+subject
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.4
+</span>
+Node
+</h4>
+<p>
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+the
+base
+class
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</code>
+</a>,
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Node">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-interfaceName">interfaceName</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="attributes-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.4.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-Node-interfaceName">
+<code>
+interfaceName
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Provides
+access
+to
+the
+string
+name
+of
+the
+current
+interface,
+normally
+one
+of
+<code>
+"
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+"
+</code>,
+<code>
+"BlankNode"
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">"LiteralNode"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Literal"
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+method
+serves
+to
+disambiguate
+instances
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+which
+are
+otherwise
+identical,
+such
+as
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Node-nominalValue">
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+The
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+of
+an
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+refined
+by
+each
+interface
+which
+extends
+<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
+<code>
+Node
+</code>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="iri" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.5
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</h4>
+<p>
+A
+node
+identified
+by
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+</ins>
+are
+defined
+by
+International
+Resource
+Identifier
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IRI">
+IRI
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+<ins class="diff-new">See
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+definition
+for
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a></cite>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+interface {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-IRI">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+</ins><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="attributes-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.5.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-IRI-nominalValue">
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+identifier
+of
+the
+node.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="blank-node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#blank-node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.6
+</span>
+Blank
+Node
+</h4>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+a
+reference
+to
+an
+unnamed
+resource
+(one
+for
+which
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">may
+</ins>
+not
+<ins class="diff-new">be
+</ins>
+known),
+and
+may
+be
+used
+in
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+as
+a
+unique
+reference
+to
+that
+unnamed
+<del class="diff-old">resource.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node.
+See
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+definition
+for
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-blank-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></cite>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-BlankNode">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="attributes-3" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-3" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.6.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-BlankNode-nominalValue">
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+temporary
+identifier
+of
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>.
+The
+nominalValue
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+relied
+upon
+in
+any
+way
+between
+two
+separate
+processing
+runs
+of
+the
+same
+document.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p class="note">
+Developers
+and
+authors
+must
+not
+assume
+that
+the
+nominalValue
+of
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+will
+remain
+the
+same
+between
+two
+processing
+runs.
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+nominalValues
+are
+only
+valid
+for
+the
+most
+recent
+processing
+run
+on
+the
+document.
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">BlankNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNodes
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+nominalValues
+will
+often
+be
+generated
+differently
+by
+different
+processors.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Implementers
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>
+nominalValues
+are
+unique
+within
+the
+current
+environment,
+two
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">BlankNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNodes
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+are
+considered
+equal
+if,
+and
+only
+if,
+their
+nominalValues
+are
+strictly
+equal.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="literal" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#literal" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.7
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
+</ins>
+represent
+values
+such
+as
+numbers,
+dates
+and
+strings
+in
+RDF
+data.
+A
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+comprised
+of
+three
+attributes:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+a
+lexical
+representation
+of
+the
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+</li>
+<li>
+an
+optional
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+represented
+by
+a
+string
+token
+</li>
+<li>
+an
+optional
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+specified
+by
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
+</ins>
+representing
+plain
+text
+in
+a
+natural
+language
+may
+have
+a
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+attribute
+specified
+by
+a
+text
+string
+token,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+normalized
+to
+lowercase
+(e.g.,
+<code>
+'en'
+</code>,
+<code>
+'fr'
+</code>,
+<code>
+'en-gb'
+</code>
+).
+They
+may
+also
+have
+a
+datatype
+attribute
+such
+as
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
+</ins>
+representing
+values
+with
+a
+specific
+datatype,
+such
+as
+the
+integer
+72,
+may
+have
+a
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+attribute
+specified
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+(e.g.,
+<code>
+<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>
+</code>
+).
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+interface {
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">See[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+definition
+for
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+literal
+</ins></a></cite>.</p> <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Literal">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]<ins class="diff-chg">
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+</ins><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre>
+<div id="attributes-4" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-4" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h5>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3.7.1
+</span>
+Attributes
+</h5>
+<dl class="attributes">
+<dt id="widl-Literal-datatype">
+<code>
+datatype
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+optional
+datatype
+identified
+by
+a
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Literal-language">
+<code>
+language
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+optional
+language
+string
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+normalized
+to
+lowercase.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-Literal-nominalValue">
+<code>
+nominalValue
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlAttrType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+readonly
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+lexical
+representation
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
+</ins>
+value.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+intended
+to
+operate
+on
+language-native
+data
+structures.
+That
+is,
+the
+serialization
+to
+a
+text-based
+JSON
+document
+isn't
+required
+as
+input
+or
+output
+to
+any
+of
+these
+algorithms
+and
+language-native
+data
+structures
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+applicable.
+</p>
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+<dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</dfn>
+s
+that
+are
+using
+in
+all
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Sets
+the
+active
+subject.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+language
+for
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+type
+of
+the
+active
+subject
+or
+the
+datatype
+of
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+value
+of
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+container
+of
+a
+particular
+value.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+express
+an
+ordered
+set
+of
+data.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+express
+an
+unordered
+set
+of
+data.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+explicitly
+express
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>:
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+in
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+to
+set
+the
+<del class="diff-old">defeault
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+</ins>
+value
+for
+an
+output
+property
+when
+the
+framed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+does
+not
+include
+such
+a
+property.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@explicit
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+in
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+to
+override
+the
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+within
+a
+specific
+frame.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@omitDefault
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+in
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+to
+override
+the
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>
+within
+a
+specific
+frame.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@embed
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+in
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+to
+override
+the
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+within
+a
+specific
+frame.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@null
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">>Used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Used
+</ins>
+in
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+when
+a
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+should
+be
+returned,
+which
+would
+otherwise
+be
+removed
+when
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacting
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+All
+JSON-LD
+tokens
+and
+keywords
+are
+case-sensitive.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h3>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+to
+the
+algorithm
+before
+processing
+begins.
+The
+contents
+of
+the
+initial
+context
+is
+defined
+in
+<a href="#appendix-b">
+Appendix
+B
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+property
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+The
+active
+property
+is
+represented
+in
+the
+original
+lexical
+form,
+which
+is
+used
+for
+finding
+coercion
+mappings
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+object
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+the
+context
+contained
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+blank
+node
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
+resource
+</a>
+which
+is
+neither
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+nor
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>.
+Blank
+nodes
+may
+be
+named
+or
+unnamed
+and
+often
+take
+on
+the
+role
+of
+a
+variable
+that
+may
+represent
+either
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+and
+is
+used
+as
+a
+way
+of
+expressing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+without
+needing
+to
+define
+separate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+definitions
+for
+each
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+contained
+within
+a
+common
+vocabulary
+identified
+by
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>,
+which
+includes
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+is
+managed
+as
+a
+stack
+with
+elements
+from
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copied
+into
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+when
+entering
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+produced
+as
+output
+by
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+term
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+in
+a
+context
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+vocabulary
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+It
+is
+typically
+used
+along
+with
+a
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+to
+form
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+create
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+within
+a
+vocabulary.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+without
+a
+datatype,
+possibly
+including
+a
+language.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+with
+an
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="context-processing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#context-processing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3 id="context">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+</h3>
+<p>
+Processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+is
+managed
+recursively.
+During
+processing,
+each
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Processing
+begins
+by
+pushing
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+stack
+and
+initializing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+encountered,
+information
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+used
+for
+expanding
+properties
+and
+values
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+(or
+elements
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+list
+(see
+List
+Processing
+))
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+array)
+</ins>
+using
+a
+<dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</dfn>.
+It
+is
+also
+used
+to
+maintain
+<dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">
+coercion
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+from
+terms
+to
+datatypes,
+<dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+from
+terms
+to
+language
+codes,
+and
+<dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">
+list
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+and
+<dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">
+set
+mapping
+</dfn>
+s
+for
+terms.
+Processors
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+use
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+property
+when
+creating
+a
+mapping,
+as
+lookup
+is
+performed
+on
+lexical
+representations,
+not
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+representations.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+identified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+having
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+value.
+When
+processing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+special
+processing
+rules
+apply:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new,
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+be
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="process-context">
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+reset
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+element
+as
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+in
+order
+by
+starting
+at
+<a href="#process-context">
+Step
+2.1
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+lexical
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Dereference
+<em>
+context
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+resulting
+document
+is
+a
+JSON
+document,
+extract
+the
+top-level
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+element
+using
+the
+JSON
+Pointer
+"/@context"
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">
+JSON-POINTER
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Set
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+to
+the
+extracted
+content
+and
+process
+it
+by
+starting
+at
+<a href="#process-context">
+Step
+2.1
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Add
+the
+language
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li id="object-context">
+Otherwise,
+for
+each
+property
+in
+<em>
+context
+</em>
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+property's
+value
+is
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+value
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+property
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>,
+unless
+the
+property
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+in
+which
+case
+throw
+an
+exception.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+property's
+value
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+remove
+mapping,
+coercion,
+container
+and
+language
+information
+associated
+with
+property
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+'s
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+has
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+properties,
+throw
+an
+exception.
+<div class="issue">
+Undecided
+if
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+can
+take
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+with
+<code>
+@set
+</code>.
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+string
+value
+which
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+has
+the
+form
+of
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+have
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property
+with
+a
+string
+value
+which
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+absolute
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+merge
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+term
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+Determine
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+merge
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">
+coercion
+mapping
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+property,
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>.
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">
+list
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">
+set
+mapping
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+but
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+lexical
+value
+of
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Merge
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Repeat
+<a href="#object-context">
+Step
+2.4.2
+</a>
+until
+no
+entries
+are
+added
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p class="note">
+It
+can
+be
+difficult
+to
+distinguish
+between
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+may
+seem
+to
+be
+a
+valid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>.
+When
+performing
+repeated
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion,
+a
+term
+used
+as
+a
+prefix
+may
+not
+have
+a
+valid
+mapping
+due
+to
+dependencies
+in
+resolving
+term
+definitions.
+By
+continuing
+<a href="#object-context">
+Step
+2.3.2
+</a>
+until
+no
+changes
+are
+made,
+mappings
+to
+IRIs
+created
+using
+an
+undefined
+term
+prefix
+will
+eventually
+resolve
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">
+Issue
+43
+</a>
+concerns
+performing
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion
+in
+the
+key
+position
+of
+a
+context
+definition.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="iri-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Keys
+and
+some
+values
+are
+evaluated
+to
+produce
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+a
+value
+representing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+into
+an
+actual
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+containing
+a
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>
+along
+with
+<em>
+path
+</em>
+and
+optional
+<em>
+query
+</em>
+and
+fragment
+segments.
+A
+<dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+relative
+some
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+;
+in
+the
+case
+of
+JSON-LD
+this
+is
+the
+base
+location
+of
+the
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+mapping
+for
+the
+value
+using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison,
+use
+the
+mapped
+value
+as
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+split
+the
+value
+into
+a
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+from
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+':'.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+a
+'_'
+(underscore),
+the
+value
+represents
+a
+named
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+mapping
+for
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison,
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+does
+not
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+'//'
+(i.e.,
+it
+does
+not
+match
+a
+<em>
+hier-part
+</em>
+including
+<em>
+authority
+</em>
+(as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+]),
+generate
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+by
+prepending
+the
+mapped
+prefix
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+Note
+that
+an
+empty
+suffix
+and
+no
+suffix
+(meaning
+the
+value
+contains
+no
+':'
+string
+at
+all)
+are
+treated
+equivalently.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+use
+the
+value
+directly
+as
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Previous
+versions
+of
+this
+specification
+used
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+to
+define
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+prefixes
+used
+to
+resolve
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">
+relative
+IRIs
+</a>.
+It
+was
+determined
+that
+this
+added
+too
+much
+complexity,
+but
+the
+issue
+can
+be
+re-examined
+in
+the
+future
+based
+on
+community
+input.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="iri-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+keys
+and
+values
+are
+expressed
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+(
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+)
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+specified
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+an
+optional
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</p>
+<div id="iri-compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5.1
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+an
+empty
+list
+of
+terms
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+that
+will
+be
+populated
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+that
+are
+ranked
+according
+to
+how
+closely
+they
+match
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+Initialize
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+0
+</code>,
+and
+set
+a
+flag
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+complete
+match
+against
+<em>
+iri
+</em>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+term
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+by
+passing
+passing
+<em>
+term
+</em>,
+<em>
+value
+</em>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a href="#term-rank-algorithm">
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+<code>
+0
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+then
+add
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+false
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<em>
+list
+container
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+clear
+<em>
+terms
+</em>,
+set
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>,
+and
+add
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+rank
+</em>
+is
+greater
+than
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>,
+clear
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+and
+set
+<em>
+highest
+rank
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rank
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+is
+empty,
+add
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+representation
+of
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+for
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+which
+maps
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+is
+a
+prefix
+for
+<em>
+iri
+</em>
+where
+the
+resulting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+partially
+matched
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+concatenated
+with
+a
+colon
+(:)
+character
+and
+the
+unmatched
+part
+of
+<em>
+iri
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+is
+empty,
+return
+<em>
+iri
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+return
+</ins>
+the
+shortest
+and
+lexicographically
+least
+value
+in
+<em>
+terms
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="term-rank-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#term-rank-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5.2
+</span>
+Term
+Rank
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+When
+selecting
+among
+multiple
+possible
+terms
+for
+a
+given
+property,
+it
+may
+be
+that
+multiple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+are
+defined
+with
+the
+same
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+but
+differ
+in
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+The
+purpose
+of
+this
+algorithm
+is
+to
+take
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+and
+a
+value
+and
+give
+it
+a
+<dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</dfn>.
+The
+selection
+can
+then
+be
+based,
+partly,
+on
+the
+term
+having
+the
+highest
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Given
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+<em>
+term
+</em>,
+<em>
+value
+</em>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+determine
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+property
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+is
+an
+empty
+array,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+the
+sum
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+s
+for
+every
+entry
+in
+the
+list.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+true
+</del>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">false
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+reference
+</ins>
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<del class="diff-old">number
+,
+if
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+having
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code>.<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">coercion
+to
+xsd:boolean
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:integer
+,
+or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+matching
+a
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">respectively,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></em>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+and
+no
+</ins>
+<code>
+@language
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+rank
+</ins></a>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">1
+</ins>
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">0
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins></code>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">it
+represents
+a
+string
+value
+with
+no
+@language
+.
+If
+term
+has
+@language
+null
+,
+or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+active
+context
+has
+no
+@language
+,
+term
+rank
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+</ins>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2
+</ins>
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">0
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">1
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">value
+must
+be
+a
+subject
+definition
+,
+subject
+reference
+,
+or
+a
+JSON
+object
+having
+a
+@value
+.
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">no
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+property,
+<del class="diff-old">it
+must
+have
+either
+a
+@type
+or
+a
+@language
+:
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</em>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+property
+matching
+a
+@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">coercion
+for
+term
+,
+term
+rank
+is
+3
+,
+otherwise
+if
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">coersion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+</ins>
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3
+</ins>
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property
+matching
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+definition
+for
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+(or
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+definition
+and
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+matches
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+),
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">coersion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+</ins>
+and
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+3
+</code>,
+otherwise
+if
+<em>
+term
+</em>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">coersion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+</ins>
+and
+no
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>,
+otherwise
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
+term
+rank
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="value-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+compact
+form.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+expanded
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+expanding
+a
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+takes
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+number
+and
+the
+active
+property
+is
+the
+target
+of
+typed
+literal
+coercion
+to
+xsd:integer
+or
+xsd:double
+,
+expand
+the
+value
+into
+an
+object
+with
+two
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+@value
+and
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">string
+representation
+of
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+defined
+in
+the
+section
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+.
+The
+second
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+@type
+and
+the
+associated
+coercion
+datatype
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+IRI
+Expansion
+rules.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+already
+expanded.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>
+or
+the
+target
+of
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+coercion,
+expand
+the
+value
+into
+an
+object
+with
+a
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+target
+of
+typed
+literal
+coercion,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+</ins>
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+into
+an
+<del class="diff-old">object
+with
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+the
+</ins>
+first
+key-value
+pair
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+and
+the
+unexpanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+<del class="diff-old">The
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+the
+target
+of
+typed
+literal
+coercion,
+set
+the
+</ins>
+second
+key-value
+pair
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+the
+associated
+coercion
+datatype
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">value
+is
+a
+string
+and
+</del>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+</del>
+the
+target
+of
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+literal
+coercion
+but
+target
+of
+</del>
+language
+tagging,
+<del class="diff-old">expand
+value
+into
+an
+object
+with
+two
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+@value
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">unexpanded
+value
+.
+The
+</del>
+second
+key-value
+pair
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+value
+of
+the
+language
+tagging
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+already
+expanded.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="value-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values,
+such
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+<del class="diff-old">literals,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literals
+</ins></a>,
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+an
+expanded
+form
+in
+JSON-LD.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+compacted
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compacting
+an
+expanded
+value
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+takes
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">may
+be
+expressed
+as
+true
+,
+false
+or
+number
+,
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">only
+has
+one
+property,
+then
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">compacted
+</ins>
+value
+is
+the
+<del class="diff-old">native
+representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<code>
+@value
+<del class="diff-old">value.
+</del>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+coercion
+target
+for
+the
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+expression
+of
+the
+value,
+compact
+the
+value
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+<del class="diff-old">literal,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+</ins></a>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+with
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+which
+matches
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+of
+the
+value,
+or
+the
+value
+has
+only
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+value
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+not
+modified.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="generate-blank-node-identifier" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#generate-blank-node-identifier" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+is
+used
+by
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+From
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+to
+deterministicly
+name
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+identifiers.
+It
+uses
+a
+<em>
+identifier
+map
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+takes
+a
+possibly
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+identifier
+and
+returns
+a
+new
+identifier
+based
+on
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+variable
+<em>
+next
+identifier
+</em>
+is
+initialized
+to
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+appended
+with
+<code>
+0
+</code>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+old
+identifier
+is
+not
+null
+and
+is
+in
+<em>
+identifier
+map
+</em>
+return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+old
+identifier
+is
+not
+null,
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+in
+<em>
+identifier
+map
+</em>
+initialized
+to
+the
+current
+value
+of
+<em>
+next
+identifier
+</em>.
+Increment
+<em>
+next
+identifier
+</em>
+by
+adding
+one
+to
+the
+integer
+suffix.
+Return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+increment
+<em>
+next
+identifier
+</em>
+by
+adding
+one
+to
+the
+integer
+suffix
+and
+return
+its
+original
+value.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+all
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>,
+datatypes,
+and
+literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+JSON-LD
+document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+of
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+<div id="expansion-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">result
+of
+performing,
+</ins><a href="#context-processing"><ins class="diff-new">
+Context
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+on
+the
+passed
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+to
+the
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+If
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+any
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+or
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+a
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+throw
+an
+exception,
+as
+lists
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+allowed.
+If
+the
+expanded
+entry
+is
+null,
+drop
+it.
+If
+it's
+an
+array,
+merge
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+entries
+with
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+'s
+entries.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+object
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+<a href="#context-processing">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+and
+remove
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+Then,
+proceed
+and
+process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Remove
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+expand
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+original
+un-expanded
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+does
+not
+expand
+to
+a
+keyword
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(i.e.,
+it
+doesn't
+contain
+a
+colon),
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+property
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+property
+from
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+Expand
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+according
+to
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+expand
+according
+to
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>,
+the
+expanded
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</a>,
+it
+must
+be
+empty
+(used
+for
+<a href="#framing">
+Framing
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+all
+elements
+must
+be
+either
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>.
+Expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+for
+each
+of
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+entries
+using
+the
+previous
+three
+steps.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+the
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+<del class="diff-old">,
+@set
+,
+</del>
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@set
+</ins></code>
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+active
+property
+</em>.
+If
+the
+expanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+any
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+throw
+an
+exception,
+as
+lists
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+supported.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+expand
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+a
+keyword
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+the
+expanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+convert
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+with
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+(unless
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+already
+in
+that
+form).
+</li>
+<li>
+Convert
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+form
+unless
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+either
+merge
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+into
+an
+existing
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+property
+of
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+or
+create
+a
+new
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+property
+with
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+value.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+processed
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+have
+more
+than
+one
+other
+property,
+which
+can
+either
+be
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+if
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+is
+the
+only
+property
+or
+</del>
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+replace
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+with
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@value
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+and
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+value
+is
+not
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+the
+only
+property.
+Set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+;
+leave
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+untouched.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+just
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+expand
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+resulting
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+just
+a
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+property,
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+'s
+value.
+Finally,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+it
+is
+wrapped
+into
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.10
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+the
+most
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+is
+typically
+expressed
+in
+a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+IRIs
+are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+the
+API,
+provides
+a
+way
+to
+compact
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+to
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</p>
+<div id="compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+compacted.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#context-processing">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<em>
+context
+</em>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+single
+item,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+that
+item;
+otherwise
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+object:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+property
+or
+element
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+mapping
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+corresponding
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property,
+recursively
+compact
+that
+property's
+value
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+ensuring
+that
+the
+result
+is
+an
+array
+and
+removing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+values.
+Return
+either
+the
+result
+as
+an
+array,
+as
+an
+object
+with
+a
+key
+of
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+(or
+appropriate
+alias
+from
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+construct
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+as
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+used
+for
+returning
+the
+result
+of
+compacting
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+For
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element:
+</em>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Perform
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+every
+entry
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+contains
+just
+one
+entry,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+that
+entry.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+expanded
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+empty:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Compact
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+by
+recursively
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+an
+entry
+already
+exists
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+convert
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+if
+necessary,
+and
+append
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+mapping
+to
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+create
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+create
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+as
+the
+compacted
+<em>
+element
+</em>.
+<div class="issue">
+Perhaps
+this
+should
+also
+call
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+on
+native
+types
+and
+strings,
+which
+could
+consolodate
+potential
+transformation
+in
+one
+place.
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+resulting
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+put
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+into
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+property
+of
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+then
+set
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+Finally,
+add
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+property
+to
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+and
+set
+it
+to
+the
+initially
+passed
+<em>
+context
+</em>.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="framing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11
+</span>
+Framing
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+Framing
+allows
+developers
+to
+query
+by
+example
+and
+force
+a
+specific
+tree
+layout
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+directed
+graph.
+A
+single
+directed
+graph
+can
+have
+many
+different
+serializations,
+each
+expressing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information.
+Developers
+typically
+work
+with
+trees,
+represented
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+s.
+While
+mapping
+a
+graph
+to
+a
+tree
+can
+be
+done,
+the
+layout
+of
+the
+end
+result
+must
+be
+specified
+in
+advance.
+A
+<dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame">
+Frame
+</dfn>
+can
+be
+used
+by
+a
+developer
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+for
+a
+graph.
+</p>
+<p>
+Framing
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+which
+expresses
+a
+graph
+of
+information,
+and
+applying
+a
+specific
+graph
+layout
+(called
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+Frame
+</a>
+).
+</p>
+<p>
+Framing
+makes
+use
+of
+the
+<a href="#subject-map-generation">
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+</ins>
+</a>
+algorithm
+to
+place
+each
+object
+defined
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+into
+a
+flat
+list
+of
+objects,
+allowing
+them
+to
+be
+operated
+upon
+by
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</p>
+<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.1
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+initial
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+frame
+</a>
+provided
+to
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+containing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="map_of_embeds" id="dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+map
+that
+tracks
+if
+a
+subject
+is
+to
+be
+embedded
+in
+the
+output
+of
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+;
+it
+maps
+a
+subject
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+to
+a
+parent
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+property
+or
+parent
+array.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+objects
+should
+be
+directly
+embedded
+in
+the
+output,
+instead
+of
+being
+referred
+to
+by
+their
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+for
+properties
+to
+be
+included
+in
+the
+output,
+they
+must
+be
+explicitly
+declared
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+properties
+that
+are
+missing
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>,
+but
+present
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>
+should
+be
+omitted
+from
+the
+output.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="map_of_flattened_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+map
+of
+subjects
+that
+is
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#subject-map-generation">
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="framing-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.2
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p class="issue">
+This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress.
+Presently,
+it
+only
+works
+for
+documents
+without
+named
+graphs.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+framing
+algorithm
+takes
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+expanded
+input
+</strong>
+)
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+)
+that
+have
+been
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>,
+and
+a
+number
+of
+options
+and
+produces
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Create
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+along
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>
+set
+to
+the
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+of
+the
+</ins>
+result
+of
+performing
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#subject-map-generation">
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">algorithm
+</ins>
+on
+<strong>
+expanded
+input
+</strong>.
+Also
+create
+<em>
+results
+</em>
+as
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Invoke
+the
+recursive
+algorithm
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>
+(
+<em>
+state
+</em>
+),
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>
+(
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>
+),
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+(
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+),
+<em>
+result
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+parent
+</em>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+series
+of
+steps
+is
+the
+recursive
+portion
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Validate
+<em>
+frame
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+set
+of
+matched
+subjects
+by
+filtering
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>
+checking
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>
+against
+<em>
+frame
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+containing
+one
+or
+more
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+match
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+with
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+including
+any
+of
+those
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property
+only
+a
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+matches
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+with
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+property,
+regardless
+of
+the
+actual
+values.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+match
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+contains
+all
+of
+the
+non-
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+properties
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Get
+values
+for
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+explicitOn
+</em>
+by
+looking
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+for
+the
+keys
+<code>
+@embed
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@explicit
+</code>
+using
+the
+current
+values
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+from
+<em>
+state
+</em>
+if
+not
+found.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+from
+the
+set
+of
+matched
+subjects,
+ordered
+by
+<em>
+id
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+in
+<em>
+state
+</em>
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+with
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+id
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<em>
+embed
+</em>
+with
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+is
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+from
+<em>
+state
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+existing
+</em>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+and
+set
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+existing
+</em>
+has
+a
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+which
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+equal
+to
+<em>
+id
+</em>,
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+already
+been
+embedded
+and
+can
+be
+overwritten,
+so
+set
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<em>
+existing
+</em>
+has
+a
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+which
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>.
+Set
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+if
+any
+of
+the
+items
+in
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+because
+the
+embed
+can
+be
+overwritten.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+<em>
+existing
+</em>
+is
+already
+embedded
+but
+can
+be
+overwritten,
+so
+<a href="#remove-embed">
+Remove
+Embedded
+Definition
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+id
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+embedOn
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+add
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+by
+either
+appending
+to
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+if
+it
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+or
+appending
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+in
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+otherwise.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+embed
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+id
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+the
+matched
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+ordered
+by
+<em>
+property
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+add
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+property
+from
+<em>
+subject
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+explicitOn
+</em>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+<a href="#embed-values">
+Embed
+values
+</a>
+from
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+using
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+active
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Continue
+to
+next
+property.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li id="frm-process-prop-item">
+Process
+each
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+from
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+the
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+then
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+named
+<em>
+list
+</em>
+with
+the
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+of
+an
+empty
+array.
+Append
+<em>
+list
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+Process
+each
+<em>
+listitem
+</em>
+in
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+array
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+listitem
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>
+process
+<em>
+listitem
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+a
+new
+map
+of
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>
+that
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+<em>
+listitem
+</em>
+as
+the
+key
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+from
+the
+original
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>
+as
+the
+value.
+Pass
+the
+first
+value
+from
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+for
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+frame
+</em>,
+<em>
+list
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+parent
+</em>,
+and
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+listitem
+</em>
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+in
+<em>
+list
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>
+process
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+a
+new
+map
+as
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>
+that
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+as
+the
+key
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+from
+the
+original
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>
+as
+the
+value.
+Pass
+the
+first
+value
+from
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+for
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+frame
+</em>,
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+parent
+</em>,
+and
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+<div class="issue">
+Passing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>
+doesn't
+work
+if
+this
+map
+is
+used
+recursively.
+Presently
+pass
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+from
+original
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
+map
+of
+flattened
+subjects
+</a>.
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>,
+where
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+not
+a
+<em>
+keyword
+</em>,
+ordered
+by
+<em>
+property
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+property
+frame
+</em>
+to
+the
+first
+item
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+or
+a
+newly
+created
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+if
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+empty.
+</li>
+<li>
+Skip
+to
+the
+next
+property
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+or
+if
+<em>
+property
+frame
+</em>
+contains
+<code>
+@omitDefault
+</code>
+which
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+or
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+<code>
+@omitDefault
+</code>
+but
+the
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+property
+<code>
+@preserve
+</code>
+and
+a
+value
+that
+is
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+in
+<em>
+frame
+</em>
+if
+it
+exists,
+or
+the
+string
+<code>
+@null
+</code>
+otherwise.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+parent
+</em>.
+If
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+append
+<em>
+output
+</em>,
+otherwise
+append
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+in
+<em>
+parent
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+At
+the
+completion
+of
+the
+recursive
+algorithm,
+<em>
+results
+</em>
+will
+contain
+the
+top-level
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+final
+two
+steps
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+require
+<em>
+results
+</em>
+to
+be
+compacted
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+by
+using
+the
+context
+provided
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>.
+If
+the
+frame
+has
+no
+context,
+compaction
+is
+performed
+with
+an
+empty
+context
+(not
+a
+null
+context).
+The
+compaction
+result
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+use
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+keyword
+at
+the
+top-level,
+even
+if
+the
+context
+is
+empty
+or
+if
+there
+is
+only
+one
+element
+to
+put
+in
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+array.
+Subsequently,
+replace
+all
+key-value
+pairs
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@preserve
+</code>
+with
+the
+value
+from
+the
+key-pair.
+If
+the
+value
+from
+the
+key-pair
+is
+<code>
+@null
+</code>,
+replace
+the
+value
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+If,
+after
+replacement,
+an
+array
+contains
+only
+the
+value
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+remove
+the
+value,
+leaving
+an
+empty
+array.
+The
+resulting
+value
+is
+the
+final
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+The
+algorithm
+needs
+to
+be
+updated
+to
+consider
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>.
+<del class="diff-old">For
+1.0,
+this
+might
+not
+require
+anything,
+as
+the
+default
+implementation
+of
+Subject
+Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">See
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/118"><ins class="diff-chg">
+ISSUE-118
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+flatten
+everything
+into
+a
+single
+graph.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+details.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="subject-map-generation" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#subject-map-generation" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.3
+</span>
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins>
+Subject
+<del class="diff-old">Flattening
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</ins>
+takes
+as
+input
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+and
+results
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subjects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">holding
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+from
+each
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flat
+representation
+of
+the
+graphs
+and
+nodes
+</ins>
+represented
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">document
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document.
+All
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+get
+assigned
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+entry
+within
+the
+input
+document,
+assigning
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(new)
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">identifiers
+to
+objects
+without
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifier.
+The
+resulting
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+will
+have
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@id,
+or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+for
+every
+graph
+in
+the
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+another
+object
+</ins>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">an
+@id
+that
+references
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+for
+every
+</ins>
+node
+<del class="diff-old">identifier.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">represented
+in
+the
+document.
+While
+the
+default
+graph
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+and
+the
+merged
+graph
+under
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property,
+all
+other
+graphs
+are
+stored
+under
+their
+respective
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">operates
+on
+the
+initially
+empty
+subjects
+and
+</del>
+takes
+as
+input
+the
+<del class="diff-old">current
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+document
+<ins class="diff-new">as
+</ins>
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+initially
+empty
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+array,
+process
+each
+entry
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively,
+using
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+and
+return.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+element
+is
+a
+JSON
+object:
+</del>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+definition
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+reference
+:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+it
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property,
+then
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+return.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+exists
+and
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+</del>
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+value,
+otherwise
+set
+it
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+identifer
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">created
+by
+the
+</ins>
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+,
+otherwise
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+reference
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+at
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><code>
+@id
+<del class="diff-old">property
+as
+name
+.
+</del>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Unless
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Let
+</ins>
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+an
+entry
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+the
+value
+in
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+if
+no
+such
+value
+exists,
+insert
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+the
+key
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins>
+in
+<em>
+subjects
+<del class="diff-old">initialized
+using
+</del>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">subject
+</ins></em>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+set
+to
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">id
+</ins>
+</em>
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+value
+for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Let
+</ins>
+<em>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Otherwise,
+use
+that
+existing
+entrpy
+as
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+the
+value
+of
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjects
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">each
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">other
+than
+@id
+:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+use
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+otherwise
+use
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+id
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+then
+continue.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+is
+</ins>
+a
+keyword,
+<del class="diff-old">copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">merge
+</ins>
+<code>
+property
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+value
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">into
+</ins>
+<code>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+then
+continue.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+value
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+array
+</ins><em>
+value
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+v
+</ins></em>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+reference
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+property
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+exist,
+map
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">only
+have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+a
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+new
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+avoid
+collisions.
+If
+one
+does
+not
+already
+exist,
+add
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+reference
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+with
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+a
+new
+array
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+flattenedList
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins></em>.
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+the
+property
+</ins>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+an
+array
+created
+by
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+on
+each
+item
+in
+the
+list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+flattenedList
+</ins></em>
+and
+add
+<ins class="diff-new">it
+</ins>
+to
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">along
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins>
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">value
+must
+be
+an
+array
+.
+Add
+property
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code>
+and
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+value
+created
+by
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+on
+each
+item
+in
+the
+array.
+Return
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+generate
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+new
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+created
+as
+a
+subject
+reference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+add
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">add
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">v
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+return
+element
+.
+</del>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">After
+the
+above
+outlined
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">states
+to
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+been
+executed,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">property
+in
+</del>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+mapped
+values,
+but
+it
+really
+should
+merge,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">map
+for
+all
+graphs
+including
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">property
+already
+exists
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+are
+contained
+</ins>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
+</ins>
+</em>.
+<del class="diff-old">The
+algorithm
+should
+descend
+into
+@graph
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">To
+also
+</ins>
+create
+<del class="diff-old">a
+parallel
+flattened
+structure
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">to
+object
+within
+that
+@graph
+representation.
+Recursive
+@graph
+definitions
+are
+also
+flattened
+into
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">map
+for
+the
+merged
+graph,
+execute
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">default
+graph.
+The
+</del>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">should
+also
+take
+an
+option
+which
+descends
+into
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">again,
+but
+pass
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">merged
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+flattens
+all
+definitions
+at
+the
+same
+level,
+effectively
+flatting
+default
+and
+named
+graphs
+into
+a
+single
+default
+graph;
+this
+should
+be
+the
+default
+implementation
+</del>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">1.0.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></em>.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="remove-embed" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#remove-embed" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.4
+</span>
+Remove
+Embedded
+Definition
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+replaces
+an
+already
+embedded
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>.
+It
+then
+recursively
+removes
+any
+entries
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+that
+had
+the
+removed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+in
+their
+parent
+chain.
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+About
+as
+clear
+as
+mud
+</div>
+<p>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+is
+invoked
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>
+and
+subject
+id
+<em>
+id
+</em>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Find
+<em>
+embed
+</em>
+from
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+id
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+be
+from
+<em>
+embed
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+is
+an
+array,
+replace
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+that
+matches
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>.
+If
+parent
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+replace
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+that
+matches
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+dependents
+for
+<em>
+id
+</em>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+by
+scanning
+the
+map
+for
+entries
+with
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+that
+have
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+<em>
+id
+</em>,
+removing
+that
+definition
+from
+the
+map,
+and
+then
+removing
+the
+dependents
+for
+the
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+id
+recursively
+by
+repeating
+this
+step.
+This
+step
+will
+terminate
+when
+there
+are
+no
+more
+embed
+entries
+containing
+the
+removed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+'s
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+in
+their
+parent
+chain.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="embed-values" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#embed-values" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11.5
+</span>
+Embed
+Values
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+recursively
+embeds
+property
+values
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+<em>
+output
+</em>,
+given
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>,
+input
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+of
+<em>
+element
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+the
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+then
+create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+a
+value
+of
+an
+empty
+array
+and
+add
+it
+to
+<em>
+output
+</em>,
+appending
+if
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+is
+an
+array,
+and
+appending
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+otherwise.
+Recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+the
+new
+array
+as
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+Continue
+to
+the
+next
+<em>
+item
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
+subject
+reference
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>
+does
+not
+contain
+an
+entry
+for
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+<em>
+item
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<em>
+embed
+</em>
+with
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+parent
+</em>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+as
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+add
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
+map
+of
+embeds
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>
+<em>
+o
+</em>
+to
+act
+as
+the
+embedded
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
+subject
+definition
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+the
+expanded
+definition
+for
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+subjects
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Add
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+o
+</em>
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<em>
+o
+</em>
+as
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+o
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+output
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+append
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+item
+</em>,
+otherwise
+append
+a
+copy
+of
+<em>
+item
+</em>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+in
+<em>
+output
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="flattening" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.12
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">When
+coercing
+numbers
+to
+xsd:integer
+or
+xsd:double
+as
+it,
+e.g.,
+happens
+during
+RDF
+Conversion
+,
+implementers
+must
+ensure
+that
+the
+result
+is
+a
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+string
+.
+A
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+set
+of
+literals
+from
+among
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">valid
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">process
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">literals
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">taking
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">datatype
+such
+that
+there
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+document,
+</ins><a href="#expansion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanding
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+it,
+labeling
+all
+unlabeled
+nodes
+with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">one-to-one
+mapping
+between
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+<ins class="diff-chg">blank
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">a
+value
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">returning
+an
+array
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+space
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
+</ins>
+defined
+in
+<del class="diff-old">[
+XMLSCHEMA-2
+].
+In
+other
+words,
+every
+value
+must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+document.
+</ins></p><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+still
+being
+discussed
+if
+the
+flatten()
+method
+should
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">converted
+to
+a
+deterministic
+string
+representation.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">added
+or
+not.
+See
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-chg">
+ISSUE-109
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+of
+an
+integer
+,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+without
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+xsd:integer
+,
+is
+a
+finite-length
+sequence
+of
+decimal
+digits
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "foaf:knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Flattening
+algorithm
+for
+the
+merged
+graph
+</ins>
+(
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">0-9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@merged
+</ins>
+</code>
+)
+<del class="diff-old">with
+an
+optional
+leading
+minus
+sign;
+leading
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited.
+To
+convert
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">against
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">number
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+</del>
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">snippet
+of
+code:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">output:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">(value).toFixed(0).toString()
+</del>
+<pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "foaf:knows": [ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" } ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" } ]
+ }
+]
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<div id="flattening-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">3.12.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">canonical
+lexical
+representation
+of
+a
+double
+,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+with
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+xsd:double
+,
+consists
+of
+a
+mantissa
+followed
+by
+the
+character
+"E",
+followed
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+takes
+two
+input
+variables,
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">exponent.
+The
+mantissa
+must
+be
+a
+decimal
+number.
+The
+exponent
+must
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">element
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">be
+an
+integer.
+Leading
+zeroes
+and
+a
+preceding
+plus
+sign
+(
++
+)
+are
+prohibited
+in
+the
+exponent.
+If
+the
+exponent
+is
+zero,
+it
+must
+be
+indicated
+by
+E0
+.
+For
+the
+mantissa,
+the
+preceding
+optional
+plus
+sign
+is
+prohibited
+and
+the
+decimal
+point
+is
+required.
+Leading
+and
+trailing
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited
+subject
+to
+the
+following:
+number
+representations
+must
+be
+normalized
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+single
+digit
+which
+is
+non-zero
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+left
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flatten
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">at
+least
+a
+single
+digit
+to
+the
+right
+of
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">decimal
+point
+unless
+the
+value
+being
+represented
+is
+zero.
+The
+canonical
+representation
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></em>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">zero
+is
+0.0E0
+.
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
+xsd:double
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+IEEE-754-1985
+].
+When
+data
+such
+as
+decimals
+need
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+definitions
+</ins>
+should
+<del class="diff-old">not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+returned.
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">due
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+set,
+it
+will
+default
+</ins>
+to
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@merged
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+represents
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lossy
+nature
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
+values.
+Authors
+should
+instead
+use
+the
+expanded
+object
+form
+to
+set
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+directly.
+When
+JSON-native
+datatypes,
+like
+number
+s,
+are
+type
+coerced,
+lossless
+data
+round-tripping
+can
+not
+be
+guaranted.
+Consider
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">merging
+all
+graphs
+including
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+code
+example:
+var myObj1 = {
+ "@context": {
+ "number": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+
+ }
+ },
+ "number" :
+ };
+// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
+var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
+// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
+var
+myObj2
+=
+jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
+At
+this
+point,
+myObj1
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+(
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">myObj2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@default
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">will
+have
+different
+values
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">).
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expand
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">"number"
+property.
+myObj1
+will
+have
+</del>
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Generate
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">number
+42
+,
+while
+myObj2
+have
+</del>
+<a href="#subject-map-generation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Subject
+Map
+Generation
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">object
+consisting
+of
+@value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+array
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjectMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+property
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+</ins>
+set
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">definitions
+</ins></em>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+string
+"42"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Foreach
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+set
+to
+the
+expanded
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins>
+of
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:nonNegativeInteger
+.
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation
+in
+some
+versions,
+backslash-escape
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">definitions
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">http://example.com/
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+.
+This
+is
+problematic
+as
+other
+JSON
+parsers
+might
+not
+understand
+those
+escaping
+characters.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+must
+not
+</del>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></em>.</li></ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+converted
+between
+other
+RDF-compatible
+document
+formats
+using
+the
+algorithms
+specified
+in
+this
+section.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Model
+describes
+processing
+rules
+for
+extracting
+RDF
+from
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+and
+for
+transforming
+an
+array
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+retrieved
+by
+processing
+another
+serialization
+format
+into
+JSON-LD.
+Note
+that
+many
+uses
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+not
+require
+generation
+of
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+processing
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+provided
+in
+order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+one
+might
+implement
+a
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+to
+produce
+the
+same
+type
+and
+number
+of
+<del class="diff-old">statements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quads
+</ins>
+during
+the
+output
+process
+and
+are
+not
+required
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+</p>
+<div class="informative section" id="overview" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#overview" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+have
+an
+easy
+to
+parse
+grammar
+that
+closely
+models
+existing
+practice
+in
+using
+JSON
+for
+describing
+object
+representations.
+This
+allows
+the
+use
+of
+existing
+libraries
+for
+parsing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+As
+with
+other
+grammars
+used
+for
+describing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+a
+key
+concept
+is
+that
+of
+a
+<dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">
+resource
+</dfn>.
+Resources
+may
+be
+of
+three
+basic
+types:
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</code>
+</a>,
+representing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+for
+describing
+externally
+named
+entities,
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>,
+resources
+for
+which
+an
+external
+name
+does
+not
+exist,
+or
+is
+not
+known,
+and
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>,
+which
+describe
+terminal
+entities
+such
+as
+strings,
+dates
+and
+other
+representations
+having
+a
+lexical
+representation
+possibly
+including
+an
+explicit
+language
+or
+datatype.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+(
+IRI
+),
+as
+described
+in
+[
+RFC3987
+],
+is
+a
+mechanism
+for
+representing
+unique
+identifiers
+on
+the
+web.
+In
+Linked
+Data
+,
+an
+IRI
+is
+commonly
+used
+for
+expressing
+a
+subject
+,
+a
+property
+or
+an
+object
+.
+</del>
+Data
+described
+with
+JSON-LD
+may
+be
+considered
+to
+be
+the
+representation
+of
+a
+graph
+made
+up
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
+resource
+</a>
+s
+related
+via
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
+resource
+</a>.
+However,
+specific
+implementations
+may
+choose
+to
+operate
+on
+the
+document
+as
+a
+normal
+JSON
+description
+of
+objects
+having
+attributes.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">Blank
+Node
+</del>
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
+</ins></code>
+</a>
+used
+to
+identify
+<del class="diff-old">statements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quads
+</ins>
+belonging
+to
+a
+<em>
+named
+graph
+</em>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+below
+is
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+implementing
+RDF
+conversion
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+set
+of
+RDF
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+that
+the
+following
+algorithm
+generates:
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+five
+input
+variables:
+a
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+to
+be
+converted,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+are
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+context
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="processing-step-associative">
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">property,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins></a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+<ins class="diff-new">typed
+</ins>
+literal
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+</ins>
+value
+as
+<del class="diff-old">follows:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+in
+the
+section
+</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+datatype
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+either
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">As
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">created
+from
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value.
+Set
+datatype
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">property
+after
+performing
+IRI
+Expansion
+on
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property,
+set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">specified
+@type
+.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>.
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+property,
+use
+<del class="diff-old">it's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins>
+value
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+the
+plain
+literal.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+property
+the
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Process
+its
+value
+as
+a
+list
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#list-conversion">
+List
+Conversion
+</a>
+using
+the
+return
+value
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">nether
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">neither
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+representing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li id="processing-step-subject">
+If
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property,
+the
+value
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+previously
+expanded
+value
+(either
+a
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+node
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
+</ins></code>
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+property,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+newly
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+element
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></em>,
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+process
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+algorithm
+recursively,
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+and
+null
+values
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+then
+proceed
+to
+next
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+skip
+this
+step.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+value
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+as
+follows,
+process
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+using
+copies
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+element
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">set
+the
+active
+object
+to
+a
+plain
+literal
+value
+created
+from
+the
+string.
+Otherwise,
+if
+element
+is
+a
+number
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">object
+to
+a
+typed
+literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+either
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+be
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:integer
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+xsd:double
+,
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+Otherwise,
+if
+element
+is
+true
+or
+false
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">so
+</ins>
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+typed
+literal
+created
+from
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:boolean
+.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></code></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+any
+of
+these
+steps
+created
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+and
+neither
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="list-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#list-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+List
+Conversion
+</h4>
+<p>
+List
+Conversion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+values
+and
+adding
+them
+to
+a
+newly
+created
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
+RDF
+Collection
+</a>
+</cite>
+(see
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
+RDF-SCHEMA
+</a>
+</cite>
+])
+by
+linking
+each
+element
+of
+the
+list
+using
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+rdf:next
+</code>,
+terminating
+the
+list
+with
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>
+using
+the
+following
+sequence:
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+is
+invoked
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<em>
+array
+</em>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+returns
+a
+value
+to
+be
+used
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+calling
+location.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+This
+algorithm
+does
+not
+support
+lists
+containing
+lists.
+</div>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+is
+empty
+return
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+a
+newly
+generated
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+node
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
+</ins></code>
+</a>
+identified
+as
+<em>
+first
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+element
+in
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+other
+than
+the
+last
+element:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+processor
+state
+using
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+1
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Unless
+this
+is
+the
+last
+element
+in
+<em>
+array
+</em>,
+generate
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+node
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
+</ins></code>
+</a>
+identified
+as
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>,
+otherwise
+use
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+new
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+using
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>,
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>
+and
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>
+to
+<em>
+rest
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<em>
+first
+blank
+node
+</em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+In
+some
+cases,
+data
+exists
+natively
+in
+Triples
+or
+Quads
+form;
+for
+example,
+if
+the
+data
+was
+originally
+represented
+in
+an
+RDF
+graph
+or
+triple/quad
+store.
+This
+algorithm
+is
+designed
+to
+simply
+translate
+an
+array
+of
+<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+conversion
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+single
+parameter
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+array
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">Statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+representations.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="new_graph">
+Construct
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON
+array
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+serve
+</del>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">the
+output
+object.
+Construct
+</del>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">containing
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subjects
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+map
+graph
+names
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">subjects
+to
+objects
+derived
+from
+statements
+having
+a
+property
+of
+rdf:first
+.
+Construct
+a
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">listMap
+</ins></em>,each<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+empty
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">restMap
+to
+map
+graph
+names
+and
+subjects
+to
+objects
+derived
+from
+statements
+having
+a
+property
+of
+rdf:rest
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Construct
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subjectMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graphs
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+map
+graph
+names
+and
+subjects
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+a
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">instances
+contained
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containing
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">array
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+identified
+by
+an
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">statement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad
+</ins>
+in
+<em>
+input
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+entry
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graphs
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+identified
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+name
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+entry
+using
+the
+mechanism
+described
+in
+</ins><a href="#new_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+1
+</ins></a>.</li><li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">create
+a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+the
+</ins>
+entry
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+with
+for
+name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph.listMap
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">indexed
+by
+</ins>
+<em>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">and
+an
+array
+value
+containing
+</del>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+nesessary.
+Represent
+</ins>
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+expanded
+form,
+as
+described
+in
+</ins><a href="#value-expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
+Value
+Expansion
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Add
+the
+resulting
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins>
+representation
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+the
+entry
+indexed
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins></em>,
+and
+skip
+to
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">statement.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+<del class="diff-old">,
+and
+</del>
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+BlankNode
+</code>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">create
+a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+the
+</ins>
+entry
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">restMap
+to
+map
+name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph.listMap
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">indexed
+by
+</ins>
+<em>
+subject
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
+it
+</ins>
+to
+a
+<del class="diff-old">value
+being
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+necessary.
+Add
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nominalValue
+</ins></em>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+expansion
+on
+</del>
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+skip
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+entry
+indexed
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+rest
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Skip
+</ins>
+to
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">statement.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+name
+</em>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">:
+If
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subjectMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.subjects
+</ins>
+</em>
+does
+not
+<del class="diff-old">have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contain
+</ins>
+an
+entry
+for
+<del class="diff-old">null
+as
+name
+and
+</del>
+<em>
+name
+<del class="diff-old">as
+subject:
+Create
+</del>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+with
+key/value
+pair
+of
+@id
+and
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+name
+and
+use
+as
+value
+.
+Save
+value
+in
+subjectMap
+and
+append
+to
+array
+.
+Otherwise,
+use
+that
+entry
+as
+value
+.
+If
+value
+does
+not
+have
+an
+</del>
+entry
+for
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+,
+initialize
+it
+as
+a
+new
+array
+ary
+.
+Otherwise,
+let
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">ary
+be
+that
+array.
+If
+subjectMap
+does
+not
+have
+an
+entry
+for
+</del>
+name
+<del class="diff-old">and
+subject
+:
+Create
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">from
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+key/value
+pair
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+and
+use
+as
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">name
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Save
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+subjectMap
+and
+append
+to
+ary
+.
+Otherwise,
+use
+that
+entry
+</del>
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+entry
+from
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">value
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+subjectMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph.subjects
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">does
+not
+have
+an
+entry
+</del>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">null
+as
+name
+and
+</del>
+<em>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">:
+Create
+</del>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
+it
+to
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+key/value
+pair
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+subject
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+use
+as
+value
+.
+Save
+value
+in
+subjectMap
+and
+append
+to
+array
+.
+Otherwise,
+use
+that
+entry
+as
+value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+necessary.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:type
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+notType
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+option
+is
+present
+and
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Append
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+is
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+key
+</em>
+be
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+an
+empty
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+representation
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">array
+</ins>
+value
+for
+<em>
+key
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">creating
+an
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+an
+empty
+@list
+representation:
+{"@list":
+[]}
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+necessary.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Let
+<em>
+key
+</em>
+be
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+<em>
+property
+</em>
+and
+let
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>
+be
+<em>
+object
+</em>
+represented
+in
+expanded
+form
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+BlankNode
+</ins></code></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph.listMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+indexed
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+initializing
+it
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+nesessary.
+Add
+an
+entry
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+head
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+representation
+</ins></em>.</li><li>
+Append
+<em>
+object
+representation
+</em>
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+<em>
+key
+</em>,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+if
+necessary.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+name
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins>
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">restMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graphs
+</ins>
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">key/value
+prev
+,
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">rest
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><em>
+entry
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">map
+,
+append
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+where
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">value
+identified
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+both
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">head
+</ins>
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">prev
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">first
+</ins>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">keys:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+of
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">head
+</ins>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+entry
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Remove
+the
+entry
+for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">identified
+by
+</del>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Add
+an
+entry
+to
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+initialized
+to
+a
+new
+array
+containing
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+first
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+While
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+key
+for
+</ins>
+<em>
+rest
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+entry
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+graph.listMap
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+entry.rest
+</ins>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Add
+the
+value
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+entry.first
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+list
+array.
+</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Create
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+an
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li>
+For
+each
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">name
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+</ins>
+</em>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.subjects
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+by
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins>
+</em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">For
+each
+key/value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Add
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">node
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+graphs
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+an
+entry
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-new">add
+a
+property
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@graph
+</ins></code>
+in
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">where
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containing
+the
+ordered
+entries
+from
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graphs[subject].subjects
+</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+</del>
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+result.
+</ins></li></ol></div></div></div><div id="data-round-tripping" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-round-tripping" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h2><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+4.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-new">
+When
+coercing
+numbers
+to
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:double
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+it,
+e.g.,
+happens
+during
+</ins><a href="#rdf-conversion"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Conversion
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+implementers
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+ensure
+that
+the
+result
+is
+a
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="canonical_lexical_representation" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_representation"><ins class="diff-new">
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+set
+of
+literals
+from
+among
+the
+valid
+set
+of
+literals
+for
+a
+datatype
+such
+that
+there
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">one-to-one
+mapping
+between
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+and
+a
+value
+in
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">space
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA-2"><ins class="diff-new">
+XMLSCHEMA-2
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+In
+other
+words,
+every
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+deterministic
+string
+representation.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+</ins>
+of
+an
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">integer
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+without
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+finite-length
+sequence
+of
+decimal
+digits
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+0-9
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+with
+an
+optional
+leading
+minus
+sign;
+leading
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited.
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+(value).toFixed(0).toString()
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+of
+a
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">double
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">replace
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">i.e.,
+a
+number
+with
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+consists
+of
+a
+mantissa
+followed
+by
+the
+character
+"E",
+followed
+by
+an
+exponent.
+The
+mantissa
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+a
+decimal
+number.
+The
+exponent
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+an
+integer.
+Leading
+zeroes
+and
+a
+preceding
+plus
+sign
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
++
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+are
+prohibited
+in
+the
+exponent.
+If
+the
+exponent
+is
+zero,
+it
+must
+be
+indicated
+by
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+E0
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+the
+mantissa,
+the
+preceding
+optional
+plus
+sign
+is
+prohibited
+and
+the
+decimal
+point
+is
+required.
+Leading
+and
+trailing
+zeroes
+are
+prohibited
+subject
+to
+the
+following:
+number
+representations
+must
+be
+normalized
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+single
+digit
+which
+is
+non-zero
+to
+the
+left
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+and
+at
+least
+a
+single
+digit
+to
+the
+right
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+unless
+the
+value
+being
+represented
+is
+zero.
+The
+canonical
+representation
+for
+zero
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+0.0E0
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-chg">
+(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
+</ins></pre><p><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+the
+IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IEEE-754-1985
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-chg">
+When
+data
+such
+as
+decimals
+need
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+should
+not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+is
+due
+to
+the
+lossy
+nature
+of
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+values.
+Authors
+should
+instead
+use
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">expanded
+</ins>
+object
+<ins class="diff-new">form
+to
+set
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+representation
+directly.
+</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-new">
+When
+JSON-native
+datatypes,
+like
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
+number
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s,
+are
+type
+coerced,
+lossless
+data
+round-tripping
+can
+not
+be
+guaranted.
+Consider
+the
+following
+code
+example:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">var myObj1 = {<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "number": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@type": "xsd:nonNegativeInteger"</span><ins class="diff-new">
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : <span class="diff">42</span>
+ };
+// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
+var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
+// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
+var
+myObj2
+=
+jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+At
+this
+point,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myObj1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myObj2
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+will
+have
+different
+values
+for
+the
+"number"
+property.
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myObj1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+will
+have
+the
+number
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+42
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+while
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myObj2
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+an
+object
+consisting
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+set
+to
+the
+string
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+"42"
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+set
+to
+the
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:nonNegativeInteger
+</ins>
+</em>.
+<del class="diff-old">Return
+array
+</del>
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+</ins>
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">PHP's
+native
+implementation
+in
+some
+versions,
+backslash-escape
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://example.com/
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+is
+problematic
+as
+other
+JSON
+parsers
+might
+not
+understand
+those
+escaping
+characters.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+form.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must not"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+not
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix informative section" id="iana-considerations" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iana-considerations" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+section
+is
+included
+merely
+for
+standards
+community
+review
+and
+will
+be
+submitted
+to
+the
+Internet
+Engineering
+Steering
+Group
+if
+this
+specification
+becomes
+a
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</p>
+<h3 id="application-ld-frame-json">
+<ins class="diff-new">application/ld-frame+json
+</ins></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Type
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+application
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Subtype
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ld-frame+json
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Required
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Optional
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Encoding
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+same
+as
+the
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+MIME
+media
+type.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Security
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Since
+a
+JSON-LD
+frame
+is
+intended
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+for
+a
+JSON-LD
+graph,
+the
+serialization
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should not">
+should
+not
+</em>
+be
+passed
+through
+a
+code
+execution
+mechanism
+such
+as
+JavaScript's
+<code>
+eval()
+</code>
+function.
+It
+is
+<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">
+recommended
+</em>
+that
+a
+conforming
+parser
+does
+not
+attempt
+to
+directly
+evaluate
+the
+JSON-LD
+frame
+and
+instead
+purely
+parse
+the
+input
+into
+a
+language-native
+data
+structure.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Interoperability
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Published
+specification:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+specification.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Applications
+that
+use
+this
+media
+type:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Any
+programming
+environment
+that
+requires
+the
+exchange
+of
+directed
+graphs.
+Implementations
+of
+JSON-LD
+have
+been
+created
+for
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+Ruby,
+PHP
+and
+C++.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Additional
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Magic
+number(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+File
+extension(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>.jsonldf
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Macintosh
+file
+type
+code(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+TEXT
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Person
+&
+email
+address
+to
+contact
+for
+further
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny
+<msporny@digitalbazaar.com>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Intended
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Common
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Restrictions
+on
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Author(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+Dave
+Longley
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Change
+controller:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+W3C
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Fragment
+identifiers
+have
+no
+meaning
+with
+</ins><a href="#application-ld-frame-json"><ins class="diff-new">
+application/frame-ld+json
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+resources.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="appendix-b" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#appendix-b" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+Initial
+Context
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>
+is
+defined
+with
+the
+following
+default
+entries:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": { "@type": "@id"}
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Processors
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+act
+as
+if
+the
+initial
+context
+is
+defined
+in
+the
+outer-most
+level
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+Should
+we
+define
+other
+default
+prefixes?
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#acknowledgements" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+and
+performed
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification,
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Niklas
+Lindström,
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography" about="">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+A.
+Phillips,
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
+[IEEE-754-1985]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+IEEE.
+<cite>
+IEEE
+Standard
+for
+Binary
+Floating-Point
+Arithmetic.
+</cite>
+See
+<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
+http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-IRI">
+[IRI]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Duerst,
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRI).
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+Lanthaler.
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+<cite>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</cite>
+</a>
+Latest.
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
+[JSON-POINTER]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+P.
+Bryan,
+Ed.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">
+JSON
+Pointer
+</a>
+</cite>
+Latest.
+IETF
+Draft.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt
+</del>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Graham
+Klyne;
+Jeremy
+J.
+Carroll.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+<cite>
+Resource
+Description
+Framework
+(RDF):
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
+[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+<cite>
+RDF
+Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+[RFC3986]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+<cite>
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Dürst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Cameron
+McCormack.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+<cite>
+Web
+IDL.
+</cite>
+</a>
+27
+September
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+(Work
+in
+progress.)
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA-2">
+[XMLSCHEMA-2]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Paul
+V.
+Biron;
+Ashok
+Malhotra.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/">
+<cite>
+XML
+Schema
+Part
+2:
+Datatypes
+Second
+Edition.
+</cite>
+</a>
+28
+October
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography" about="">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification.
+</cite>
+</a>
+December
+1999.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+<cite>
+Microdata
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">13
+March
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8
+May
+</ins>
+2012.
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Candidate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Proposed
+</ins>
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-rdfa-core-20120313/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120524/index.html Wed May 23 23:31:14 2012 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,2661 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.1//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-2.dtd'>
+<html dir="ltr" about="" property="dcterms:language" content="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" prefix='bibo: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/' typeof="bibo:Document">
+<head>
+<title>The JSON-LD API 1.0</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+
+<!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+
+<style type="text/css">
+.diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+ol.algorithm.update { margin-left: 2em; }
+ol.algorithm.update>li { list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm.update>li>span.list-number {
+ display:block;
+ float: left;
+ margin-left: -3.5em;
+}
+</style>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
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+
+<body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 property="dcterms:title" class="title" id="title">The JSON-LD API 1.0</h1><h2 property="bibo:subtitle" id="subtitle">An Application Programming Interface for the JSON-LD Syntax</h2><h2 property="dcterms:issued" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2012-05-24T06:33:35+0000" id="unofficial-draft-24-may-2012">Unofficial Draft 24 May 2012</h2><dl><dt>Editors:</dt><dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dt>Authors:</dt><dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+</dl><p>This document is also available in this non-normative format: <a href="diff-20120426.html">diff to previous version</a>.</p><p class="copyright">This document is licensed under a <a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>.</p><hr /></div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and
+messaging format. JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] harmonizes the representation of
+Linked Data in JSON by outlining a common JSON representation format for
+expressing directed graphs; mixing both Linked Data and non-Linked Data in
+a single document. This document outlines an Application Programming
+Interface and a set of algorithms for programmatically transforming
+JSON-LD documents.
+</p>
+</div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p>This document is merely a public working draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.</p>
+<p>This document is an experimental work in progress.</p>
+
+<!-- <p>
+This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
+developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
+endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
+document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
+document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
+to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
+enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
+</p> -->
+
+</div><div id="toc" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#toc" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Linked Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>The Application Programming Interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Callbacks</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>JsonLdCallback</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.2 </span>QuadCallback</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods-2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.2.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Data Structures</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#url" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.1 </span>URL</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.2 </span>JsonLdOptions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#quad" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.3 </span>Quad</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#attributes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.3.1 </span>Attributes</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.4 </span>Node</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#attributes-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.4.1 </span>Attributes</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#attributes-2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.5.1 </span>Attributes</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.6 </span>Blank Node</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#attributes-3" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.6.1 </span>Attributes</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#literal" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.7 </span>Literal</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#attributes-4" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.7.1 </span>Attributes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Context Processing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5.2 </span>Term Rank Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Value Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Value Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Expansion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.10 </span>Compaction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.10.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11 </span>Framing</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.1 </span>Framing Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.2 </span>Framing Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#subject-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.3 </span>Subject Map Generation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#remove-embed" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.4 </span>Remove Embedded Definition</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#embed-values" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.5 </span>Embed Values</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.12 </span>Flattening</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.12.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13 </span>RDF Conversion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#overview" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.1 </span>Overview</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.2 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.3 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.4 </span>List Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.5 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Data Round Tripping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>IANA Considerations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#appendix-b" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Initial Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+
+
+<div id="introduction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#introduction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+JSON, as specified in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>], is a simple language for representing
+data on the Web. Linked Data is a technique for creating a graph of interlinked data across
+different
+documents or Web sites. Data entities are described using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s,
+which are typically dereferencable and thus may be used to find more
+information about an entity, creating a "Web of Knowledge". JSON-LD is intended to be a simple
+publishing method for expressing not only Linked Data in JSON, but also for adding
+semantics to existing JSON.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+JSON-LD is designed as a light-weight syntax that can be used to express
+Linked Data. It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data
+in Javascript and other Web-based programming environments. It is also
+useful when building interoperable Web services and when storing Linked
+Data in JSON-based document storage engines. It is practical and designed
+to be as simple as possible, utilizing the large number of JSON parsers
+and libraries available today. It is designed to be able to
+express key-value pairs, RDF data, RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>] data, Microformats
+[<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">MICROFORMATS</a></cite>] data, and Microdata [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">MICRODATA</a></cite>]. That is, it supports
+every major Web-based structured data model in use today.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The syntax does not necessarily require applications to change their JSON, but
+allows to easily add meaning by adding context in a way that is either in-band or
+out-of-band. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed systems
+running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON with
+added semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be easy to parse, efficient to
+generate, convertible to RDF in one pass, and require a very small memory footprint
+in order to operate.
+</p>
+
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#how-to-read-this-document" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</h3>
+
+<p>
+This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of Linked
+Data in JSON. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Authors that want a very detailed view of how JSON-LD processors
+ operate.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. You must also understand the
+JSON-LD Syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], which is the base syntax used by all of the
+algorithms in this document. To understand the API and how it is
+intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>
+ Examples may contain references to existing vocabularies and use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es to refer to vocabularies. The following is a list of all vocabularies and their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> abbreviations, as used in this document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>The <a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">Dublin Core</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>dc</code>, e.g., <code>dc:title</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">Friend of a Friend</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>foaf</code>, e.g., <code>foaf:knows</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">RDF</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>rdf</code>, e.g., <code>rdf:type</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">XSD</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>xsd</code>, e.g., <code>xsd:integer</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] defines several terms which are used throughout this document:
+ </p><dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">JSON object</dfn></dt><dd>
+ An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
+ more name/value pairs. A name is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A single colon comes after
+ each name, separating the name from the value. A single comma separates a value
+ from a following name. The names within an object <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be unique.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ An array is an ordered collection of values. An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas. Within JSON-LD, array order is not preserved by default, unless
+ specific markup is provided. This is because the basic data model of JSON-LD is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>, which is inherently unordered.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A
+ character is represented as a single character string.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ A number is is similar to that used in most programming languages, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt><dd>
+ Boolean values.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt><dd>
+ The use of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> value within JSON-LD is used to ignore or reset values.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="subject_definition" id="dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used to represent a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and one or more properties
+ of that subject. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> is a subject definition if it does not contain the keys
+ <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code> or <code>@set</code> and it has one or more keys other than <code>@id</code>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="subject_reference" id="dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used to reference a subject having only the <code>@id</code> key.</dd>
+ </dl>
+<p></p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="linked-data" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#linked-data" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Linked Data</h3>
+<p>
+The following definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is the one that will
+be used for this specification.
+</p>
+<ol>
+ <li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</dfn> is a set of documents, each containing a representation of a linked data graph.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</dfn> is an unordered labeled directed graph, where nodes are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>s, and edges are properties.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn> is any node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> (an Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]).</li>
+ <li>An <dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">object</dfn> is a node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An object <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> at the same time.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">property</dfn> is an edge of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> that is a label in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be dereferencable to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> document describing the labeled <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with a label that is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Note that the definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> above is silent on the
+topic of unlabeled nodes. Unlabeled nodes are not considered
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. However, this specification allows for the expression
+of unlabled nodes, as most graph-based data sets on the Web contain a number
+of associated nodes that are not named and thus are not directly
+de-referenceable.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="contributing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#contributing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</h3>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Technical discussion typically occurs on the public mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public teleconferences</a> are held
+ on Tuesdays at 1500UTC on the second and fourth week of each month.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a> for the
+ specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="the-application-programming-interface" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#the-application-programming-interface" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>The Application Programming Interface</h2>
+
+ <p>This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert
+ JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are easier to work with in
+ various programming languages. If a JSON-LD API is provided in a programming
+ environment, the entirety of the following API <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be implemented.
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="jsonldprocessor" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldprocessor" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</h3>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>string or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">graph</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="methods" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h4><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>compact</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#compaction">Compacts</a> the given <code>input</code> using the
+ <code>context</code> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, compacted and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the compaction fails, an appropirate exception <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ thrown.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the compaction upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to compact.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the <code>input</code>; either in the
+ form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the expansion algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. This also includes <code>optimize</code>,
+ which if set will cause processor-specific optimization.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>expand</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#expansion">Expands</a> the given <code>input</code> according to
+ the steps in the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, expanded and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the expansion fails, an appropriate exception <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be thrown.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the expansion upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to expand.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>ObjectOrURL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">An optional external context to use additionally to the context embedded in
+ <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the expansion algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>flatten</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#flattening">Flattens</a> the given <code>input</code> according to
+ the steps in the <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be flattened and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the flattening fails, an appropriate exception <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be thrown.
+
+ <p class="issue">It is still being discussed if the flatten() method should be
+ added or not. See <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109">ISSUE-109</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to flatten or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to flatten.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">graph</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>string or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The graph in the document that should be flattened. To return the default
+ graph <code>@default</code> has to be passed, for the merged graph <code>@merged</code>
+ and for any other graph the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> identifying the graph has to be passed. The
+ default value is <code>@merged</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>ObjectOrURL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">An optional external context to use additionally to the context embedded in
+ <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the expansion algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>frame</code></dt><dd>
+ <a href="#framing">Frames</a> the given <code>input</code> using the
+ <code>frame</code> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#framing-algorithm">Framing Algorithm</a>. The <code>input</code>
+ is used to build the framed output and is returned if there are no errors.
+ If there are no matches for the frame, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ returned. Exceptions <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be thrown if there are errors.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the framing upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to frame.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">frame</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The frame to use when re-arranging the data of <code>input</code>; either
+ in the form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the framing algorithm such as, e.g., the
+ input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>fromRDF</code></dt><dd>Creates a JSON-LD document given an set of <a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad"><code>Quads</code></a>.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">An array of RDF quads.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing is complete on
+ the given <code>input</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that will affect the algorithm. This includes <code>notType</code>,
+ which if set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> causes the resulting document to use <code>rdf:type</code>
+ as a property, instead of <code>@type</code>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>toRDF</code></dt><dd>
+ Processes the <code>input</code> according to the
+ <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Convert to RDF Algorithm</a>, calling
+ the provided <code>callback</code> for each <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> generated.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object or object[] or URL</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to convert to RDF or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ referencing the JSON-LD document to convert to RDF.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> is created from processing
+ the given <code>input</code>.
+ </td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> affect the conversion to RDF such as, e.g.,
+ the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="callbacks" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#callbacks" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Callbacks</h3>
+ <div id="jsonldcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>JsonLdCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a> is used to return a processed JSON-LD representation
+ as the result of processing an API method.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld">jsonLd</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrObjectArray</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">jsonld</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="methods-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.2.1.1 </span>Methods</h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld"><code>jsonLd</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked when processing is complete.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">jsonld</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>ObjectOrObjectArray</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The processed JSON-LD document.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+ <div id="quadcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quadcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.2.2 </span>QuadCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a> is called whenever the processor generates a
+ quad during the <code>quad()</code> call.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-QuadCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="methods-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.2.2.1 </span>Methods</h5><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad"><code>quad</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked whenever a quad is generated by the processor.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">quad</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The quad.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="data-structures" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-structures" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Data Structures</h3>
+ <p>This section describes datatype definitions used within the JSON-LD API.</p>
+
+ <div id="url" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#url" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.1 </span>URL</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType"><code>URL</code></a> datatype is a string representation of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-URL">typedef <span class="idlTypedefType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlTypedefID">URL</span>;</span></pre><div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+ This datatype indicates that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is interpreted as a Universal Resource
+ Locator
+ identifying a document, which when parsed as JSON yields either a <code>JSON object</code>
+ or <code>array</code>.
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="jsonldoptions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldoptions" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.2 </span>JsonLdOptions</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> type is used to convery a set of options to an interface method.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">typedef <span class="idlTypedefType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlTypedefID">JsonLdOptions</span>;</span></pre><div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+ <dt><a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType"><code>URL</code></a> base</dt>
+ <dd>The Base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to use when expanding the document. This overrides the value of
+ <em>input</em> if it is a <a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType"><code>URL</code></a> or if it is a <code>object</code> or <code>object[]</code>.</dd>
+ <dt>boolean optimize</dt>
+ <dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor is allowed to
+ optimize the output of the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>
+ to produce even compacter representations. The algorithm for compaction
+ optimization is beyond the scope of this specification and thus
+ not defined. Consequently, different implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> implement
+ different optimization algorithms.</dd>
+ <dt>boolean noType</dt>
+ <dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor will not use the
+ <code>@type</code> property when generating the output, and will use the
+ expanded <code>rdf:type</code> <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> as the property instead of <code>@type</code>.</dd>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following data structures are used for representing data about
+ RDF quads. They are used for normalization, <a>fromRDF</a>,
+ and from <a>toRDF</a> interfaces.
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="quad" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quad" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.3 </span>Quad</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> interface represents an RDF Quad.
+ See [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a></cite>,
+ which most closely aligns to <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.
+ </p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Quad">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-name">name</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="attributes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.3.3.1 </span>Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-Quad-name"><code>name</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>The name associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> identifying
+ it as a member of a named graph. If the attribute is present,
+ it indicates that this quad is a member of a <em>named graph</em>
+ associated with <em>name</em>. If it is missing, the quad
+ is a member of the <em>default graph</em>.
+ <div class="issue">This element is at risk, and may be removed.</div>
+ </dd><dt id="widl-Quad-object"><code>object</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The object associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.</dd><dt id="widl-Quad-property"><code>property</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The property associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.</dd><dt id="widl-Quad-subject"><code>subject</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The subject associated with the <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>.</dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.4 </span>Node</h4>
+ <p><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a> is the base class of <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>,
+ <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>, and <a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal"><code>Literal</code></a>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Node">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-interfaceName">interfaceName</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="attributes-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.3.4.1 </span>Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-Node-interfaceName"><code>interfaceName</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>
+ <p>Provides access to the string name of the current interface,
+ normally one of <code>"<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>"</code>, <code>"BlankNode"</code> or <code>"Literal"</code>.</p>
+ <p>This method serves to disambiguate instances of <a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a> which
+ are otherwise identical, such as <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a> and <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>.</p>
+ </dd><dt id="widl-Node-nominalValue"><code>nominalValue</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>
+ <p>The <code>nominalValue</code> of an <a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a> is refined by
+ each interface which extends <a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>.</p>
+ </dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="iri" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></h4>
+ <p>A node identified by an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. IRIs are defined by International
+ Resource Identifier [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IRI">IRI</a></cite>]. See [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></cite>.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-IRI">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="attributes-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.3.5.1 </span>Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-IRI-nominalValue"><code>nominalValue</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> identifier of the node.</dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="blank-node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#blank-node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.6 </span>Blank Node</h4>
+
+ <p>A <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> is a reference to an unnamed resource
+ (one for which an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> may not be known), and may be used in a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>
+ as a unique reference to that unnamed node. See [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a></cite>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-BlankNode">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="attributes-3" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-3" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.3.6.1 </span>Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-BlankNode-nominalValue"><code>nominalValue</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The temporary identifier of the <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>.
+ The nominalValue <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be relied upon in any way between two
+ separate processing runs of the same document.</dd></dl></div>
+
+ <p class="note">Developers and authors must not assume that the
+ nominalValue of a <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> will remain the same between two
+ processing runs. <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> nominalValues are only valid for the
+ most recent processing run on the document. <a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode"><code>BlankNodes</code></a>
+ nominalValues will often be generated differently by different processors.</p>
+
+ <p class="note">Implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> ensure that <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> nominalValues are unique
+ within the current environment, two <a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode"><code>BlankNodes</code></a> are considered equal if, and only if,
+ their nominalValues are strictly equal.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="literal" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#literal" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">2.3.7 </span>Literal</h4>
+ <p>Literals represent values such as numbers, dates and strings in
+ RDF data. A <a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal"><code>Literal</code></a> is comprised of three attributes:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>a lexical representation of the <code>nominalValue</code></li>
+ <li>an optional <code>language</code> represented by a string token</li>
+ <li>an optional <code>datatype</code> specified by an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Literals representing plain text in a natural language may have a
+ <code>language</code> attribute specified by a text string token, as specified in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], normalized to lowercase
+ (e.g., <code>'en'</code>, <code>'fr'</code>, <code>'en-gb'</code>).
+ They may also have a datatype attribute such as <code>xsd:string</code>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Literals representing values with a specific datatype, such as
+ the integer 72, may have a <code>datatype</code> attribute specified in the form
+ of a <a href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (e.g.,
+ <code><http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer></code>).</p>
+
+ <p> See[<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] definition for
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">literal</a></cite>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Literal">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlAttribute"> readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="attributes-4" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-4" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h5><span class="secno">2.3.7.1 </span>Attributes</h5><dl class="attributes"><dt id="widl-Literal-datatype"><code>datatype</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>An optional datatype identified by a <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</dd><dt id="widl-Literal-language"><code>language</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly, nullable</dt><dd>An optional language string as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], normalized to lowercase.</dd><dt id="widl-Literal-nominalValue"><code>nominalValue</code> of type <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, readonly</dt><dd>The lexical representation of the Literals value.</dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="algorithms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Algorithms</h2>
+
+<p>All algorithms described in this section are intended to operate on
+language-native data structures. That is, the serialization to a text-based
+JSON document isn't required as input or output to any of these algorithms and
+language-native data structures <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be used where applicable.</p>
+
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD specifies a number of syntax tokens and <dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keyword</dfn>s that are using
+ in all algorithms described in this section:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>@context</code></dt><dd>Used to set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@id</code></dt><dd>Sets the active subject.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@language</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the language for a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@type</code></dt><dd>Used to set the type of the active subject or the datatype of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@value</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the value of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@container</code></dt><dd>Used to set the container of a particular value.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@list</code></dt><dd>Used to express an ordered set of data.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@set</code></dt><dd>Used to express an unordered set of data.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@graph</code></dt><dd>Used to explicitly express a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>:</code></dt><dd>The separator for JSON keys and values that use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact IRIs</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@default</code></dt><dd>Used in <a href="#framing">Framing</a> to set the default value for
+ an output property when the framed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> does not include such a property.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@explicit</code></dt><dd>Used in <a href="#framing">Framing</a> to override the
+ value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> within a specific frame.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@omitDefault</code></dt><dd>Used in <a href="#framing">Framing</a> to override the
+ value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</a> within a specific frame.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@embed</code></dt><dd>Used in <a href="#framing">Framing</a> to override the
+ value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> within a specific frame.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@null</code></dt><dd>Used in <a href="#framing">Framing</a> when a value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ should be returned, which would otherwise be removed when <a href="#compaction">Compacting</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>All JSON-LD tokens and keywords are case-sensitive.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Algorithm Terms</h3>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">initial context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is specified to the algorithm before processing begins. The contents of the
+ initial context is defined in <a href="#appendix-b">Appendix B</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">active subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active subject that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">active property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active property that the processor should use when
+ processing. The active property is represented in the original lexical form, which
+ is used for finding coercion mappings in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">active object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active object that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s while the processing
+ algorithm is running. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is the context
+ contained within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">blank node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a blank node is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a> which is neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>.
+ Blank nodes may be named or unnamed and often take on the role of a variable that may represent
+ either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is has the form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and <em>suffix</em> and is used as a way
+ of expressing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> without needing to define separate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definitions for
+ each <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> contained within a common vocabulary identified by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is specified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ specified via the <code>@context</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">processor state</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>, which includes the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active
+ context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> is managed
+ as a stack with elements from the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>
+ copied into a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> when entering a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is provided as input to the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is produced as output by the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a short word defined in a context that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be expanded to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that expands to a vocabulary base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. It
+ is typically used along with a <em>suffix</em> to form a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to create an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ within a vocabulary.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> without a datatype, possibly including
+ a language.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> with an associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ which indicates the literal's datatype.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="context-processing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#context-processing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3 id="context"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Context Processing</h3>
+ <p>Processing of JSON-LD data structure is managed recursively.
+ During processing, each rule is applied using information provided by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ Processing begins by pushing a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> onto the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> stack and
+ initializing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a>.
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is encountered,
+ information from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is merged into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</p>
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is used for expanding properties and values of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> (or elements
+ of an array) using a <dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</dfn>. It is also used to maintain
+ <dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</dfn>s from terms to datatypes, <dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">language mapping</dfn>s from terms to language codes,
+ and <dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">list mapping</dfn>s and <dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">set mapping</dfn>s for terms. Processors <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> use the
+ lexical form of the property when creating a mapping, as lookup is performed on lexical representations, not
+ expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> representations.</p>
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is identified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a <code>@context</code>
+ property with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> value.
+ When processing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>, special processing rules apply:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new, empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>context</em> be the value of <code>@context</code>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="process-context">If <em>context</em> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, reset the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>
+ to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each element as <em>context</em> in order
+ by starting at <a href="#process-context">Step 2.1</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a lexical form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Dereference <em>context</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the resulting document is a JSON document, extract the top-level <code>@context</code>
+ element using the JSON Pointer "/@context" as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">JSON-POINTER</a></cite>]. Set <em>context</em>
+ to the extracted content and process it by starting at <a href="#process-context">Step 2.1</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>context</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>context</em> has a <code>@language</code> property, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a value of a
+ simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Add the language to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li id="object-context">Otherwise, for each property in <em>context</em> perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the property's value is a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping value by
+ performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value. If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the property into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>, unless the property is a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, in which
+ case throw an exception.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the property's value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> remove mapping, coercion,
+ container and language information associated with property from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the <em>property</em>'s <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> is a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and the value has
+ <code>@id</code>, <code>@language</code> or <code>@type</code> properties, throw an exception.
+ <div class="issue">Undecided if <code>@type</code> or <code>@graph</code> can take a
+ <code>@container</code> with <code>@set</code>.
+ </div>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> has the form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, its <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have an
+ <code>@id</code> property with a string value which <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping
+ by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value.
+ If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the
+ <em>property</em> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> has the form of of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> have a <code>@id</code> property with a string value which <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the
+ form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated
+ value. If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, merge the
+ <em>property</em> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@type</code> property, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> <code>@id</code>.
+ Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value.
+ If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <code>@id</code>, merge into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</a> using the lexical value of the <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@container</code> property, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be <code>@list</code> or
+ <code>@set</code>. Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">list mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">set mapping</a> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> using the lexical value of the <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>value</em> has a <code>@language</code> property but no <code>@type</code> property, the value of the
+ <code>@language</code> property <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.
+ Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">language mapping</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> using the lexical value of the
+ <em>property</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Repeat <a href="#object-context">Step 2.4.2</a> until no entries are added to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local
+ context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p class="note">It can be difficult to distinguish between a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> may seem to be a valid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <em>scheme</em>. When performing repeated <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion,
+ a term used as a prefix may not have a valid mapping due to dependencies in resolving term definitions. By
+ continuing <a href="#object-context">Step 2.3.2</a> until no changes are made, mappings to IRIs created
+ using an undefined term prefix will eventually resolve to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s.</p>
+
+ <p class="issue"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">Issue 43</a>
+ concerns performing <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion in the key position of a context definition.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="iri-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Keys and some values are evaluated to produce an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. This section defines an algorithm for
+ transforming a value representing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> into an actual <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</p>
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s may be represented as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+ <p>An <dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] containing a <em>scheme</em> along with
+ <em>path</em> and optional <em>query</em> and fragment segments. A <dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ that is relative some other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>; in the case of JSON-LD this is the base location
+ of the document.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for generating an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping for the value using
+ a case-sensitive comparison, use the mapped value as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, split the value into a <em>prefix</em> and <em>suffix</em> from the first occurrence of ':'.</li>
+ <li>If the prefix is a '_' (underscore), the value represents a named <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping for <em>prefix</em> using
+ a case-sensitive comparison, and <em>suffix</em> does not does not begin with '//'
+ (i.e., it does not match a <em>hier-part</em> including
+ <em>authority</em> (as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]), generate an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ by prepending the mapped prefix to the (possibly empty) suffix using textual concatenation. Note that an empty
+ suffix and no suffix (meaning the value contains no ':' string at all) are treated equivalently.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, use the value directly as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+ <p class="note">
+ Previous versions of this specification used <code>@base</code> and <code>@vocab</code> to define <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> prefixes
+ used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">relative IRIs</a>. It was determined that this added too much complexity, but the issue
+ can be re-examined in the future based on community input.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="iri-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some keys and values are expressed using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s. This section defines an
+ algorithm for transforming an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> (<em>iri</em>) to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s specified in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> using an optional <em>value</em>.</p>
+
+<div id="iri-compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.5.1 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>The algorithm for generating a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create an empty list of terms <em>terms</em> that will be populated with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s that are ranked according to how closely they match
+ <em>value</em>. Initialize <em>highest rank</em> to <code>0</code>,
+ and set a flag <em>list container</em> to <code>false</code>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>term</em> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <em>term</em>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is not a complete match against
+ <em>iri</em>, continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>term</em> has a <code>@container</code> set to <code>@set</code>, continue
+ to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>list container</em> is <code>true</code> and <em>term</em> does not have a
+ <code>container</code> set to <code>@list</code>, continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code> set to <code>@list</code>,
+ continue to the next <em>term</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>rank</em> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> of <em>value</em> by passing
+ passing <em>term</em>, <em>value</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> to
+ the <a href="#term-rank-algorithm">Term Rank Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>rank</em> is greater than <code>0</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code> set to <code>@set</code>, then add
+ <code>1</code> to <em>rank</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>
+ and <em>list container</em> is <code>false</code> and <em>term</em> has a <code>container</code>
+ set to <code>@list</code>, then set <em>list container</em> to <code>true</code>, clear
+ <em>terms</em>, set <em>highest rank</em> to <em>rank</em>, and add <em>term</em> to <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>rank</em> is greater than or equal to <em>highest rank</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>rank</em> is greater than <em>highest rank</em>, clear <em>terms</em> and set
+ <em>highest rank</em> to <em>rank</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add <em>term</em> to <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>terms</em> is empty, add a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> representation of <em>iri</em>
+ for each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> which
+ maps to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> which is a prefix for <em>iri</em> where
+ the resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. The resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> associated with the partially
+ matched <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> concatenated with a
+ colon (:) character and the unmatched part of <em>iri</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>terms</em> is empty, return <em>iri</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the shortest and lexicographically least value in <em>terms</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="term-rank-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#term-rank-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.5.2 </span>Term Rank Algorithm</h4>
+<p>When selecting among multiple possible terms for a given property, it may be that multiple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> are defined with the same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, but differ in <code>@type</code>, <code>@container</code>
+ or <code>@language</code>. The purpose of this algorithm is to take a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ and a value and give it a <dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">term rank</dfn>. The selection can then be based, partly, on
+ the term having the highest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>.</p>
+<p>Given a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <em>term</em>, <em>value</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>
+ determine the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> using the following steps:</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing only the property <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <code>@list</code> property is an empty array, if <em>term</em> has <code>@container</code>
+ set to <code>@list</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the sum of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>s for every entry in the list.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>,
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a <code>@value</code>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@value</code> property:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@type</code> property matching a
+ <code>@type</code> coercion for <em>term</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>
+ is <code>3</code>, otherwise if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code>
+ coercion and no <code>@language</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <code>@value</code> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, if <em>term</em> has
+ no <code>@type</code> or <code>@language</code> it is <code>2</code>, otherwise <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has no <code>@language</code> property, if <em>term</em> has
+ <code>@language</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, or <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> or
+ <code>@language</code> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> has no <code>@language</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has a <code>@language</code> property matching a
+ <code>@language</code> definition for <em>term</em> (or
+ <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> or <code>@language</code> definition and
+ <code>@language</code> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> matches the
+ <em>value</em> <code>@language</code>), <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>3</code>, otherwise if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code>
+ coercion and no <code>@language</code>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is
+ <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>term</em> has <code>@type</code> coerced to <code>@id</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>3</code>, otherwise
+ if <em>term</em> has no <code>@type</code> coercion and no <code>@language</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a> is <code>1</code>, otherwise <code>0</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">term rank</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="value-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Value Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Some values in JSON-LD can be expressed in a compact form. These values
+ are required to be expanded at times when processing JSON-LD documents.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for expanding a <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, the <em>value</em> is already expanded.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is <code>@graph</code> or the target of an <code>@id</code> coercion,
+ expand the value into an object with a key-value pair where the key is <code>@id</code> and the value is
+ the expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> according to the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, then expand <em>value</em> into an
+ object:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set the first key-value pair to <code>@value</code> and the unexpanded <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of typed literal coercion, set the second key-value pair
+ to <code>@type</code> and the associated coercion datatype expanded according to the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of language tagging, set the second key-value
+ pair to <code>@language</code> and value of the language tagging from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> is already expanded.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="value-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Value Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some values, such as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literals</a>, may be expressed in an
+ expanded form in JSON-LD. These values are required to be compacted at
+ times when processing JSON-LD documents.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for compacting an expanded value <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> only has one property, then the compacted value is the value
+ of <code>@value</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is <code>@graph</code>, the compacted value is the
+ value associated with the <code>@id</code> key, processed according to
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a coercion target for the
+ key that matches the expression of the value, compact the value using the
+ following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the coercion target is an <code>@id</code>, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key,
+ processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>If the coercion target is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> contains an <code>@id</code> key, the compacted value is <em>value</em> with
+ the value of <code>@id</code> processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <code>@language</code>, which
+ matches the <code>@language</code> of the value, or the value has only a <code>@value</code> key, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value contains a <code>@type</code> key, the compacted value
+ is <em>value</em> with the <code>@type</code> value processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the value is not modified.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="generate-blank-node-identifier" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#generate-blank-node-identifier" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</h3>
+<p>This algorithm is used by the <a href="#framing-algorithm">Framing Algorithm</a> and
+ <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Convert From RDF Algorithm</a> to deterministicly name
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifiers. It uses a <em>identifier map</em> and <em>prefix</em>
+ and takes a possibly <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> identifier and returns a new identifier based on <em>prefix</em>.</p>
+<p>The variable <em>next identifier</em> is initialized to <em>prefix</em> appended with <code>0</code>.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the old identifier is not null and is in <em>identifier map</em> return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if old identifier is not null, create a new entry in <em>identifier map</em> initialized
+ to the current value of <em>next identifier</em>. Increment <em>next identifier</em> by adding one
+ to the integer suffix. Return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, increment <em>next identifier</em> by adding one to the integer suffix and return its
+ original value.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Expansion</h3>
+
+<p>Expansion is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that all <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, datatypes, and literal values are expanded so
+ that the context is no longer necessary. JSON-LD document expansion
+ is typically used as a part of <a href="#framing">Framing</a>.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Expansion algorithm against the JSON-LD input document
+ provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<div id="expansion-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.9.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, and an <em>element</em> to be expanded. To
+ begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is set to the result of performing, <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> on the passed
+ <em>context</em>, or to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a> if <em>context</em>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>element</em> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD
+ input</a>.</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ If has a <code>@container</code> set to <code>@list</code> and any entry in <em>element</em> is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, or is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing a <code>@list</code> property,
+ throw an exception, as lists of lists are not allowed.
+ If the expanded entry is null, drop it. If it's an array, merge its entries with <em>element</em>'s entries.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an object
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has a <code>@context</code> property, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> according to
+ the steps outlined in <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> and remove the <code>@context</code>
+ property.</li>
+ <li>Then, proceed and process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element</em> as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Remove <em>property</em> from <em>element</em>, expand
+ <em>property</em> according to the steps outlined in <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.
+ Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the original un-expanded <em>property</em> if
+ <em>property</em> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> does not expand to a keyword or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (i.e., it doesn't contain a colon),
+ continue with the next property from <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and <em>property</em> is not <code>@value</code>, continue with the next
+ property from <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the <em>property</em> is <code>@id</code> the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.
+ Expand the <em>value</em> according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, expand according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>, the expanded value
+ is the result of performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the value of <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>, it must be empty (used for
+ <a href="#framing">Framing</a>).</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, all elements must be either a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>. Expand <em>value</em> for each
+ of its entries using the previous three steps.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@value</code> or <code>@language</code> the <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <em>property</em> is <code>@list</code> or <code>@set</code> expand <em>value</em>
+ recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <em>active property</em>. If the expanded
+ <em>value</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, convert it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ If <em>property</em> is <code>@list</code> and any entry in <em>value</em> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing an <code>@list</code> property, throw an exception, as
+ lists of lists are not supported.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand <em>value</em> recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is not a keyword
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> has a <code>@container</code> <code>@list</code>
+ and the expanded <em>value</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ convert <em>value</em> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with an <code>@list</code> property whose value is
+ set to <em>value</em> (unless <em>value</em> is already in that form).</li>
+ <li>Convert <em>value</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> form unless <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <em>property</em> is
+ <code>@id</code>, <code>@type</code>, <code>@value</code>, or <code>@language</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, either merge <em>value</em> into an existing <em>property</em> property of
+ <em>element</em> or create a new <em>property</em> property with <em>value</em> as value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the processed <em>element</em> has an <code>@value</code> property
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li><em>element</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> have more than one other property, which can either be <code>@language</code> or <code>@type</code>
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value.</li>
+ <li>if the value of <code>@value</code> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ replace <em>element</em> with the value of <code>@value</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> has an <code>@type</code> property and its value is not in the form of an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, convert it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has an <code>@set</code> or <code>@list</code> property, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be the only property.
+ Set <em>element</em> to the value of <code>@set</code>; leave <code>@list</code> untouched.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has just a <code>@language</code> property, set <em>element</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand <em>element</em> according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a> rules,
+ passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with just a <code>@graph</code>
+ property, <em>element</em> is set to the value of <code>@graph</code>'s value. Finally, if <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ it is wrapped into an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.10 </span>Compaction</h3>
+
+<p>Compaction is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that the most compact form of the document is generated. JSON
+ is typically expressed in a very compact, key-value format. That is, full
+ IRIs are rarely used as keys. At times, a JSON-LD document may be received
+ that is not in its most compact form. JSON-LD, via the API, provides a way
+ to compact a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD context:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Compaction algorithm given the context supplied above
+ against the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following
+ output:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The compaction algorithm also enables the developer to map any expanded
+ format into an application-specific compacted format. While the context
+ provided above mapped <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> to
+ <strong>name</strong>, it could have also mapped it to any arbitrary string
+ provided by the developer.</p>
+
+<div id="compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.10.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and an <em>element</em> to be compacted. To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is
+ set to the result of performing <a href="#context-processing">Context Processing</a> on the passed <em>context</em>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>element</em> is set to the result of performing the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> on the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>. This removes any existing
+ context to allow the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> to be cleanly applied.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing a copy of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ If <em>element</em> has a single item, the compacted value is that item; otherwise the compacted value
+ is <em>element</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an object:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> has an <code>@value</code> property or element is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>,
+ return the result of performing
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction</a> on <em>element</em> using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> has a <code>@container</code> mapping to <code>@list</code>
+ and <em>element</em> has a corresponding <code>@list</code> property, recursively compact that
+ property's value passing a copy of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> ensuring
+ that the result is an array and removing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> values. Return either the
+ result as an array, as an object with a key of <code>@list</code> (or appropriate alias from
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>).</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, construct <em>output</em> as a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> used for returning the result
+ of compacting <em>element</em>. For each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element:</em>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the compacted <em>value</em> is the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Perform <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>
+ on every entry of <em>value</em>. If <em>value</em> contains just one entry, <em>value</em> is set to that entry.</li>
+ <li>Add <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the expanded <em>value</em> to <em>output</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is empty:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> on <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Create an entry in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>value</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <em>item</em> in <em>value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>
+ for <em>property</em> and <em>item</em> using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Compact <em>item</em> by recursively performing this algorithm passing a copy of
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If an entry already exists in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, convert it
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> if necessary, and append the compacted <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the compacted <em>value</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ has a <code>@container</code> mapping to <code>@set</code>,
+ create an entry in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>value</em> as an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create an entry in <em>output</em> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>value</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <em>element</em> as the compacted <em>element</em>.
+ <div class="issue">Perhaps this should also call <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction</a> on
+ native types and strings, which could consolodate potential transformation in one place.</div>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the resulting <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, put <em>element</em> into the
+ <code>@graph</code> property of a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> and then set <em>element</em> to that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ Finally, add a <code>@context</code> property to <em>element</em> and set it to the initially passed <em>context</em>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="framing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.11 </span>Framing</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD Framing allows developers to query by example and
+ force a specific tree layout to a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD document is a representation of a directed graph. A single
+ directed graph can have many different serializations, each expressing
+ exactly the same information. Developers typically work with trees, represented as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>s. While mapping a graph to
+ a tree can be done, the layout of the end result must be specified in advance.
+ A <dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame">Frame</dfn> can be used by a developer on a JSON-LD document to
+ specify a deterministic layout for a graph.</p>
+
+<p>Framing is the process of taking a JSON-LD document, which expresses a
+ graph of information, and applying a specific graph layout
+ (called a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">Frame</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Framing makes use of the <a href="#subject-map-generation">Subject Map Generation</a> algorithm
+ to place each object defined in the JSON-LD document into a flat list of objects, allowing
+ them to be operated upon by the framing algorithm.</p>
+
+<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.1 </span>Framing Algorithm Terms</h4>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">input frame</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>the initial <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">frame</a> provided to the framing algorithm.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">framing context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a context containing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="map_of_embeds" id="dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a map that tracks if a subject is to be embedded in the output of the
+ <a href="#framing-algorithm">Framing Algorithm</a>; it maps a subject
+ <code>@id</code> to a parent <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> and property
+ or parent array.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that objects should be directly embedded in the output,
+ instead of being referred to by their <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that for properties to be included in the output, they
+ must be explicitly declared in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that properties that are missing from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>, but present in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">input frame</a>
+ should be omitted from the output.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="map_of_flattened_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a map of subjects that is the result of the
+ <a href="#subject-map-generation">Subject Map Generation algorithm</a>.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="framing-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.2 </span>Framing Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p class="issue">This algorithm is a work in progress. Presently, it only works
+ for documents without named graphs.</p>
+
+<p>The framing algorithm takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> (<strong>expanded input</strong>)
+ and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">input frame</a> (<strong>expanded frame</strong>) that have been expanded
+ according to the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>, and a number of
+ options and produces <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Create <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a> using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</a> set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> along with <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a>
+ set to the <code>@merged</code> property of the result of performing the
+ <a href="#subject-map-generation">Subject Map Generation</a> algorithm on
+ <strong>expanded input</strong>. Also create <em>results</em> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Invoke the recursive algorithm using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a> (<em>state</em>),
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a> (<em>subjects</em>),
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong> (<em>frame</em>), <em>result</em> as <em>parent</em>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The following series of steps is the recursive
+ portion of the framing algorithm:</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Validate <em>frame</em>.</li>
+ <li>Create a set of matched subjects by filtering <em>subjects</em> checking
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a> against <em>frame</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>frame</em> has a <code>@type</code> property containing
+ one or more <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> match any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>
+ with a <code>@type</code> property including any of those <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>frame</em> has a <code>@type</code> property only
+ a empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, matches any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>
+ with a <code>@type</code> property, regardless of the actual values.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, match if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> contains all of the
+ non-<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> properties in <em>frame</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Get values for <em>embedOn</em> and <em>explicitOn</em> by looking in <em>frame</em>
+ for the keys <code>@embed</code> and <code>@explicit</code> using the current values
+ for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> from <em>state</em> if not found.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>id</em> and <em>subject</em> from the set of matched subjects, ordered by <em>id</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a> in
+ <em>state</em> to an empty map.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <em>output</em> with <code>@id</code> and <em>id</em>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <em>embed</em> with <em>parent</em> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to
+ <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>embedOn</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and <em>id</em> is in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>
+ from <em>state</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>existing</em> to the value of <em>id</em> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>
+ and set <em>embedOn</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>existing</em> has a <em>parent</em> which is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with <code>@id</code> equal to <em>id</em>, <em>element</em> has
+ already been embedded and can be overwritten, so set <em>embedOn</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <em>existing</em> has a <em>parent</em> which is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>.
+ Set <em>embedOn</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if any of the items in <em>parent</em> <em>property</em>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a> for <em>id</em> because the embed can be overwritten.
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>embedOn</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, <em>existing</em> is already embedded but
+ can be overwritten, so <a href="#remove-embed">Remove Embedded Definition</a> for <em>id</em>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>embedOn</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, add <em>output</em> to <em>parent</em>
+ by either appending to <em>parent</em> if it is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, or appending
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> in <em>parent</em> otherwise.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>embed</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a> for <em>id</em>.</li>
+ <li>Process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in the matched <em>subject</em>, ordered
+ by <em>property</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, add <em>property</em> and a copy of <em>value</em>
+ to <em>output</em> and continue with the next property from <em>subject</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is not in <em>frame</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>explicitOn</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, <a href="#embed-values">Embed values</a>
+ from <em>subject</em> in <em>output</em> using <em>subject</em> as <em>element</em> and
+ <em>property</em> as <em>active property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Continue to next property.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li id="frm-process-prop-item">Process each <em>item</em> from <em>value</em> as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>item</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with the key <code>@list</code>, then
+ create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> named <em>list</em> with the key <code>@list</code> and
+ the value of an empty array. Append <em>list</em> to <em>property</em> in
+ <em>output</em>. Process each <em>listitem</em> in the <code>@list</code> array as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>listitem</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>
+ process <em>listitem</em> recursively using this algorithm passing a new map of
+ <em>subjects</em> that contains the <code>@id</code> of <em>listitem</em> as the key
+ and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> from the original <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a>
+ as the value. Pass the first value from
+ <em>frame</em> for <em>property</em> as <em>frame</em>, <em>list</em>
+ as <em>parent</em>, and <code>@list</code> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append a copy of <em>listitem</em> to <code>@list</code> in <em>list</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>item</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>
+ process <em>item</em> recursively using this algorithm passing a new map as
+ <em>subjects</em> that contains the <code>@id</code> of <em>item</em> as the key and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> from the original <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a>
+ as the value. Pass the first value from
+ <em>frame</em> for <em>property</em> as <em>frame</em>, <em>output</em>
+ as <em>parent</em>, and <em>property</em> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ <div class="issue">Passing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a> doesn't work if this map
+ is used recursively. Presently pass <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> from original
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">map of flattened subjects</a>.</div></li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append a copy of <em>item</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> in
+ <em>output</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>frame</em>,
+ where <em>property</em> is not a <em>keyword</em>, ordered by <em>property</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>property frame</em> to the first item in <em>value</em> or a newly created
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if <em>value</em> is empty.</li>
+ <li>Skip to the next property in <em>frame</em> if <em>property</em> is in <em>output</em>
+ or if <em>property frame</em> contains
+ <code>@omitDefault</code> which is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or if it does not contain
+ <code>@omitDefault</code> but the value of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set the value of <em>property</em> in <em>output</em> to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ with a property <code>@preserve</code> and a value that is a copy of the value
+ of <code>@default</code> in <em>frame</em> if it exists, or the string
+ <code>@null</code> otherwise.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Add <em>output</em> to <em>parent</em>.
+ If <em>parent</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, append <em>output</em>, otherwise
+ append <em>output</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> in <em>parent</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>At the completion of the recursive algorithm, <em>results</em> will contain the top-level
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>s.</p>
+<p>The final two steps of the framing algorithm require
+ <em>results</em> to be compacted according to the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a> by using the
+ context provided in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">input frame</a>. If the frame has no context, compaction
+ is performed with an empty context (not a null context). The compaction result <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> use
+ the <code>@graph</code> keyword at the top-level, even if the context is empty or if there
+ is only one element to put in the <code>@graph</code> array. Subsequently, replace all key-value
+ pairs where the key is <code>@preserve</code> with the value from the key-pair. If the value
+ from the key-pair is <code>@null</code>, replace the value with <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If,
+ after replacement, an array contains only the value <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> remove the value, leaving
+ an empty array. The resulting value is the final <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="issue">The algorithm needs to be updated to consider <code>@graph</code>. See
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/118">ISSUE-118</a> for details.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="subject-map-generation" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#subject-map-generation" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.3 </span>Subject Map Generation</h4>
+<p>The Subject Map Generation algorithm takes as input an expanded JSON-LD document and results in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ <em>subjectMap</em> holding a flat representation of the graphs and nodes represented in the document. All nodes that are not
+ uniquely identified by an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> get assigned a (new) <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifier. The resulting <em>subjectMap</em>
+ document will have a property for every graph in the document whose value is another object with a property for every
+ node represented in the document. While the default graph is stored under the <code>@default</code> property and the merged graph
+ under the <code>@merged</code> property, all other graphs are stored under their respective <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes as input the expanded JSON-LD document as <em>element</em>, the initially empty <em>subjectMap</em>,
+ <code>@default</code> as <em>graph</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> as <em>list</em>.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is an array, process each entry in <em>element</em> recursively, using this algorithm
+ and return.</li>
+ <li>If <em>element</em> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> or if it has a <code>@value</code> property,
+ then if <em>list</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, append <em>element</em> to <em>list</em> and return.</li>
+ <li>If the <code>@id</code> property exists and is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, set <em>id</em> to its value, otherwise
+ set it to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifer created by the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier</a> algorithm.</li>
+ <li>If <em>list</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, append a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a> to <em>list</em> using
+ <em>id</em> at the value for <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>subjects</em> be the value in <em>subjectMap</em> where the key is <em>graph</em>; if no such
+ value exists, insert a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> for the key <em>graph</em>. If <em>id</em> is not in
+ <em>subjects</em>, create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> <em>subject</em> with <em>id</em> as the value
+ for <code>@id</code>. Let <em>subject</em> be the value of <em>id</em> in <em>subjects</em>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>property</em> that is not <code>@id</code> and each <em>value</em> in <em>element</em> ordered
+ by <em>property</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>@graph</code>, recursively call this algorithm passing <em>value</em>
+ for <em>element</em>, <em>subjectMap</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <em>list</em> and if <em>graph</em>
+ is <code>merged</code> use <em>graph</em>, otherwise use <em>id</em> for <em>graph</em> and then continue.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is not <code>@type</code> and is a keyword, merge <code>property</code> and
+ <code>value</code> into <code>subject</code> and then continue.</li>
+ <li>For each value <em>v</em> in the array <em>value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>v</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the property <code>@id</code> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or it does not exist,
+ map <em>v</em> to a <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">new blank node identifier</a>
+ to avoid collisions. If one does not already exist, add a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a> for
+ <em>v</em> into <em>subject</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively call this algorithm passing <em>v</em> for <em>value</em>, <em>subjectMap</em>,
+ <em>graph</em>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <em>list</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise if <em>v</em> has the property <code>@list</code> then recursively call this algorithm
+ with the value of <code>@list</code> as <em>element</em>, <em>subjectMap</em>, <em>graph</em>, and
+ a new array <em>flattenedList</em> as <em>list</em>. Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with the
+ property <code>@list</code> set to <em>flattenedList</em> and add it to <em>subject</em> for
+ <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code> and <em>v</em> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ generate a <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">new blank node identifier</a> and add it
+ to <em>subject</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, add <em>v</em> to <em>subject</em> for <em>property</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>After the above outlined algorithm has been executed, the subject map for all graphs including the default graph are contained in
+ <em>subjectMap</em>. To also create the subject map for the merged graph, execute the algorithm again, but pass <code>merged</code>
+ for <em>graph</em>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="remove-embed" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#remove-embed" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.4 </span>Remove Embedded Definition</h4>
+<p>This algorithm replaces an already embedded <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> with a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>. It then recursively removes any entries in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a> that had the removed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> in
+ their parent chain.
+ </p><div class="issue">About as clear as mud</div><p></p>
+<p>The algorithm is invoked with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a> and subject id <em>id</em>.</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Find <em>embed</em> from <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a> for <em>id</em>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>parent</em> and <em>property</em> be from <em>embed</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>parent</em> is an array, replace the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> that matches
+ <em>id</em> with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>. If parent is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ replace the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> for <em>property</em> that matches <em>id</em>
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>.</li>
+ <li>Remove dependents for <em>id</em> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>
+ by scanning the map for entries with <em>parent</em> that have an <code>@id</code> of <em>id</em>,
+ removing that definition from the map, and then removing the dependents for the <em>parent</em> id
+ recursively by repeating this step. This step will terminate when there are no more embed
+ entries containing the removed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>'s <code>@id</code> in their
+ parent chain.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="embed-values" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#embed-values" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.5 </span>Embed Values</h4>
+<p>This algorithm recursively embeds property values in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> <em>output</em>, given a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a>, input <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> <em>element</em>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and <em>output</em>.</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <em>item</em> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> of <em>element</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>item</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with the key <code>@list</code>,
+ then create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with a key <code>@list</code> and
+ a value of an empty array and add it to <em>output</em>, appending if <em>output</em>
+ is an array, and appending to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> otherwise. Recursively call this
+ algorithm passing <em>item</em> as <em>element</em>, <code>@list</code> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and the new array as <em>output</em>. Continue to the next <em>item</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>item</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">subject reference</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a> does not contain an entry for the <code>@id</code> of <em>item</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <em>embed</em> with <em>output</em> as <em>parent</em> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> as <em>property</em>
+ and add to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">map of embeds</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a> <em>o</em> to act as the
+ embedded <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">subject definition</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in the expanded definition for
+ <em>item</em> in <em>subjects</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>property</em> and a copy of <em>value</em> to <em>o</em> if <em>property</em>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, recursively call this algorithm passing <em>value</em> as <em>element</em>,
+ <em>property</em> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <em>o</em> as <em>output</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Set <em>item</em> to <em>o</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>output</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, append a copy of <em>item</em>, otherwise
+ append a copy of <em>item</em> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> in <em>output</em>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="flattening" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.12 </span>Flattening</h3>
+
+<p>Flattening is the process of taking a JSON-LD document, <a href="#expansion">expanding</a>
+ it, labeling all unlabeled nodes with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a> identifier, and returning
+ an array of the nodes defined in the document.</p>
+
+<p class="issue">It is still being discussed if the flatten() method should be added or not.
+ See <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109">ISSUE-109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "foaf:knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Flattening algorithm for the merged graph (<code>@merged</code>) against
+ the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/markus",
+ "foaf:knows": [ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" } ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" } ]
+ }
+]</pre>
+
+<div id="flattening-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.12.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</h4>
+<p>The algorithm takes two input variables, an <em>element</em> to flatten and the
+ <em>graph</em> for which the node definitions should be returned. If <em>graph</em>
+ is not set, it will default to <code>@merged</code> which represents the result of
+ merging all graphs including the default graph (<code>@default</code>).</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <em>element</em> according the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a <em>subjectMap</em> according the <a href="#subject-map-generation">Subject Map Generation Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty array <em>result</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>subjectMap</em> has no property <em>graph</em>, return <em>result</em>, otherwise set <em>definitions</em> to its value.</li>
+ <li>Foreach <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> of of <em>definitions</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>value</em> to <em>result</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <em>result</em>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.13 </span>RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD document <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be converted between other RDF-compatible document
+ formats using the algorithms specified in this section.</p>
+
+<p>The JSON-LD Processing Model describes processing rules for extracting RDF
+ from a JSON-LD document, and for transforming an array of <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> retrieved by processing
+ another serialization format into JSON-LD. Note that many uses of JSON-LD may not require
+ generation of RDF.</p>
+
+<p>The processing algorithms described in this section are provided in
+ order to demonstrate how one might implement a JSON-LD to RDF processor.
+ Conformant implementations are only required to produce the same type and
+ number of quads during the output process and are not required to
+ implement the algorithm exactly as described.</p>
+
+<div class="informative section" id="overview" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#overview" rel="bibo:chapter">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.1 </span>Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD is intended to have an easy to parse grammar that closely models existing
+ practice in using JSON for describing object representations. This allows the use
+ of existing libraries for parsing JSON.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ As with other grammars used for describing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, a key concept is that of
+ a <dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">resource</dfn>. Resources may be of three basic types: <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>, representing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> for describing
+ externally named entities, <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>, resources for which an external name does not
+ exist, or is not known, and <a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal"><code>Literal</code></a>, which describe terminal entities such as strings,
+ dates and other representations having a lexical representation possibly including
+ an explicit language or datatype.
+ </p>
+ <p>Data described with JSON-LD may be considered to be the representation of a graph made
+ up of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a>s related via a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a>.
+ However, specific implementations may choose to operate on the document as a normal
+ JSON description of objects having attributes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.2 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm Terms</h4>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">graph name</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ A <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a> or <a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode"><code>BlankNode</code></a> used to identify quads belonging to a
+ <em>named graph</em>.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.3 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>
+ The algorithm below is designed for in-memory implementations with random access to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> elements.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A conforming JSON-LD processor implementing RDF conversion <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> implement a
+ processing algorithm that results in the same set of RDF <a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad"><code>Quads</code></a> that the following
+ algorithm generates:
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes five input variables: a <em>element</em> to be converted, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>
+ are set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>element</em> is
+ set to the result of performing the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> on
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>. This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly
+ applied.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="processing-step-associative">
+ If <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ If <em>element</em> has a <code>@value</code> property:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value of <code>@value</code> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> using a string representation
+ of the value as defined in the section <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ Set datatype to the value of the <code>@type</code> property if it exists, otherwise
+ either <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code>, depending
+ on if the value contains a fractional and/or an exponential component.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of <code>@value</code> is <strong>true</strong> or <strong>false</strong>,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> created from the
+ string representation of the value. Set datatype to the value of the <code>@type</code>
+ property if it exists, otherwise <code>xsd:boolean</code>.</li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <em>element</em> contains a <code>@type</code> property, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>. If <em>element</em>
+ contains a <code>@language</code> property, use its value to set the language of the plain literal.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If <em>element</em> has a <code>@list</code> property the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ Process its value as a list as described in <a href="#list-conversion">List Conversion</a> using
+ the return value as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If neither <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>
+ representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li id="processing-step-subject">If <em>element</em> has a <code>@id</code> property,
+ the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> to the previously
+ expanded value (either a <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> or an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>).</li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <em>element</em> does not have a <code>@id</code> property, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active
+ subject</a> to newly generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ Process each <em>property</em> and <em>value</em> in <em>element</em>, ordered by
+ <em>property</em>, as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If <em>property</em> is <code>@type</code>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ to <code>rdf:type</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is <code>@graph</code>,
+ process <em>value</em> algorithm recursively, using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>
+ and null values for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and then
+ proceed to next property.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>property</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, skip this step.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> value of <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Process <em>value</em> recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each value in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ as follows, process <em>element</em> recursively using this algorithm, using copies of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>element</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ must be <code>rdf:type</code> so set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to an <a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI"><code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code></a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If any of these steps created an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> and neither <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>
+ nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">graph name</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+<div id="list-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#list-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.4 </span>List Conversion</h4>
+
+ <p>List Conversion is the process of taking an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of values and adding them to a newly
+ created <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a></cite> (see
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>]) by linking each element of the list using <code>rdf:first</code> and <code>rdf:next</code>,
+ terminating the list with <code>rdf:nil</code> using the following sequence:</p>
+ <p>The algorithm is invoked with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <em>array</em>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and returns a value to be used as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> in the calling location.</p>
+ <div class="note">This algorithm does not support lists containing lists.</div>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If <em>array</em> is empty return <code>rdf:nil</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, generate a <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and a newly generated <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> identified as <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ For each element in <em>array</em> other than the last element:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a processor state using
+ <em>first blank node</em> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <code>rdf:first</code> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Process the value starting at <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 1</a>.</li>
+ <li>Proceed using the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Unless this is the last element in <em>array</em>, generate a new <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a> identified as
+ <em>rest blank node</em>, otherwise use <code>rdf:nil</code>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a new <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> using <em>first blank node</em>,
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> and <em>rest blank node</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>first blank node</em> to
+ <em>rest blank node</em>.</li>
+ <li>Return <em>first blank node</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.5 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>In some cases, data exists natively in Triples or Quads form; for example, if the data was originally
+ represented in an RDF graph or triple/quad store. This algorithm is designed to simply translate
+ an array of <a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad"><code>Quads</code></a> into a JSON-LD document.</p>
+ <p>The conversion algorithm takes a single parameter <em>input</em> in the form of an
+ array of <a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a> representations.</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="new_graph">Construct <em>defaultGraph</em> as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ containing <em>subjects</em> and <em>listMap</em>,each an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Construct <em>graphs</em> as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> containing <em>defaultGraph</em>
+ identified by
+ an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each quad in <em>input</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>graph</em> to the entry in <em>graphs</em> identified
+ by <em>name</em>, initializing it to a new entry using the mechanism
+ described in <a href="#new_graph">Step 1</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:first</code>,
+ use the entry in <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>subject</em>,
+ initializing it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if nesessary. Represent
+ <em>object</em> in expanded form, as described in
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>. Add the
+ resulting <em>object representation</em> to the entry indexed by
+ <em>first</em>, and skip to the next quad.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:rest</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>object</em> is a <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>, use the entry in
+ <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>subject</em>, initializing it
+ to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if necessary. Add the <em>nominalValue</em> of
+ <em>object</em> to the entry indexed by <em>rest</em>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Skip to the next quad.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>name</em> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, and <em>defaultGraph.subjects</em>
+ does not contain an entry for <em>name</em>,
+ create a new entry for <em>name</em> from a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with key/value pair of <code>@id</code> and
+ a string representation of <em>name</em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>value</em> as the entry from <em>graph.subjects</em> for
+ <em>subject</em>, initializing it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> with key/value pair of <code>@id</code> and
+ a string representation of <em>subject</em> if necessary.</li>
+ <li>If <em>property</em> is <code>rdf:type</code> and the <em>notType</em>
+ option is present and not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Append the string representation of <em>object</em> to the array value for the
+ key <code>@type</code>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>object</em> is <code>rdf:nil</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Let <em>key</em> be the string representation of <em>property</em>.</li>
+ <li>Append an empty <code>@list</code> representation to the array value for
+ <em>key</em>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Let <em>key</em> be the string representation of <em>property</em> and let
+ <em>object representation</em>
+ be <em>object</em> represented in expanded form as described in
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>object</em> is a <a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code>BlankNode</code></a>,
+ use the entry in <em>graph.listMap</em> indexed by <em>object</em>,
+ initializing it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> if nesessary.
+ Add an entry for <em>head</em> with <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ <li>Append <em>object representation</em> to the array value for
+ <em>key</em>, creating an entry in <em>value</em> if necessary.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <em>name</em> and <em>graph</em> in <em>graphs</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <em>subject</em> and <em>entry</em> in <em>graph</em>
+ where <em>entry</em> has both <em>head</em> and <em>first</em> keys:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>value</em> to the value of <em>head</em> in <em>entry</em>.</li>
+ <li>Remove the entry for <code>@id</code> in <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add an entry to <em>value</em> for <code>@list</code> initialized to a new array
+ containing the value of <em>first</em> from <em>entry</em>.</li>
+ <li>While <em>entry</em> has a key for <em>rest</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>entry</em> to the value of <em>graph.listMap</em> for <em>entry.rest</em>.</li>
+ <li>Add the value for <em>entry.first</em> to the list array.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Create <em>array</em> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <em>subject</em> and <em>entry</em> in <em>defaultGraph.subjects</em>
+ ordered by <em>subject</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add <em>entry</em> to <em>array</em>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>graphs</em> has an entry for <em>subject</em>, add a property
+ <code>@graph</code> in <em>entry</em> containing the ordered entries
+ from <em>graphs[subject].subjects</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <em>array</em> as the result.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="data-round-tripping" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-round-tripping" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Data Round Tripping</h2>
+
+<p>When coercing numbers to <strong>xsd:integer</strong> or <strong>xsd:double</strong>
+ as it, e.g., happens during <a href="#rdf-conversion">RDF Conversion</a>, implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em>
+ ensure that the result is a canonical lexical representation in the form of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A <dfn title="canonical_lexical_representation" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_representation">canonical lexical representation</dfn> is a set of literals
+ from among the valid set of literals for a datatype such that there is a one-to-one mapping
+ between the canonical lexical representation and a value in the value space as defined in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA-2">XMLSCHEMA-2</a></cite>]. In other words, every value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be converted to a deterministic string
+ representation.</p>
+<p>The canonical lexical representation of an <em>integer</em>, i.e., a number without fractions
+ or a number coerced to <strong>xsd:integer</strong>, is a finite-length sequence of decimal
+ digits (<code>0-9</code>) with an optional leading minus sign; leading zeroes are prohibited.
+ To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+<pre class="example">(value).toFixed(0).toString()</pre>
+<p>The canonical lexical representation of a <em>double</em>, i.e., a number with fractions
+ or a number coerced to <strong>xsd:double</strong>, consists of a mantissa followed by the
+ character "E", followed by an exponent. The mantissa <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a decimal number. The exponent
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an integer. Leading zeroes and a preceding plus sign (<code>+</code>) are prohibited
+ in the exponent. If the exponent is zero, it must be indicated by <code>E0</code>.
+ For the mantissa, the preceding optional plus sign is prohibited and the decimal point is
+ required. Leading and trailing zeroes are prohibited subject to the following: number
+ representations must be normalized such that there is a single digit which is non-zero to the
+ left of the decimal point and at least a single digit to the right of the decimal point unless
+ the value being represented is zero. The canonical representation for zero is <code>0.0E0</code>.
+ To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+<pre class="example">(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')</pre>
+<p><strong>xsd:double</strong>'s value space is defined by the IEEE double-precision 64-bit
+floating point type [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985">IEEE-754-1985</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p class="note">When data such as decimals need to be normalized, JSON-LD authors should
+not use values that are going to undergo automatic conversion. This is due to the lossy nature
+of <strong>xsd:double</strong> values. Authors should instead use the expanded object form to
+set the canonical lexical representation directly.</p>
+
+<p class="note">When JSON-native datatypes, like <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>s, are type coerced, lossless
+data round-tripping can not be guaranted. Consider the following code example:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">var myObj1 = {
+ "@context": {
+ "number": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ <span class="diff">"@type": "xsd:nonNegativeInteger"</span>
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : <span class="diff">42</span>
+ };
+
+// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
+var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
+
+// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
+var myObj2 = jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());</pre>
+
+<p>At this point, <code>myObj1</code> and <code>myObj2</code> will have different
+ values for the "number" property. <code>myObj1</code> will have the number
+ <code>42</code>, while <code>myObj2</code> have an object consisting of
+ <code>@value</code> set to the string <code>"42"</code> and <code>@type</code>
+ set to the expanded value of <em>xsd:nonNegativeInteger</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="note">Some JSON serializers, such as PHP's native implementation in some versions,
+ backslash-escape the forward slash character. For example, the value
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> would be serialized as <code>http:\/\/example.com\/</code>.
+ This is problematic as other JSON parsers might not understand those escaping characters.
+ There is no need to backslash-escape forward slashes in JSON-LD. To aid interoperability
+ between JSON-LD processors, a JSON-LD serializer <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> backslash-escape forward slashes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix informative section" id="iana-considerations" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iana-considerations" rel="bibo:chapter">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>IANA Considerations</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>This section is included merely for standards community review and will be
+submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group if this specification
+becomes a W3C Recommendation.</p>
+
+<h3 id="application-ld-frame-json">application/ld-frame+json</h3>
+<dl>
+ <dt>Type name:</dt>
+ <dd>application</dd>
+ <dt>Subtype name:</dt>
+ <dd>ld-frame+json</dd>
+ <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>The same as the <code>application/json</code> MIME media type.</dd>
+ <dt>Security considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Since a JSON-LD frame is intended to specify a deterministic layout
+ for a JSON-LD graph, the serialization <em class="rfc2119" title="should not">should not</em> be passed through a
+ code execution mechanism such as JavaScript's <code>eval()</code>
+ function. It is <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> that a conforming parser does not attempt to
+ directly evaluate the JSON-LD frame and instead purely parse the
+ input into a language-native data structure.</dd>
+ <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>Published specification:</dt>
+ <dd>The <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/">JSON-LD</a> specification.</dd>
+ <dt>Applications that use this media type:</dt>
+ <dd>Any programming environment that requires the exchange of
+ directed graphs. Implementations of JSON-LD have been created for
+ JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP and C++.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Additional information:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>File extension(s):</dt>
+ <dd>.jsonldf</dd>
+ <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
+ <dd>TEXT</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Person & email address to contact for further information:</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny <msporny@digitalbazaar.com></dd>
+ <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
+ <dd>Common</dd>
+ <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Author(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Dave Longley</dd>
+ <dt>Change controller:</dt>
+ <dd>W3C</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Fragment identifiers have no meaning with
+ <a href="#application-ld-frame-json">application/frame-ld+json</a> resources.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="appendix-b" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#appendix-b" rel="bibo:chapter">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>Initial Context</h2>
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a> is defined with the following default entries:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": { "@type": "@id"}
+ }
+}</pre>
+ <p>Processors <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> act as if the initial context is defined in the outer-most level when processing
+ JSON-LD documents.</p>
+ <p class="issue">Should we define other default prefixes?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#acknowledgements" rel="bibo:chapter">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">C. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+<p>The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj,
+Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson who reviewed, provided feedback, and
+performed several implementations of the specification, and Ian Davis, who
+created RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham, Bradley P. Allen,
+Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant, Danny Ayers, Ted
+Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Niklas Lindström, Markus Lanthaler, and Richard
+Cyganiak for their input on the specification.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="references" class="appendix section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">D. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">A. Phillips, M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a> September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">[IEEE-754-1985]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">IEEE. <cite>IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic.</cite> See <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-IRI">[IRI]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Duerst, M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRI).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler. <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/"><cite>The JSON-LD Syntax</cite></a> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">[JSON-POINTER]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">P. Bryan, Ed. <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">JSON Pointer</a></cite> Latest. IETF Draft. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">[RDF-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Graham Klyne; Jeremy J. Carroll. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210"><cite>Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Cameron McCormack. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/"><cite>Web IDL.</cite></a> 27 September 2011. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA-2">[XMLSCHEMA-2]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Paul V. Biron; Ashok Malhotra. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/"><cite>XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition.</cite></a> 28 October 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/</a>
+</dd></dl></div><div id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">D.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification.</cite></a> December 1999. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICRODATA">[MICRODATA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Ian Hickson; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/"><cite>Microdata</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 8 May 2012. W3C Proposed Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/</a>
+</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>