--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/FCGS/json-ld-api/20130328/diff-20121225.html Thu Mar 28 15:51:20 2013 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,41301 @@
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+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
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+.diff-new:before,
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+ { content: "\2191" }
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+.diff-old:before,
+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body>
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72">
+</a>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithms
+</del>
+1.0
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithms
+for
+</del>
+Processing
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+Documents
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft
+25
+December
+2012
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithms
+and
+API
+</ins></h1><h2 id="final-community-group-specification-28-march-2013"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Final
+Community
+Group
+Specification
+28
+March
+2013
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+version:
+http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20121225/index.html
+</del>
+Latest
+<del class="diff-old">published
+version:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">editor's
+draft:
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/
+</del>
+<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">Latest
+editor's
+draft:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Test
+suite:
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
+</del>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/test-suite/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://json-ld.org/test-suite/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<del class="diff-old">Manu
+Sporny
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Markus
+Lanthaler
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">Digital
+Bazaar
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</ins>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<del class="diff-old">Markus
+Lanthaler
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Manu
+Sporny
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Digital
+Bazaar
+</ins>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<del class="diff-old">Manu
+Sporny
+,
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</del>
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+<ins class="diff-new">Manu
+Sporny
+</ins></a>,<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</ins></a></span></dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a rel="alternate" href="diff-20121225.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
+Copyright
+</a>
+©
+<del class="diff-old">2010-2012
+W3C
+®
+(
+MIT
+,
+ERCIM
+,
+Keio
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2010-2013
+the
+Contributors
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+Specification,
+published
+by
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">),
+All
+Rights
+Reserved.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">under
+the
+</ins><a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa/">
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">liability
+,
+trademark
+and
+document
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Community
+Final
+Specification
+Agreement
+(FSA)
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+human-readable
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa-deed/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+summary
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">rules
+apply.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+available.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#abstract" typeof="bibo:Chapter" datatype="" property="dcterms:abstract" class="introductory" id="abstract">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+[
+RFC4627
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+JSON-LD
+[
+JSON-LD
+]
+harmonizes
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON
+by
+outlining
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+</del>
+This
+<del class="diff-old">document
+outlines
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification
+defines
+</ins>
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+<ins class="diff-new">(API)
+</ins>
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+<del class="diff-old">programmatically
+transforming
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">programmatic
+transformations
+of
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">documents
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">documents.
+By
+expressing
+the
+data
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">order
+to
+make
+them
+easier
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+way
+that
+is
+specifically
+tailored
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">work
+with
+in
+programming
+environments
+like
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+and
+Ruby.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+particular
+use
+case,
+the
+processing
+typically
+becomes
+much
+simpler.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="sotd" class="introductory">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+<del class="diff-old">section
+describes
+the
+status
+of
+this
+document
+at
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification
+was
+published
+by
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">time
+of
+its
+publication.
+Other
+documents
+may
+supersede
+this
+document.
+A
+list
+of
+current
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+Working
+Group
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+not
+a
+</ins>
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">publications
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Standard
+nor
+is
+it
+on
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">latest
+revision
+of
+this
+technical
+report
+can
+be
+found
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">W3C
+Standards
+Track.
+Please
+note
+that
+under
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/final/">
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">technical
+reports
+index
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Community
+Final
+Specification
+Agreement
+(FSA)
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">other
+conditions
+apply.
+Learn
+more
+about
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/community/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+W3C
+Community
+and
+Business
+Groups
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+has
+been
+under
+development
+for
+over
+<del class="diff-old">18
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">25
+</ins>
+months
+in
+the
+JSON
+for
+Linking
+Data
+Community
+Group.
+The
+document
+has
+recently
+been
+transferred
+to
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+for
+review,
+improvement,
+and
+publication
+along
+the
+Recommendation
+track.
+The
+specification
+has
+undergone
+significant
+development,
+review,
+and
+changes
+during
+the
+course
+of
+the
+last
+<del class="diff-old">18
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">25
+</ins>
+months.
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+several
+independent
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">
+interoperable
+implementations
+</a>
+of
+this
+specification.
+There
+is
+a
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">
+fairly
+complete
+test
+suite
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">
+live
+JSON-LD
+editor
+</a>
+that
+is
+capable
+of
+demonstrating
+the
+features
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+While
+<ins class="diff-new">there
+will
+be
+continuous
+</ins>
+development
+on
+implementations,
+the
+test
+<del class="diff-old">suite
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suite,
+</ins>
+and
+the
+live
+<del class="diff-old">editor
+will
+continue,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">editor,
+</ins>
+they
+are
+believed
+to
+be
+mature
+enough
+to
+be
+integrated
+into
+a
+non-production
+system
+at
+this
+point
+in
+<del class="diff-old">time
+with
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">time.
+There
+is
+an
+</ins>
+expectation
+that
+they
+could
+be
+used
+in
+a
+production
+system
+within
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">year.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">six
+months.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<span>
+Issue
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+It
+is
+important
+for
+readers
+to
+understand
+that
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+document
+is
+currently
+under
+debate
+and
+new
+features
+may
+be
+added
+to
+the
+specification.
+Existing
+features
+may
+be
+modified
+heavily
+or
+removed
+entirely
+from
+the
+specification
+upon
+further
+review
+and
+feedback
+from
+the
+broader
+community.
+This
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress
+and
+publication
+as
+a
+Working
+Draft
+does
+not
+require
+that
+all
+Working
+Group
+members
+agree
+on
+the
+content
+of
+the
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+If
+you
+want
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+your
+feedback
+is
+formally
+addressed
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group,
+you
+should
+send
+it
+to
+public-rdf-comments:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+Ad-hoc
+technical
+discussion
+primarily
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+community
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+open
+to
+the
+public.
+</li>
+<li>
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Wednesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+limited
+to
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+members.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>
+if
+you
+do
+not
+want
+to
+send
+an
+<del class="diff-old">e-mail
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">email
+</ins>
+to
+the
+public-rdf-comments
+mailing
+list.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+document
+was
+published
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+as
+an
+Editor's
+Draft.
+If
+you
+wish
+to
+make
+comments
+regarding
+this
+document,
+please
+send
+them
+to
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+(
+subscribe
+,
+archives
+).
+All
+feedback
+is
+welcome.
+Publication
+as
+an
+Editor's
+Draft
+does
+not
+imply
+endorsement
+by
+the
+W3C
+Membership.
+This
+is
+a
+draft
+document
+and
+may
+be
+updated,
+replaced
+or
+obsoleted
+by
+other
+documents
+at
+any
+time.
+It
+is
+inappropriate
+to
+cite
+this
+document
+as
+other
+than
+work
+in
+progress.
+This
+document
+was
+produced
+by
+a
+group
+operating
+under
+the
+5
+February
+2004
+W3C
+Patent
+Policy
+.
+W3C
+maintains
+a
+public
+list
+of
+any
+patent
+disclosures
+made
+in
+connection
+with
+the
+deliverables
+of
+the
+group;
+that
+page
+also
+includes
+instructions
+for
+disclosing
+a
+patent.
+An
+individual
+who
+has
+actual
+knowledge
+of
+a
+patent
+which
+the
+individual
+believes
+contains
+Essential
+Claim(s)
+must
+disclose
+the
+information
+in
+accordance
+with
+section
+6
+of
+the
+W3C
+Patent
+Policy
+.
+</del>
+</section>
+<section id="toc">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#introduction">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#features">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Features
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#expansion">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#compaction">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#flattening">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Flattening
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#rdf-conversion">
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#conformance">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#general-terminology">
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#algorithm-terms">
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithm
+Terms
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#context-processing-algorithms">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+Terms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Context
+Processing
+Algorithms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Context
+Processing
+</ins>
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#create-term-definition">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Context
+Processing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Create
+Term
+Definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#iri-expansion">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#expansion-algorithms">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">7.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Value
+</del>
+Expansion
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#expansion-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">7.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Label
+Blank
+Nodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+</ins>
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#value-expansion">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">7.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Expansion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#compaction-algorithms">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#compaction-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#inverse-context-creation">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#iri-compaction">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Inverse
+Context
+Query
+Algorithm
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#term-selection">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Value
+Compaction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Term
+Selection
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#value-compaction">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Find
+and
+Remove
+Property
+Generator
+Duplicates
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Compaction
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#flattening-algorithms">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Flattening
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#flattening-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.15
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Node
+Map
+Generation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#node-map-generation">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Node
+Map
+Generation
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#rdf-conversion-algorithms">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">List
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+</ins>
+Conversion
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<del class="diff-old">6.
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</del>
+<a class="tocxref" href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessor
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.1.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Methods
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#rdf-to-object-conversion">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Callbacks
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#data-round-tripping">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.2.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#the-application-programming-interface">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Structures
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#jsonldprocessor">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdOptions
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdProcessor
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#callbacks">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Callbacks
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#data-structures">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdErrorCode
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+Structures
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#references">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references">
+<span class="secno">
+B.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references">
+<span class="secno">
+B.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="introduction" class="informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">Syntax.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">syntax.
+</ins>
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Developers
+that
+want
+an
+overview
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+</ins></li><li>
+Web
+authors
+and
+developers
+that
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+a
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+and
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Implementation
+or
+a
+JSON-LD
+Processor's
+</ins>
+API
+operates.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+<del class="diff-old">processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+algorithms
+to
+transform
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-ECMA-262" class="bibref">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-WEBIDL" class="bibref">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="features" class="informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Features
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+outlines
+a
+<del class="diff-old">language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">syntax
+</ins>
+that
+may
+be
+used
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+<del class="diff-old">Often,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Because
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+way
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+using
+this
+syntax,
+</ins>
+it
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">often
+</ins>
+useful
+to
+be
+able
+to
+transform
+JSON-LD
+documents
+so
+that
+they
+may
+be
+<ins class="diff-new">more
+</ins>
+easily
+<del class="diff-old">processed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consumed
+by
+specific
+applications.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+way
+JSON-LD
+allows
+Linked
+Data
+to
+be
+expressed
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">various
+programming
+environments.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+way
+that
+is
+specifically
+tailored
+to
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application
+is
+by
+providing
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+By
+providing
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+data
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+a
+natural
+fit
+for
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application
+whilst
+also
+indicating
+how
+the
+data
+should
+be
+understood
+at
+a
+global
+scale.
+In
+order
+for
+people
+or
+applications
+to
+share
+data
+that
+was
+created
+using
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+different
+from
+their
+own,
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+must
+be
+able
+to
+transform
+a
+document
+from
+one
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+another.
+Instead
+of
+requiring
+JSON-LD
+processors
+to
+write
+specific
+code
+for
+every
+imaginable
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+switching
+scenario,
+it
+is
+much
+easier
+to
+specify
+a
+single
+algorithm
+that
+can
+remove
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Similarly,
+another
+algorithm
+can
+be
+specified
+to
+subsequently
+apply
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+These
+two
+algorithms
+represent
+the
+most
+basic
+transformations
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+They
+are
+referred
+to
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+respectively.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+four
+major
+types
+of
+transformation
+that
+are
+discussed
+in
+this
+document:
+expansion,
+compaction,
+flattening,
+and
+RDF
+conversion.
+</p>
+<section id="expansion" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Software
+algorithms
+are
+easiest
+to
+write
+when
+the
+data
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+algorithm
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">they
+are
+processing
+have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">removes
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+called
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-expansion" title="expansion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Before
+performing
+any
+other
+transformations
+on
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">regular
+form.
+Since
+information
+can
+be
+represented
+by
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">in
+a
+variety
+of
+different
+ways,
+transforming
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document,
+it
+is
+easiest
+to
+remove
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+it,
+localizing
+</ins>
+all
+<ins class="diff-new">information,
+and
+to
+make
+data
+structures
+more
+regular.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+To
+get
+an
+idea
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">these
+methods
+into
+a
+uniform
+structure
+allows
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">how
+context
+and
+data
+structuring
+affects
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">developer
+to
+simplify
+their
+processing
+code.
+For
+example,
+note
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+data,
+here
+is
+an
+example
+of
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">the
+following
+input
+</del>
+uses
+only
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">terms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+and
+is
+fairly
+compact:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+next
+input
+example
+uses
+one
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+express
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+encapsulate
+another,
+</ins>
+but
+leaves
+the
+rest
+of
+the
+information
+untouched.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using a IRI instead of a term to express a property</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"website": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"website"</span>: <span class="diff">{ "@id":</span> "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" <span class="diff">}</span>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">While
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Note
+that
+</ins>
+both
+inputs
+are
+valid
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD,
+writing
+a
+program
+to
+handle
+every
+permutation
+of
+possible
+inputs
+can
+be
+difficult,
+especially
+when
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+and
+both
+represent
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">incoming
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+information.
+The
+difference
+is
+in
+their
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+<del class="diff-old">could
+change
+as
+well.
+To
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">information
+and
+in
+the
+data
+structures
+used.
+A
+JSON-LD
+processor
+can
+remove
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+ensure
+that
+the
+data
+<del class="diff-old">can
+be
+given
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+more
+<del class="diff-old">uniform
+structure,
+JSON-LD
+introduces
+the
+notion
+of
+expansion.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">regular
+by
+employing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion
+</ins></a>.</p><p><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN">
+Expansion
+<del class="diff-old">performs
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+</ins>
+two
+important
+<del class="diff-old">operations.
+The
+first
+is
+to
+expand
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">goals:
+removing
+any
+contextual
+information
+from
+the
+document,
+and
+ensuring
+</ins>
+all
+values
+<del class="diff-old">that
+represent
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+represented
+in
+a
+regular
+form.
+These
+goals
+are
+accomplished
+by
+expanding
+all
+properties
+</ins>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+IRIs
+<del class="diff-old">.
+The
+second
+is
+to
+express
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+by
+expressing
+</ins>
+all
+values
+in
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">arrays
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">Expanded
+form
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+the
+most
+verbose
+and
+regular
+way
+of
+expressing
+of
+values
+in
+JSON-LD;
+all
+contextual
+information
+from
+the
+document
+is
+instead
+stored
+locally
+with
+each
+value.
+</ins>
+Running
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">(
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><ins class="diff-new">
+expand
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+operation)
+</ins>
+against
+the
+examples
+provided
+above
+results
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+in
+the
+output
+above
+all
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+definitions
+have
+been
+removed,
+all
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">prefixes
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">compact
+IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>
+have
+been
+expanded
+to
+absolute
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+and
+all
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+are
+expressed
+in
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">arrays
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+While
+the
+output
+is
+more
+<ins class="diff-new">verbose
+and
+</ins>
+difficult
+for
+a
+human
+to
+read,
+it
+<del class="diff-old">is
+easier
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">establishes
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">software
+program
+to
+process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">baseline
+that
+makes
+JSON-LD
+processing
+easier
+</ins>
+because
+of
+its
+very
+regular
+structure.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="compaction" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+While
+<a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN">
+expansion
+<del class="diff-old">expands
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">removes
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins>
+a
+given
+<del class="diff-old">input
+as
+much
+as
+possible,
+compaction
+performs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">input,
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction's
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+primary
+function
+is
+to
+perform
+</ins>
+the
+opposite
+operation:
+<del class="diff-old">it
+expresses
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+express
+</ins>
+a
+given
+input
+<del class="diff-old">as
+succinctly
+as
+possible.
+In
+contrast
+to
+expansion
+which
+is
+meant
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">according
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">produce
+something
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+particular
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>.<dfn id="dfn-compaction" title="compaction"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+applies
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>
+that
+<ins class="diff-new">specifically
+tailors
+the
+way
+information
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">easy
+to
+process
+by
+software
+programs,
+compaction
+is
+meant
+to
+produce
+something
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expressed
+for
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application.
+This
+simplifies
+applications
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">is
+easy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consume
+JSON
+or
+JSON-LD
+by
+expressing
+the
+data
+in
+application-specific
+terms,
+and
+it
+makes
+the
+data
+easier
+</ins>
+to
+read
+by
+<del class="diff-old">software
+developers.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">humans.
+</ins></p><p><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN">
+Compaction
+</a>
+uses
+a
+developer-supplied
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">compress
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">shorten
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+expressed
+in
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+to
+simple
+values
+such
+as
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+strings
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+numbers
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">(
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+operation)
+</ins>
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+all
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+have
+been
+compacted
+to
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+as
+specified
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>,
+which
+<del class="diff-old">consequently
+</del>
+has
+been
+injected
+into
+the
+output.
+While
+compacted
+output
+is
+<del class="diff-old">most
+</del>
+useful
+to
+humans,
+it
+<del class="diff-old">can
+often
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+also
+<del class="diff-old">be
+</del>
+used
+to
+generate
+structures
+that
+are
+easy
+to
+program
+against.
+Compaction
+enables
+developers
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+document
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+document.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nam
+</ins>
+</code>
+to
+<code>
+name
+</code>,
+it
+could
+<del class="diff-old">have
+</del>
+also
+have
+been
+mapped
+to
+any
+other
+term
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="flattening" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Flattening
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+While
+expansion
+ensures
+that
+a
+document
+is
+in
+a
+uniform
+structure,
+flattening
+goes
+a
+step
+further
+<del class="diff-old">and
+ensures
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+ensure
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">also
+</del>
+the
+shape
+of
+the
+data
+is
+deterministic.
+In
+expanded
+<del class="diff-old">documents
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">documents,
+the
+</ins>
+properties
+of
+a
+single
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+may
+<del class="diff-old">still
+</del>
+be
+spread
+across
+a
+number
+of
+different
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>.
+By
+flattening
+a
+document,
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+are
+collected
+in
+a
+single
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+all
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+are
+labeled
+with
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Often
+this
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+may
+</ins>
+drastically
+<del class="diff-old">simplifies
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">simplify
+</ins>
+the
+code
+<ins class="diff-new">required
+</ins>
+to
+process
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">data
+in
+certain
+applications.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">(
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><ins class="diff-new">
+flatten
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+operation)
+</ins>
+with
+a
+context
+set
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+to
+prevent
+compaction
+returns
+the
+following
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" },
+ { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Gregg Kellogg" }
+ ]
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: Flattened sample document in expanded form</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Dave Longley" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ]
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+how
+in
+the
+output
+above
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+are
+collected
+in
+a
+single
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+how
+the
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+representing
+<del class="diff-old">"Manu
+Sporny"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Dave
+Longley"
+</ins>
+has
+been
+assigned
+the
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+<code>
+_:t0
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+make
+it
+easier
+for
+humans
+to
+read
+<del class="diff-old">such
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+for
+certain
+applications
+to
+process
+it,
+</ins>
+a
+flattened
+document
+can
+be
+compacted
+by
+passing
+a
+context.
+Using
+the
+same
+context
+as
+the
+input
+document,
+the
+flattened
+and
+compacted
+document
+looks
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" },
+ { "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Flattened and compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Please
+note
+that
+the
+flattened
+and
+compacted
+result
+<del class="diff-old">will
+</del>
+always
+explicitly
+<del class="diff-old">designate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">designates
+</ins>
+the
+default
+<ins class="diff-new">graph
+</ins>
+by
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+in
+the
+top-level
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+optimizes
+that
+member
+away
+if
+its
+value
+contains
+just
+one
+item.
+</del>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="rdf-conversion" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+serialize
+data
+expressed
+in
+RDF
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+This
+ensures
+that
+data
+can
+be
+round-tripped
+<del class="diff-old">from
+and
+</del>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+from
+</ins>
+any
+RDF
+syntax
+without
+any
+loss
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+fidelity
+of
+the
+data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">fidelity.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+RDF
+input
+serialized
+in
+Turtle
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">TURTLE-TR
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-TURTLE" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">TURTLE
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+]:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> <http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" .
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Sample Turtle document</div><pre class="example"><http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" .
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+<http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Using
+the
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+a
+developer
+could
+transform
+this
+document
+into
+expanded
+JSON-LD:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ {
+ "@value": "Markus Lanthaler"
+ }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Sample Turtle document converted to JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+output
+above
+could
+easily
+be
+compacted
+using
+the
+technique
+outlined
+in
+the
+previous
+section.
+It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+transform
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+back
+to
+RDF
+using
+the
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="conformance">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+examples
+and
+notes
+as
+well
+as
+sections
+marked
+as
+non-normative
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+non-normative.
+Everything
+else
+in
+this
+specification
+is
+normative.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+keywords
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">required
+</del>
+<em title="REQUIRED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">REQUIRED
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">should
+not
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">recommended
+</del>
+<em title="RECOMMENDED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RECOMMENDED
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">optional
+</del>
+<em title="OPTIONAL" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">OPTIONAL
+</ins>
+</em>
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC2119" class="bibref">
+RFC2119
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+two
+classes
+of
+products
+that
+can
+claim
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification:
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-implementation" title="json-ld-implementation" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+Implementations
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-processor" title="json-ld-processor" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+Processors
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-implementation" title="json-ld-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+Implementation
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+system
+capable
+of
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+documents
+according
+the
+algorithms
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-processor" title="json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+conforming
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-implementation" title="json-ld-implementation" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+Implementation
+</a>
+that
+exposes
+the
+<del class="diff-old">application
+programming
+interface
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</ins>
+(API)
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+<ins class="diff-new">It
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+implement
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+json-ld-1.0
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+processing
+mode
+(for
+further
+details,
+see
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode"><ins class="diff-new">
+processingMode
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+option
+of
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdOptions
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithms
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+generally
+written
+with
+more
+concern
+for
+clarity
+than
+<del class="diff-old">over
+</del>
+efficiency.
+Thus,
+JSON-LD
+Implementations
+and
+Processors
+may
+implement
+the
+algorithms
+given
+in
+this
+specification
+in
+any
+way
+desired,
+so
+long
+as
+the
+end
+result
+is
+indistinguishable
+from
+the
+result
+that
+would
+be
+obtained
+by
+the
+specification's
+algorithms.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+specification
+does
+not
+define
+how
+JSON-LD
+Implementations
+or
+Processors
+handle
+non-conforming
+input
+documents.
+This
+implies
+that
+JSON-LD
+Implementations
+or
+Processors
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+attempt
+to
+correct
+malformed
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+language
+tags;
+however,
+they
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+issue
+validation
+warnings.
+<ins class="diff-new">IRIs
+are
+not
+modified
+other
+than
+converted
+between
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Implementers
+can
+partially
+check
+their
+level
+of
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification
+by
+successfully
+passing
+the
+test
+cases
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+test
+suite
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD-TESTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Note,
+however,
+that
+passing
+all
+the
+tests
+in
+the
+test
+suite
+does
+not
+imply
+complete
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification.
+It
+only
+implies
+that
+the
+implementation
+conforms
+to
+aspects
+tested
+by
+the
+test
+suite.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="general-terminology">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+uses
+the
+following
+terms
+as
+defined
+in
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Refer
+to
+the
+<em>
+JSON
+Grammar
+</em>
+section
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+for
+formal
+definitions.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-object" title="json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+key-value
+pairs.
+A
+key
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+key,
+separating
+the
+key
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+key.
+<ins class="diff-new">In
+contrast
+to
+JSON,
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+keys
+in
+an
+object
+must
+be
+unique.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-array" title="array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+In
+JSON,
+an
+array
+is
+an
+<em>
+ordered
+</em>
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+values.
+While
+JSON-LD
+uses
+the
+same
+array
+representation
+as
+JSON,
+the
+collection
+is
+<em>
+unordered
+</em>
+by
+default.
+While
+order
+is
+preserved
+in
+regular
+JSON
+arrays,
+it
+is
+not
+in
+regular
+JSON-LD
+arrays
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+(see
+<a href="#sets-and-lists">
+</a>
+).
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-string" title="string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes
+(if
+necessary).
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-number" title="number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-true" title="true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn id="dfn-false" title="false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Values
+that
+are
+used
+to
+express
+one
+of
+two
+possible
+boolean
+states.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-null" title="null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+value.
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+where
+the
+value,
+or
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+the
+value,
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+explicitly
+decouples
+a
+term's
+association
+with
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+has
+the
+same
+meaning
+as
+if
+the
+key-value
+pair
+was
+not
+defined.
+If
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+is
+set
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+in
+expanded
+form,
+then
+the
+entire
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+ignored.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+Furthermore,
+the
+following
+terminology
+is
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-keyword" title="keyword">
+keyword
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+JSON
+key
+that
+is
+specific
+to
+JSON-LD,
+specified
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+in
+the
+section
+titled
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</cite>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-context" title="context">
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+a
+set
+of
+rules
+for
+interpreting
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+specified
+in
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#the-context">
+The
+Context
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+the
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+specification.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+is
+a
+serialization
+of
+a
+collection
+of
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graphs
+</a>
+and
+comprises
+exactly
+one
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+and
+zero
+or
+more
+<a href="#dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+named
+graphs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph">
+named
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+named
+graph
+is
+a
+pair
+consisting
+of
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+(the
+<dfn id="dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</dfn>
+)
+and
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+default
+graph
+is
+the
+only
+graph
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+which
+has
+no
+<a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+i.e.,
+a
+set
+of
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+connected
+by
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edges
+</a>,
+as
+specified
+in
+the
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#data-model">
+Data
+Model
+</a>
+</cite>
+section
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-edge" title="edge">
+edge
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Every
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edge
+</a>
+has
+a
+direction
+associated
+with
+it
+and
+is
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+Within
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+these
+edge
+labels
+are
+called
+<dfn id="dfn-property" title="property">
+properties
+</dfn>.
+Whenever
+possible,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edge
+</a>
+should
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-node" title="node">
+node
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Every
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-iri" title="iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier)
+is
+a
+string
+that
+conforms
+to
+the
+syntax
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+containing
+a
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>
+along
+with
+a
+<em>
+path
+</em>
+and
+optional
+<em>
+query
+</em>
+and
+fragment
+segments.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+relative
+some
+other
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+;
+in
+the
+case
+of
+JSON-LD
+this
+is
+the
+base
+location
+of
+the
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+that
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+de-referenceable
+identifier
+because
+it
+is
+either
+ephemeral
+in
+nature
+or
+does
+not
+contain
+information
+that
+needs
+to
+be
+linked
+to
+from
+outside
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+graph.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+blank
+node
+identifier
+is
+a
+string
+that
+can
+be
+used
+as
+an
+identifier
+for
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+within
+the
+scope
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Blank
+node
+identifiers
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>
+consists
+of
+a
+value,
+which
+is
+a
+string,
+and
+a
+type,
+which
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>
+consists
+of
+a
+string
+and
+a
+non-empty
+language
+tag
+as
+defined
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+The
+language
+tag
+must
+be
+well-formed
+according
+to
+<del class="diff-old">section
+</del>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">
+<ins class="diff-new">section
+</ins>
+2.2.9
+</a>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+and
+<del class="diff-old">must
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+normalized
+to
+lowercase.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-list" title="list">
+list
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+</a>
+is
+an
+ordered
+sequence
+of
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>,
+and
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithms
+All
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+intended
+to
+operate
+on
+language-native
+data
+structures.
+That
+is,
+the
+serialization
+to
+a
+text-based
+JSON
+document
+isn't
+required
+as
+input
+or
+output
+to
+any
+of
+these
+algorithms
+and
+language-native
+data
+structures
+must
+be
+used
+where
+applicable.
+5.1
+</del>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+name
+of
+the
+currently
+active
+graph
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-active-property" title="active-property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+currently
+active
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+property
+<del class="diff-old">that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+The
+active
+property
+is
+represented
+in
+the
+original
+lexical
+form,
+which
+is
+used
+for
+finding
+type
+mappings
+in
+the
+active
+context
+.
+active
+object
+The
+currently
+active
+object
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-active-context" title="active-context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">terms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+<del class="diff-old">The
+active
+context
+is
+the
+context
+contained
+within
+the
+processor
+state
+.
+</del>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-local-context" title="local-context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+state
+The
+processor
+state
+,
+which
+includes
+the
+active
+context
+,
+active
+subject
+,
+and
+active
+property
+.
+The
+processor
+state
+is
+managed
+as
+a
+stack
+with
+elements
+from
+the
+previous
+processor
+state
+copied
+into
+a
+new
+processor
+state
+when
+entering
+a
+new
+JSON
+object
+.
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-input" title="json-ld-input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+output
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+produced
+as
+output
+by
+the
+algorithm.
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-term" title="term">
+term
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+in
+a
+context
+that
+may
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<dfn id="dfn-prefix" title="prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>:
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+and
+is
+used
+as
+a
+way
+of
+expressing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+without
+needing
+to
+define
+separate
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+definitions
+for
+each
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+contained
+within
+a
+common
+vocabulary
+identified
+by
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-node-object" title="node-object">
+node
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+represents
+zero
+or
+more
+properties
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+serialized
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+if
+it
+exists
+outside
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+and:
+<ul>
+<li>
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+keywords,
+or
+</li>
+<li>
+it
+is
+not
+the
+<del class="diff-old">top-level
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">top-most
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+no
+other
+members
+than
+</ins>
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-value-object" title="value-object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+object
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-list-object" title="list-object">
+list
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-set-object" title="set-object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+object
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-set-object" title="set-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-scalar" title="scalar">
+scalar
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+scalar
+is
+either
+a
+JSON
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+or
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">quad
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-rdf-subject" title="rdf-subject">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+subject
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-subject" title="subject" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-rdf-predicate" title="rdf-predicate"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+predicate
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-predicate" title="predicate" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-rdf-object" title="rdf-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+object
+</ins>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object" title="object" class="tref externalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+triple
+</ins></a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn id="dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="dataset" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+dataset
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+<del class="diff-old">augmented
+with
+a
+a
+fourth
+component,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representing
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">collection
+of
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph" title="rdf-graphs" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+graphs
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="context-processing-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+Algorithms
+</ins></h2><section id="context-processing-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Context
+Processing
+</ins>
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">When
+processing
+a
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure,
+each
+processing
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+describes
+how
+to
+produce
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property
+,
+and
+an
+element
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+performing,
+Context
+Processing
+on
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definitions
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+specify
+how
+properties
+and
+values
+have
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+well
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">passed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">current
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">expandContext
+</del>
+</dfn>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-default-language" title="default-language"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">consists
+of
+an
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping">
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></dfn>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+boolean
+flag
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+property
+</ins></dfn>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+optional
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></dfn>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+if
+expandContext
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+mapping
+</ins></dfn>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+an
+optional
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">can
+not
+only
+be
+used
+to
+map
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+but
+also
+to
+map
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+which
+case
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">null
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">referred
+to
+as
+a
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></dfn>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+When
+processing,
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+initialized
+without
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definitions
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+encountered
+during
+processing,
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">created
+by
+cloning
+the
+existing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Then
+the
+information
+from
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Given
+that
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+contexts
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+contain
+references
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+contexts,
+this
+includes
+their
+retrieval.
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+First
+we
+prepare
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+cloning
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">current
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+expects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Then
+we
+normalize
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">form
+the
+passed
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+Local
+contexts
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins>
+be
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+the
+form
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">well-formed
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+defined
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+a
+combination
+of
+the
+two.
+Finally
+we
+process
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+contained
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">[
+JSON-LD
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">].
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+follows.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">scalar
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">expand
+</del>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">represents
+a
+reference
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+remote
+context.
+We
+dereference
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Value
+Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context
+and
+replace
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+the
+value
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+of
+the
+top-level
+object
+in
+the
+retrieved
+JSON-LD
+document.
+If
+there's
+no
+such
+key,
+an
+invalid
+remote
+context
+has
+been
+detected.
+Otherwise,
+we
+process
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm
+ensuring
+that
+there
+is
+no
+cyclical
+reference.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+first
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">by
+processing
+three
+specific
+keywords:
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">return.
+If
+element
+is
+null
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+These
+are
+handled
+before
+any
+other
+keys
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+because
+they
+affect
+how
+the
+other
+keys
+are
+processed.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Then,
+for
+every
+other
+key
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">return.
+If
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">we
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Since
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definitions
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+themselves
+contain
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+we
+may
+need
+to
+recurse.
+When
+doing
+so,
+we
+must
+ensure
+that
+there
+is
+no
+cyclical
+dependency,
+which
+</ins>
+is
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error.
+After
+we
+have
+processed
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+dependencies,
+we
+update
+the
+current
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">initialize
+an
+empty
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+may
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+we
+return
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Expand
+each
+item
+by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">and
+active
+property
+</del>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+</del>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+algorithm
+specifies
+how
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property's
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">updated
+with
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+expanded
+item
+is
+</del>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+a
+list
+object
+trigger
+a
+LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+error.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+contexts
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+is
+used
+to
+detect
+cyclical
+context
+inclusions.
+</ins>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+expanded
+item
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+contexts
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+drop
+it.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+expanded
+item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+passed,
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">initialized
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">,
+merge
+its
+entries
+with
+result's
+entries.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+append
+item
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Finally,
+set
+element
+</del>
+</i>
+to
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">and
+return.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+cloning
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+element
+must
+be
+an
+object.
+</del>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">element
+has
+a
+@context
+member,
+update
+the
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+Context
+Processing
+and
+remove
+the
+@context
+member.
+Initialize
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">result
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containing
+only
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">then
+process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+</ins>
+each
+<del class="diff-old">property
+and
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">element
+ordered
+by
+property
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+context
+</ins></a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+</del>
+<i>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+a
+property
+generator
+for
+property
+set
+expanded
+property
+to
+its
+IRIs
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">otherwise
+</del>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">it
+to
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">of
+expanding
+property
+according
+</del>
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+IRI
+Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+newly-initialized
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">(passing
+true
+for
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag).
+If
+expanded
+property
+is
+null
+,
+skip
+the
+current
+property
+-
+value
+pair
+</del>
+and
+continue
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">property
+-
+value
+pair
+in
+element
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">keyword
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">process
+it
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+expanded
+property
+equals
+@id
+,
+set
+the
+@id
+member
+of
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">expanding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resolving
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">according
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">against
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+algorithm
+(passing
+true
+for
+the
+documentRelative
+flag).
+If
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">established
+as
+specified
+in
+</ins><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+URI
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">trigger
+an
+INVALID_ID_VALUE
+error.
+If
+expanded
+property
+equals
+@type
+,
+set
+the
+@type
+member
+</del>
+</cite>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">result
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC3986" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3986
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+Only
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">basic
+algorithm
+in
+</ins><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.2
+</ins></a></cite>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">expanding
+value
+according
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3986" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RFC3986
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">(passing
+true
+for
+both
+the
+documentRelative
+and
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag).
+If
+value
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">used;
+</ins>
+neither
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Syntax-Based
+Normalization
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+nor
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+</del>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+strings
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+performed.
+Characters
+additionally
+allowed
+in
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+references
+are
+treated
+in
+the
+same
+way
+that
+unreserved
+characters
+are
+treated
+in
+URI
+references,
+per
+</ins><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+6.5
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">trigger
+an
+INVALID_TYPE_VALUE
+error.
+Empty
+arrays
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3987
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">are
+ignored.
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+equals
+@value
+,
+set
+the
+@value
+member
+of
+result
+to
+value
+.
+If
+value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">neither
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+remote
+contexts
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+array,
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">scalar
+nor
+null
+trigger
+an
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_VALUE_OBJECT_VALUE
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">recursive
+context
+inclusion
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted;
+otherwise,
+add
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+remote
+contexts
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+expanded
+property
+equals
+@language
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+no
+base
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+member
+of
+</del>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+cloning
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lowercased
+value
+.
+If
+value
+is
+not
+a
+string
+,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_LANGUAGE_VALUE
+error.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+expanded
+property
+equals
+@annotation
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Remove
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+member
+of
+result
+to
+value
+.
+If
+value
+is
+not
+a
+string
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">trigger
+an
+INVALID_ANNOTATION_VALUE
+error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+no
+base
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Dereference
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></i>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+equals
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+dereferenced
+document
+has
+no
+top-level
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@context
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+@list
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+remote
+context
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted;
+otherwise,
+</ins>
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+member.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">expanding
+value
+by
+</del>
+recursively
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">calling
+</ins>
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">copies
+of
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+no
+base
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+contexts
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+equals
+@graph
+,
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+but
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does,
+</ins>
+set
+the
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+member
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+expanding
+value
+by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+context
+and
+@graph
+as
+active
+property
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Overwrite
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+continue
+</ins>
+with
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">property
+-
+value
+pair
+from
+element
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i>
+is
+not
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,
+an
+<del class="diff-old">absolute
+IRI
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">,i.e.,
+it
+doesn't
+contain
+a
+colon,
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+member
+from
+element
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+property's
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+set
+to
+@language
+</del>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+array
+language
+map
+values
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+each
+key
+-
+val
+pair
+of
+value
+ordered
+by
+key
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">val
+is
+not
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array,
+transform
+it
+to
+one.
+For
+each
+item
+of
+val
+,
+construct
+a
+new
+JSON
+object
+consisting
+of
+two
+members:
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key:
+</ins><div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Issue
+223
+</ins></span></a>:<ins class="diff-chg">
+Feature
+at
+risk
+</ins></div><p class="atrisk"><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+feature
+is
+at
+risk
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">currently
+processed
+item
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">fact
+that
+a
+document
+may
+have
+multiple
+base
+IRIs
+is
+potentially
+confusing
+for
+developers.
+It
+is
+also
+being
+discussed
+whether
+relative
+IRIs
+are
+allowed
+as
+values
+of
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+whether
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lowercased
+key
+.
+If
+val
+is
+not
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins>
+string
+<del class="diff-old">,
+trigger
+a
+LANGUAGE_MAP_INVALID_VALUE
+error.
+Otherwise
+append
+the
+object
+to
+language
+map
+values
+.
+Set
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">should
+be
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">language
+map
+values
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+property's
+container
+mapping
+is
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">explicitly
+specify
+that
+there
+isn't
+a
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+could
+be
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ensure
+that
+relative
+IRIs
+remain
+relative
+when
+expanding.
+</ins></p></div>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+empty
+array
+annotation
+map
+values
+.
+Process
+each
+key
+-
+val
+pair
+of
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">ordered
+by
+key
+as
+follows:
+If
+val
+is
+not
+an
+array,
+transform
+it
+</del>
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">one.
+Expand
+val
+by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+and
+active
+property
+.
+Add
+to
+each
+item
+of
+val
+a
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+key
+if
+no
+such
+member
+exists
+yet
+and
+append
+the
+resulting
+JSON
+object
+to
+annotation
+map
+values
+.
+Set
+value
+to
+annotation
+map
+values
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+expand
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+remove
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+property
+as
+active
+property
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">equals
+null
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">continue
+with
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+property
+-
+value
+pair
+from
+element
+.
+If
+property's
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>
+is
+set
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+and
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">either
+</del>
+not
+an
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+or
+a
+JSON
+object
+without
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+an
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+member,
+replace
+value
+with
+a
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+an
+@list
+</del>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+value
+(wrapped
+in
+an
+array
+if
+it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+already
+one).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aborted.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+property
+is
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+,
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key:
+</ins>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">label
+all
+blank
+nodes
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+value
+associated
+</ins>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+node
+identifiers
+by
+using
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Label
+Blank
+Nodes
+Algorithm
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Then,
+for
+each
+iri
+of
+expanded
+property
+merge
+a
+copy
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">into
+the
+iri
+member
+of
+the
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+remove
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">merge
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">into
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">iri
+member
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+result
+JSON
+object
+.
+Set
+element
+to
+</del>
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">and
+numProperties
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+set
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+number
+of
+members
+of
+result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">element
+has
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+is
+not
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+member,
+decrease
+numProperties
+by
+1.
+If
+element
+has
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+an
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+vocab
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+decrease
+numProperties
+by
+1.
+If
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+</ins>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">an
+@language
+member,
+decrease
+numProperties
+by
+1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">been
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">check
+that
+the
+value
+of
+the
+@value
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string.
+If
+not,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_LANGUAGE_TAGGED_STRING
+error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aborted.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+decrease
+numProperties
+by
+1
+and
+check
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+member
+is
+a
+string.
+If
+not,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_TYPED_VALUE
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">numProperties
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">greater
+than
+0,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_VALUE_OBJECT
+error.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+remove
+any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+the
+@value
+member
+equals
+null
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+default
+language
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+.
+Return.
+If
+element
+has
+an
+@type
+member
+whose
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lowercased
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+it
+</ins>
+is
+not
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">transform
+it
+to
+an
+array
+.
+If
+element
+has
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+or
+@set
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+default
+language
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">numProperties
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">greater
+than
+1,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_SET_OR_LIST_OBJECT
+error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aborted.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+element
+has
+an
+@set
+member,
+set
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+to
+keep
+track
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">that
+member.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whether
+or
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+already
+been
+defined
+or
+currently
+being
+defined
+during
+recursion.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+element
+has
+just
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+pair
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+where
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+<code>
+@language
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+set
+element
+to
+null.
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">invoke
+the
+</ins><a href="#create-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="create-term-definition">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">6.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">If,
+after
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">outlined
+above
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">run,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">called
+from
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+element
+is
+an
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+just
+a
+@graph
+member,
+element
+is
+set
+</del>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+@graph
+'s
+value.
+Finally,
+if
+element
+is
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+,
+it
+is
+wrapped
+into
+an
+array
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+being
+processed
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="general-solution-1">
+<ins class="diff-chg">General
+Solution
+</ins></h4>
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+Context
+Processing
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+is
+managed
+recursively.
+During
+processing,
+each
+rule
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+active
+context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Term
+definitions
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+created
+by
+parsing
+the
+information
+in
+the
+given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">definitions
+which
+specify
+how
+properties
+and
+values
+have
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+well
+as
+the
+current
+vocabulary
+mapping
+and
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">default
+language
+.
+Each
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">definition
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">consists
+of
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+and
+optionally
+a
+type
+mapping
+from
+terms
+to
+datatypes
+or
+language
+mapping
+from
+terms
+to
+language
+codes,
+and
+a
+container
+mapping
+.
+If
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+may
+omit
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">maps
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+depending
+on
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+having
+its
+own
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">to
+multiple
+IRIs
+it
+is
+said
+to
+be
+a
+property
+generator
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">definition
+</ins></a>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">a
+local
+context
+is
+encountered,
+information
+from
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">local
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix
+</ins>
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">merged
+into
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+key
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+.
+A
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+identified
+within
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+first
+be
+created,
+through
+recursion,
+before
+continuing.
+Because
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">having
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">can
+depend
+on
+other
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definitions
+</ins></a>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@context
+member
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mechanism
+must
+be
+used
+to
+detect
+cyclical
+dependencies.
+The
+solution
+employed
+here
+uses
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string
+,
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">map,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+keeps
+track
+of
+whether
+</ins>
+or
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">value.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+been
+defined
+or
+is
+currently
+in
+the
+process
+of
+being
+defined.
+This
+map
+is
+checked
+before
+any
+recursion
+is
+attempted.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+specifies
+how
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">After
+all
+dependencies
+for
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+have
+been
+defined,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rest
+of
+the
+information
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+the
+given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">updated
+with
+a
+local
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">taken
+into
+account,
+creating
+the
+appropriate
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-1">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p>
+The
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+four
+required
+inputs
+which
+are:
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+of
+already
+included
+remote
+contexts
+remoteContexts
+.
+To
+begin,
+remoteContexts
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+array.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+map
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">All
+calls
+of
+</del>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+associated
+value
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+(indicating
+that
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+already
+been
+created),
+return.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-new">cyclic
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">pass
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">specified
+in
+the
+algorithm
+along
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+</ins>
+with
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+'s
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+indicates
+that
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+,
+the
+currently
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+now
+</ins>
+being
+<del class="diff-old">processed
+local
+context
+,
+and
+true
+for
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">created
+but
+is
+not
+yet
+complete.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+local
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Since
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keywords
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cannot
+be
+overridden,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array,
+transform
+it
+to
+one.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+a
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+redefinition
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+each
+item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Remove
+any
+existing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+<del class="diff-old">as
+follows:
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">context
+equals
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+the
+key-value
+pair
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">reset
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+item.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+return.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Expand
+<del class="diff-old">context
+according
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+setting
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+remoteContexts
+array,
+raise
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@context
+</ins></code>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">RECURSIVE_CONTEXT_INCLUSION
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+Otherwise,
+add
+context
+to
+remoteContexts
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Dereference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+return.
+</ins></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+resulting
+document
+is
+a
+JSON
+document
+consisting
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+be
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">top-level
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">if
+not,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+has
+a
+@context
+</del>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">copy
+of
+active
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">definition
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@context
+member
+as
+local
+context
+,
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+remoteContexts
+array.
+Relative
+IRIs
+are
+expanded
+using
+the
+remote
+context's
+IRI
+.
+Otherwise
+raise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+</ins>
+an
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_REMOTE_CONTEXT
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+value
+associated
+</ins>
+with
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+item
+from
+context
+.
+If
+context
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins>
+is
+not
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">raise
+</del>
+an
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_LOCAL_CONTEXT
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">is
+an
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">perform
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+If
+context
+has
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@vocab
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member:
+if
+its
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+for
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+defined
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+result
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">neither
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+i.e.,
+it
+<del class="diff-old">does
+not
+contain
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+no
+</ins>
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+<del class="diff-old">nor
+null
+,
+trigger
+</del>
+an
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_VOCAB_MAPPING
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error;
+otherwise
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context's
+vocabulary
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+definition
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">its
+value
+and
+remove
+the
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@vocab
+member
+from
+context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">context
+has
+a
+@language
+member:
+if
+its
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+neither
+a
+string
+nor
+null
+,
+trigger
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@container
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error;
+otherwise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+</ins>
+set
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context's
+default
+language
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+definition
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">its
+value
+and
+remove
+the
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+from
+context
+.
+For
+each
+other
+key
+-
+value
+pair
+in
+context
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+Remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+that
+is
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+-
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+from
+context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member;
+otherwise
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+(reverse
+properties
+only
+support
+index-containers)
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+key
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+keyword
+,
+continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+key
+-
+value
+pair.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">reverse
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+flag
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+value
+equals
+null
+,
+replace
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+value
+associated
+</ins>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">an
+IRI
+mapping
+set
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+key
+-
+value
+pair.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">reverse
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+flag
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">expand
+it
+according
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-new">invalid
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">replace
+the
+term
+definition
+for
+key
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+with
+an
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+</ins>
+with
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">-
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair.
+</del>
+</i>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+value
+is
+not
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise
+if
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+,
+trigger
+an
+INVALID_TERM_DEFINITION
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">colon
+(
+</ins><code>:
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">):
+</ins><ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+term
+<del class="diff-old">definition
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+a
+</ins>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+</del>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+dependency
+has
+been
+found.
+Use
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">remove
+it.
+Initialize
+a
+new,
+empty
+term
+definition
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">definition
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">an
+@id
+member
+with
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">value
+val
+:
+if
+val
+is
+null
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>,
+set
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">val
+.
+if
+val
+is
+an
+array
+,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">array:
+if
+item
+is
+a
+string
+expand
+it
+according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+concatenating
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+algorithm
+.
+otherwise,
+raise
+an
+INVALID_PROPERTY_GENERATOR
+error.
+if
+val
+is
+an
+array
+,
+lexicographically
+sort
+val
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping
+</ins></a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">set
+definition
+to
+val
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+suffix
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+val
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+,
+expand
+it
+according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">val
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+or
+a
+keyword
+,
+store
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">definition
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+concatenating
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term
+definition
+for
+key
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">continue
+with
+the
+next
+key
+-
+value
+pair
+from
+context
+.
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+it
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-new">invalid
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+definition
+to
+the
+result
+of
+expanding
+key
+according
+the
+</del>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+Expansion
+algorithm
+.
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+the
+key
+</ins>
+<code>
+@type
+<del class="diff-old">member
+with
+a
+</del>
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">val
+and
+val
+is
+not
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+<del class="diff-old">or
+does
+not
+expand
+to
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">absolute
+IRI
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-new">invalid
+type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+</ins>
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">raise
+an
+INVALID_TYPE_MAPPING
+error.
+Otherwise
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+neither
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+type
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+definition
+to
+the
+expanded
+val
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+value
+has
+an
+@language
+</del>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+with
+a
+value
+val
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+or
+null
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">language
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+lowercased
+val
+.
+If
+val
+is
+neither
+a
+string
+nor
+null
+,
+raise
+an
+INVALID_LANGUAGE_MAPPING
+error.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">f
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+the
+key
+</ins>
+<code>
+@container
+<del class="diff-old">member
+with
+a
+</del>
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">val
+that
+equals
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+either
+</ins>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">val
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">val
+is
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+does
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">one
+of
+those
+values,
+raise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contain
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+either
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+an
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_CONTAINER_MAPPING
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+lowercased
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Set
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+In
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">documents
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">documents,
+some
+</ins>
+keys
+and
+<del class="diff-old">some
+</del>
+values
+<del class="diff-old">are
+evaluated
+to
+produce
+an
+IRI
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">may
+represent
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+<del class="diff-old">strings
+representing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+represents
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+into
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">It
+also
+covers
+transforming
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+aliases
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+into
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keywords
+</ins></a>.</p><p><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+expansion
+may
+occur
+during
+context
+processing
+or
+during
+any
+of
+the
+other
+JSON-LD
+algorithms.
+</ins>
+If
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion
+occurs
+during
+context
+processing,
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+is
+being
+processed
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+its
+related
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+from
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+</ins>
+passed
+to
+this
+algorithm.
+<del class="diff-old">After
+application
+of
+this
+algorithm,
+values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+allows
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+dependencies
+to
+be
+</ins>
+processed
+<del class="diff-old">by
+this
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">via
+the
+</ins><a href="#create-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">are
+said
+</del>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="general-solution-2">
+<ins class="diff-chg">General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+order
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+in
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expand
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">we
+must
+first
+determine
+if
+it
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+some
+</ins>
+form
+<del class="diff-old">,
+although
+this
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Based
+on
+what
+we
+find,
+we
+handle
+the
+specific
+kind
+of
+expansion;
+for
+example,
+we
+expand
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+to
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+While
+inspecting
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+we
+</ins>
+may
+also
+<del class="diff-old">include
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">find
+that
+we
+need
+to
+create
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+dependencies
+because
+we're
+running
+this
+algorithm
+during
+context
+processing.
+We
+can
+tell
+whether
+or
+not
+we're
+running
+during
+context
+processing
+by
+checking
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+against
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+We
+know
+we
+need
+to
+create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+when
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+key
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+keywords
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+does
+not
+have
+a
+key
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+an
+associated
+value
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+is
+used
+during
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+keep
+track
+of
+which
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+have
+already
+been
+defined
+or
+are
+in
+the
+process
+of
+being
+defined.
+We
+create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#create-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-2">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+<del class="diff-old">mandatory
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">required
+</ins>
+and
+four
+optional
+input
+<del class="diff-old">variables:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variables.
+The
+required
+inputs
+are
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+be
+<del class="diff-old">expanded,
+an
+active
+context
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded.
+The
+optional
+inputs
+are
+</ins>
+two
+<del class="diff-old">flags
+documentRelative
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flags,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">vocabRelative
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+</ins>
+specifying
+whether
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">can
+</ins>
+be
+interpreted
+as
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+against
+the
+document's
+base
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">along
+with
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">respectively,
+and
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">passed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+a
+map
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+be
+used
+</ins>
+when
+this
+algorithm
+is
+used
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">during
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+<del class="diff-old">,
+and
+finally
+an
+array
+path
+which
+is
+used
+to
+detect
+cyclic
+IRI
+mappings
+</del>
+</a>.
+If
+not
+passed,
+the
+two
+flags
+are
+set
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">path
+is
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+</ins>
+initialized
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+empty
+array
+by
+default.
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+an
+IRI
+is:
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">null
+or
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+passed
+and
+value
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+path
+array,
+raise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+contains
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">CYCLIC_IRI_MAPPING
+error.
+Otherwise
+append
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+that
+equals
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">to
+path
+.
+If
+local
+context
+contains
+an
+IRI
+mapping
+for
+</del>
+</i>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+key
+</ins>
+that
+<ins class="diff-new">equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+defined
+</ins></i>
+is
+not
+<del class="diff-old">a
+property
+generator
+return
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+invoke
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+recursively
+calling
+this
+</del>
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Create
+Term
+Definition
+</ins>
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">the
+IRI
+of
+the
+IRI
+mapping
+as
+new
+value
+,
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">path
+,
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">true
+for
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag.
+If
+the
+result
+is
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+will
+ensure
+that
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generator
+,
+raise
+an
+PROPERTY_GENERATOR_IN_TERM_DEFINITION
+error.
+If
+an
+IRI
+mapping
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+created
+</ins>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">during
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+a
+property
+generator
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+</i>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+<del class="diff-old">perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+is
+either
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Split
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+into
+a
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>
+at
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+underscore
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+and
+</ins><i>
+suffix
+<del class="diff-old">begins
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+begin
+</ins>
+with
+<ins class="diff-new">double-forward-slash
+(
+</ins>
+<code>
+//
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+prefix
+equals
+_
+,
+return
+value
+as
+is.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">),
+it
+may
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>:<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+passed,
+expand
+prefix
+by
+recursively
+invoking
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+equals
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+that
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+invoke
+the
+</ins><a href="#create-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">path
+,
+and
+true
+for
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag.
+If
+the
+expanded
+</del>
+<i>
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+a
+colon
+(
+:
+)
+generate
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">return
+an
+IRI
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+will
+ensure
+that
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">by
+prepending
+the
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+created
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+during
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+<del class="diff-old">an
+IRI
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">that
+is
+not
+a
+property
+generator
+</del>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+and
+</del>
+return
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+result
+of
+concatenating
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">by
+prepending
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+suffix
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+it
+is
+already
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">mapped
+to
+prefix
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+and
+</del>
+return
+<del class="diff-old">an
+IRI
+by
+prepending
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">concatenating
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">the
+documentRelative
+flag
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+relative
+</ins></i>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">true
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+,
+resolve
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+result
+of
+resolving
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+against
+the
+<a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+per
+[
+RFC3986
+]
+and
+return
+the
+resulting
+IRI
+</del>
+</a>.
+Only
+the
+basic
+algorithm
+in
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">
+section
+5.2
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3986" class="bibref">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+is
+used;
+neither
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">
+Syntax-Based
+Normalization
+</a>
+</cite>
+nor
+<del class="diff-old">Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+(as
+described
+in
+sections
+6.2.2
+and
+6.2.3
+of
+[
+</del>
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RFC3986
+</del>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">])
+</del>
+are
+performed.
+Characters
+additionally
+allowed
+in
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+references
+are
+treated
+in
+the
+same
+way
+that
+unreserved
+characters
+are
+treated
+in
+URI
+references,
+per
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">
+section
+6.5
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="expansion-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">7.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+Algorithms
+</ins></h2><section id="expansion-algorithm"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+7.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">above
+is
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+,
+i.e.,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expands
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+document,
+such
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">begins
+with
+_:
+,
+and
+no
+local
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+passed,
+generated
+a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">definitions
+are
+removed,
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+expanded
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifiers
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keywords
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">before
+returning
+the
+final
+result.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+expressed
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+arrays
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+form
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="general-solution-3">
+<ins class="diff-chg">General
+Solution
+</ins></h4>
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+Value
+Expansion
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Some
+values
+in
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Starting
+with
+its
+root
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+we
+can
+process
+the
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<ins class="diff-new">document
+recursively,
+until
+we
+have
+a
+fully
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+When
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+expanding
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+</ins>
+can
+<del class="diff-old">be
+expressed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">treat
+each
+one
+differently
+according
+to
+its
+type,
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">order
+to
+break
+down
+the
+problem:
+</ins></p><ol><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+there
+is
+nothing
+to
+expand.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">compacted
+form
+.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">scalar
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+we
+expand
+it
+according
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+expanded
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+A
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#value-expansion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Value
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">said
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+we
+expand
+each
+of
+its
+items
+recursively
+and
+return
+them
+in
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+We
+expand
+each
+of
+its
+keys,
+adding
+them
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">our
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+then
+we
+expand
+each
+value
+for
+each
+key
+recursively.
+Some
+of
+the
+keys
+will
+be
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+others
+will
+</ins>
+be
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">keywords
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+simply
+ignored
+because
+they
+do
+not
+have
+definitions
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Any
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+will
+be
+</ins>
+expanded
+<del class="diff-old">form
+after
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">application
+of
+this
+algorithm.
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li></ol><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+after
+ensuring
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+in
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+we
+return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-3">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">for
+expanding
+a
+value
+</del>
+takes
+<ins class="diff-new">three
+input
+variables:
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">.
+It
+</del>
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">implemented
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing,
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+on
+the
+passed
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+empty
+if
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-input" title="json-ld-input" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">element
+</ins></i>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+scalar
+</ins></a>,<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+drop
+the
+free-floating
+</ins><a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+scalar
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+by
+returning
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Return
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#value-expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
+Value
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ol class="algorithm"><li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array,
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+property's
+type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+not
+be
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+a
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+lists
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+each
+of
+its
+items
+</ins>
+to
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">where
+</del>
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+null,
+append
+it
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+key
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@context
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>
+and
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">of
+expanding
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">according
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+continue
+</ins>
+to
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">the
+documentRelative
+flag.
+Then
+return
+result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocab
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+it
+neither
+contains
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">colon
+(
+</ins><code>:</code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+nor
+it
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+drop
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+continuing
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">result
+where
+</del>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">next
+</ins><i>
+key
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+already
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-new">member,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords"><ins class="diff-new">
+colliding
+keywords
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+</ins>
+has
+<ins class="diff-new">been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">type
+mapping
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+@id
+value
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">where
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+nor
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+strings
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+type
+value
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+the
+type
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+expand
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>
+or
+<ins class="diff-new">each
+of
+its
+items.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">newly
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">scalar
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">if
+the
+type
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+value
+object
+value
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">aborted.
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">expanded
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Null
+values
+need
+to
+be
+preserved
+in
+this
+case
+as
+the
+meaning
+of
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+depends
+on
+the
+existence
+of
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+</ins>
+string
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+lowercased
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">has
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">language
+mapping
+or
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></a>,
+an
+<del class="diff-old">default
+language
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+@index
+value
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">aborted.
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+continue
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+remove
+the
+free-floating
+list..
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">add
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+lists
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">result
+where
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+language
+tag
+associated
+with
+the
+language
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+@reverse
+value
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+i.e.,
+properties
+that
+are
+reversed
+twice,
+execute
+for
+each
+of
+its
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">default
+language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+steps:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">5.6
+Label
+Blank
+Nodes
+Algorithm
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+single
+input
+variable:
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+members
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+labeled
+with
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+items
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+items
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+object
+</ins></a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Unless
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">recursively
+apply
+this
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">all
+its
+items.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element.
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+expanded
+from
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<a href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref externalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+follows:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+value
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language
+map
+value
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+recursively
+apply
+this
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">all
+items
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+consists
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">two
+key-value
+pairs:
+(
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member's
+value.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+and
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-lowercased
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+).
+</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+expanded
+from
+an
+index
+map
+as
+follows:
+</ins>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key-value
+pair
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+</ins></i>
+-
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">index
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,
+ordered
+<ins class="diff-new">lexicographically
+</ins>
+by
+<del class="diff-old">key
+recursively
+apply
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">index
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+</ins>
+this
+algorithm
+<ins class="diff-new">recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+index
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+index
+value
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+does
+not
+have
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+add
+the
+key-value
+pair
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+index
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+</ins>
+to
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ignore
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+continuing
+to
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+associated
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>
+is
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+already
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">node
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+convert
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins>
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">without
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+first
+setting
+it
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+it
+is
+not
+already
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+then
+by
+setting
+it
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+the
+key-value
+pair
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+associated
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+indicates
+that
+it
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins>
+</code>
+member,
+create
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">and
+assign
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins>
+it
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">according
+the
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">5.7
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+This
+algorithm
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">used
+to
+generate
+new
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+or
+to
+relabel
+existing
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">reverse
+property
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+</ins>
+one
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+initialize
+its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">avoid
+collision
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+value
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">introduction
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">new
+ones.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+not
+contain
+any
+keys
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code>.
+It
+<del class="diff-old">needs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+not
+contain
+both
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+and
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+Otherwise,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+value
+object
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">keep
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>,
+an
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+map
+,
+</del>
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+language-tagged
+value
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+(only
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+strings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+language-tagged)
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">counter
+,
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">its
+value
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+between
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+typed
+value
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+its
+<del class="diff-old">executions
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+value
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+only
+the
+associated
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@set
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+contain
+at
+most
+one
+other
+key
+and
+that
+key
+must
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">able
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+set
+or
+list
+object
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+new
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+key's
+associated
+value.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+only
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">The
+counter
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">initialized
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+drop
+free-floating
+values
+as
+follows:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+contains
+the
+keys
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">null
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+only
+key
+is
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">0
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+If,
+after
+the
+above
+algorithm
+is
+run,
+the
+result
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+contains
+only
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key,
+set
+the
+result
+to
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+value.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+result
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+if
+the
+result
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+the
+result
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+only
+the
+result.
+</ins></p></section></section><section id="value-expansion"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+7.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Value
+Expansion
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compacted-form" title="compacted-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+form
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+A
+value
+is
+said
+to
+be
+in
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+form
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+after
+the
+application
+of
+this
+algorithm.
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-4"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>
+set
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">_:t
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">by
+default.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+values
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+on
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+returned.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Otherwise,
+the
+result
+will
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Additionally,
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+will
+be
+included
+if
+there
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+there
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-4"><ins class="diff-new">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+<ins class="diff-new">three
+required
+inputs:
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+input
+variable
+identifier
+which
+might
+be
+null
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+expand.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+null
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+value
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+map
+,
+return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">mapped
+identifier.
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+generate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">blankNodeIdentifier
+by
+concatenating
+prefix
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">counter
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Increment
+counter
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">1
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+is
+not
+null
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">add
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+entry
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+associated
+with
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+map
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+add
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+set
+<ins class="diff-new">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">blankNodeIdentifer
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+language
+code
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+unless
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+which
+case
+no
+member
+is
+added.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+add
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<del class="diff-old">blankNodeIdentifier
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="compaction-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">8.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+Algorithms
+</ins></h2>
+<section id="compaction-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+algorithm
+compacts
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+such
+that
+the
+given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+applied.
+This
+must
+result
+in
+shortening
+any
+applicable
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+any
+applicable
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keywords
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+aliases
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+any
+applicable
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+expressed
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+form
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+simple
+values
+such
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+strings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+numbers
+</ins></a>.</p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-5"><ins class="diff-new">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Starting
+with
+its
+root
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+can
+process
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+recursively,
+until
+we
+have
+a
+fully
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+When
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compacting
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+can
+treat
+each
+one
+differently
+according
+to
+its
+type,
+in
+order
+to
+break
+down
+the
+problem:
+</ins></p><ol><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+scalar
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+it
+is
+already
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compacted-form" title="compacted-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+form
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+so
+we
+simply
+return
+it.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+compact
+each
+of
+its
+items
+recursively
+and
+return
+them
+in
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+value
+of
+each
+key
+in
+element
+is
+compacted
+recursively.
+Some
+of
+the
+keys
+will
+be
+compacted,
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+others
+will
+be
+compacted
+from
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keywords
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+aliases
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+simply
+left
+unchanged
+because
+they
+do
+not
+have
+definitions
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compacted-form" title="compacted-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+form
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+via
+the
+</ins><a href="#value-compaction"><ins class="diff-new">
+Value
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Some
+data
+will
+be
+reshaped
+based
+on
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+mappings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+specified
+in
+the
+context
+such
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+maps.
+</ins></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+final
+output
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+if
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+was
+given,
+where
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+either
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+a
+wrapper
+for
+it
+where
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+appears
+as
+the
+value
+of
+an
+(aliased)
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+because
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contained
+two
+or
+more
+items
+in
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.</p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-5"><ins class="diff-new">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+<del class="diff-old">four
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">five
+required
+</ins>
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+be
+<del class="diff-old">compacted.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted,
+and
+a
+flag
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code>.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">creating
+an
+inverse
+context
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">performing
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#inverse-context-creation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+on
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-input" title="json-ld-input" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">and,
+if
+not
+passed,
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+scalar
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+is
+already
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form,
+so
+simply
+return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins>
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">result
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+</ins>
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">recursively
+</del>
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+</ins>
+using
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+recursively,
+</ins>
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">a
+copy
+of
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Add
+each
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+em>item
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i>
+compacted
+item
+<del class="diff-old">to
+result
+unless
+it
+</del>
+</i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+append
+it
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+only
+one
+item
+(it
+</ins>
+has
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">length
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+),
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">option
+</del>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">true
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">result
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+,
+return
+that
+item;
+otherwise
+return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+only
+item.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise
+</ins><i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+</del>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">it
+is
+already
+in
+compact
+form,
+return
+it
+as
+is.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+replace
+element
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+and
+</ins>
+the
+result
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">using
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">.
+If
+the
+updated
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,and<i>
+element
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN">
+scalar
+</a>,
+return
+<del class="diff-old">it
+as
+it
+cannot
+be
+further
+compacted.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+result.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">inside
+reverse
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins>
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">result.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+</ins>
+each
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+</i>
+and
+value
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+ordered
+<ins class="diff-new">lexicographically
+</ins>
+by
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">as
+follows:
+</del>
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+</ins>
+property
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON-LD
+keyword
+and
+property
+equals
+</del>
+<code>
+@id
+<del class="diff-old">,
+compact
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">according
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">rules
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">using
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Otherwise,
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>
+if
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">equals
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">compact
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">(or
+each
+item
+of
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+be
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">if
+it
+is
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+an
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">)
+according
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+item
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">rules
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">using
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+an
+array
+consisting
+of
+just
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+only
+</ins>
+one
+<del class="diff-old">item,
+replace
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+(it
+has
+a
+length
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+),
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">with
+that
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+its
+only
+</ins>
+item.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">equals
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+a
+member
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+,
+compact
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">by
+recursively
+invoking
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+</ins>
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+recursively,
+</ins>
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">a
+copy
+of
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">as
+active
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+value
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i>
+property
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">ensuring
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">indicates
+</ins>
+that
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+a
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+add
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+of
+</ins><i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+only
+the
+value.
+Then
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+value
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+append
+each
+of
+its
+items.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+active
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Remove
+the
+</ins><i>
+property
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+value
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+some
+remaining
+members,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+not
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">on
+property
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+</ins></i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Continue
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+continue
+</ins>
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">-
+value
+pair
+</del>
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+empty
+array
+,
+set
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+the
+compacted
+result
+will
+be
+inside
+of
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+container,
+drop
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+by
+continuing
+to
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+alias
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">on
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">with
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+a
+member
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+</ins>
+set
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+is
+a
+JSON
+object
+,
+i.e.,
+it
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+property
+generator
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+property
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Find
+and
+Remove
+Property
+Generator
+Duplicates
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+</ins>
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">element
+,
+property
+,
+null
+for
+value,
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+inside
+reverse
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Ensure
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+have
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">member;
+if
+not
+create
+it
+and
+</del>
+</i>,
+set
+<del class="diff-old">its
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">this
+key's
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+property
+-
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key's
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+from
+element
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+it
+to
+one
+containing
+only
+the
+value.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise
+perform
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">At
+this
+point,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+be
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+due
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps
+for
+</del>
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+</ins>
+each
+item
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+property
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+<ins class="diff-new">algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">on
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+inside
+reverse
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+there
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+active
+</ins>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">with
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">container
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+value.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+property
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+pass
+the
+key's
+associated
+value
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins>
+object
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">i.e.,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+set
+</ins>
+it
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+</ins></i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Convert
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generator
+,
+set
+active
+property
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">by
+setting
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins>
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Find
+and
+Remove
+Property
+Generator
+Duplicates
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+</ins>
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<del class="diff-old">element
+,
+property
+,
+item
+,
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+active
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+not
+be
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+because
+there
+cannot
+be
+two
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+objects
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">;
+a
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">list
+of
+lists
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Unless
+result
+has
+already
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+create
+one
+and
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+</ins>
+initialize
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+its
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+value,
+otherwise
+initialize
+it
+</ins>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+object
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">called
+mapObject
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+its
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+index
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+key
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+with
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+item
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+key
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+object
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+this
+key's
+value
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+map
+object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+it
+to
+one
+containing
+only
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+and
+then
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+it.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></a>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@set
+</ins>
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+</ins>
+item
+<del class="diff-old">(depending
+on
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+only
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+active
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+add
+the
+key-value
+pair,
+(
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+active
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+),
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+that
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins>
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property's
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containing
+only
+the
+value.
+Then
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compacted
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise,
+concatenate
+it.
+</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">First
+compact
+item
+using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+If,
+after
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Value
+Compaction
+</del>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">passing
+index
+as
+containerValue
+,
+then
+compact
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+result
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+replace
+</ins>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">by
+recursively
+invoking
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+key
+is
+the
+result
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">using
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+whose
+value
+is
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+.
+If
+no
+index
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+if
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+passed,
+add
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+in
+the
+mapObject
+create
+one
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+<del class="diff-old">item
+;
+otherwise
+append
+item
+to
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">index
+member
+(converting
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></i>.</p></section></section><section id="inverse-context-creation"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+8.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+When
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+could
+be
+chosen
+to
+compact
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+it
+<ins class="diff-new">has
+to
+be
+ensured
+that
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+selection
+is
+both
+deterministic
+and
+represents
+the
+most
+context-appropriate
+choice
+whilst
+taking
+into
+consideration
+algorithmic
+complexity.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+In
+order
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">make
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+selections,
+the
+concept
+of
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">inverse
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+introduced.
+An
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+essentially
+a
+reverse
+lookup
+table
+that
+maps
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mappings
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mappings
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mappings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+simple
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+a
+given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+only
+needs
+to
+be
+generated
+for
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>
+if
+it
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+one
+already).
+Continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">being
+used
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+To
+make
+use
+of
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+list
+of
+preferred
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mappings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+property
+-
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+gathered
+for
+a
+particular
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+from
+element
+.
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+These
+parameters
+are
+then
+fed
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#term-selection"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+will
+find
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+most
+appropriately
+matches
+the
+value's
+mappings.
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-6"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+To
+create
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">having
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+member,
+compact
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+visited,
+ordered
+by
+length,
+shortest
+first
+(ties
+are
+broken
+by
+choosing
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+).
+For
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+entry
+is
+added
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+each
+possible
+combination
+</ins>
+of
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">member
+by
+recursively
+invoking
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">would
+legally
+match
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Illegal
+matches
+include
+differences
+between
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value's
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+that
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+(or
+some
+combination
+of
+these),
+then
+it
+will
+have
+an
+entry
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+special
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+allows
+the
+</ins><a href="#term-selection"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+fall
+back
+to
+choosing
+more
+generic
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+when
+a
+more
+specifically-matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+available
+for
+a
+particular
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+combination.
+</ins></p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-6"><ins class="diff-new">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+one
+required
+input:
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">ensuring
+</del>
+that
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">inverse
+context
+</ins></a>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">being
+created
+for.
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+default
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@none
+</ins></code>.
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property's
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">default
+language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+key
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+value
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ordered
+by
+shortest
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+result
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">first
+(breaking
+ties
+by
+choosing
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+item's
+@list
+member.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lexicographically
+least
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+):
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">such
+an
+member
+already
+exists
+in
+result,
+raise
+an
+COMPACTION_TO_LIST_OF_LISTS
+error;
+otherwise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+cannot
+be
+selected
+during
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+so
+</ins>
+continue
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">property
+-
+value
+pair
+from
+element
+.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@none
+</ins></code>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">there
+</ins>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">compact
+it
+by
+recursively
+invoking
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+a
+copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+associated
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+,
+inverse
+context
+,
+and
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">no
+active
+property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+</del>
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+</ins>
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+<del class="diff-old">item
+;
+otherwise
+append
+item
+to
+the
+active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">with
+two
+members.
+The
+first
+</ins>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">(converting
+it
+to
+an
+array
+if
+it
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+one
+already).
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+its
+value
+is
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+second
+member
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+its
+value
+is
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">compactArrays
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">indicates
+that
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+represents
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">option
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+</ins>
+set
+<ins class="diff-new">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+being
+processed.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">false
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property's
+container
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+member
+corresponding
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+create
+one
+and
+</ins>
+set
+<ins class="diff-new">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+being
+processed.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+(might
+be
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+):
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+@set
+,
+convert
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">equals
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+if
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@null
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+otherwise
+set
+</ins>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+language
+code
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+</ins>
+not
+<ins class="diff-new">have
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member,
+create
+</ins>
+one
+<del class="diff-old">already.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+being
+processed.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+</del>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+element
+is
+an
+array
+replace
+it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+</ins>
+with
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+does
+not
+have
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">being
+processed.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+member
+whose
+name
+is
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+compacting
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+being
+processed.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+Compaction
+algorithm
+and
+whose
+value
+is
+element
+.
+Finally,
+add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+</ins>
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">property
+to
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+create
+one
+</ins>
+and
+set
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">initially
+passed
+context
+.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+being
+processed.
+</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+<del class="diff-old">section
+defines
+an
+</del>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">for
+transforming
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacts
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+If
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword-alias" title="keyword-alias" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+be
+passed
+in
+order
+to
+assist
+in
+selecting
+the
+most
+context-appropriate
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>.</p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-7"><ins class="diff-new">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+passed
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+simply
+return
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+we
+first
+try
+to
+find
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+can
+be
+compacted
+to
+if
+it
+is
+relative
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+In
+order
+to
+select
+the
+most
+appropriate
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+we
+may
+have
+to
+collect
+information
+about
+the
+</ins>
+passed
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+information
+includes
+whic
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+container
+mappings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+would
+be
+preferred
+for
+expressing
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+what
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is.
+For
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+lists
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+will
+be
+chosen
+based
+on
+the
+most
+specific
+values
+that
+work
+for
+all
+items
+in
+the
+list.
+Once
+this
+information
+is
+gathered,
+</ins>
+it
+is
+<del class="diff-old">used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passed
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">choose
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">best
+matching
+</del>
+<a href="#term-selection">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+will
+return
+the
+most
+appropriate
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+use.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">was
+found
+that
+could
+be
+used
+to
+compact
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+an
+attempt
+is
+made
+to
+find
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+use.
+If
+there
+is
+no
+appropriate
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+relative
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+it
+is
+used.
+Otherwise,
+it
+is
+transformed
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+document's
+</ins><a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">Finally,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+still
+could
+not
+be
+compacted,
+it
+is
+returned
+as
+is.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-7">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+<del class="diff-old">mandatory
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">required
+inputs
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">two
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">three
+</ins>
+optional
+<del class="diff-old">parameters.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">inputs.
+</ins>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">mandatory
+parameters
+are
+the
+iri
+to
+be
+compacted,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">required
+inputs
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Optionally
+it
+is
+possible
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">pass
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+compacted.
+The
+optional
+inputs
+are
+</ins>
+a
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">vocabRelative
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocab
+</ins></i>
+flag
+which
+specifies
+whether
+the
+passed
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+should
+be
+compacted
+using
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">.
+If
+the
+vocabRelative
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+reverse
+</ins></i>
+flag
+<ins class="diff-new">which
+specifies
+whether
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-reverse-property" title="reverse-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+property
+</ins></a>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">being
+compacted.
+If
+</ins>
+not
+<ins class="diff-new">passed,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+vocab
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+both
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">it
+defaults
+</del>
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+a
+compact
+IRI
+is:
+</del>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Initialize
+a
+variable
+result
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">an
+entry
+for
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocab
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i>
+iri
+<del class="diff-old">exists
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+key
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</del>
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+a
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+it
+</ins>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">been
+passed,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one,
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code>.</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">queryPath
+,
+which
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containers
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>
+will
+be
+used
+to
+<del class="diff-old">query
+the
+inverse
+context
+,
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keep
+track
+of
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
+list
+of
+preferred
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mappings
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+based
+on
+what
+is
+compatible
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">container
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">typeOrLanguage
+,
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typeLanguageValue
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@null
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+These
+two
+variables
+will
+keep
+track
+of
+the
+preferred
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+based
+on
+what
+is
+compatible
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+it
+has
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+append
+the
+value
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+set
+container
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containers
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+has
+an
+@id
+member,
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">reverse
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<del class="diff-old">typeOrLanguage
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+<del class="diff-old">and
+typeLanguageValue
+</del>
+</code>,
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+containers
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+@value
+member,
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+most
+specific
+values
+that
+work
+for
+all
+items
+in
+the
+list
+as
+follows:
+</ins>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+set
+typeOrLanguage
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+a
+not
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+append
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+typeLanguageValue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+containers
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+it
+has
+an
+@language
+member,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+empty,
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">typeOrLanguage
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typeLanguageValue
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+type
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@none
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+member
+of
+value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+has
+no
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+the
+key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+member,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">container
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+associated
+value.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+value's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+member
+is
+is
+a
+string
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code>,
+set
+<del class="diff-old">typeOrLanguage
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+type
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+and
+typeLanguageValue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+associated
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+language
+</ins></i>
+to
+<code>
+@null
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+value
+has
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+member,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>.</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+@list
+member
+has
+at
+least
+one
+item,
+update
+container
+,
+typeOrLanguage
+,
+and
+typeLanguageValue
+by
+recursively
+running
+the
+steps
+2.1.2
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">2.1.3.4
+(which
+will
+never
+be
+true
+since
+list
+of
+lists
+are
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+language
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">allowed)
+of
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">equal
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i>
+item
+<del class="diff-old">of
+value's
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+the
+key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+as
+new
+value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">because
+list
+items
+have
+conflicting
+languages.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">value
+has
+no
+@annotation
+member,
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">common
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<del class="diff-old">container
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+type
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Starting
+from
+the
+second
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i>
+item
+<del class="diff-old">of
+value's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+equal
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+type
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+recursively
+run
+the
+steps
+2.1.2
+to
+2.1.3.4
+(which
+will
+never
+be
+true
+since
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">because
+</ins>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">of
+lists
+are
+not
+allowed)
+of
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+item
+as
+new
+value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">items
+have
+conflicting
+types.
+</ins></li><li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@none
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+common
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@none
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+stop
+processing
+items
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+typeOrLanguage
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+because
+it
+has
+been
+detected
+that
+there
+is
+no
+common
+language
+</ins>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">typeLanguageValue
+differ
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+amongst
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">current
+value
+of
+typeOrLanguage
+or
+typeLanguageValue
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">items.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,
+set
+<del class="diff-old">both
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+</ins>
+to
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">and
+stop
+processing
+the
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+it
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@none
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">items.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+type
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+common
+language
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Otherwise:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+object
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li>
+If
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">container
+equals
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">the
+first
+item
+of
+queryPath
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+consisting
+of
+the
+two
+elements
+@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+associated
+value
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">append
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">null
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">;
+otherwise
+set
+it
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+consisting
+of
+three
+elements
+where
+the
+first
+element
+is
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containers
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+container
+and
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">other
+two
+elements
+are
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+associated
+value
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type/language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@null
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+typeOrLanguage
+is
+null
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+</ins>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">the
+second
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+the
+third
+item
+of
+queryPath
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+element
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@null
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+set
+the
+second
+item
+of
+queryPath
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+consisting
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containers
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+containers
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+represents
+the
+non-existence
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">two
+elements
+where
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+it
+will
+be
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">first
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">last
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+to
+be
+checked
+as
+it
+</ins>
+is
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">most
+generic.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type/language
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+typeOrLanguage
+and
+the
+second
+element
+</del>
+</i>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+it
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+@null
+</code>.
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+is
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">third
+item
+of
+queryPath
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+under
+which
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+are
+stored
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>
+to
+an
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">whose
+first
+element
+typeLanguageValue
+and
+whose
+second
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">will
+indicate,
+in
+order,
+the
+preferred
+values
+for
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@null
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Query
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+result
+of
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-new">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">and
+store
+</del>
+</a>,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">result
+.
+If
+result
+is
+a
+a
+string
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+document
+relative
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+equals
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+return
+result
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+that
+order,
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+append
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+that
+order,
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+the
+entry
+for
+iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@none
+</ins></code>,
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+order,
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#term-selection"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+</del>
+</a>,
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">iri
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+containers
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i>
+term
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,
+return
+<del class="diff-old">its
+value.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">At
+this
+point,
+there
+is
+no
+simple
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+can
+be
+compacted
+to.
+Instead,
+try
+to
+create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+starting
+by
+initializing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+variable
+will
+be
+used
+to
+store
+the
+created
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+if
+any.
+</ins></li><li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">termIri
+-
+termDefinition
+pair
+in
+inverse
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+value
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">sorted
+</del>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">reverse
+order
+by
+termIri
+the
+(longest
+termIri
+comes
+first),
+perform
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">termDefinition
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generator,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">colon
+(
+</ins><code>:</code><ins class="diff-chg">
+),
+then
+</ins>
+continue
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">termIri
+-
+termDefinition
+pair
+from
+inverse
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+because
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+colons
+can't
+be
+used
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefixes
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+iri
+begins
+with
+termIri
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">longer
+than
+termIri
+,
+generate
+a
+compact
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-new">mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-new">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">by
+concatenating
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+a
+substring
+at
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">beginning
+</ins>
+of
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">iri
+</ins></i>,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+termDefinition
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cannot
+be
+used
+as
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+because
+it
+is
+not
+a
+partial
+match
+</ins>
+with
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">iri
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+candidate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+by
+concatenating
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>,
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">)
+character
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">),
+</ins>
+and
+the
+<del class="diff-old">unmatched
+part
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">substring
+</ins>
+of
+<i>
+iri
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+follows
+after
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<ins class="diff-new">either
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+candidate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+shorter
+or
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+length
+but
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+</ins><i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+candidate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+definition
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+entry
+</del>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+termIri
+-
+termDefinition
+pair
+from
+inverse
+context
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+equals
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">cannot
+be
+used.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+candidate
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></i>
+is
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">;
+if
+it
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">At
+this
+point,
+there
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+null,
+set
+the
+term
+member
+of
+result
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+return
+result
+.
+If
+the
+vocabRelative
+flag
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+compacted
+to,
+so
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocab
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+<del class="diff-old">,
+the
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">,
+and
+</del>
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+iri
+</i>
+begins
+with
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+of
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+vocabulary
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mapping's
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins>
+but
+is
+<del class="diff-old">longer
+Set
+vocabIri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">longer,
+then
+initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+suffix
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">unmatched
+part
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">substring
+</ins>
+of
+<i>
+iri
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+does
+not
+match.
+</ins>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">there
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suffix
+</ins></i>
+does
+not
+<del class="diff-old">exist
+an
+entry
+for
+vocabIri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">have
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">then
+</ins>
+return
+<del class="diff-old">vocabIri
+if
+result
+is
+null
+;
+if
+it
+is
+not
+null
+set
+the
+term
+member
+of
+result
+to
+vocabIri
+and
+return
+result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suffix
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocab
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+return
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+transform
+</ins><i>
+iri
+<del class="diff-old">as
+is.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+document's
+base
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise
+set
+the
+term
+member
+of
+result
+to
+iri
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Finally,
+</ins>
+return
+<del class="diff-old">result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">iri
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+is.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="term-selection">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Term
+Selection
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+active
+context
+as
+produced
+by
+the
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+is
+very
+efficient
+for
+expanding
+terms
+and
+compact
+IRIs
+to
+IRIs
+but
+is
+of
+limited
+use
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+algorithm,
+invoked
+via
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">opposite
+operation:
+</del>
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">compaction
+.
+Hence,
+this
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Compaction
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">introduces
+the
+notion
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">makes
+use
+</ins>
+of
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context's
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">which
+brings
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+find
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">same
+efficiency
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+best
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-compaction" title="compaction" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">compact
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">compaction
+</del>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">An
+inverse
+context
+a
+tree
+of
+JSON
+objects
+which
+allow
+to
+efficiently
+select
+a
+term
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Other
+information
+about
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">-value
+pair.
+The
+value
+takes
+an
+active
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+given,
+including
+which
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mappings
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">returns
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+would
+be
+best
+used
+to
+express
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">corresponding
+inverse
+context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="general-solution-8">
+<ins class="diff-chg">General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">defaultLanguage
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+active
+</del>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inverse
+</ins>
+context's
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">default
+language
+if
+there
+is
+one;
+otherwise
+set
+it
+to
+@null
+.
+For
+each
+term
+definition
+in
+the
+active
+context
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term's
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">will
+be
+first
+searched
+according
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+continue
+with
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+term
+definition
+.
+Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">preferred
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+container
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+value
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mappings
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">order
+that
+they
+are
+given.
+Amongst
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+a
+matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+container
+mapping
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">preference
+will
+be
+given
+to
+those
+with
+a
+matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">@null
+if
+no
+such
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+</ins>
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">exists.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">over
+those
+without
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">there
+is
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generator
+,
+set
+termType
+to
+propertyGenerators
+.
+Otherwise
+set
+set
+termType
+to
+term
+and
+append
+the
+term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+the
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">without
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+matches
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+in
+inverse
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">(append
+term
+to
+inverseContext[iri]['term']
+).
+For
+each
+iri
+mapped
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+selected.
+If
+there
+is
+still
+no
+selected
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+If
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+type
+,
+append
+the
+term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+inverseContext[iri][container]['@type'][type][termType]
+,
+e.g.,
+inverseContext['http://...']['@list']['@type']['http://...']['term']
+.
+Otherwise,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">will
+be
+selected
+</ins>
+if
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">available.
+No
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">will
+be
+selected
+that
+</ins>
+has
+a
+<del class="diff-old">language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">conflicting
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+</ins>
+mapping
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">store
+the
+associated
+language
+in
+language
+,
+replacing
+null
+with
+@null
+.
+Then
+append
+the
+term
+to
+inverseContext[iri][container]['@language'][language][termType]
+,
+e.g.,
+inverseContext['http://...']['@list']['@language']['de']['term']
+.
+Otherwise
+append
+the
+term
+to
+inverseContext[iri][container]['@null']['@null'][termType]
+as
+well
+as
+inverseContext[iri][container]['@language'][defaultLanguage][termType]
+to
+take
+the
+default
+language
+into
+consideration
+for
+terms
+without
+explicit
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+language
+mapping
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Remove
+all
+but
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Ties
+between
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+have
+the
+same
+mappings
+are
+resolved
+by
+first
+choosing
+</ins>
+the
+shortest
+<ins class="diff-new">terms,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">lexicographically
+least
+term
+in
+each
+term
+member
+in
+inverse
+context
+.
+The
+result
+is
+thus
+a
+single
+string
+value.
+Finally,
+sort
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+by
+choosing
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">array
+associated
+with
+every
+propertyGenerators
+member
+in
+inverse
+context
+</del>
+lexicographically
+<del class="diff-old">(shortest
+terms
+come
+first).
+5.11
+Inverse
+Context
+Query
+Algorithm
+It
+is
+possible
+that
+multiple
+terms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">least
+term.
+Note
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">differ
+in
+their
+container
+,
+type
+,
+or
+language
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">these
+ties
+</ins>
+are
+<del class="diff-old">mapped
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resolved
+automatically
+because
+they
+were
+previously
+resolved
+when
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">same
+IRI
+.
+The
+purpose
+of
+this
+</del>
+<a href="#inverse-context-creation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</ins>
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">query
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">to
+return
+either
+the
+best
+matching
+term
+,
+or
+a
+list
+of
+potential
+property
+generators
+along
+with
+a
+term
+to
+fall
+back
+to
+if
+none
+of
+the
+property
+generators
+can
+be
+applied.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-8">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">takes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+five
+required
+inputs.
+They
+are:
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">inverseContextSubtree
+,
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">queryPath
+as
+generated
+by
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+algorithm
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+a
+level
+parameter
+which
+is
+initialized
+to
+0
+if
+nothing
+else
+is
+passed.
+The
+algorithm
+returns
+either
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+containers
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+represents
+an
+ordered
+list
+of
+preferred
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mappings
+</ins></a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">representing
+the
+best
+matching
+term
+or
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type/language
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+indicates
+whether
+to
+look
+for
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">consisting
+of
+a
+propertyGenerators
+member,
+containing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">sorted
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+potential
+property
+generators
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<del class="diff-old">optional
+term
+member
+containing
+a
+term
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+fall
+back
+to
+if
+none
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representing
+an
+ordered
+list
+</ins>
+of
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">preferred
+values
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generators
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">can
+be
+applied.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+look
+for.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<del class="diff-old">result
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+map
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+.
+If
+level
+equals
+3
+,
+i.e.,
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">deepest
+nested
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+inverse
+context
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+reached,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+inverseContextSubtree
+has
+a
+propertyGenerators
+member,
+copy
+that
+member
+into
+a
+new
+JSON
+object
+and
+store
+that
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+item
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">containers
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">inverseContextSubtree
+has
+a
+term
+member
+and
+result
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+return
+the
+value
+of
+that
+member;
+otherwise
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+a
+key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+map
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+there
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+,
+copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+it,
+so
+continue
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term
+member
+into
+result
+and
+return
+result
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+for
+each
+entry
+of
+the
+array
+in
+queryPath's
+level'd
+position
+(
+queryPath[level]
+),
+perform
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+If
+inverseContextSubtree
+has
+no
+entry
+member,
+continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+</ins>
+with
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+entry
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise
+set
+tmpResult
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+map
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+recursively
+invoking
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+</ins></i>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">of
+inverseContextSubtree
+as
+new
+inverseContextSubtree
+,
+queryPath
+,
+and
+level
++
+1
+as
+new
+level
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+type/language
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+preferred
+values
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">tmpResult
+is
+a
+string
+and
+result
+is
+null
+,
+return
+tmpResult
+;
+otherwise,
+if
+result
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+is
+not
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+transform
+tmpResult
+to
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+whose
+propertyGenerators
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+map
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+there
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+an
+empty
+array
+and
+whose
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">member
+is
+set
+to
+tmpResult
+.
+If
+result
+is
+null
+,
+replace
+it
+</del>
+</a>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">tmpResult
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+so
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">append
+each
+item
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+matching
+term
+has
+been
+found,
+return
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">propertyGenerator
+member
+of
+tmpResult
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">propertyGenerator
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">of
+result
+unless
+it
+is
+already
+</del>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">result's
+member.
+If
+result
+has
+no
+term
+member
+but
+tmpResult
+does,
+copy
+tmpResult's
+term
+member
+into
+result
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+map
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">No
+matching
+term
+has
+been
+found.
+</ins>
+Return
+<del class="diff-old">result
+.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="value-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-expansion" title="expansion" class="tref internalDFN">
+Expansion
+</a>
+transforms
+all
+values
+into
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-form" title="expanded-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+in
+JSON-LD.
+This
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">does
+the
+opposite,
+it
+compacts
+an
+algorithm
+according
+the
+term
+definition
+of
+the
+passed
+active
+property
+.
+After
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">performs
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">application
+of
+this
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">opposite
+operation,
+transforming
+</ins>
+a
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+said
+to
+be
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">into
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-compacted-form" title="compacted-form">
+compacted
+form
+</dfn>.
+This
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">takes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compacts
+</ins>
+a
+value
+<del class="diff-old">,
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">according
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+given
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">,
+an
+inverse
+context
+,
+an
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+value's
+associated
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">,
+and
+an
+optional
+containerValue
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+a
+</del>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="general-solution-9">
+<ins class="diff-chg">General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">containerValue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+compact
+</ins>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">been
+passed,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">either
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-chg">former
+case,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+set
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consists
+of
+only
+of
+</ins>
+an
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">which
+equals
+containerValue
+,
+remove
+that
+member.
+If
+value
+is
+a
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and,
+if
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+container
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">having
+a
+single
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+compacted
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+returning
+</ins>
+the
+result
+of
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+<ins class="diff-new">algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">on
+that
+member's
+value.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+compact
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cannot
+be
+compacted
+and
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON
+object
+having
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">returned
+as
+is.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+the
+latter
+case,
+it
+might
+be
+possible
+to
+compact
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+just
+into
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member.
+This
+can
+be
+done
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">matching
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">value
+has
+a
+corresponding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">there
+is
+either
+no
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+or
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+can
+also
+be
+done
+if
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+the
+only
+</ins>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(apart
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+case
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+and
+either
+its
+associated
+value
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+there
+is
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+there
+is
+an
+explicit
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-9"><ins class="diff-new">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+algorithm
+has
+four
+required
+inputs:
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+be
+compacted.
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+number
+of
+members
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+corresponding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-container-mapping" title="container-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">container
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+associated
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+member
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+decrease
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+1
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+greater
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+2
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+it
+cannot
+be
+compacted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+a
+containerValue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">been
+passed,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+container
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+set
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-new">return
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+@language
+member
+which
+equals
+containerValue
+,
+remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">from
+value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+iri
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-inverse-context" title="inverse-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">inverse
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+iri
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+vocab
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+is.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+default
+language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+whose
+value
+matches
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-type-mapping" title="type-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+corresponding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+whose
+value
+matches
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+if
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">number
+members
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+1
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+either
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+<del class="diff-old">value's
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+no
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+default
+language
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-mapping" title="language-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,,
+return
+<del class="diff-old">value
+.
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+just
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+return
+the
+value
+of
+that
+</del>
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+return
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="flattening-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Flattening
+Algorithms
+</ins></h2><section id="flattening-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Find
+and
+Remove
+Property
+Generator
+Duplicates
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
+Algorithm
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">checks
+if
+a
+specific
+value
+exists
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flattens
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+by
+collecting
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">properties
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+generator
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">if
+so,
+it
+removes
+them.
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+five
+parameters:
+element
+,
+property
+,
+value
+,
+active
+context
+,
+active
+property
+.
+For
+each
+item
+propertyGenerator
+of
+the
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">labeling
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+nodes
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">which
+is
+the
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+resulting
+uniform
+shape
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">propertyGenerators
+member
+of
+active
+property
+perform
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document,
+may
+drastically
+simplify
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+Check
+that
+a
+member
+exists
+for
+each
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">code
+required
+to
+process
+JSON-LD
+data
+in
+certain
+applications.
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-10"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+the
+propertyGenerator
+.
+If
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">First,
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+null
+also
+check
+whether
+each
+of
+those
+members
+that
+contains
+value
+.
+Values
+are
+considered
+to
+be
+equal
+if
+they
+are
+of
+the
+same
+type
+and
+have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">generated
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">same
+value(s);
+node
+objects
+</del>
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">are
+considered
+to
+be
+equal
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+collects
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">members
+match,
+except
+if
+no
+@id
+member
+exists
+(i.e.,
+it
+is
+an
+unlabeled
+blank
+node
+,
+in
+that
+case
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">properties
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+<del class="diff-old">objects
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">are
+never
+considered
+to
+be
+equal.
+If
+that's
+not
+the
+case,
+continue
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+</ins>
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">propertyGenerator
+.
+Otherwise,
+remove
+value
+from
+every
+member.
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">step,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+value
+of
+a
+member
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+empty
+array
+,
+remove
+the
+member
+altogether
+from
+element
+.
+Return
+propertyGenerator
+.
+Return
+the
+value
+of
+the
+term
+member
+of
+active
+property
+since
+no
+matching
+property
+generator
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">converted
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+in
+</ins><a href="../json-ld/#flattened-document-form" title="flattened-document-form" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+flattened
+document
+form
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+if
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+has
+been
+<del class="diff-old">found.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passed,
+the
+flattened
+document
+is
+compacted
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#compaction-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+before
+being
+returned.
+</ins></p>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">5.14
+Flattening
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-10">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+input
+variables,
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+flatten
+and
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+optional
+</ins><i>
+context
+</i>
+used
+to
+compact
+the
+flattened
+document.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+not
+passed,
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Expand
+element
+according
+the
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Generate
+a
+nodeMap
+according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Perform
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Let
+defaultGraph
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+member
+of
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+;
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+representing
+the
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+default
+graph
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">other
+graphName
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key-value
+pair
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+name
+</ins></i>
+-
+<i>
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+</del>
+</i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+where
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+</ins></i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<del class="diff-old">graphName
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+name
+</ins></i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<del class="diff-old">graphName
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+name
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+entry
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins>
+set
+<ins class="diff-new">it
+</ins>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">(referred
+to
+as
+nodes
+)
+to
+the
+JSON
+object
+which
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+graphName
+member
+of
+nodeMap
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+pair
+in
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</i>,
+add
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+array
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">flattened.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flattened
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+pair
+in
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+</ins></i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</i>,
+add
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+flattened
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">equals
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+flattened
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+compacting
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>
+according
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+ensuring
+that
+the
+compaction
+result
+uses
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+keyword
+(or
+its
+alias)
+at
+the
+top-level,
+even
+if
+the
+context
+is
+empty
+or
+if
+there
+is
+only
+one
+element
+to
+put
+in
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>.
+This
+ensures
+that
+the
+returned
+document
+has
+a
+deterministic
+structure.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="node-map-generation">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.15
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+creates
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>
+holding
+an
+indexed
+representation
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+graphs
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+represented
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">passed,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passed
+</ins>
+expanded
+document.
+All
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+that
+are
+not
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+get
+assigned
+a
+(new)
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>
+will
+have
+a
+member
+for
+every
+graph
+in
+the
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+another
+object
+with
+a
+member
+for
+every
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+represented
+in
+the
+document.
+The
+default
+graph
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+member,
+all
+other
+graphs
+are
+stored
+under
+their
+<a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN">
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">name.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">name
+</ins></a>.</p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-11"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+recursively
+runs
+over
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+collect
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+properties
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+constructs
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+keys
+represent
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+names
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+used
+in
+the
+document
+(the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+key
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+and
+whose
+associated
+values
+are
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+objects
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+index
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+property's
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+is
+replace
+by
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+of
+only
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+If
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+or
+it
+is
+identified
+by
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+generated.
+This
+relabeling
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+also
+be
+done
+for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+properties
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+values
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-11">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+input
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+and
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>.
+Furthermore
+it
+has
+the
+optional
+parameters
+<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+graph
+</a>
+(which
+defaults
+to
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+),
+an
+<a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">.
+The
+nodeMap
+must
+be
+initialized
+to
+a
+JSON
+object
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+name
+corresponds
+with
+</del>
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+not
+passed,
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">whose
+value
+is
+an
+empty
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+array,
+process
+each
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">recursively,
+using
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+follows
+and
+then
+return:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Run
+</ins>
+this
+algorithm
+<ins class="diff-new">recursively
+by
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+graph
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">return.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Let
+activeGraph
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+which
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+graph
+</a>
+member
+of
+<del class="diff-old">nodeMap
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+reference
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">element
+</ins></i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+for
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">newly
+</ins>
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<del class="diff-old">new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">generated
+</ins>
+blank
+node
+identifier
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">activeGraph
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></i>
+has
+no
+member
+<i>
+item
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</i>,
+create
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+</ins>
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><i>
+item
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></i>
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+id
+and
+store
+element
+as
+value
+of
+the
+member
+id
+in
+activeGraph
+.
+Issue
+207
+Handling
+of
+free-floating
+values
+is
+still
+being
+discussed.
+Otherwise,
+if
+no
+list
+has
+been
+passed,
+</del>
+merge
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+into
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+;
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resulting
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+activeGraph
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+not
+contain
+any
+duplicate
+values.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">having
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+</ins>
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+value
+of
+<i>
+element's
+</i>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">and
+result
+as
+list
+.
+If
+</del>
+</i>,
+<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+graph
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">is
+null
+</del>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+id
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">store
+</del>
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">as
+value
+of
+the
+member
+id
+in
+activeGraph
+.
+Issue
+207
+Handling
+of
+free-floating
+values
+is
+still
+being
+discussed.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins><i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+the
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+subject
+in
+activeGraph
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member,
+<del class="diff-old">store
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">in
+id
+</del>
+and
+remove
+the
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+If
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">newly
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+generated
+</ins>
+blank
+node
+identifier
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+id
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</ins>
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+a
+new
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+algorithm
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+store
+it
+as
+id
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">activeGraph
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></i>
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+member
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</i>,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+</del>
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+reference
+</i>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">no
+</del>
+<i>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">has
+been
+passed,
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,
+merge
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+into
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+;
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resulting
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+activeGraph
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">must
+not
+contain
+any
+duplicate
+values.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+id
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+</ins></i>.</li><li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member,
+merge
+each
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+its
+values
+</ins>
+into
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">member
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+in
+activeGraph
+.
+Then
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+finally
+</ins>
+remove
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">;
+the
+resulting
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+not
+contain
+any
+duplicate
+values.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+member,
+set
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@index
+</ins>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">member
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+in
+activeGraph
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i>
+to
+its
+value.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">such
+a
+member
+already
+exists
+in
+active
+subject
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+has
+<ins class="diff-new">already
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+with
+</ins>
+a
+different
+value,
+<del class="diff-old">raise
+</del>
+a
+<code class="error">
+<del class="diff-old">CONFLICTING_ANNOTATION
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">
+<ins class="diff-chg">conflicting
+indexes
+</ins></a>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error.
+Otherwise
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+continue
+<ins class="diff-new">by
+removing
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Create
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+referenced
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+value
+is
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+id
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+reverse
+map
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member,
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+referenced
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+its
+value;
+otherwise
+create
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+referenced
+node
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">remove
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+graph
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Remove
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@annotation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-new">member
+</ins>
+from
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member,
+recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>,
+and
+<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+.
+Then
+remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+before
+removing
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Finally
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Finally,
+</ins>
+for
+each
+<ins class="diff-chg">key-value
+pair
+</ins><i>
+property
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">pair
+</del>
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">no
+</del>
+<i>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">member
+exists
+in
+the
+JSON
+object
+which
+</del>
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+of
+the
+id
+member
+of
+activeGraph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+newly
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+</ins>
+create
+<del class="diff-old">the
+member
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+</ins>
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</i>,
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i>,<a href="#dfn-active-graph" title="active-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+graph
+</ins></a>,<i>
+id
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-subject" title="active-subject" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<i>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">as
+new
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-property" title="active-property" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+<del class="diff-old">specification
+describes
+algorithms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+is
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">transform
+JSON-LD
+documents
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">generate
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">relabel
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+RDF
+quads
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">existing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+vice-versa.
+Note
+that
+many
+uses
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+not
+require
+generation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+avoid
+collision
+by
+the
+introduction
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">RDF.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+ones.
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-12"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">processing
+algorithms
+described
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">simplest
+case
+is
+if
+there
+exists
+already
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">this
+section
+are
+provided
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i>,
+in
+<del class="diff-old">order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+case
+it
+is
+simply
+returned.
+Otherwise,
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+generated
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_:b
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+entry
+is
+created
+in
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+associating
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+increased
+by
+</ins>
+one
+<del class="diff-old">might
+implement
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+the
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+returned.
+</ins></p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-12"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">single
+input
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+may
+be
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Between
+its
+executions,
+the
+algorithm
+needs
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">RDF
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keep
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">produce
+the
+same
+type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">relabel
+existing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consistently
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">number
+of
+quads
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+generate
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+initialized
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+0
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+default.
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">but
+are
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+has
+an
+entry
+in
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_:b
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Increment
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+counter
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+1
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">required
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+set
+its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">implement
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+Issue
+This
+algorithm
+hasn't
+been
+updated
+yet.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Return
+the
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></section></section></section><section id="rdf-conversion-algorithms"><h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Convert
+to
+</del>
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Conversion
+Algorithms
+</ins></h2>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+describes
+algorithms
+to
+transform
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+vice
+versa.
+</ins>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm
+below
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithms
+are
+</ins>
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+implementing
+RDF
+conversion
+must
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+set
+of
+RDF
+quads
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Throughout
+this
+section,
+</ins>
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm
+generates:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+</ins><a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefixes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+used
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a>:
+</p>
+<table rules="all">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+<ins class="diff-new">Prefix
+</ins></th><th><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf
+</ins></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><ins class="diff-new">
+rdfs
+</ins></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd
+</ins></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
+</ins></td></tr></tbody></table><section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+10.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+algorithm
+takes
+four
+input
+variables:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+algorithms
+converts
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+document
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+converted,
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+and
+graph
+name
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+dataset
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">To
+begin,
+the
+active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+</del>
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/217">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Issue
+217
+</ins></span>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+graph
+name
+</del>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+does
+not
+currently
+allow
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">are
+set
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">null
+,
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+used
+as
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+name
+</ins></a>.</p></div><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-13"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+JSON-LD
+document
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+and
+converted
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">result
+of
+performing
+</del>
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+allows
+each
+graph
+represented
+within
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+Algorithm
+on
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+to
+be
+extracted
+and
+flattened,
+making
+it
+easier
+to
+process
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Each
+graph
+from
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+processed
+to
+extract
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+triples
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+which
+<ins class="diff-new">any
+(non-default)
+graph
+name
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">expected
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">applied
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+a
+a
+well-formed
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+defined
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">[
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+which
+corresponds
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-subject" title="rdf-subject" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+other
+members
+represent
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-predicate" title="rdf-predicate" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+predicates
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Each
+member
+value
+is
+either
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">].
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+can
+be
+transformed
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">allow
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+generate
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+triple
+</ins></a>.<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Lists
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+transformed
+into
+an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab" title="rdf-collection" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+Collection
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">given
+context
+</del>
+<a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">be
+cleanly
+applied.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm.
+</ins></a></p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-13"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+element
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+returns
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expand
+</ins><i>
+element
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">according
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Generate
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+,
+perform
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+according
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+</del>
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+active
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+null
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dataset
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+element
+has
+a
+@value
+property:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+of
+@value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+for
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+append
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">number
+,
+set
+the
+active
+object
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">composed
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i>
+to
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">triples
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+value
+using
+a
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+the
+value
+as
+defined
+in
+the
+section
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+.
+Set
+datatype
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">continue
+</ins>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+the
+@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+</ins><i>
+property
+<del class="diff-old">if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+either
+xsd:integer
+or
+xsd:double
+,
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+pair.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+the
+value
+of
+@value
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">property
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">false
+,
+set
+the
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+values
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins>
+object
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+head
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+typed
+value
+created
+from
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">canonical
+lexical
+form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value.
+Set
+datatype
+to
+</del>
+<a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">property
+if
+it
+exists,
+otherwise
+xsd:boolean
+.
+Otherwise,
+if
+element
+contains
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+triples
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+first
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+property,
+set
+the
+active
+object
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">composed
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+head
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+typed
+value
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+finally
+append
+all
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+element
+contains
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+property,
+set
+the
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">language-tagged
+string
+.
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+active
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+value
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">composed
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+result
+of
+</ins>
+using
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:string
+as
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">datatype.
+</del>
+<a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li></ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">element
+has
+a
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+property
+the
+value
+must
+be
+an
+array
+.
+Process
+its
+value
+as
+a
+list
+as
+described
+in
+List
+Conversion
+using
+the
+return
+value
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@default
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+add
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+object
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+dataset
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+active
+object
+is
+not
+null
+:
+If
+neither
+active
+subject
+nor
+active
+property
+are
+null
+,
+generate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+create
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">Quad
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">named
+graph
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">representing
+active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+,
+active
+object
+,
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+dataset
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+composed
+of
+</ins><i>
+graph
+name
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+add
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<del class="diff-old">active
+object
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dataset
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+element
+has
+</del>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="object-to-rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+property,
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+be
+a
+string
+,
+set
+the
+active
+subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+transforms
+it
+into
+an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-resource" title="rdf-resource" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+resource
+</ins>
+</a>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">be
+used
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">previously
+expanded
+value
+(either
+a
+blank
+node
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object" title="object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+triple
+</ins></a>.</p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-14"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">does
+not
+have
+a
+@id
+property,
+set
+</del>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+objects
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+transformed
+to
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+literals
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+defined
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">whereas
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+objects
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+transformed
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">newly
+generated
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+<ins class="diff-new">identifiers
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+each
+property
+and
+value
+in
+element
+,
+ordered
+by
+property
+,
+</del>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-14">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">follows:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+sole
+argument
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+must
+be
+either
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+,
+set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+return
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+associated
+with
+its
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">rdf:type
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">if
+property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+,
+process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm
+recursively,
+using
+active
+subject
+as
+graph
+name
+and
+null
+values
+for
+active
+subject
+and
+active
+property
+and
+then
+proceed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">next
+property.
+Otherwise,
+if
+property
+is
+a
+keyword
+,
+skip
+this
+step.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+set
+active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+datatype
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+IRI
+form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">property
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+such
+a
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+active
+subject
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form" title="canonical-lexical-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+graph
+name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+defined
+in
+the
+section
+</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+active
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+datatype
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+it
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:boolean
+</ins></code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">process
+each
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">then
+set
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+array
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+its
+</ins><a href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form" title="canonical-lexical-form" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</ins>
+</a>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">follows,
+process
+element
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm,
+using
+copies
+of
+active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+,
+and
+graph
+name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+in
+the
+section
+</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+datatype
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+it
+to
+either
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<del class="diff-old">element
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">datatype
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">then
+the
+active
+property
+must
+be
+rdf:type
+so
+</del>
+set
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+</ins>
+to
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">xsd:string
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:langString
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+depending
+on
+if
+item
+has
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+any
+of
+these
+steps
+created
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+literal
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">active
+object
+and
+neither
+active
+subject
+nor
+active
+property
+are
+null
+,
+generate
+a
+Quad
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+literal
+</ins>
+</a>
+using
+<del class="diff-old">active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+,
+active
+object
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+name
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">datatype
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+datatype
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:langString
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+then
+add
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+as
+the
+language
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+literal
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<del class="diff-old">active
+object
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="list-to-rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+List
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+RDF
+</ins>
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+List
+Conversion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+values
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">adding
+them
+to
+a
+newly
+created
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">transforming
+it
+into
+an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab" title="rdf-collection" class="tref externalDFN">
+RDF
+Collection
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">(see
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+defined
+in
+RDF
+Semantics
+</ins>
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-SCHEMA
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF-MT" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF-MT
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">])
+by
+linking
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins></p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-15"><ins class="diff-chg">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+</ins>
+each
+element
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+allocated
+which
+is
+used
+to
+generate
+</ins>
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">rdf:next
+,
+terminating
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:rest
+</ins></code><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+returns
+</ins>
+the
+list
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">head,
+which
+is
+either
+the
+the
+first
+allocated
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins>
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+sequence:
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+empty.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-15">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">is
+invoked
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">takes
+two
+inputs:
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">,
+the
+active
+property
+</del>
+</a>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">list
+</ins></i>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">returns
+a
+value
+to
+be
+used
+as
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">active
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+triples
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+used
+for
+returning
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">calling
+location.
+Note
+This
+algorithm
+does
+not
+support
+lists
+containing
+lists.
+Issue
+This
+algorithm
+hasn't
+been
+updated
+yet.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">generated
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+triples
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty,
+</ins>
+return
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">generate
+a
+Quad
+using
+using
+the
+active
+subject
+,
+active
+property
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">bnodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+composed
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+newly
+generated
+blank
+node
+<ins class="diff-new">identifier
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">identified
+as
+first
+blank
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+each
+entry
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+triples
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">element
+in
+array
+other
+than
+the
+last
+element:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">pair
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+bnodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+state
+using
+first
+blank
+node
+as
+the
+active
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+composed
+of
+</ins><i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">,
+and
+</del>
+</i>,
+<code>
+rdf:first
+<del class="diff-old">as
+the
+active
+property
+.
+Process
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+starting
+at
+Step
+1
+.
+Proceed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+</ins>
+using
+<del class="diff-old">the
+previous
+processor
+state
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">th
+</ins><a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+item
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+triples
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Unless
+this
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+rest
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">last
+element
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">array
+,
+generate
+a
+new
+blank
+node
+identified
+as
+rest
+blank
+node
+,
+otherwise
+use
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">bnodes
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+if
+that
+does
+not
+exist,
+</ins>
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+<del class="diff-old">Generate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Append
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+Quad
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">using
+first
+blank
+node
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">composed
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i>,
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>,
+and
+<i>
+rest
+<del class="diff-old">blank
+node
+.
+Set
+first
+blank
+node
+</del>
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">rest
+blank
+node
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+triples
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins>
+first
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">from
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+bnodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+bnodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+empty.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+algorithm
+converts
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+zero
+or
+more
+</ins><a href="#dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+named
+graphs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins></p>
+<p>
+In
+some
+cases,
+data
+exists
+natively
+in
+the
+form
+of
+triples
+or
+<del class="diff-old">or
+quads
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triples
+</ins>
+</a>
+;
+for
+example,
+if
+the
+data
+was
+originally
+represented
+in
+an
+<a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN">
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+or
+triple/quad
+store.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dataset
+</ins></a>.
+This
+algorithm
+is
+designed
+to
+simply
+translate
+an
+array
+of
+<del class="diff-old">quads
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">triples
+</ins>
+</a>
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Note
+</ins></span></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+algorithm
+does
+not
+support
+lists
+containing
+lists.
+</ins></p></div><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-16"><ins class="diff-new">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">When
+expanding
+typed
+values
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Iterate
+through
+each
+graph
+in
+the
+dataset,
+converting
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab" title="rdf-collection" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+Collections
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">having
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">into
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">datatype
+of
+xsd:string
+,
+the
+@type
+must
+not
+be
+set
+to
+xsd:string
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins></a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+resulting
+value
+must
+have
+only
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">generating
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@value
+property.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+document
+in
+expanded
+form
+for
+all
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+literals
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-16">
+<ins class="diff-new">Algorithm
+</ins></h4>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">conversion
+</del>
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+single
+parameter
+<del class="diff-old">input
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dataset
+</ins></i>
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+array
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Quad
+representations.
+Issue
+This
+algorithm
+hasn't
+been
+updated
+yet.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<del class="diff-old">Construct
+defaultGraph
+as
+</del>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+nodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+two
+members,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></code>
+and
+<code>
+listMap
+<del class="diff-old">,
+each
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+value
+is
+an
+</ins>
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Construct
+graphs
+as
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+defaultGraph
+identified
+by
+an
+empty
+string
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+reference
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+nodes
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<del class="diff-old">quad
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">input
+:
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dataset
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+graph
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@default
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+otherwise
+</ins>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+in
+graphs
+identified
+by
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins>
+name
+<del class="diff-old">,
+initializing
+it
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+a
+</ins>
+to
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+using
+the
+mechanism
+described
+in
+Step
+1
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+of
+two
+members,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+listMap
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">rdf:first
+,
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+in
+graph.listMap
+indexed
+by
+subject
+,
+initializing
+it
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+nodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+such
+a
+member
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+a
+new
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">if
+nesessary.
+Represent
+object
+in
+expanded
+form
+,
+as
+described
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">Value
+Expansion
+.
+Add
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+to
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+indexed
+by
+first
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">skip
+to
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">next
+quad
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+listMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">For
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+triple
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+consisting
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+predicate
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">property
+is
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+equals
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">rdf:rest
+:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:first
+</ins></code>,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">object
+is
+a
+blank
+node
+,
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+graph.listMap
+indexed
+by
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">,
+initializing
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+</ins>
+it
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">if
+necessary.
+Add
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">nominalValue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+indexed
+by
+rest
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+the
+</ins><a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Skip
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Continue
+with
+</ins>
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">quad
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+triple
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">name
+is
+not
+null
+,
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.nodes
+does
+not
+contain
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">initialize
+it
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+for
+name
+,
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+for
+name
+from
+a
+new
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">with
+key/value
+pair
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+the
+value
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rest
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+name
+represented
+in
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object" title="object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+is
+either
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">form
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+value
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Continue
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+from
+graph.nodes
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+triple
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">,
+initializing
+it
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+a
+new
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+key/value
+pair
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+single
+member
+</ins>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">represented
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+IRI
+form
+if
+necessary.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">property
+is
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+equals
+</ins>
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><i>
+object
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+a
+JSON-LD
+value
+,
+and
+the
+useRdfType
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">option
+is
+not
+present
+or
+false
+:
+Append
+object
+represented
+in
+expanded
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">form
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<code>
+@type
+<del class="diff-old">,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+value
+if
+necessary.
+Otherwise,
+if
+object
+is
+a
+typed
+value
+and
+the
+useNativeTypes
+</del>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">option
+is
+set
+to
+true
+:
+Generate
+a
+converted
+value
+:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+literal's
+type
+is
+xsd:boolean
+,
+the
+converted
+value
+is
+true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">no
+such
+member
+exists,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">if
+the
+literal
+matches
+the
+value
+true
+or
+false
+if
+the
+literal
+matches
+the
+value
+false
+.
+If
+the
+literal's
+type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+only
+item
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">xsd:integer
+or
+xsd:double
+,
+try
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Finally,
+continue
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">convert
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+to
+a
+JSON
+number
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">next
+</ins><a href="#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triple" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+triple
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+conversion
+is
+successful,
+store
+the
+result
+in
+converted
+value
+,
+otherwise
+set
+converted
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+not
+have
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+</ins>
+value
+to
+<del class="diff-old">value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+do
+not
+perform
+a
+conversion.
+</del>
+Set
+<del class="diff-old">the
+converted
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Append
+the
+converted
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Add
+a
+reference
+to
+</ins><i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">value
+for
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key,
+creating
+an
+entry
+in
+value
+if
+necessary.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i>
+object
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">rdf:nil
+:
+Let
+key
+be
+property
+expressed
+in
+expanded
+IRI
+form
+.
+Append
+an
+empty
+@list
+representation
+to
+the
+array
+value
+for
+key
+,
+creating
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+in
+value
+if
+necessary.
+Otherwise,
+Let
+key
+be
+property
+expressed
+in
+expanded
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">form
+and
+let
+object
+representation
+be
+object
+represented
+in
+expanded
+form
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">as
+described
+in
+Value
+Expansion
+.
+If
+object
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">,
+use
+the
+entry
+in
+graph.listMap
+indexed
+by
+object
+,
+initializing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifier
+</ins></a>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">might
+represent
+the
+head
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+list:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+no
+</ins><i>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">if
+nesessary.
+Add
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+for
+head
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+</ins>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Append
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+head
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+the
+</ins><i>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+map
+</ins></i>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+reference
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+reference
+may
+be
+required
+later
+to
+replace
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">for
+key
+,
+creating
+an
+entry
+</del>
+</i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">value
+if
+necessary.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins></a>.</li></ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+graph
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">graphs
+:
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+map
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+listMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li>
+For
+each
+<ins class="diff-chg">key-value
+pair
+</ins><i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">-
+</ins><i>
+entry
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+the
+value
+associated
+to
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+listMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i>
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">where
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></i>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i>
+entry
+</i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">both
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+an
+</ins><code>
+head
+</code>
+and
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code>
+first
+<del class="diff-old">keys:
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+it
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+head
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+key-value
+pair.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+value
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><code>
+head
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+</ins>
+in
+<i>
+entry
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+for
+</del>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+from
+</ins><i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+an
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+to
+value
+for
+</del>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">initialized
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+the
+value
+of
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><code>
+first
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+of
+</ins><i>
+entry
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+While
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+has
+a
+key
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code>
+rest
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rest
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rest
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i>
+entry
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">graph.listMap
+for
+entry.rest
+.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+map
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">for
+entry.first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+entry
+</ins></i>
+to
+the
+<del class="diff-old">list
+array.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Create
+array
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins>
+an
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.nodes
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">default
+graph
+nodes
+</ins></i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Add
+entry
+to
+array
+.
+</del>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">graphs
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+map
+</ins></i>
+has
+an
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+for
+</del>
+<i>
+subject
+<del class="diff-old">,
+add
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property
+</del>
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+entry
+containing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">member
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Reference
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodeMap
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+graph
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+-
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+n
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+map
+</ins></i>
+ordered
+<del class="diff-old">entries
+from
+graphs[subject].nodes
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+n
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@graph
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+result
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></section></section><section id="rdf-to-object-conversion"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+10.5
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+algorithm
+transforms
+an
+RDF
+literal
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+a
+RDF
+blank
+node
+or
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+an
+JSON-LD
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>.</p><section class="informative"><h4 id="general-solution-17"><ins class="diff-new">
+General
+Solution
+</ins></h4><p>
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins>
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">RDF
+literals
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+transformed
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+objects
+</ins></a>
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">defined
+in
+the
+section
+</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-new">
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+whereas
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+transformed
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+objects
+</ins></a>.</p></section><section><h4 id="algorithm-17"><ins class="diff-new">
+Algorithm
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+single
+input
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+is
+converted
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+return
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+is
+behavior
+is
+required
+by
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-new">Convert
+from
+RDF
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+return
+a
+new
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal" title="rdf-literal" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+literal
+</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>
+result.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri" title="datatype-iri" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+datatype
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form" title="lexical-form" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+lexical
+form
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+matches
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+true
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+it
+matches
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+false
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri" title="datatype-iri" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+datatype
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+try
+to
+convert
+the
+literal
+to
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+number
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+conversion
+is
+successful,
+store
+the
+result
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language-tagged
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+add
+a
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tag" title="language-tag" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+tag
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri" title="datatype-iri" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+datatype
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+unless
+it
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd:string
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+is
+ignored.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Add
+a
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+converted
+value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+add
+a
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Return
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li></ol></li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-round-tripping">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.16.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+<a href="#rdf-conversion">
+converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+</a>
+JSON-native
+types
+such
+as
+<em>
+numbers
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+booleans
+</em>
+are
+automatically
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+<code>
+xsd:double
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>.
+Implementers
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+the
+result
+is
+in
+<a href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form" title="canonical-lexical-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>.
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-canonical-lexical-form" title="canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+set
+of
+literals
+from
+among
+the
+valid
+set
+of
+literals
+for
+a
+datatype
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+one-to-one
+mapping
+between
+the
+<a href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form" title="canonical-lexical-form" class="tref internalDFN">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+and
+a
+value
+in
+the
+value
+space
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2" class="bibref">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+In
+other
+words,
+every
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+deterministic
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+representation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+<em>
+integer
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+without
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+is
+a
+finite-length
+sequence
+of
+decimal
+digits
+(
+<code>
+0-9
+</code>
+)
+with
+an
+optional
+leading
+minus
+sign;
+leading
+<del class="diff-old">zeroes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">zeros
+</ins>
+are
+prohibited.
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+12
+</span>:
+<ins class="diff-chg">Sample
+integer
+serialization
+implementation
+in
+JavaScript
+</ins>
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+(value).toFixed(0).toString()
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+a
+<em>
+double
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+number
+with
+fractions
+or
+a
+number
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:double
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+consists
+of
+a
+mantissa
+followed
+by
+the
+character
+<del class="diff-old">"E",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"E",
+</ins>
+followed
+by
+an
+exponent.
+The
+mantissa
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+decimal
+number.
+The
+exponent
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+integer.
+Leading
+<del class="diff-old">zeroes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">zeros
+</ins>
+and
+a
+preceding
+plus
+sign
+(
+<code>
++
+</code>
+)
+are
+prohibited
+in
+the
+exponent.
+If
+the
+exponent
+is
+zero,
+it
+must
+be
+indicated
+by
+<code>
+E0
+</code>.
+For
+the
+mantissa,
+the
+preceding
+optional
+plus
+sign
+is
+prohibited
+and
+the
+decimal
+point
+is
+required.
+Leading
+and
+trailing
+<del class="diff-old">zeroes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">zeros
+</ins>
+are
+prohibited
+subject
+to
+the
+following:
+number
+representations
+must
+be
+normalized
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+single
+digit
+which
+is
+non-zero
+to
+the
+left
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+and
+at
+least
+a
+single
+digit
+to
+the
+right
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+unless
+the
+value
+being
+represented
+is
+zero.
+The
+canonical
+representation
+for
+zero
+is
+<code>
+0.0E0
+</code>.
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+the
+IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985" class="bibref">
+IEEE-754-1985
+</a>
+</cite>
+];
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+mantissa
+is
+rounded
+to
+15
+digits
+after
+the
+decimal
+point.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+convert
+the
+number
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+13
+</span>:
+<ins class="diff-chg">Sample
+floating
+point
+number
+serialization
+implementation
+in
+JavaScript
+</ins>
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+When
+data
+such
+as
+decimals
+need
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+should
+not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+is
+due
+to
+the
+lossy
+nature
+of
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+values.
+Authors
+should
+instead
+use
+the
+expanded
+object
+form
+to
+set
+the
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+directly.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+of
+the
+<em>
+boolean
+</em>
+values
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>
+are
+the
+strings
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+false
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+JSON-native
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>
+s,
+are
+type
+coerced,
+lossless
+data
+round-tripping
+can
+not
+be
+<del class="diff-old">guaranted
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">guaranteed
+</ins>
+as
+rounding
+errors
+might
+occur.
+Additionally,
+only
+literals
+typed
+as
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+<code>
+xsd:double
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>
+are
+automatically
+converted
+back
+to
+their
+JSON-native
+counterparts
+in
+when
+<a href="#rdf-conversion">
+converting
+from
+RDF
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation
+in
+some
+versions,
+backslash-escape
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://example.com/
+</code>
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+<code>
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</code>.
+This
+is
+problematic
+as
+other
+JSON
+parsers
+might
+not
+understand
+those
+escaping
+characters.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.
+</ins>
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+<ins class="diff-new">often
+</ins>
+easier
+to
+work
+<del class="diff-old">with
+in
+various
+programming
+languages.
+If
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with.
+A
+conformant
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">API
+is
+provided
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Processor
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+implement
+</ins>
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">API
+must
+be
+implemented.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">API.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<section id="jsonldprocessor">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Processor
+</ins>
+interface
+is
+the
+high-level
+programming
+structure
+that
+developers
+use
+to
+access
+the
+JSON-LD
+transformation
+methods.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+JSON-LD
+API
+signatures
+are
+the
+same
+across
+all
+programming
+languages.
+Due
+to
+the
+fact
+that
+asynchronous
+programming
+is
+uncommon
+in
+certain
+languages,
+developers
+may
+implement
+a
+processor
+with
+a
+synchronous
+interface
+instead.
+In
+that
+case,
+the
+callback
+parameter
+must
+not
+be
+included
+and
+the
+result
+must
+be
+returned
+as
+a
+return
+value
+instead.
+</del>
+It
+is
+important
+to
+highlight
+that
+conformant
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-processor" title="json-ld-processor" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+processors
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+modify
+the
+input
+parameters.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+an
+error
+is
+detected,
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+invoked
+passing
+a
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+the
+corresponding
+error
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code"><ins class="diff-new">
+code
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+processing
+is
+stopped.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> ]
+interface {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">Constructor</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<del class="diff-old">6.1.1
+</del>
+<h4 id="methods">
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+context
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>:</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+DOMString
+representing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/ld+json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+invoke
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+callback
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed"><ins class="diff-chg">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+an
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC5988" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC5988
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#compaction-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+if
+passed,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+flag
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+options
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Invoke
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+compacted
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+object[]
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+compaction
+upon
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+compact.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</code>
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+<del class="diff-old">is
+complete
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">completed
+successfully
+</ins>
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+<del class="diff-old">used
+algorithms
+such.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithms.
+</ins>
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+also
+includes
+the
+optimize
+flag,
+which,
+if
+set,
+will
+allow
+processor-specific
+optimization.
+</del>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>:</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+DOMString
+representing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/ld+json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+invoke
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+callback
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed"><ins class="diff-chg">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+an
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC5988" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC5988
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Invoke
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+object[]
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+expand.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+<del class="diff-old">is
+complete
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">completed
+successfully
+</ins>
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+used
+algorithms
+such.
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+flatten
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#flattening">
+Flattens
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+and
+<a href="#compaction">
+compacts
+</a>
+it
+using
+the
+passed
+<code>
+context
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
+</ins></a>:</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+passed
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+DOMString
+representing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/ld+json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+invoke
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+callback
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed"><ins class="diff-chg">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+an
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expandContext
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+application/json
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC5988" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC5988
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#context-processing-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+input
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+identifier
+map
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+counter
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+(set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+0
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+)
+to
+be
+used
+by
+the
+</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+algorithm
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+flattened
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+</ins><a href="#flattening-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+algorithm
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+expanded
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+</ins></i>,<i><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+if
+passed,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+flag
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+options
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+(which
+is
+internally
+passed
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#compaction-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Invoke
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-new">
+passing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+flattened
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+</ins></i>.</li></ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+object[]
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+flatten.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+flattened
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+If
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+is
+passed,
+the
+result
+will
+not
+be
+compacted
+but
+<del class="diff-old">keept
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">kept
+</ins>
+in
+expanded
+form.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+callback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+<del class="diff-old">is
+complete
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">completed
+successfully
+</ins>
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+used
+algorithms
+such.
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="callbacks">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Callbacks
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+processors
+utilize
+callbacks
+in
+order
+to
+<del class="diff-old">return
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">exchange
+</ins>
+information
+in
+an
+asynchronous
+manner
+<del class="diff-old">to
+calling
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+applications.
+This
+section
+details
+the
+parameters
+<del class="diff-old">sent
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+those
+callbacks.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">6.2.1
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="jsonldcallback">
+JsonLdCallback
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+called
+when
+<del class="diff-old">processing
+of
+</del>
+an
+API
+method
+of
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</a>
+has
+been
+<del class="diff-old">completed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">completed,
+either
+</ins>
+successfully
+or
+<del class="diff-old">been
+terminated
+</del>
+by
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+fatal
+</ins>
+error.
+</p>
+<pre class="idl">
+<span class="idlCallback" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+callback
+<span class="idlCallbackID">
+JsonLdCallback
+</span>
+=
+<span class="idlCallbackType">
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</span>
+(
+<span class="idlParam">
+<span class="idlParamType">
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdError
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+<span class="idlParamName">
+error
+</span>
+</span>,
+<span class="idlParam">
+<span class="idlParamType">
+<a>
+object
+or
+object
+</a>
+[]
+</span>
+<span class="idlParamName">
+document
+</span>
+</span>
+);
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h5 id="callback-jsonldcallback-parameters">
+Callback
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+Parameters
+</h5>
+<dl class="callback-members">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-error">
+<code>
+error
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdError
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>,
+then
+no
+<del class="diff-old">error
+occurred.
+If
+the
+value
+is
+non-
+null
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">issue
+was
+detected
+during
+processing.
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+a
+processing
+error
+<del class="diff-old">occurred
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+detected
+</ins>
+and
+the
+details
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+</ins>
+contained
+within
+the
+<em>
+error
+</em>
+object.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-document">
+<code>
+document
+</code>
+of
+type
+array
+of
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+object
+or
+object
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+processed
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="loadcontextcallback">
+<ins class="diff-new">LoadContextCallback
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+defines
+the
+callback
+that
+custom
+context
+loaders
+have
+to
+implement
+to
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts.
+</ins></p><pre class="idl"><span class="idlCallback" id="idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackID"><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+=
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+void
+</ins></a></span><ins class="diff-new">
+(
+</ins><span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></span></span>,<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></code></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></span></span><ins class="diff-new">
+);
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-loadcontextcallback-parameters"><ins class="diff-new">
+Callback
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+Parameters
+</ins></h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-url"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+URL
+of
+the
+remote
+context
+to
+load.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-callback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></code></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+the
+remote
+context
+has
+been
+successfully
+loaded
+or
+an
+error
+preventing
+its
+loading
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></dd></dl></section></section><section><h4 id="contextloadedcallback"><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+called
+in
+response
+to
+a
+call
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a>.</p><pre class="idl"><span class="idlCallback" id="idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackID"><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+=
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+void
+</ins></a></span><ins class="diff-new">
+(
+</ins><span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></code></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></span></span>,<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></span></span>,<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></span></span><ins class="diff-new">
+);
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-contextloadedcallback-parameters"><ins class="diff-new">
+Callback
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+Parameters
+</ins></h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-error"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></code></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+then
+no
+issue
+was
+detected
+during
+processing.
+Otherwise,
+a
+processing
+issue
+was
+detected
+and
+the
+details
+are
+contained
+within
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+object.
+All
+errors
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+a
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed"><ins class="diff-new">
+loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+</ins></a></code>.</dd><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-url"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+final
+URL
+of
+the
+loaded
+JSON-LD
+context.
+This
+is
+important
+to
+handle
+HTTP
+redirects
+properly.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-context"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+raw
+content
+of
+the
+retrieved
+JSON-LD
+context.
+</ins></dd></dl></section></section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-structures">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Data
+Structures
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+section
+describes
+datatype
+definitions
+used
+within
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.1
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="jsonldoptions">
+JsonLdOptions
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+type
+is
+used
+to
+pass
+various
+options
+to
+the
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</a>
+methods.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">loadContext</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">"json-ld-1.0"</span>;</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h5 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">
+Dictionary
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+Members
+</h5>
+<dl class="dictionary-members">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base">
+<code>
+base
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+Base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+use
+when
+expanding
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+compacting
+</ins>
+the
+document.
+This
+overrides
+the
+value
+of
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+if
+it
+is
+a
+<a>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+If
+not
+specified
+and
+<em>
+input
+</em>
+is
+not
+an
+<a>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+defaults
+to
+the
+current
+document
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+if
+in
+a
+browser
+context,
+or
+the
+empty
+string
+if
+there
+is
+no
+document
+context.
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Issue
+223
+</ins></span></a>:<ins class="diff-new">
+Feature
+at
+risk
+</ins></div><p class="atrisk"><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+default
+value
+of
+this
+option
+implies
+that
+all
+IRIs
+that
+cannot
+be
+compacted
+otherwise
+are
+transformed
+to
+relative
+IRIs
+during
+compaction.
+To
+avoid
+that
+data
+is
+being
+lost,
+developers
+thus
+have
+to
+store
+the
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+along
+with
+the
+compacted
+document.
+This
+might
+be
+problematic
+in
+practice
+and
+thus
+the
+default
+behavior
+might
+be
+changed
+in
+future.
+Furthermore,
+the
+relationship
+of
+this
+option
+to
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+(which
+is
+at
+risk)
+should
+be
+further
+investigated.
+</ins></p></div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+<code>
+compactArrays
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+boolean
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+replaces
+arrays
+with
+just
+one
+element
+with
+that
+element
+during
+compaction.
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+all
+arrays
+will
+remain
+arrays
+even
+if
+they
+have
+just
+one
+element.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+<code>
+expandContext
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+object
+or
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+initialize
+the
+active
+context
+when
+expanding
+a
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">optimize
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">loadContext
+</ins>
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<del class="diff-old">boolean
+</del>
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback">
+<del class="diff-old">,
+defaulting
+to
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">false
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">LoadContextCallback
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+set
+to
+true
+,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+is
+allowed
+to
+optimize
+the
+output
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+callback
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+Algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+loader
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">produce
+even
+compacter
+representations.
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compaction
+optimization
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification
+and
+thus
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts.
+If
+specified,
+it
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts;
+otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">defined.
+Consequently,
+different
+implementations
+may
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specified,
+the
+processor's
+built-in
+context
+loader
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">implement
+different
+optimization
+algorithms.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+used.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">useNativeTypes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processingMode
+</ins>
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">boolean
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">DOMString
+</ins>
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"json-ld-1.0"
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">json-ld-1.0
+</ins>
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+will
+try
+to
+convert
+typed
+values
+to
+JSON
+native
+types
+instead
+of
+using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Processor
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+produce
+exactly
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+object
+form
+when
+converting
+from
+RDF
+.
+xsd:boolean
+values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+true
+or
+false
+.
+xsd:integer
+and
+xsd:double
+values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+JSON
+numbers
+.
+useRdfType
+of
+type
+boolean
+,
+defaulting
+to
+false
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+results
+as
+the
+algorithms
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+</ins>
+If
+set
+to
+<del class="diff-old">true
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">another
+value,
+</ins>
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">processor
+will
+use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Processor
+is
+allowed
+to
+extend
+or
+modify
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+rdf:type
+IRI
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithms
+defined
+in
+this
+specification
+to
+enable
+application-specific
+optimizations.
+The
+definition
+of
+such
+optimizations
+is
+beyond
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">property
+instead
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">scope
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">this
+specification
+and
+thus
+not
+defined.
+Consequently,
+different
+implementations
+</ins><em title="MAY" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MAY
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+implement
+different
+optimizations.
+Developers
+</ins><em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+NOT
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+define
+modes
+beginning
+with
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">json-ld
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">when
+converting
+from
+RDF
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+they
+are
+reserved
+for
+future
+versions
+of
+this
+specification.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.2
+JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="jsonlderror">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdError
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<del class="diff-old">Issue
+153
+Developers
+should
+note
+that
+the
+details
+of
+error
+handling
+are
+being
+actively
+debated.
+</del>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdError
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+type
+is
+used
+to
+report
+<ins class="diff-new">processing
+</ins>
+errors
+to
+a
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback">
+<code>
+JsonLdCallback
+</code>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdError">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdError</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-message">message</a></span>;</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h5 id="dictionary-jsonlderror-members">
+Dictionary
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdProcessingError
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdError
+</ins>
+</code>
+</a>
+Members
+</h5>
+<dl class="dictionary-members">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdError-code">
+<code>
+code
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode">
+<code>
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+string
+representing
+the
+particular
+error
+type,
+as
+described
+in
+the
+various
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdError-message">
+<code>
+message
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+nullable
+</dt>
+<dd>
+an
+optional
+error
+message
+containing
+additional
+debugging
+information.
+The
+specific
+contents
+of
+error
+messages
+are
+outside
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+<del class="diff-old">specification
+and
+thus
+implementation
+dependent.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">6.3.3
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="jsonlderrorcode">
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode">
+<code>
+JsonLdErrorCode
+<del class="diff-old">represent
+</del>
+</code>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">represents
+</ins>
+the
+collection
+of
+valid
+JSON-LD
+error
+codes.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "",
+ "",
+ ""
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlEnum" id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode">enum <span class="idlEnumID">JsonLdErrorCode</span> {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading document failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @index value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes" class="idlEnumItem">conflicting indexes</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @id value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid local context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading remote context failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid remote context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion" class="idlEnumItem">recursive context inclusion</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI" class="idlEnumItem">invalid base IRI</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid vocab mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language" class="idlEnumItem">invalid default language</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition" class="idlEnumItem">keyword redefinition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition" class="idlEnumItem">invalid term definition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">cyclic IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias" class="idlEnumItem">invalid keyword alias</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords" class="idlEnumItem">colliding keywords</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid container mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged string</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid typed value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid set or list object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language map value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">compaction to list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property map</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @reverse value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property value</a>"
+</ins>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<table class="simple">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">
+Enumeration
+description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">INVALID_SYNTAX
+</del>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">
+<ins class="diff-chg">loading
+document
+failed
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+document
+could
+not
+be
+loaded
+or
+parsed
+as
+JSON.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+lists
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">violation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+of
+lists
+was
+detected.
+List
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+supported
+in
+this
+version
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON-LD
+due
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">grammar
+as
+defined
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithmic
+complexity
+associated
+with
+conversion
+to
+RDF.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+@index
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes"><ins class="diff-chg">
+conflicting
+indexes
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+Multiple
+conflicting
+indexes
+have
+been
+found
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+syntax
+specification
+[
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+node.
+</ins></td>
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+</tr>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+</del>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+@id
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+local
+context
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+invalid
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>
+was
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">LOAD_ERROR
+</del>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">
+<ins class="diff-chg">loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+There
+was
+a
+problem
+encountered
+loading
+a
+remote
+context.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
+</del>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">invalid
+remote
+context
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+No
+valid
+context
+document
+has
+been
+found
+for
+a
+referenced,
+remote
+context.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+recursive
+context
+inclusion
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cycle
+in
+remote
+context
+inclusions
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+base
+IRI
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+</ins><a href="#dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+vocab
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+</ins><a href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping" title="vocabulary-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+default
+language
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">lists
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-default-language" title="default-language" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+language
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+thus
+invalid.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+redefinition
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+redefinition
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+term
+definition
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+definition
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+IRI
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+has
+an
+invalid
+or
+missing
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+cyclic
+IRI
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+cycle
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri-mapping" title="iri-mapping" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mappings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+alias
+definition
+has
+been
+encountered.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+type
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+could
+not
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+</ins>
+was
+<ins class="diff-new">neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+nor
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+thus
+invalid.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords"><ins class="diff-new">
+colliding
+keywords
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+Two
+properties
+which
+expand
+to
+the
+same
+keyword
+have
+been
+</ins>
+detected.
+<del class="diff-old">List
+of
+lists
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+might
+occur
+if
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+an
+an
+alias
+thereof
+</ins>
+are
+<ins class="diff-new">used
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+container
+mapping
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">supported
+in
+this
+version
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+due
+to
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">algorithmic
+complexity
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+strings
+</ins></a>:<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@set
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+type
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+the
+value
+was
+neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+strings
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+value
+object
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+disallowed
+members
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+value
+object
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-scalar" title="scalar" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+scalar
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+string
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language-tagged
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+an
+invalid
+language
+value
+was
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+an
+</ins>
+associated
+<ins class="diff-new">language
+tag
+was
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+typed
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+value
+</ins></a>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">conversion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+invalid
+type
+was
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+set
+or
+list
+object
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-set-object" title="set-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+disallowed
+members
+has
+been
+detected.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+language
+map
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+value
+in
+a
+</ins><a href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+been
+detected.
+It
+has
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">RDF.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+strings
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compaction
+to
+list
+of
+lists
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+compacted
+document
+contains
+a
+list
+of
+lists
+as
+multiple
+lists
+have
+been
+compacted
+to
+the
+same
+term.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+has
+been
+detected.
+No
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keywords
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+apart
+from
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+allowed
+in
+reverse
+property
+maps.
+</ins></td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+@reverse
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+the
+value
+was
+not
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value"><ins class="diff-chg">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</ins></code></td><td><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+a
+reverse
+property
+has
+been
+detected.
+The
+value
+of
+an
+inverse
+property
+must
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="acknowledgements" class="appendix informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+A
+large
+amount
+of
+thanks
+goes
+out
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+participants
+who
+worked
+through
+many
+of
+the
+technical
+issues
+on
+the
+mailing
+list
+and
+the
+weekly
+telecons
+-
+of
+special
+mention
+are
+Niklas
+Lindström,
+François
+Daoust,
+Lin
+Clark,
+and
+Zdenko
+'Denny'
+Vrandečić.
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj.
+The
+work
+of
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+are
+appreciated
+for
+reviewing,
+and
+performing
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification.
+Ian
+Davis
+is
+thanked
+for
+his
+work
+on
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Josh
+Mandel,
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+David
+Wood,
+Guus
+Schreiber,
+Pat
+Hayes,
+Sandro
+Hawke,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+or
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="appendix" id="references">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="normative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl about="" class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
+[IEEE-754-1985]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+IEEE.
+<cite>
+IEEE
+Standard
+for
+Binary
+Floating-Point
+Arithmetic.
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">See
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">URL:
+</ins>
+<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
+http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+<del class="diff-old">The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</del>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+<del class="diff-old">Lanthaler
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lanthaler,
+</ins>
+Editors.
+<del class="diff-old">World
+Wide
+Web
+Consortium
+(work
+in
+progress).
+22
+May
+2012.
+Editor's
+Draft.
+This
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+is
+http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/.
+The
+latest
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+is
+available
+at
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</del>
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax
+</del>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+1.0
+</ins></a>.
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+World
+Wide
+Web
+Consortium
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">W3C
+Editor's
+Draft
+</ins>
+(work
+in
+progress).
+<del class="diff-old">30
+May
+2012.
+Editor's
+Draft.
+This
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+is
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/.
+The
+latest
+edition
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">URL:
+</ins><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+available
+at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</del>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-MT">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RDF-MT]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+<del class="diff-old">Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Patrick
+Hayes.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">
+<cite>
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Semantics
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>.
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC2119">
+[RFC2119]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+S.
+Bradner.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+<cite>
+Key
+words
+for
+use
+in
+RFCs
+to
+Indicate
+Requirement
+Levels.
+</cite>
+</a>
+March
+1997.
+Internet
+RFC
+2119.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+[RFC3986]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+<cite>
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+<del class="diff-old">Syntax.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Syntax
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>.
+January
+2005.
+<del class="diff-old">Internet
+</del>
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Dürst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+<del class="diff-old">(IRIs).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(IRIs)
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>.
+January
+2005.
+<del class="diff-old">Internet
+</del>
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+July
+2006.
+<del class="diff-old">Internet
+</del>
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[WEBIDL]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RFC5988">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RFC5988]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+<ins class="diff-chg">M.
+Nottingham.
+</ins>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">
+Web
+<del class="diff-old">IDL
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Linking
+</ins></a>.</cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+October
+2010.
+Internet
+RFC
+5988.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[WEBIDL]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Cameron
+McCormack,
+Editor.
+<del class="diff-old">World
+Wide
+</del>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">
+Web
+<del class="diff-old">Consortium.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IDL.
+</ins></a></cite>
+19
+April
+2012.
+<ins class="diff-new">W3C
+</ins>
+Candidate
+<del class="diff-old">Recommendataion.
+This
+edition
+of
+Web
+IDL
+is
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Recommendation
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/
+</ins></a>.
+The
+latest
+edition
+<del class="diff-old">of
+Web
+IDL
+</del>
+is
+available
+at
+<del class="diff-old">http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/
+</ins></a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+[XMLSCHEMA11-2]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Henry
+S.
+<del class="diff-old">Thompson;
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Thompson
+</ins>
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+<cite>
+W3C
+XML
+Schema
+Definition
+Language
+(XSD)
+1.1
+Part
+2:
+<del class="diff-old">Datatypes.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Datatypes
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>.
+5
+April
+2012.
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Recommendation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Recommendation.
+</ins>
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="informative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl about="" class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+A.
+Phillips;
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>.
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification.
+</cite>
+</a>
+June
+2011.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">
+[JSON-LD-TESTS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<cite>
+<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/test-suite/">
+JSON-LD
+Test
+Suite
+</a>
+</cite>
+(work
+in
+progress).
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[TURTLE-TR]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+15
+January
+2013.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[TURTLE]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+Gavin
+<del class="diff-old">Carothers.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Carothers,
+Editors.
+</ins>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">09
+August
+2011.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">19
+February
+2013.
+</ins>
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Working
+Draft.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Candidate
+Recommendation
+(work
+in
+progress).
+</ins>
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='http://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body><div class="head">
+ <p>
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" /></a>
+ </p>
+ <h1 id="title" class="title">JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API</h1>
+
+ <h2 id="final-community-group-specification-28-march-2013">Final Community Group Specification 28 March 2013</h2>
+ <dl>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Test suite:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://json-ld.org/test-suite/">http://json-ld.org/test-suite/</a></dd>
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Authors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Dave Longley" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document is also available in this non-normative format:
+
+ <a href="diff-20121225.html" rel="alternate">diff to previous version</a>
+ </p>
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2010-2013
+ the Contributors to the JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API Specification, published by the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> under the
+
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa/">W3C Community Final Specification Agreement (FSA)</a>.
+ A human-readable <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa-deed/">summary</a> is available.
+
+ </p>
+ <hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <p>This specification defines an Application Programming Interface (API)
+ and a set of algorithms for programmatic transformations of JSON-LD
+ documents. By expressing the data in a way that is specifically tailored
+ to a particular use case, the processing typically becomes much simpler.</p>
+</section><section class="introductory" id="sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Status of This Document</h2>
+ <p>
+ This specification was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a>.
+ It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track.
+
+ Please note that under the
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/final/">W3C Community Final Specification Agreement (FSA)</a>
+ other conditions apply.
+
+ Learn more about
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/">W3C Community and Business Groups</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>This document has been under development for over 25 months in the
+ JSON for Linking Data Community Group. The document has recently been
+ transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and publication
+ along the Recommendation track. The specification has undergone significant
+ development, review, and changes during the course of the last 25 months.</p>
+
+ <p>There are several independent
+ <a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">interoperable implementations</a> of
+ this specification. There is
+ a <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">fairly complete test suite</a>
+ and a <a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">live JSON-LD editor</a>
+ that is capable of demonstrating the features described in
+ this document. While there will be continuous development on implementations,
+ the test suite, and the live editor, they are believed to be mature enough
+ to be integrated into a non-production system at this point in time. There
+ is an expectation that they could be used in a production system within the
+ next six months.</p>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><p class="">It is important for readers to understand that the scope of this
+ document is currently under debate and new features may be added to the specification.
+ Existing features may be modified heavily or removed entirely from the
+ specification upon further review and feedback from the broader community.
+ This is a work in progress and publication as a Working Draft
+ does not require that all Working Group members agree on the content of the
+ document.</p></div>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>If you want to make sure that your feedback is formally addressed by
+ the RDF Working Group, you should send it to public-rdf-comments:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li>Ad-hoc technical discussion primarily occurs on the public community mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public JSON-LD Community Group teleconferences</a>
+ are held on Tuesdays at 1500UTC every week. Participation is open to the
+ public.</li>
+
+ <li>RDF Working Group teleconferences are held on Wednesdays at 1500UTC
+ every week. Participation is limited to RDF Working Group members.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>
+ if you do not want to send an email to the public-rdf-comments mailing
+ list.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a>
+ for the specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#features" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Flattening</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>RDF Conversion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conformance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Conformance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>General Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Context Processing Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Context Processing Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#create-term-definition" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Create Term Definition</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>Expansion Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Value Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>Compaction Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#inverse-context-creation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Inverse Context Creation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-selection" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Term Selection</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.5 </span>Value Compaction</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9. </span>Flattening Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10. </span>RDF Conversion Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Object to RDF Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.3 </span>List to RDF Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.4 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.5 </span>RDF to Object Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.6 </span>Data Round Tripping</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11. </span>The Application Programming Interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.2 </span>Callbacks</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.3 </span>Data Structures</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="introduction">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>This document is a detailed specification for an Application Programming
+ Interface for the JSON-LD syntax. The document is primarily intended for
+ the following audiences:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Developers that want an overview of the JSON-LD API.</li>
+ <li>Web authors and developers that want a very detailed view of how
+ a JSON-LD Implementation or a JSON-LD Processor's API operates.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement the algorithms to transform
+ JSON-LD documents.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+ JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. You must also understand the
+ JSON-LD Syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], which is the base syntax used by all of the
+ algorithms in this document. To understand the API and how it is
+ intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+ knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+ WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+ familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Introduction -->
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="features">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] outlines a syntax that may be
+ used to express Linked Data in JSON. Because there is more than one way to
+ express Linked Data using this syntax, it is often useful to be able to
+ transform JSON-LD documents so that they may be more easily consumed by
+ specific applications.</p>
+
+ <p>The way JSON-LD allows Linked Data to be expressed in a way that is
+ specifically tailored to a particular person or application is by
+ providing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. By providing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>,
+ JSON data can be expressed in a way that is a natural fit for a particular
+ person or application whilst also indicating how the data should be
+ understood at a global scale. In order for people or applications to
+ share data that was created using a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> that is different
+ from their own, a JSON-LD processor must be able to transform a document
+ from one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to another. Instead of requiring JSON-LD
+ processors to write specific code for every imaginable
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> switching scenario, it is much easier to specify a
+ single algorithm that can remove any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. Similarly,
+ another algorithm can be specified to subsequently apply any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. These two algorithms represent the most basic
+ transformations of JSON-LD documents. They are referred to as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>, respectively.</p>
+
+ <p>There are four major types of transformation that are discussed in this
+ document: expansion, compaction, flattening, and RDF conversion.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm that removes <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is
+ called <dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">expansion</dfn>. Before performing any other
+ transformations on a JSON-LD document, it is easiest to
+ remove any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> from it, localizing all information,
+ and to make data structures more regular.</p>
+
+ <p>To get an idea of how context and data structuring affects the same data,
+ here is an example of JSON-LD that uses only <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>
+ and is fairly compact:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The next input example uses one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to express a property
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> to encapsulate another, but
+ leaves the rest of the information untouched.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using a IRI instead of a term to express a property</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"website": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ <span class="diff">"website"</span>: <span class="diff">{ "@id":</span> "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" <span class="diff">}</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that both inputs are valid JSON-LD and both represent the same
+ information. The difference is in their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> information
+ and in the data structures used. A JSON-LD processor can remove
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and ensure that the data is more regular by employing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">Expansion</a> has two important goals: removing any contextual
+ information from the document, and ensuring all values are represented
+ in a regular form. These goals are accomplished by expanding all properties
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a> and by expressing all
+ values in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">Expanded form</a> is the most verbose
+ and regular way of expressing of values in JSON-LD; all contextual
+ information from the document is instead stored locally with each value.
+ Running the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></code>
+ operation) against the examples provided above results in the following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that in the output above all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definitions have
+ been removed, all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> have been expanded to absolute
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>, and all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> are expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>. While the
+ output is more verbose and difficult for a human to read, it establishes a
+ baseline that makes JSON-LD processing easier because of its very regular
+ structure.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Expansion -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>While <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a> removes <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> from a given
+ input, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction's</a> primary function is to
+ perform the opposite operation: to express a given input according to
+ a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. <dfn title="compaction" id="dfn-compaction">Compaction</dfn> applies a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> that specifically tailors the way information is
+ expressed for a particular person or application. This simplifies applications
+ that consume JSON or JSON-LD by expressing the data in application-specific
+ terms, and it makes the data easier to read by humans.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">Compaction</a> uses a developer-supplied <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to
+ shorten <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a> to simple values such as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following expanded JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></code>
+ operation) given the context supplied above against the JSON-LD input
+ document provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> have been compacted to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> as specified in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>,
+ which has been injected into the output. While compacted output is
+ useful to humans, it is also used to generate structures that are easy to
+ program against. Compaction enables developers to map any expanded document
+ into an application-specific compacted document. While the context provided
+ above mapped <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nam</code> to <code>name</code>, it
+ could also have been mapped to any other term provided by the developer.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="flattening">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Flattening</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>While expansion ensures that a document is in a uniform structure,
+ flattening goes a step further to ensure that the shape of the data
+ is deterministic. In expanded documents, the properties of a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> may be spread across a number of different
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>. By flattening a
+ document, all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> are collected in a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>
+ are labeled with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. This may drastically
+ simplify the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></code>
+ operation) with a context set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> to prevent compaction
+ returns the following document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: Flattened sample document in expanded form</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Dave Longley" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note how in the output above all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> are collected in a
+ single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and how the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> representing
+ "Dave Longley" has been assigned the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ <code>_:t0</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>To make it easier for humans to read or for certain applications to
+ process it, a flattened document can be compacted by passing a context. Using
+ the same context as the input document, the flattened and compacted document
+ looks as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Flattened and compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Please note that the flattened and compacted result always explicitly
+ designates the default graph by the <code>@graph</code> member in the
+ top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Flattening -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>RDF Conversion</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD can be used to serialize data expressed in RDF as described in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]. This ensures that data can be round-tripped to and from
+ any RDF syntax without any loss in fidelity.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following RDF input serialized in Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>]:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Sample Turtle document</div><pre class="example"><http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" .
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage> <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> .</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Using the <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Convert from RDF algorithm</a> a
+ developer could transform this document into expanded JSON-LD:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Sample Turtle document converted to JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that the output above could easily be compacted using the technique outlined
+ in the previous section. It is also possible to transform the JSON-LD document back
+ to RDF using the <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Convert to RDF algorithm</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of RDF Conversion -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Features section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="conformance">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Conformance</h2>
+
+ <p>All examples and notes as well as sections marked as non-normative in this
+ specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
+ normative.</p>
+
+ <p>The keywords <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="REQUIRED">REQUIRED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em>,
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>, and <em class="rfc2119" title="OPTIONAL">OPTIONAL</em> in this specification are to be interpreted as described
+ in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>There are two classes of products that can claim conformance to this
+ specification: <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-implementation">JSON-LD Implementations</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processors</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A conforming <dfn title="json-ld-implementation" id="dfn-json-ld-implementation">JSON-LD Implementation</dfn> is a system capable of transforming
+ JSON-LD documents according the algorithms defined in this specification.</p>
+
+ <p>A conforming <dfn title="json-ld-processor" id="dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processor</dfn> is a conforming <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-implementation">JSON-LD Implementation</a>
+ that exposes the Application Programming Interface (API) defined in this specification.
+ It <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> implement the <code>json-ld-1.0</code> processing mode (for further details, see the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></code>
+ option of <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>).</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithms in this specification are generally written with more concern for clarity than
+ efficiency. Thus, JSON-LD Implementations and Processors may implement the algorithms
+ given in this specification in any way desired, so long as the end result is indistinguishable
+ from the result that would be obtained by the specification's algorithms.</p>
+
+ <p>This specification does not define how JSON-LD Implementations or Processors handle
+ non-conforming input documents. This implies that JSON-LD Implementations or Processors
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> attempt to correct malformed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or language tags;
+ however, they <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> issue validation warnings. IRIs are not modified other than converted
+ between <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Implementers can partially check their level of conformance to
+ this specification by successfully passing the test cases of the JSON-LD test
+ suite [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">JSON-LD-TESTS</a></cite>]. Note, however, that passing all the tests in the test
+ suite does not imply complete conformance to this specification. It only implies
+ that the implementation conforms to aspects tested by the test suite.</p></div>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Conformance section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="general-terminology">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>General Terminology</h2>
+
+ <p>This document uses the following terms as defined in JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. Refer
+ to the <em>JSON Grammar</em> section in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] for formal definitions.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-object" id="dfn-json-object">JSON object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding
+ zero or more key-value pairs. A key is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.
+ A single colon comes after each key, separating the key from the value.
+ A single comma separates a value from a following key. In contrast to JSON,
+ in JSON-LD the keys in an object must be unique.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
+ or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas.
+ In JSON, an array is an <em>ordered</em> sequence of zero or more values.
+ While JSON-LD uses the same array representation as JSON,
+ the collection is <em>unordered</em> by default. While order is
+ preserved in regular JSON arrays, it is not in regular JSON-LD arrays
+ unless specific markup is provided (see <a href="#sets-and-lists"></a>).</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters,
+ wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes (if necessary). A
+ character is represented as a single character string.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A number is similar to that used in most programming languages, except
+ that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading
+ zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Values that are used to express one of two possible boolean states.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> value. A key-value pair in the
+ <code>@context</code> where the value, or the <code>@id</code> of the
+ value, is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> explicitly decouples a term's association
+ with an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. A key-value pair in the body of a JSON-LD document whose
+ value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> has the same meaning as if the key-value pair
+ was not defined. If <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>, or
+ <code>@set</code> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in expanded form, then
+ the entire <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is ignored.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>Furthermore, the following terminology is used throughout this document:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keyword</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A JSON key that is specific to JSON-LD, specified in the JSON-LD Syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>]
+ in the section titled
+ <cite><a href="../../json-ld/20130328/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></cite>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A a set of rules for interpreting a JSON-LD document as specified in
+ <cite><a href="../../json-ld/20130328/#the-context">The Context</a></cite> of the
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] specification.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-document" id="dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> is a serialization of a collection of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graphs</a> and comprises exactly one
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and zero or more <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graphs</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="named-graph" id="dfn-named-graph">named graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A named graph is a pair consisting of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>
+ (the <dfn title="graph-name" id="dfn-graph-name">graph name</dfn>) and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="default-graph" id="dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The default graph is the only graph in a JSON-LD document which has no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-graph" id="dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A labeled directed graph, i.e., a set of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>
+ connected by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edges</a>,
+ as specified in the <cite><a href="../../json-ld/20130328/#data-model">Data Model</a></cite>
+ section of the JSON-LD syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="edge" id="dfn-edge">edge</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> has a direction associated with it and is labeled with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. Within the JSON-LD syntax
+ these edge labels are called <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">properties</dfn>. Whenever possible, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> should be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (Internationalized Resource Identifier) is a string that conforms to the syntax
+ defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="absolute-iri" id="dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] containing a <em>scheme</em> along with a <em>path</em> and
+ optional <em>query</em> and fragment segments.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="relative-iri" id="dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that is relative some other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>;
+ in the case of JSON-LD this is the base location of the document.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank-node" id="dfn-blank-node">blank node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> that does not contain a de-referenceable
+ identifier because it is either ephemeral in nature or does not contain information that needs to be
+ linked to from outside of the JSON-LD graph.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank-node-identifier" id="dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A blank node identifier is a string that can be used as an identifier for a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> within the scope of a JSON-LD document. Blank node identifiers
+ begin with <code>_:</code>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-value" id="dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>, or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="typed-value" id="dfn-typed-value">typed value</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a> consists of a value, which is a string, and a type,
+ which is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="language-tagged-string" id="dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a> consists of a string and a non-empty language
+ tag as defined by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]. The language tag must be well-formed according to
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">section 2.2.9</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], and is normalized to lowercase.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="list" id="dfn-list">list</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> is an ordered sequence of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+<!-- end of General Terminology section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Algorithm Terms</h2>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-graph" id="dfn-active-graph">active graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The name of the currently active graph that the processor should use when
+ processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-subject" id="dfn-active-subject">active subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The currently active subject that the processor should use when
+ processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-property" id="dfn-active-property">active property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The currently active <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> that
+ the processor should use when processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-context" id="dfn-active-context">active context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A context that is used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> while
+ the processing algorithm is running.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="local-context" id="dfn-local-context">local context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A context that is specified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>,
+ specified via the <code>@context</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-input" id="dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD data structure that is provided as input to the algorithm.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a short word defined in a context that may be expanded to
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="compact-iri" id="dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is has the form of <dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn>:<em>suffix</em> and is used as a way
+ of expressing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> without needing to define separate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definitions for
+ each <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> contained within a common vocabulary identified by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node-object" id="dfn-node-object">node object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> represents zero or more properties of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> serialized by the
+ JSON-LD document. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>
+ if it exists outside of the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and:
+ <ul>
+ <li>it does not contain the <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>,
+ or <code>@set</code> keywords, or</li>
+ <li>it is not the top-most <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> in the JSON-LD document consisting
+ of no other members than <code>@graph</code> and <code>@context</code>.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="value-object" id="dfn-value-object">value object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@value</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="list-object" id="dfn-list-object">list object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@list</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="set-object" id="dfn-set-object">set object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@set</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="scalar" id="dfn-scalar">scalar</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A scalar is either a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-subject" id="dfn-rdf-subject">RDF subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="subject" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-subject">subject</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-predicate" id="dfn-rdf-predicate">RDF predicate</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="predicate" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-predicate">predicate</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-object" id="dfn-rdf-object">RDF object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a class="tref externalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">object</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-triple" id="dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-dataset" id="dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="dataset" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset">dataset</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] representing a collection of
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-graphs" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graphs</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Algorithm Terms section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="context-processing-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">6. </span>Context Processing Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="context-processing-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Context Processing Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>When processing a JSON-LD data structure, each processing rule is applied
+ using information provided by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. This
+ section describes how to produce an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> contains the active
+ <dfn title="term-definition" id="dfn-term-definition">term definitions</dfn> which specify how
+ properties and values have to be interpreted as well as the current <dfn title="base-iri" id="dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>,
+ the <dfn title="vocabulary-mapping" id="dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</dfn> and the <dfn title="default-language" id="dfn-default-language">default language</dfn>. Each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> consists of an <dfn title="iri-mapping" id="dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</dfn>, a boolean
+ flag <dfn title="reverse-property" id="dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</dfn>, an optional <dfn title="type-mapping" id="dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</dfn>
+ or <dfn title="language-mapping" id="dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</dfn>, and an optional <dfn title="container-mapping" id="dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</dfn>.
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> can not only be used to map a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ to an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, but also to map a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>,
+ in which case it is referred to as a <dfn title="keyword-alias" id="dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</dfn>.</p>
+
+ <p>When processing, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is initialized
+ without any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>.
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is encountered during processing, a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is created by cloning the existing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. Then the information from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is merged into the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.
+ Given that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local contexts</a> may contain
+ references to remote contexts, this includes their retrieval.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>First we prepare a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> <i>result</i> by cloning
+ the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. Then we normalize the form the passed
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">Local contexts</a> may be in the form of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing
+ a combination of the two. Finally we process each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> contained
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> as follows.</p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, it represents a reference to
+ a remote context. We dereference the remote context and replace <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ with the value of the <code>@context</code> key of the top-level object in the
+ retrieved JSON-LD document. If there's no such key, an invalid remote context has
+ been detected. Otherwise, we process <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> by recursively using
+ this algorithm ensuring that there is no cyclical reference.</p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, we first update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> by processing three specific keywords:
+ <code>@base</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, and <code>@language</code>.
+ These are handled before any other keys in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> because
+ they affect how the other keys are processed.</p>
+
+ <p>Then, for every other key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, we update
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <i>result</i>. Since
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>
+ may themselves contain <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, we may need to recurse.
+ When doing so, we must ensure that there is no cyclical dependency,
+ which is an error. After we have processed any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> dependencies,
+ we update the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>,
+ which may be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, we return <i>result</i> as the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm specifies how a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is updated
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>. The algorithm takes three input variables:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ <i>remote contexts</i> which is used to detect cyclical context inclusions.
+ If <i>remote contexts</i> is not passed, it is initialized to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to the result of cloning
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ For each item <i>context</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set <i>result</i> to a
+ newly-initialized <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and continue with the
+ next <i>context</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <i>context</i> to the result of resolving <i>value</i> against
+ the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> which is established as specified in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1">section 5.1 Establishing a Base URI</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]. Only the basic algorithm in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">section 5.2</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] is used; neither
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">Syntax-Based Normalization</a></cite> nor
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">Scheme-Based Normalization</a></cite>
+ are performed. Characters additionally allowed in <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ references are treated in the same way that unreserved
+ characters are treated in URI references, per
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">section 6.5</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is in the <i>remote contexts</i> array, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">recursive context inclusion</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted;
+ otherwise, add <i>context</i> to <i>remote contexts</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>context no base</i> to the result of cloning the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Remove the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>context no base</i>.</li>
+ <li>Dereference <i>context</i>. If the dereferenced document has no
+ top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with an <code>@context</code> member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">invalid remote context</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted; otherwise,
+ set <i>context</i> to the value of that member.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>context</i> to the result of recursively calling this algorithm,
+ passing <i>context no base</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>context</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>remote contexts</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> but <i>result</i> does,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>context</i> to the one of
+ <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Overwrite <i>result</i> with <i>context</i> and continue with the
+ next <i>context</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li><li>If <i>context</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">invalid local context</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@base</code> key:
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span>Issue 223</span></a>: Feature at risk</div><p class="atrisk">This feature is
+ at risk as the fact that a document may have multiple base IRIs
+ is potentially confusing for developers. It is also being discussed whether
+ relative IRIs are allowed as values of <code>@base</code> or whether
+ the empty string should be used to explicitly specify that there isn't
+ a base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, which could be used to ensure that relative IRIs remain
+ relative when expanding.</p></div>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@base</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i> is set to <i>value</i>.
+ If it is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">invalid base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@vocab</code> key:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@vocab</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove
+ any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> from <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> of <i>result</i> is set
+ to <i>value</i>. If it is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">invalid vocab mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@language</code> key:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove
+ any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> from <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> of <i>result</i> is set to
+ lowercased <i>value</i>. If it is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">invalid default language</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>defined</i> to use to keep
+ track of whether or not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has already been defined
+ or currently being defined during recursion.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>key</i>-<i>value</i> pair in <i>context</i> where
+ <i>key</i> is not <code>@base</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, or
+ <code>@language</code>, invoke the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <i>result</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>context</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, <i>key</i>,
+ and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Context Processing -->
+
+
+ <section id="create-term-definition">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Create Term Definition</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm is called from the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>
+ to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> being processed in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-1">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">Term definitions</a> are created by
+ parsing the information in the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> for the
+ given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. If the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, it may omit an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> by
+ depending on its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> having its own
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>. If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is
+ a key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, then its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ must first be created, through recursion, before continuing. Because a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> can depend on other
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a>, a mechanism must
+ be used to detect cyclical dependencies. The solution employed here
+ uses a map, <i>defined</i>, that keeps track of whether or not a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has been defined or is currently in the process of
+ being defined. This map is checked before any recursion is attempted.</p>
+
+ <p>After all dependencies for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> have been defined, the rest of
+ the information in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> for the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is taken into account, creating the appropriate
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-1">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm has four required inputs which are:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>,
+ a <i>term</i>, and a map <i>defined</i>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>defined</i> contains the key <i>term</i> and the associated
+ value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> (indicating that the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has already been created), return. Otherwise,
+ if the value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the value associated with <i>defined</i>'s <i>term</i> key to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>. This indicates that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ is now being created but is not yet complete.</li>
+ <li>Since <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> cannot be overridden,
+ <i>term</i> must not be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. Otherwise, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">keyword redefinition</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Remove any existing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the key
+ <i>term</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <i>value</i>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing the key-value pair
+ <code>@id</code>-<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the value associated with <i>defined</i>'s
+ key <i>term</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and return.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <i>value</i> by setting it to the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <code>@context</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">invalid keyword alias</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ for <i>term</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to <i>value</i>,
+ set the value associated with <i>defined</i>'s key <i>term</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and return.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>value</i> must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, if not, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">invalid term definition</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>, <i>definition</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains an <code>@id</code>, an
+ <code>@type</code>, or an <code>@language</code>, member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If the value associated with the <code>@reverse</code> key
+ is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the
+ result of using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the value associated with
+ the <code>@reverse</code> key for <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ for <i>vocab</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>. If the result
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, i.e., it contains no
+ colon (<code>:</code>), an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to
+ <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains an <code>@container</code> member,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <i>definition</i>
+ to <code>@index</code> if that is the value of the
+ <code>@container</code> member; otherwise an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</a></code>
+ error has been detected (reverse properties only support
+ index-containers) and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> flag of <i>definition</i>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> of <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to <i>definition</i> and the
+ value associated with <i>defined</i>'s key <i>term</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and return.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> flag of <i>definition</i>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@id</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the
+ result of using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key for
+ <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise if the <i>term</i> contains a colon (<code>:</code>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>term</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> with a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> that is a key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>
+ a dependency has been found. Use this algorithm recursively passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> as <i>term</i>, and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>term</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, set
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the result of
+ concatenating the value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>'s
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> and the <i>term</i>'s <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>term</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to <i>term</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ of <i>definition</i> is set to the result of concatenating the value
+ associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> and <i>term</i>.
+ If it does not have a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>type</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@type</code> key, which must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>type</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>type</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>. If the expanded <i>type</i> is
+ neither <code>@id</code>, nor <code>@vocab</code>, nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> for <i>definition</i> to <i>type</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@container</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@container</code> key, which must be either
+ <code>@list</code>, <code>@set</code>, <code>@index</code>,
+ or <code>@language</code>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">invalid container mapping</a></code> error
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to
+ <i>container</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@language</code> and
+ does not contain the key <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>language</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key, which must be either <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">invalid language mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> set it to
+ lowercased <i>language</i>. Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>
+ of <i>definition</i> to <i>language</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> of <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to <i>definition</i> and set the value
+ associated with <i>defined</i>'s key <i>term</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Term Creation -->
+
+
+ <section id="iri-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</h3>
+
+ <p>In JSON-LD documents, some keys and values may represent
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>. This section defines an algorithm for
+ transforming a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> that represents an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> into
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.
+ It also covers transforming <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a>
+ into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> expansion may occur during context processing or during
+ any of the other JSON-LD algorithms. If <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion occurs during context
+ processing, then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and its related <i>defined</i>
+ map from the <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>
+ are passed to this algorithm. This allows for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ dependencies to be processed via the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-2">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>In order to expand <i>value</i> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, we must
+ first determine if it is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>, or some form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Based on what
+ we find, we handle the specific kind of expansion; for example, we expand
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> according to its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. While inspecting <i>value</i> we
+ may also find that we need to create <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ dependencies because we're running this algorithm during context processing.
+ We can tell whether or not we're running during context processing by
+ checking <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> against <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.
+ We know we need to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> when <i>value</i> is
+ a key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and the <i>defined</i> map
+ does not have a key for <i>value</i> with an associated value of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>. The <i>defined</i> map is used during
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a> to keep track of
+ which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> have already been defined or are
+ in the process of being defined. We create a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> by using the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-2">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two required and four optional input variables. The
+ required inputs are an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and a <i>value</i>
+ to be expanded. The optional inputs are two flags,
+ <i>document relative</i> and <i>vocab</i>, that specifying
+ whether <i>value</i> can be interpreted as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ against the document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, respectively, and
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and a map <i>defined</i> to be used when
+ this algorithm is used during <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.
+ If not passed, the two flags are set to <code>false</code> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and <i>defined</i> are initialized to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, it contains
+ a key that equals <i>value</i>, and the value associated with the key
+ that equals <i>value</i> in <i>defined</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ invoke the <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>,
+ <i>value</i> as <i>term</i>, and <i>defined</i>. This will ensure that
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is created for <i>value</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> during <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for
+ <i>value</i>, return the associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains a colon (<code>:</code>), it is either
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Split <i>value</i> into a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and <i>suffix</i>
+ at the first occurrence of a colon (<code>:</code>).</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is not underscore (<code>_</code>)
+ and <i>suffix</i> does not begin with double-forward-slash
+ (<code>//</code>), it may be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, it
+ contains a key that equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>, and the value
+ associated with the key that equals <i>prefix</i> in <i>defined</i>
+ is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, invoke the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, <i>prefix</i> as <i>term</i>,
+ and <i>defined</i>. This will ensure that a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is created for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> during
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>, return the result of concatenating
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> associated with <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and
+ <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>value</i> as it is already an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>,
+ return the result of concatenating the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>
+ with <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>document relative</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ set <i>value</i> to the result of resolving <i>value</i> against
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Only the basic algorithm in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">section 5.2</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] is used; neither
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">Syntax-Based Normalization</a></cite> nor
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">Scheme-Based Normalization</a></cite>
+ are performed. Characters additionally allowed in <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> references are treated
+ in the same way that unreserved characters are treated in URI references, per
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">section 6.5</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and
+ <i>value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of IRI Expansion -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Context Processing section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="expansion-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">7. </span>Expansion Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="expansion-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm expands a JSON-LD document, such that all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ definitions are removed, all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> are expanded to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>, or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> and all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> are expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-3">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Starting with its root <i>element</i>, we can process the
+ JSON-LD document recursively, until we have a fully
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanded</a> <i>result</i>. When
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanding</a> an <i>element</i>, we can treat
+ each one differently according to its type, in order to break down the
+ problem:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, there is nothing
+ to expand.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, we expand it
+ according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then we expand
+ each of its items recursively and return them in a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. We expand
+ each of its keys, adding them to our <i>result</i>, and then we expand
+ each value for each key recursively. Some of the keys will be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> and others will be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> or simply ignored because
+ they do not have definitions in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. Any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> will be expanded using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>Finally, after ensuring <i>result</i> is in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ we return <i>result</i>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-3">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and an <i>element</i> to be expanded.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the result of performing,
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a> on the passed
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>,
+ or empty if <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ and <i>element</i> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <code>@graph</code>,
+ drop the free-floating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> by returning <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return the result of the
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>element</i> as <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize an empty array, <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded item</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>item</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <code>@list</code> or its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> is set to <code>@list</code>, the
+ <i>expanded item</i> must not be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, otherwise a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded item</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, append each
+ of its items to <i>result</i>. Otherwise, if
+ <i>expanded item</i> is not null, append it to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> contains the key <code>@context</code>, set
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to the result of the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and the value of the
+ <code>@context</code> key as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>key</i> and <i>value</i> in <i>element</i>,
+ ordered lexicographically by <i>key</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>key</i> is <code>@context</code>, continue to
+ the next <i>key</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded property</i> to the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>key</i> for
+ <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or it neither
+ contains a colon (<code>:</code>) nor it is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>,
+ drop <i>key</i> by continuing to the next <i>key</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> equals <code>@reverse</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">invalid reverse property map</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> has already an <i>expanded property</i> member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">colliding keywords</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@id</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">invalid @id value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ for <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@type</code> and <i>value</i>
+ is neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">invalid type value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i> to expand the <i>value</i>
+ or each of its items.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@graph</code>, set
+ <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this algorithm
+ recursively passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <code>@graph</code>
+ for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@value</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">invalid value object value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to <i>value</i>. If <i>expanded value</i>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the <code>@value</code>
+ member of <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and continue with the
+ next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>. Null values need to be preserved
+ in this case as the meaning of an <code>@type</code> member depends
+ on the existence of an <code>@value</code> member.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">invalid language-tagged string</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to lowercased <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">invalid @index value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or
+ <code>@graph</code>, continue with the next <i>key</i>
+ from <i>element</i> to remove the free-floating list..</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using
+ this algorithm recursively passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@set</code>, set
+ <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this algorithm
+ recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for
+ <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@reverse</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid @reverse value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <code>@reverse</code> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>value</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> contains an <code>@reverse</code> member,
+ i.e., properties that are reversed twice, execute for each of its
+ <i>property</i> and <i>item</i> the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have a <i>property</i> member, create
+ one and set its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>property</i> member
+ of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> contains members other than <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have an <code>@reverse</code> member, create
+ one and set its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member in <i>result</i>
+ using the variable <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>items</i> in <i>expanded value</i>
+ other than <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>items</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid reverse property value</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse map</i> has no <i>property</i> member, create one
+ and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>property</i>
+ member in <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Unless <i>expanded value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set
+ the <i>expanded property</i> member of <i>result</i> to
+ <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <i>key</i> from <i>element.</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> then <i>value</i>
+ is expanded from a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../../json-ld/20130328/#dfn-language-map">language map</a>
+ as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>language</i>-<i>language value</i>
+ in <i>value</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>language</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>language value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>language value</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>language value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li><i>item</i> must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ otherwise an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">invalid language map value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> to
+ <i>expanded value</i> that consists of two
+ key-value pairs: (<code>@value</code>-<i>item</i>)
+ and (<code>@language</code>-lowercased
+ <i>language</i>).</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> then <i>value</i>
+ is expanded from an index map as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>index</i>-<i>index value</i>
+ in <i>value</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>index</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>index value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>index value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>index value</i> to the result of
+ using this algorithm recursively, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>key</i> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ and <i>index value</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>index value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> does not have the key
+ <code>@index</code>, add the key-value pair
+ (<code>@index</code>-<i>index</i>) to
+ <i>item</i>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of
+ using this algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>key</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i>
+ for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, ignore <i>key</i>
+ by continuing to the next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> associated to <i>key</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@list</code> and
+ <i>expanded value</i> is not already a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>,
+ convert <i>expanded value</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>
+ by first setting it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>expanded value</i> if it is not already an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ and then by setting it to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing
+ the key-value pair <code>@list</code>-<i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> associated to
+ <i>key</i> indicates that it is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> has no <code>@reverse</code> member, create
+ one and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member in <i>result</i>
+ using the variable <i>reverse map</i>.
+ </li><li>If <i>expanded value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set
+ it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>expanded value</i>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid reverse property value</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse map</i> has no <i>expanded property</i> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>expanded property</i>
+ member of <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have an <i>expanded property</i>
+ member, create one and initialize its value to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>expanded value</i> to value of the <i>expanded property</i>
+ member of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@value</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The <i>result</i> must not contain any keys other than
+ <code>@value</code>, <code>@language</code>, <code>@type</code>,
+ and <code>@index</code>. It must not contain both the
+ <code>@language</code> key and the <code>@type</code> key.
+ Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">invalid value object</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If the value of <i>result</i>'s <code>@value</code> key is
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of <i>result</i>'s <code>@value</code> member
+ is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> and <i>result</i> contains the key
+ <code>@language</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">invalid language-tagged value</a></code>
+ error has been detected (only <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>
+ can be language-tagged) and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <i>result</i> has a <code>@type</code> member
+ and its value is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">invalid typed value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@type</code>
+ and its associated value is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the associated value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@set</code>
+ or <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The <i>result</i> must contain at most one other key and that
+ key must be <code>@index</code>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">invalid set or list object</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@set</code>, then
+ set <i>result</i> to the key's associated value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains only the key
+ <code>@language</code>, set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <code>@graph</code>,
+ drop free-floating values as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or contains
+ the keys <code>@value</code> or <code>@list</code>, set <i>result</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> whose only
+ key is <code>@id</code>, set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>If, after the above algorithm is run, the result is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains only an <code>@graph</code> key, set the
+ result to the value of <code>@graph</code>'s value. Otherwise, if the result
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Finally, if
+ the result is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set the result to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the result.</p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Expansion Algorithm -->
+
+
+
+ <section id="value-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Value Expansion</h3>
+
+ <p>Some values in JSON-LD can be expressed in a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compact form</a>. These values are required
+ to be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanded</a> at times when processing
+ JSON-LD documents. A value is said to be in <dfn title="expanded-form" id="dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</dfn>
+ after the application of this algorithm.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-4">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> set to <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ values is the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a> on <i>value</i>
+ is returned.</p>
+
+ <p>Otherwise, the result will be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing
+ an <code>@value</code> member whose value is the passed <i>value</i>.
+ Additionally, an <code>@type</code> member will be included if there is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ or an <code>@language</code> member if <i>value</i> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> and there is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> associated
+ with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-4">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes three required inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a <i>value</i> to expand.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@id</code>, return a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing a single key-value pair where the
+ key is <code>@id</code> and the value is the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@vocab</code>, return
+ a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing a single key-value pair
+ where the key is <code>@id</code> and the value is the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>vocab</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>result</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ with an <code>@value</code> member whose value is set to
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, add an <code>@type</code> member to
+ <i>result</i> and set its value to the value associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is associated with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ add an <code>@language</code> to <i>result</i> and set its
+ value to the language code associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>; unless the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in
+ which case no member is added.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, add an <code>@language</code>
+ to <i>result</i> and set its value to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Value Expansion -->
+
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Expansion section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="compaction-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">8. </span>Compaction Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="compaction-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm compacts a JSON-LD document, such that the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is applied. This must result in shortening
+ any applicable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, any applicable
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a>, and
+ any applicable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a>
+ expressed in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a> to simple values such as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-5">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Starting with its root <i>element</i>, we can process the
+ JSON-LD document recursively, until we have a fully
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compacted</a> <i>result</i>. When
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compacting</a> an <i>element</i>, we can treat
+ each one differently according to its type, in order to break down the
+ problem:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, it is
+ already in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</a>, so we simply return it.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, we compact
+ each of its items recursively and return them in a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. The value
+ of each key in element is compacted recursively. Some of the keys will be
+ compacted, using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>
+ and others will be compacted from <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a> or simply left
+ unchanged because they do not have definitions in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.
+ Values will be converted to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</a> via the
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction algorithm</a>. Some data
+ will be reshaped based on <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ specified in the context such as <code>@index</code> or <code>@language</code>
+ maps.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>The final output is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a <code>@context</code>
+ key, if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> was given, where the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ is either <i>result</i> or a wrapper for it where <i>result</i> appears
+ as the value of an (aliased) <code>@graph</code> key because <i>result</i>
+ contained two or more items in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-5">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes five required input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, an
+ <i>element</i> to be compacted, and a flag
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the result of
+ performing <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>
+ on the passed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is
+ set to the result of performing the
+ <a href="#inverse-context-creation">Inverse Context Creation algorithm</a>
+ on <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is
+ set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <i>element</i> is set to the result of
+ performing the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>
+ on the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</a>, and, if not passed,
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, it is already in its most
+ compact form, so simply return <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted item</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ em>item for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted item</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then append
+ it to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains only one item (it has a length of
+ <code>1</code>), <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has no
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, and
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, set <i>result</i> to its only item.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@value</code> or <code>@id</code>
+ member and the result of using the
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,and <i>element</i> as <i>value</i> is
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, return that result.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>inside reverse</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> equals <code>@reverse</code>,
+ otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key <i>expanded property</i> and value <i>expanded value</i>
+ in <i>element</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>expanded property</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@id</code> or
+ <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ then initialize <i>compacted value</i> to the result
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded value</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i> if
+ <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@type</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> otherwise.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>expanded value</i> must be a
+ <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each item <i>expanded type</i> in
+ <i>expanded value</i>, append the result of
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded type</i> for <i>iri</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ to <i>compacted value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted value</i> contains only one
+ item (it has a length of <code>1</code>), then
+ set <i>compacted value</i> to its only item.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <i>alias</i> to <i>result</i> whose value is
+ set to <i>compacted value</i> and continue to the next
+ <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted value</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <code>@reverse</code> for
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>expanded value</i>
+ for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>value</i> in <i>compacted value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for <i>property</i> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> indicates that <i>property</i> is
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> and <i>value</i> is not an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set <i>value</i> to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is not a member of
+ <i>result</i>, add one and set its value to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of the <i>property</i> member of
+ <i>result</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the value. Then
+ append <i>value</i> to its value if <i>value</i>
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, otherwise append each
+ of its items.</li>
+ <li>Remove the <i>property</i> member from
+ <i>compacted value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted value</i> has some remaining members, i.e.,
+ it is not an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <code>@reverse</code> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set the value of the <i>alias</i> member of <i>result</i> to
+ <i>compacted value</i> and continue with the next
+ <i>expanded property</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li></ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@index</code>,
+ then the compacted result will be inside of an <code>@index</code>
+ container, drop the <code>@index</code> property by continuing
+ to the next <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code>,
+ <code>@value</code>, or <code>@language</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <i>alias</i> to <i>result</i> whose value is
+ set to <i>expanded value</i> and continue with the next
+ <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item active property</i> to the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ <i>expanded value</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <i>inside reverse</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have the key that equals
+ <i>item active property</i>, set this key's value in
+ <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Otherwise, if
+ the key's value is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set it
+ to one containing only the value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ At this point, <i>expanded value</i> must be an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> due to the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>.
+ For each item <i>expanded item</i> in <i>expanded value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item active property</i> to the result of using
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ <i>expanded item</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <i>inside reverse</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If there
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> for
+ <i>item active property</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ set <i>container</i> to its value.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted item</i> to the result of using
+ this algorithm recursively, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>item active property</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ <i>expanded item</i> for <i>element</i> if it does
+ not contain the key <code>@list</code>, otherwise pass
+ the key's associated value for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>
+ If <i>expanded item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ then set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>compacted item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is not <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Convert <i>compacted item</i> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> by setting it to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing key-value pair
+ where the key is the result of the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <code>@list</code> for <i>iri</i>, and <i>compacted item</i>
+ for <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@index</code>, then add a key-value pair
+ to <i>compacted item</i> where the key is the
+ result of the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <code>@index</code> as <i>iri</i>, and the associated with the
+ <code>@index</code> key in <i>expanded item</i> as <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item active property</i> must not be a key
+ in <i>result</i> because there cannot be two
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list objects</a> associated
+ with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> that has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>; a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">compaction to list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If <i>container</i> is <code>@language</code> or
+ <code>@index</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item active property</i> is a key in
+ <i>result</i>, then initialize <i>map object</i> to
+ its associated value, otherwise initialize it to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>compacted item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@value</code>, then set <i>compacted item</i>
+ to the value associated with its <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>map key</i> to the value associated with
+ with the key that equals <i>container</i> in
+ <i>expanded item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>map key</i> is not a key in <i>map object</i>,
+ then set this key's value in <i>map object</i>
+ to <i>compacted item</i>. Otherwise, if the value
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set it to one
+ containing only the value and then append
+ <i>compacted item</i> to it.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, <i>container</i> is <code>@set</code> or
+ <code>@list</code>, or <i>expanded property</i> is
+ <code>@list</code> or <code>@graph</code> and
+ <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ set it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ containing only <i>compacted item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>item active property</i> is not a key in
+ <i>result</i> then add the key-value pair,
+ (<i>item active property</i>-<i>compacted item</i>),
+ to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value associated with the key that
+ equals <i>item active property</i> in <i>result</i>
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the value. Then
+ append <i>compacted item</i> to the value if
+ <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ otherwise, concatenate it.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the result <i>result</i>
+ is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, replace it with a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member whose key is the result
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <code>@graph</code> as <i>iri</i> and whose value is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ <i>result</i>. Finally, if a <i>context</i> has been passed, add an
+ <code>@context</code> member to <i>result</i> and set its value to
+ the passed <i>context</i>.</p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section id="inverse-context-creation">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Inverse Context Creation</h3>
+
+ <p>When there is more than one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that could be chosen
+ to compact an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, it has to be ensured that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ selection is both deterministic and represents the most context-appropriate
+ choice whilst taking into consideration algorithmic complexity.</p>
+
+ <p>In order to make <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> selections, the concept of an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is introduced. An <dfn title="inverse-context" id="dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</dfn>
+ is essentially a reverse lookup table that maps
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mappings</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mappings</a> to a simple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> for a given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. A
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> only needs to be generated for an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> if it is being used for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>To make use of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, a list of preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> are gathered
+ for a particular value associated with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. These parameters
+ are then fed to the <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>,
+ which will find the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that most appropriately
+ matches the value's mappings.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-6">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>To create an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> for a given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is visited, ordered by length, shortest
+ first (ties are broken by choosing the lexicographically least
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>). For each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, an entry is added to
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> for each possible combination of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> that would legally match the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. Illegal matches include differences between a
+ value's <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> and
+ that of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has no
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>, or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> (or some combination of these), then it
+ will have an entry in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> using the special
+ key <code>@none</code>. This allows the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a> to fall back
+ to choosing more generic <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> when a more
+ specifically-matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is not available for a particular
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and value combination.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-6">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes one required input: the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is being created for.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>default language</i> to <code>@none</code>. If the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>,
+ set <i>default language</i> to it.</li>
+ <li>For each key <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and value <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, ordered by shortest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ first (breaking ties by choosing the lexicographically least
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> cannot be selected during <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>,
+ so continue to the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to <code>@none</code>. If there
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>, set <i>container</i> to
+ its associated value.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>iri</i> to the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> is not a key in <i>result</i>, add
+ a key-value pair where the key is <i>iri</i> and the value
+ is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>iri</i> member in
+ <i>result</i> using the variable <i>container map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container</i> has no <i>container map</i> member,
+ create one and set its value to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with two members. The first member is
+ <code>@language</code> and its value is a new empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, the second member is <code>@type</code>
+ and its value is a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>container</i> member
+ in <i>container map</i> using the variable <i>type/language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> indicates that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ represents a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a <code>@reverse</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a member corresponding
+ to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>,
+ create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> (might be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@language</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ set <i>language</i> to <code>@null</code>; otherwise set it
+ to the language code in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <i>language</i> member,
+ create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@language</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <i>default language</i>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <code>@none</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a <code>@none</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Inverse Context Creation -->
+
+
+ <section id="iri-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm compacts an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>. A value that is associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> may be passed in order to assist in selecting the most
+ context-appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-7">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>If the passed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, we simply
+ return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Otherwise, we first try to find a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> can be compacted to if
+ it is relative to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>. In order to select the most appropriate
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, we may have to collect information about the passed
+ <i>value</i>. This information includes whic
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ would be preferred for expressing the <i>value</i>, and what its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is. For
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">JSON-LD lists</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> will be chosen based on the most
+ specific values that work for all items in the list. Once this
+ information is gathered, it is passed to the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>, which will
+ return the most appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> to use.</p>
+
+ <p>If no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> was found that could be used to compact the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, then an attempt is made to find a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ to use. If there is no appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, then, if
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is relative to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, then it is used. Otherwise, it is
+ transformed to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using the document's
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Finally, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> still could not be compacted, it is returned
+ as is.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-7">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes three required inputs and three optional inputs.
+ The required inputs an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ and the <i>iri</i> to be compacted. The optional inputs are a <i>value</i> associated
+ with the <i>iri</i>, a <i>vocab</i> flag which specifies whether the
+ passed <i>iri</i> should be compacted using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, and a <i>reverse</i> flag which specifies whether
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> is being compacted. If not passed, <i>value</i> is set to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and <i>vocab</i> and <i>reverse</i> are both set to
+ <code>false</code>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <i>iri</i> is a
+ key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>default language</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, if it has one, otherwise to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>containers</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. This
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> will be used to keep track of an ordered list of
+ preferred <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, based on what is compatible with
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type/language</i> to <code>@language</code>,
+ and <i>type/language value</i> to <code>@null</code>. These two
+ variables will keep track of the preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, based on what is compatible with <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains the
+ key <code>@index</code>, then append the value <code>@index</code>
+ to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, set <i>type/language</i>
+ to <code>@type</code>, <i>type/language value</i> to
+ <code>@reverse</code>, and append <code>@set</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, then set
+ <i>type/language</i> and <i>type/language value</i>
+ to the most specific values that work for all items in
+ the list as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <code>@index</code> is a not key in <i>value</i>, then
+ append <code>@list</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>list</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> associated
+ with the key <code>@list</code> in <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>common language</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If
+ <i>list</i> is empty, set <i>common language</i> to
+ <i>default language</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>list</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item language</i> to <code>@none</code> and
+ <i>item type</i> to <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>item</i> contains the key <code>@value</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> contains the key <code>@language</code>,
+ then set <i>item language</i> to its associated
+ value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@type</code>, set <i>item type</i> to its
+ associated value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>item language</i> to
+ <code>@null</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>item type</i> to <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it
+ to <i>item language</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item language</i> does not equal
+ <i>common language</i> and <i>item</i> contains the
+ key <code>@value</code>, then set <i>common language</i>
+ to <code>@none</code> because list items have conflicting
+ languages.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it
+ to <i>item type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item type</i> does not equal
+ <i>common type</i>, then set <i>common type</i>
+ to <code>@none</code> because list items have conflicting
+ types.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <code>@none</code> and
+ <i>common type</i> is <code>@none</code>, then
+ stop processing items in the list because it has been
+ detected that there is no common language or type amongst
+ the items.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is not <code>@none</code> then set
+ <i>type/language</i> to <code>@type</code> and
+ <i>type/language value</i> to <i>common type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type/language value</i> to
+ <i>common language</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@language</code>
+ and does not contain the key <code>@index</code>,
+ then set <i>type/language value</i> to its associated
+ value and append <code>@language</code> to
+ <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> contains the key
+ <code>@type</code>, then set <i>type/language value</i> to
+ its associated value and set <i>type/language</i> to
+ <code>@type</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type/language</i> to <code>@type</code>
+ and set <i>type/language value</i> to <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>Append <code>@set</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Append <code>@none</code> to <i>containers</i>. This represents
+ the non-existence of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, and it will
+ be the last <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> value to be checked as it
+ is the most generic.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@null</code>. This is the key under which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> values
+ are stored in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>preferred values</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ This <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> will indicate, in order, the preferred values for
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term's</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <code>@reverse</code>, append
+ <code>@reverse</code> to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <code>@id</code> or <code>@reverse</code>
+ and <i>value</i> has an <code>@id</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key in <i>value</i> for
+ <i>iri</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> that equals the value associated
+ with the <code>@id</code> key in <i>value</i>,
+ then append <code>@vocab</code>, <code>@id</code>, and
+ <code>@none</code>, in that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <code>@id</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, and
+ <code>@none</code>, in that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>type/language value</i> and <code>@none</code>, in
+ that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>term</i> to the result of the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <i>iri</i>, <i>containers</i>,
+ <i>type/language</i>, and <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>term</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>term</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>At this point, there is no simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that <i>iri</i>
+ can be compacted to. Instead, try to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ starting by initializing <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. This
+ variable will be used to store the created <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, if
+ any.</li>
+ <li>For each key <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and value <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> contains a colon (<code>:</code>),
+ then continue to the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> because
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> with colons can't be
+ used as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefixes</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> equals <i>iri</i>, or its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> is not a substring at the beginning of
+ <i>iri</i>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> cannot be used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>
+ because it is not a partial match with <i>iri</i>.
+ Continue with the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>candidate</i> by concatenating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ a colon (<code>:</code>), and the substring of <i>iri</i>
+ that follows after the value of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If either <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <i>candidate</i> is
+ shorter or the same length but lexicographically less than
+ <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> and <i>candidate</i> does not have a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> or if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ that equals <i>iri</i> and <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ set <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> to <i>candidate</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i>.</li>
+ <li>At this point, there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> that <i>iri</i>
+ can be compacted to, so if <i>vocab</i> is
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> begins with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping's</a> value
+ but is longer, then initialize <i>suffix</i> to the substring
+ of <i>iri</i> that does not match. If <i>suffix</i> does not
+ have a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ then return <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> then
+ transform <i>iri</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using
+ the document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>Finally, return <i>iri</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of IRI Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section id="term-selection">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Term Selection</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm, invoked via the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ makes use of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> to find the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that is best
+ used to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compact</a> an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Other
+ information about a value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is given,
+ including which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ and which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> would
+ be best used to express the value.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-8">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context's</a> entry for
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> will be first searched according to the preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>, in the order
+ that they are given. Amongst <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, preference will be given to those
+ with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>,
+ over those without a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>. If there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ without a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> that matches the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is selected. If
+ there is still no selected <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, then a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ with no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> will
+ be selected if available. No <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> will be selected that
+ has a conflicting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.
+ Ties between <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> that have the same
+ mappings are resolved by first choosing the shortest terms, and then by
+ choosing the lexicographically least term. Note that these ties are
+ resolved automatically because they were previously resolved when the
+ <a href="#inverse-context-creation">Inverse Context Creation algorithm</a>
+ was used to create the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-8">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm has five required inputs. They are:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <i>iri</i>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>containers</i> that represents an
+ ordered list of preferred <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> <i>type/language</i> that indicates whether
+ to look for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>, and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> representing
+ an ordered list of <i>preferred values</i> for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> to look for.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>container map</i> to the value associated with
+ <i>iri</i> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each item <i>container</i> in <i>containers</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is not a key in <i>container map</i>, then
+ there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> for it, so continue to the next
+ <i>container</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type/language map</i> to the value associated
+ with the <i>container</i> member in <i>container map</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>value map</i> to the value associated
+ with <i>type/language</i> member in <i>type/language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>preferred values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is not a key in <i>value map</i>,
+ then there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>,
+ so continue to the next <i>item</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, a matching term has been found, return the value
+ associated with the <i>item</i> member in
+ <i>value map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>No matching term has been found. Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Term Selection -->
+
+
+ <section id="value-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.5 </span>Value Compaction</h3>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">Expansion</a> transforms all values into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>
+ in JSON-LD. This algorithm performs the opposite operation, transforming
+ a value into <dfn title="compacted-form" id="dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</dfn>. This algorithm compacts a
+ value according to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is associated with the value's associated
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-9">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The <i>value</i> to compact has either an <code>@id</code> or an
+ <code>@value</code> member.</p>
+
+ <p>For the former case, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>
+ and <i>value</i> consists of only of an <code>@id</code> member and, if
+ if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@index</code>, an <code>@index</code> member, <i>value</i>
+ can be compacted to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> by returning the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>
+ to compact the value associated with the <code>@id</code> member.
+ Otherwise, <i>value</i> cannot be compacted and is returned as is.</p>
+
+ <p>For the latter case, it might be possible to compact <i>value</i>
+ just into the value associated with the <code>@value</code> member.
+ This can be done if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> and there
+ is either no <code>@index</code> member or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@index</code>. It can
+ also be done if <code>@value</code> is the only member in <i>value</i>
+ (apart an <code>@index</code> member in case the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@index</code>) and
+ either its associated value is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, there is
+ no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, or there is an explicit
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-9">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm has four required inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a <i>value</i>
+ to be compacted.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>number members</i> to the number of members
+ <i>value</i> contains.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has an <code>@index</code> member and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> associated to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@index</code>, decrease <i>number members</i> by
+ <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>number members</i> is greater than <code>2</code>, return
+ <i>value</i> as it cannot be compacted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has an <code>@id</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>number members</i> is <code>1</code> and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@id</code>, return the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ and the value of the <code>@id</code> member for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>number members</i> is <code>1</code> and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@vocab</code>, return the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ the value of the <code>@id</code> member for <i>iri</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> has an <code>@type</code> member whose
+ value matches the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ return the value associated with the <code>@value</code> member
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> has an <code>@language</code> member whose
+ value matches the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, return the value associated with the
+ <code>@value</code> member of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>number members</i> equals <code>1</code> and either
+ the value of the <code>@value</code> member is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>,
+ or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,, return the value associated with the
+ <code>@value</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Value Compaction algorithm -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Compaction section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="flattening-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">9. </span>Flattening Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="flattening-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm flattens an expanded JSON-LD document by collecting all
+ properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ and labeling all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a> with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.
+ This resulting uniform shape of the document, may drastically simplify
+ the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-10">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>First, a <i>node map</i> is generated using the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>
+ which collects all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. In the next step, the <i>node map</i> is
+ converted to a JSON-LD document in
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="flattened-document-form" href="../../json-ld/20130328/#flattened-document-form">flattened document form</a>.
+ Finally, if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> has been passed, the flattened document
+ is compacted using the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>
+ before being returned.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-10">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two input variables, an <i>element</i> to flatten and
+ an optional <i>context</i> used to compact the flattened document. If not
+ passed, <i>context</i> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>node map</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of
+ a single member whose key is <code>@default</code> and whose value is
+ an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Perform the <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>element</i> and <i>node map</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>default graph</i> to the value of the <code>@default</code>
+ member of <i>node map</i>, which is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> representing
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>graph name</i>-<i>graph</i> in <i>node map</i>
+ where <i>graph name</i> is not <code>@default</code>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>default graph</i> does not have a <i>graph name</i> member, create
+ one and initialize its value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of an
+ <code>@id</code> member whose value is set to <i>graph name</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>graph name</i> member in
+ <i>default graph</i> using the variable <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add an <code>@graph</code> member to <i>entry</i> and set it to an
+ empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>id</i>-<i>node</i> pair in <i>graph</i> ordered by <i>id</i>,
+ add <i>node</i> to the <code>@graph</code> member of <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>id</i>-<i>node</i> pair in <i>default graph</i> ordered by <i>id</i>,
+ add <i>node</i> to <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the result of compacting <i>flattened</i> according the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a> passing <i>context</i>
+ ensuring that the compaction result uses the <code>@graph</code> keyword (or its alias)
+ at the top-level, even if the context is empty or if there is only one element to
+ put in the <code>@graph</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. This ensures that the returned
+ document has a deterministic structure.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Flattening Algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="node-map-generation">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm creates a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i> holding an indexed
+ representation of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graphs</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>
+ represented in the passed expanded document. All <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> that are not
+ uniquely identified by an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> get assigned a (new) <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.
+ The resulting <i>node map</i> will have a member for every graph in the document whose
+ value is another object with a member for every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> represented in the document.
+ The default graph is stored under the <code>@default</code> member, all other graphs are
+ stored under their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-11">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm recursively runs over an expanded JSON-LD document to
+ collect all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>
+ in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. The algorithm constructs a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i> whose keys represent the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph names</a> used in the document
+ (the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> is stored under the key <code>@default</code>)
+ and whose associated values are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>
+ which index the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graph</a>. If a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property's</a> value is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>,
+ it is replace by a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> consisting of only an
+ <code>@id</code> member. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> has no <code>@id</code>
+ member or it is identified by a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>,
+ a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> is generated. This relabeling
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> is
+ also be done for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> and values of
+ <code>@type</code>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-11">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes as input an expanded JSON-LD document <i>element</i> and a reference to
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i>. Furthermore it has the optional parameters
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a> (which defaults to <code>@default</code>), an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a reference to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>list</i>. If
+ not passed, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i> are
+ set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an array, process each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>
+ as follows and then return:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Run this algorithm recursively by passing <i>item</i> for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. Reference the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> which is the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>
+ member of <i>node map</i> using the variable <i>graph</i>. If the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set <i>node</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ otherwise reference the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a> member of <i>graph</i> using the
+ variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@type</code> member, perform for each
+ <i>item</i> the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> has no member <i>item</i>, create one and initialize its
+ value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member <code>@id</code>
+ whose value is <i>item</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@value</code> member, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, merge <i>element</i> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member of <i>node</i>; the resulting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> must not contain any duplicate values.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>element</i> to the <code>@list</code> member of <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>element</i> has an <code>@list</code> member, perform
+ the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>result</i> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@list</code> whose value is initialized to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively call this algorithm passing the value of <i>element's</i>
+ <code>@list</code> member for <i>element</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>result</i> for <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>result</i> to the the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member
+ of <i>node</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>, perform
+ the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@id</code> member, set <i>id</i>
+ to its value and remove the member from <i>element</i>. If <i>id</i>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>id</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>id</i> to the result of the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier algorithm</a>
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> does not contain a member <i>id</i>, create one and initialize
+ its value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>reference</i> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@id</code> whose value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, merge <i>element</i> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member of <i>node</i>; the resulting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> must not contain any duplicate values.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>element</i> to the <code>@list</code> member of <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>id</i> member of <i>graph</i> using the
+ variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@type</code> member, merge each of its values into the
+ <code>@type</code> member of <i>node</i> and finally remove the
+ <code>@type</code> member from <i>element</i>; the resulting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> must not contain any duplicate values.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@index</code> member, set the <code>@index</code>
+ member of <i>node</i> to its value. If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> has already an
+ <code>@index</code> member with a different value, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">conflicting indexes</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise, continue by
+ removing the <code>@index</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@reverse</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>referenced node</i> with a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>reverse map</i> to the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member of
+ <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>property</i>-<i>values</i> in <i>reverse map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>value</i> of <i>values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has a <i>property</i> member, append <i>referenced node</i> to
+ its value; otherwise create a <i>property</i> member whose value is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing <i>referenced node</i>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively invoke this algorithm passing <i>value</i> for
+ <i>element</i>, <i>node map</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Remove the <code>@reverse</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@graph</code> member, recursively invoke this
+ algorithm passing the value of the <code>@graph</code> member for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, and <i>id</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a> before removing
+ the <code>@graph</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Finally, for each key-value pair <i>property</i>-<i>value</i> in <i>element</i> ordered by
+ <i>property</i> perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>property</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have a <i>property</i> member, create one and initialize
+ its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively invoke this algorithm passing <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>, <i>id</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <i>property</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Node Map Generation -->
+
+
+ <section id="generate-blank-node-identifier">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm is used to generate new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> or to
+ relabel an existing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> to avoid collision
+ by the introduction of new ones.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-12">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The simplest case is if there exists already a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ in the <i>identifier map</i> for the passed <i>identifier</i>, in which
+ case it is simply returned. Otherwise, a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ is generated by concatenating the string <code>_:b</code> and the
+ <i>counter</i>. If the passed <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ an entry is created in the <i>identifier map</i> associating the
+ <i>identifier</i> with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. Finally,
+ the <i>counter</i> is increased by one and the new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> is returned.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-12">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes a single input variable <i>identifier</i> which may
+ be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Between its executions, the algorithm needs to
+ keep an <i>identifier map</i> to relabel existing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>
+ consistently and a <i>counter</i> to generate new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>. The
+ <i>counter</i> is initialized to <code>0</code> by default.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and has an entry in the
+ <i>identifier map</i>, return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, generate a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> by concatenating
+ the string <code>_:b</code> and <i>counter</i>.</li>
+ <li>Increment <i>counter</i> by <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, create a new entry
+ for <i>identifier</i> in <i>identifier map</i> and set its value
+ to the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Generate Blank Node Identifier -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Flattening section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="rdf-conversion-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">10. </span>RDF Conversion Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <p>This section describes algorithms to transform a JSON-LD document to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> and vice versa. The algorithms are designed for in-memory
+ implementations with random access to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> elements.</p>
+
+ <p>Throughout this section, the following vocabulary
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefixes</a> are used in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>:</p>
+
+ <table rules="all">
+ <thead>
+ <tr><th>Prefix</th>
+ <th><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>rdf</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>rdfs</td>
+ <td> http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>xsd</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+
+ <section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithms converts a JSON-LD document to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/217"><span>Issue 217</span></a></div><p class="">RDF does not currently allow a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> to be used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a>.</p></div>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-13">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD document is expanded and converted to a <i>node map</i> using the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>.
+ This allows each graph represented within the document to be
+ extracted and flattened, making it easier to process each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>. Each graph from the <i>node map</i>
+ is processed to extract <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triples</a>,
+ to which any (non-default) graph name is applied to create an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>. Each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> in the
+ <i>node map</i> has an <code>@id</code> member which corresponds to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-subject" href="#dfn-rdf-subject">RDF subject</a>, the other members
+ represent <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-predicate" href="#dfn-rdf-predicate">RDF predicates</a>. Each
+ member value is either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> or can be transformed to an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a>
+ to generate an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">Lists</a>
+ are transformed into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a>
+ using the <a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">List to RDF Conversion algorithm.</a></p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-13">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes a JSON-LD document <i>element</i> and returns an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <i>element</i> according the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a <i>node map</i> according the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>graph name</i> and <i>graph</i> in <i>node map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>triples</i> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>subject</i> and <i>node</i> in <i>graph</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>values</i> in <i>node</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is <code>@type</code>, then for each
+ <i>type</i> in <i>values</i>, append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ composed of <i>subject</i>, <code>rdf:type</code>,
+ and <i>type</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>
+ continue to the next <i>property</i>-<i>values</i> pair.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>property</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. For each <i>item</i>
+ in <i>values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, initialize
+ <i>list triples</i> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> and
+ <i>list head</i> to the result of the <a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">List Conversion algorithm</a>, passing
+ the value associated with the <code>@list</code> key from
+ <i>item</i> and <i>list triples</i>. Append first a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <i>property</i>, and <i>list head</i> to <i>triples</i> and
+ finally append all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a> from
+ <i>list triples</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>. Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ composed of <i>subject</i>, <i>property</i>, and
+ the result of using the
+ <a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">Object to RDF Conversion algorithm</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>graph name</i> is <code>@default</code>, add
+ <i>triples</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> in <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graph</a> in <i>dataset</i>
+ composed of <i>graph name</i> and add <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Convert to RDF Algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="object-to-rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Object to RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ and transforms it into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-resource" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-resource">RDF resource</a>
+ to be used as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">object</a> of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-14">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">Value objects</a> are transformed to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> as defined in the section
+ <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a> whereas
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> are transformed to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-14">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes as its sole argument <i>item</i> which must be
+ either a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> return the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> associated
+ with its <code>@id</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>. Initialize
+ <i>value</i> to the value associated with the <code>@value</code>
+ member in <i>item</i>.
+ </li><li>Initialize <i>datatype</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@type</code> member of <i>item</i> or <code>null</code> if
+ <i>item</i> does not have such a member.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, set <i>value</i> to its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> as defined
+ in the section <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ If <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:boolean</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, then set
+ <i>value</i> to its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> as defined
+ in the section <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ If <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to either
+ <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code>, depending
+ on if the value contains a fractional and/or an exponential
+ component.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:string</code> or <code>rdf:langString</code>, depending on if
+ item has an <code>@language</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>literal</i> as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a> using
+ <i>value</i> and <i>datatype</i>. If <i>item</i> has an
+ <code>@language</code> member and <i>datatype</i> is
+ <code>rdf:langString</code>, then add the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key as the language of <i>literal</i>.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>literal</i>.</li>
+
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Object to RDF Conversion -->
+
+
+ <section id="list-to-rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.3 </span>List to RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>List Conversion is the process of taking a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>
+ and transforming it into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a>
+ as defined in RDF Semantics [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-MT">RDF-MT</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-15">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>For each element of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ is allocated which is used to generate <code>rdf:first</code> and
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>. The
+ algorithm returns the list head, which is either the the first allocated
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> or <code>rdf:nil</code> if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> is empty.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-15">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list</i>
+ and an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list triples</i> used for returning
+ the generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is empty, return <code>rdf:nil</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>bnodes</i> composed of a
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">newly generated blank node identifier</a>
+ for each entry in <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each pair of <i>subject</i> from <i>bnodes</i> and <i>item</i> from <i>list</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <code>rdf:first</code>, and the result of using th
+ <a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">Object to RDF Conversion algorithm</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> to <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>rest</i> as the next entry in <i>bnodes</i>, or if that
+ does not exist, <code>rdf:nil</code>. Append a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <code>rdf:rest</code>, and <i>rest</i> to <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> from <i>bnodes</i> or
+ <code>rdf:nil</code> if <i>bnodes</i> is empty.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of List to RDF -->
+
+
+ <section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.4 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm converts an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> consisting of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and zero or more
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graphs</a> into a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, data exists natively in the form of triples or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>; for example, if the data was
+ originally represented in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>. This algorithm is
+ designed to simply translate an array of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>
+ into a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">This algorithm does not support lists containing lists.</p></div>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-16">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Iterate through each graph in the dataset, converting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collections</a> into a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>
+ and generating a JSON-LD document in expanded form for all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-16">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes a single parameter <i>dataset</i> in the form of
+ an array of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>default graph</i> to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ consisting of two members, <code>nodeMap</code> and <code>listMap</code>,
+ whose value is an an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>graph map</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting
+ of a single member <code>@default</code> whose value is set to
+ reference <i>default graph</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the <code>nodeMap</code> member of <i>default graph</i>
+ using the variable <i>default graph nodes</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>graph</i> in <i>dataset</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>,
+ set <i>name</i> to <code>@default</code>, otherwise to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a> associated with <i>graph</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph map</i> has no <i>name</i> member, create one and set
+ its value to a to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of two
+ members, <code>nodeMap</code> and <code>listMap</code>, whose value
+ is an an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> is not the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and
+ <i>default graph nodes</i> does not have a <i>name</i> member,
+ create such a member and initialize its value to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member <code>@id</code>
+ whose value is <i>name</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>name</i> member in <i>graph map</i>
+ using the variable <i>graph object</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>nodeMap</code> member in
+ <i>graph object</i> using the variable <i>node map</i> and the
+ value of the <code>listMap</code> member using the variable
+ <i>list map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a> in <i>graph</i>
+ consisting of <i>subject</i>, <i>predicate</i>, and <i>object</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>predicate</i> equals <code>rdf:first</code>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list map</i> has no <i>subject</i> member, create
+ one and initialize it to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize the value of the <code>first</code> member of
+ the <i>subject</i> member of <i>list map</i> to the result of the
+ <a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion">RDF to Object Conversion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <i>object</i>.</li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li><li>If <i>predicate</i> equals <code>rdf:rest</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list map</i> has no <i>subject</i> member, create
+ one and initialize it to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize the value of the <code>rest</code> member of
+ the <i>subject</i> member of <i>list map</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">object</a>, which is either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>node map</i> does not have a <i>subject</i> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose value is
+ set to <i>subject</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>subject</i> member in <i>node map</i>
+ using the variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>predicate</i> equals <code>rdf:type</code>, and <i>object</i>
+ is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>,
+ append <i>object</i> to the value of the <code>@type</code>
+ member of <i>node</i>. If no such member exists, create one
+ and initialize it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> whose only item is
+ <i>object</i>. Finally, continue to the next
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have an <i>predicate</i> member, create one
+ and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion">RDF to Object Conversion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <i>object</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add a reference to <i>value</i> to the to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ associated with the <i>predicate</i> member of <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>object</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> it might represent the
+ head of a RDF list:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list map</i> has no <i>object</i> member, create
+ one and set its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set the <code>head</code> member of the <i>object</i>
+ member of <i>list map</i> to a reference of <i>value</i>.
+ This reference may be required later to replace the
+ <i>value</i> in the <i>predicate</i> member of <i>node</i>
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <i>name</i> and <i>graph object</i> in <i>graph map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>listMap</code> member in
+ <i>graph object</i> using the variable <i>list map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>subject</i>-<i>entry</i> of the
+ value associated to the <code>listMap</code> member of
+ <i>graph object</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>entry</i> has not an <code>head</code> and an
+ <code>first</code> member it does not represent the head of
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>. Continue with the next key-value pair.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>head</code> member in <i>entry</i>
+ using the variable <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Remove the <code>@id</code> member from <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add an <code>@list</code> member to <i>value</i> and initialize
+ it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing the value of the
+ <code>first</code> member of <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>While the value associated with the <code>rest</code> member
+ of <i>entry</i> is not <code>rdf:nil</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <i>rest</i> to the value of the <code>rest</code>
+ member of <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>entry</i> to the value associated with the
+ <i>rest</i> member of <i>list map</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add the value associated with the <code>first</code>
+ member of <i>entry</i> to the <code>@list</code> member
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>subject</i> and <i>node</i> in <i>default graph nodes</i>
+ ordered by <i>subject</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>graph map</i> has an <i>subject</i> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add a <code>@graph</code> member to <i>node</i> and initialize
+ its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the <code>nodeMap</code> member of the <i>subject</i>
+ member of <i>graph map</i> using the variable <i>node map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>s</i>-<i>n</i> in <i>node map</i>
+ ordered by <i>s</i>, append <i>n</i> to the <code>@graph</code>
+ member of <i>node</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li><li>Append <i>node</i> to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Convert from RDF algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="rdf-to-object-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.5 </span>RDF to Object Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm transforms an RDF literal to a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ and a RDF blank node or <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to an JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="general-solution-17">General Solution</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> are transformed to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value objects</a> as defined in the section
+ <a href="#data-round-tripping">Data Round Tripping</a> whereas
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> are
+ transformed to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-17">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes as single input variable <i>value</i> that
+ is converted to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is an an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> equals <code>rdf:nil</code> return a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@list</code> whose value is set to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. This is behavior is required by the
+ <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Convert from RDF algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of
+ a single member <code>@id</code> whose value is set to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>value</i> is an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> result.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>converted value</i> to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a></li>
+ <li>If the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i> equals <code>xsd:boolean</code>, set
+ <i>converted value</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ of <i>value</i> matches <code>true</code>, or <code>false</code> if
+ it matches <code>false</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i> equals <code>xsd:integer</code> or
+ <code>xsd:double</code>, try to convert the literal to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">JSON number</a>. If the conversion is
+ successful, store the result in <i>converted value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a>
+ add a member <code>@language</code> to <i>result</i> and set its value to the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tag" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tag">language tag</a>
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type</i> to the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i>, unless it equals <code>xsd:string</code> which is ignored.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <code>@value</code> to <i>result</i> whose value
+ is set to <i>converted value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, add a member <code>@type</code>
+ to <i>result</i> whose value is set to <i>type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="data-round-tripping">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.6 </span>Data Round Tripping</h3>
+
+ <p>When <a href="#rdf-conversion">converting JSON-LD to RDF</a> JSON-native types such as
+ <em>numbers</em> and <em>booleans</em> are automatically coerced to
+ <code>xsd:integer</code>, <code>xsd:double</code>, or <code>xsd:boolean</code>.
+ Implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> ensure that the result is in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a>. A
+ <dfn title="canonical-lexical-form" id="dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</dfn> is a set of literals from among the valid set of literals for
+ a datatype such that there is a one-to-one mapping between the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a>
+ and a value in the value space as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]. In other words, every
+ value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be converted to a deterministic <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> representation.</p>
+
+ <p>The canonical lexical form of an <em>integer</em>, i.e., a number without fractions
+ or a number coerced to <code>xsd:integer</code>, is a finite-length sequence of decimal
+ digits (<code>0-9</code>) with an optional leading minus sign; leading zeros are prohibited.
+ To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span>: Sample integer serialization implementation in JavaScript</div><pre class="example">(value).toFixed(0).toString()</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The canonical lexical form of a <em>double</em>, i.e., a number with fractions
+ or a number coerced to <code>xsd:double</code>, consists of a mantissa followed by the
+ character "E", followed by an exponent. The mantissa <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a decimal number. The exponent
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an integer. Leading zeros and a preceding plus sign (<code>+</code>) are prohibited
+ in the exponent. If the exponent is zero, it must be indicated by <code>E0</code>.
+ For the mantissa, the preceding optional plus sign is prohibited and the decimal point is
+ required. Leading and trailing zeros are prohibited subject to the following: number
+ representations must be normalized such that there is a single digit which is non-zero to the
+ left of the decimal point and at least a single digit to the right of the decimal point unless
+ the value being represented is zero. The canonical representation for zero is <code>0.0E0</code>.
+ <code>xsd:double</code>'s value space is defined by the IEEE double-precision 64-bit
+ floating point type [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985">IEEE-754-1985</a></cite>]; in JSON-LD the mantissa is rounded to 15 digits after the
+ decimal point.</p>
+
+ <p>To convert the number in JavaScript, implementers can use the following snippet of code:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span>: Sample floating point number serialization implementation in JavaScript</div><pre class="example">(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">When data such as decimals need to be normalized, JSON-LD authors should
+ not use values that are going to undergo automatic conversion. This is due to the lossy nature
+ of <code>xsd:double</code> values. Authors should instead use the expanded object form to
+ set the canonical lexical form directly.</p></div>
+
+ <p>The canonical lexical form of the <em>boolean</em> values <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>
+ are the strings <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>When JSON-native <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>s, are type coerced, lossless data round-tripping can not
+ be guaranteed as rounding errors might occur. Additionally, only literals typed as
+ <code>xsd:integer</code>, <code>xsd:double</code>, and <code>xsd:boolean</code> are
+ automatically converted back to their JSON-native counterparts in when
+ <a href="#rdf-conversion">converting from RDF</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some JSON serializers, such as PHP's native implementation in some versions,
+ backslash-escape the forward slash character. For example, the value
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> would be serialized as <code>http:\/\/example.com\/</code>.
+ This is problematic as other JSON parsers might not understand those escaping characters.
+ There is no need to backslash-escape forward slashes in JSON-LD. To aid interoperability
+ between JSON-LD processors, a JSON-LD serializer <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> backslash-escape forward slashes.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Data Round Tripping -->
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">11. </span>The Application Programming Interface</h2>
+
+ <p>This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert
+ JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are often easier to
+ work with. A conformant JSON-LD Processor <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> implement the entirety of the
+ following API.</p>
+
+ <section id="jsonldprocessor">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</h3>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Processor interface is the high-level programming structure
+ that developers use to access the JSON-LD transformation methods.</p>
+
+ <p>It is important to highlight that conformant
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD processors</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> modify
+ the input parameters. If an error is detected, the <i>callback</i> is
+ invoked passing a <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> with the corresponding error
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></code>
+ and processing is stopped.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">Constructor</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType">(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h4 id="methods">Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>compact</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#compaction">Compacts</a> the given <code>input</code> using the
+ <code>context</code> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a DOMString representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of a remote document, dereference it. If the retrieved document has a content type
+ different than <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, invoke the <i>callback</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>compacted</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>context</i>, <i>expanded</i> as <i>element</i>, and if passed, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ flag in <i>options</i>.</li>
+ <li>Invoke <i>callback</i>, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <i>error</i> and
+ <i>compacted</i> for <i>document</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code>(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the compaction upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to compact.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code>(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the <code>input</code>; either in the
+ form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing completed successfully
+ on the given <code>input</code>, or a fatal error prevented
+ processing from completing.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the algorithms. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-object---DOMString-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>expand</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#expansion">Expands</a> the given <code>input</code> according to
+ the steps in the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a DOMString representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of a remote document, dereference it. If the retrieved document has a content type
+ different than <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, invoke the <i>callback</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Invoke <i>callback</i>, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <i>error</i> and
+ <i>expanded</i> for <i>document</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code>(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the expansion upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to expand.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing completed successfully
+ on the given <code>input</code>, or a fatal error prevented
+ processing from completing.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the used algorithms such. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-object---DOMString-input-object-DOMString-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>flatten</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#flattening">Flattens</a> the given <code>input</code> and
+ <a href="#compaction">compacts</a> it using the passed <code>context</code>
+ according to the steps in the <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a DOMString representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of a remote document, dereference it. If the retrieved document has a content type
+ different than <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, invoke the <i>callback</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <i>identifier map</i> and a <i>counter</i> (set to <code>0</code>)
+ to be used by the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>flattened</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>expanded</i> as <i>element</i>, <i>context</i>, and if passed, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ flag in <i>options</i> (which is internally passed to the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>).</li>
+ <li>Invoke <i>callback</i>, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <i>error</i> and
+ <i>flattened</i> for <i>document</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code>(<a>object</a> or <a>object[]</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ referencing the JSON-LD document to flatten.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code>(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the flattened <code>input</code>; either
+ in the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. If
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> is passed, the result will not be compacted but kept
+ in expanded form.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">callback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called when processing completed successfully
+ on the given <code>input</code>, or a fatal error prevented
+ processing from completing.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the used algorithms such. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of JsonLdProcessor -->
+
+
+ <section id="callbacks">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.2 </span>Callbacks</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD processors utilize callbacks in order to exchange information in
+ an asynchronous manner with applications. This section details the
+ parameters of those callbacks.</p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonldcallback">JsonLdCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a> is called when an API method of
+ <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> has been completed, either successfully or
+ by a fatal error.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlCallback">callback <span class="idlCallbackID">JsonLdCallback</span> = <span class="idlCallbackType"><a>void</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">document</span></span>);</span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-jsonldcallback-parameters">Callback <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a> Parameters</h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-error"><code>error</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a></span></dt><dd>If the value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then no issue was detected
+ during processing. Otherwise, a processing error was detected and
+ the details are contained within the <em>error</em> object.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-document"><code>document</code> of type array of <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or object</a></span></dt><dd>The processed JSON-LD document.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="loadcontextcallback">LoadContextCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a> defines the callback that custom context loaders
+ have to implement to be used to retrieve remote contexts.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlCallback">callback <span class="idlCallbackID">LoadContextCallback</span> = <span class="idlCallbackType"><a>void</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">url</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback" class="idlType"><code>ContextLoadedCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>);</span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-loadcontextcallback-parameters">Callback <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a> Parameters</h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-url"><code>url</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The URL of the remote context to load.</dd><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-callback"><code>callback</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback" class="idlType"><code>ContextLoadedCallback</code></a></span></dt><dd>The callback that is called when the remote context has been
+ successfully loaded or an error preventing its loading has been
+ detected.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="contextloadedcallback">ContextLoadedCallback</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback" class="idlType"><code>ContextLoadedCallback</code></a> is called in response to a call
+ of the <a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback" class="idlCallback">callback <span class="idlCallbackID">ContextLoadedCallback</span> = <span class="idlCallbackType"><a>void</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">error</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">url</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>);</span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-contextloadedcallback-parameters">Callback <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-ContextLoadedCallback"><code>ContextLoadedCallback</code></a> Parameters</h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-error"><code>error</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a></span></dt><dd>If the value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then no issue was detected
+ during processing. Otherwise, a processing issue was detected and
+ the details are contained within the <em>error</em> object. All
+ errors <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have a <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a> of
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</a></code>.</dd><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-url"><code>url</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The final URL of the loaded JSON-LD context. This is important
+ to handle HTTP redirects properly.</dd><dt id="widl-ContextLoadedCallback-context"><code>context</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The raw content of the retrieved JSON-LD context.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Callbacks -->
+
+
+ <section id="data-structures">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.3 </span>Data Structures</h3>
+ <p>This section describes datatype definitions used within the JSON-LD API.</p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonldoptions">JsonLdOptions</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> type is used to pass various options to the
+ <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> methods.</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlDictionary">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">loadContext</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">"json-ld-1.0"</span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base"><code>base</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The Base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to use when expanding or compacting the document. This overrides the value of
+ <em>input</em> if it is a <a><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. If not specified and <em>input</em> is not
+ an <a><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> defaults to the current document <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> if in a browser context,
+ or the empty string if there is no document context.
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span>Issue 223</span></a>: Feature at risk</div><p class="atrisk">The default value of this option
+ implies that all IRIs that cannot be compacted otherwise are transformed to relative IRIs
+ during compaction. To avoid that data is being lost, developers thus have to store the
+ base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> along with the compacted document. This might be problematic in practice and
+ thus the default behavior might be changed in future. Furthermore, the relationship
+ of this option to the <code>@base</code> keyword (which is at risk) should be further
+ investigated.</p></div>
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><code>compactArrays</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>true</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor replaces arrays with just
+ one element with that element during compaction. If set to <code>false</code>,
+ all arrays will remain arrays even if they have just one element.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><code>expandContext</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>object or DOMString</a></span>, defaulting to <code>null</code></dt><dd>A context that is used to initialize the active context when expanding a document.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext"><code>loadContext</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span></dt><dd>The callback of the context loader to be used to retrieve remote contexts.
+ If specified, it <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be used to retrieve remote contexts; otherwise, if not specified,
+ the processor's built-in context loader <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be used.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode"><code>processingMode</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, defaulting to <code>"json-ld-1.0"</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>json-ld-1.0</code>, the JSON-LD Processor <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> produce
+ exactly the same results as the algorithms defined in this specification.
+ If set to another value, the JSON-LD Processor is allowed to extend
+ or modify the algorithms defined in this specification to enable
+ application-specific optimizations. The definition of such
+ optimizations is beyond the scope of this specification and thus
+ not defined. Consequently, different implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> implement
+ different optimizations. Developers <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> define modes beginning
+ with <code>json-ld</code> as they are reserved for future versions
+ of this specification.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonlderror">JsonLdError</h4>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> type is used to report processing errors
+ to a <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlDictionary">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdError</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-message">message</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonlderror-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdError-code"><code>code</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span></dt><dd>a string representing the particular error type, as described in
+ the various algorithms in this document.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdError-message"><code>message</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, nullable</dt><dd>an optional error message containing additional debugging information.
+ The specific contents of error messages are outside the scope of this
+ specification.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonlderrorcode">JsonLdErrorCode</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a> represents the collection of valid JSON-LD error
+ codes.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlEnum">enum <span class="idlEnumID">JsonLdErrorCode</span> {
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">invalid @index value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">conflicting indexes</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">invalid @id value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">invalid local context</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">invalid remote context</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">recursive context inclusion</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">invalid base IRI</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">invalid vocab mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">invalid default language</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">keyword redefinition</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">invalid term definition</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">invalid keyword alias</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">invalid language mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">colliding keywords</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">invalid container mapping</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">invalid type value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">invalid value object</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">invalid value object value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">invalid language-tagged string</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">invalid language-tagged value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">invalid typed value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">invalid set or list object</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">invalid language map value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">compaction to list of lists</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">invalid reverse property map</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid @reverse value</a>",
+ "<a class="idlEnumItem" href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value">invalid reverse property value</a>"
+};</span></pre><table class="simple"><tr><th colspan="2">Enumeration description</th></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</code></td><td>The document could not be loaded or parsed as JSON.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</code></td><td>A list of lists was detected. List of lists are not supported in
+ this version of JSON-LD due to the algorithmic complexity associated
+ with conversion to RDF.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">invalid @index value</code></td><td>An <code>@index</code> member was encountered whose value was
+ not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">conflicting indexes</code></td><td>Multiple conflicting indexes have been found for the same node.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">invalid @id value</code></td><td>An <code>@id</code> member was encountered whose value was not a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">invalid local context</code></td><td>In invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</code></td><td>There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">invalid remote context</code></td><td>No valid context document has been found for a referenced,
+ remote context.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">recursive context inclusion</code></td><td>A cycle in remote context inclusions has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">invalid base IRI</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> has been detected, i.e., it is
+ neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">invalid vocab mapping</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> has been detected, i.e.,
+ it is neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">invalid default language</code></td><td>The value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and thus invalid.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">keyword redefinition</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> redefinition has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">invalid term definition</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</code></td><td>An invalid reverse property definition has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid IRI mapping</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that has
+ an invalid or missing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic IRI mapping</code></td><td>A cycle in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mappings</a> has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">invalid keyword alias</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> alias definition has been
+ encountered.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@type</code> member in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ was encountered whose value could not be expanded to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">invalid language mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@language</code> member in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ was encountered whose value was neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and thus invalid.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">colliding keywords</code></td><td>Two properties which expand to the same keyword have been detected.
+ This might occur if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and an an alias thereof
+ are used at the same time.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">invalid container mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@container</code> member was encountered whose value was
+ not one of the following <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>:
+ <code>@list</code>, <code>@set</code>, or <code>@index</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">invalid type value</code></td><td>An invalid value for an <code>@type</code> member has been detected,
+ i.e., the value was neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">invalid value object</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> with disallowed members has been
+ detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">invalid value object value</code></td><td>An invalid value for the <code>@value</code> member of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> has been detected, i.e., it is neither
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">invalid language-tagged string</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a> with an invalid language
+ value was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">invalid language-tagged value</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> with an
+ associated language tag was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">invalid typed value</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a> with an invalid type was detected.
+ </td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">invalid set or list object</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> with
+ disallowed members has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">invalid language map value</code></td><td>An invalid value in a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../../json-ld/20130328/#dfn-language-map">language map</a>
+ has been detected. It has to be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">compaction to list of lists</code></td><td>The compacted document contains a list of lists as multiple
+ lists have been compacted to the same term.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">invalid reverse property map</code></td><td>An invalid reverse property map has been detected. No
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> apart from <code>@context</code>
+ are allowed in reverse property maps.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid @reverse value</code></td><td>An invalid value for an <code>@reverse</code> member has been detected,
+ i.e., the value was not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value">invalid reverse property value</code></td><td>An invalid value for a reverse property has been detected. The value of an inverse
+ property must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</td></tr></table>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Data Structures -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of The Application Programming Interfaces -->
+
+
+<section class="appendix informative" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>A large amount of thanks goes out to the JSON-LD Community Group
+ participants who worked through many of the technical issues on the mailing
+ list and the weekly telecons - of special mention are Niklas Lindström,
+ François Daoust, Lin Clark, and Zdenko 'Denny' Vrandečić.
+ The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+ the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj.
+ The work of Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson are appreciated for reviewing,
+ and performing several implementations of the specification. Ian Davis is
+ thanked for his work on RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham,
+ Bradley P. Allen, Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant,
+ Danny Ayers, Ted Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Josh Mandel, Eric Prud'hommeaux,
+ David Wood, Guus Schreiber, Pat Hayes, Sandro Hawke, and Richard Cyganiak
+ or their input on the specification.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="references" class="appendix" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">[IEEE-754-1985]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">IEEE. <cite>IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic.</cite> URL: <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. <cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">JSON-LD 1.0</a>.</cite> W3C Editor's Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-MT">[RDF-MT]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Patrick Hayes. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210"><cite>RDF Semantics</cite></a>. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> March 1997. Internet RFC 2119. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a>. July 2006. RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC5988">[RFC5988]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Nottingham. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">Web Linking</a>.</cite> October 2010. Internet RFC 5988. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Cameron McCormack, Editor. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">Web IDL.</a></cite> 19 April 2012. W3C Candidate Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/">http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">[XMLSCHEMA11-2]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Henry S. Thompson et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/"><cite>W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes</cite></a>. 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">A. Phillips; M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a>. September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification.</cite></a> June 2011. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">[JSON-LD-TESTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><cite><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/test-suite/">JSON-LD Test Suite</a></cite> (work in progress).
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</a></cite> 15 January 2013. W3C Working Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> 19 February 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/FCGS/json-ld/20130328/diff-20130222.html Thu Mar 28 15:51:20 2013 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,23161 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="bibo: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/" typeof="bibo:Document">
+<head>
+<title>JSON-LD 1.0</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
+
+
+<style type="text/css">
+ .diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+ table, thead, tr, td { padding: 5px; border-width: 1px; border-spacing: 0px; border-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse;}
+</style>
+<style>/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec 3 CSS
+ * Robin Berjon - http://berjon.com/
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+}
+
+dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+cite .bibref {
+ font-style: normal;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- --- */
+ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+/* --- TOC --- */
+.toc a, .tof a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a .secno, a .figno {
+ color: #000;
+}
+
+ul.tof, ol.tof {
+ list-style: none outside none;
+}
+
+.caption {
+ margin-top: 0.5em;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+/* --- TABLE --- */
+table.simple {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
+}
+
+.simple th {
+ background: #005a9c;
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.simple th[scope="row"] {
+ background: inherit;
+ color: inherit;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple tr:nth-child(even) {
+ background: #f0f6ff;
+}
+
+/* --- DL --- */
+.section dd > p:first-child {
+ margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd > p:last-child {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd {
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.section dl.attrs dd, .section dl.eldef dd {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+</style><style>/* --- EXAMPLES --- */
+div.example-title {
+ min-width: 7.5em;
+ color: #b9ab2d;
+}
+div.example-title span {
+ text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+aside.example, div.example, div.illegal-example {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+ margin: 1em 0;
+ position: relative;
+ clear: both;
+}
+div.illegal-example { color: red }
+div.illegal-example p { color: black }
+aside.example, div.example {
+ padding: .5em;
+ border-left-width: .5em;
+ border-left-style: solid;
+ border-color: #e0cb52;
+ background: #fcfaee;
+}
+
+aside.example div.example {
+ border-left-width: .1em;
+ border-color: #999;
+ background: #fff;
+}
+aside.example div.example div.example-title {
+ color: #999;
+}
+</style><style>/* --- ISSUES/NOTES --- */
+div.issue-title, div.note-title {
+ padding-right: 1em;
+ min-width: 7.5em;
+ color: #b9ab2d;
+}
+div.issue-title { color: #e05252; }
+div.note-title { color: #52e052; }
+div.issue-title span, div.note-title span {
+ text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+div.note, div.issue {
+ margin-top: 1em;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+.note > p:first-child, .issue > p:first-child { margin-top: 0 }
+.issue, .note {
+ padding: .5em;
+ border-left-width: .5em;
+ border-left-style: solid;
+}
+div.issue, div.note {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+ margin: 1em 0;
+ position: relative;
+ clear: both;
+}
+span.note, span.issue { padding: .1em .5em .15em; }
+
+.issue {
+ border-color: #e05252;
+ background: #fbe9e9;
+}
+.note {
+ border-color: #52e052;
+ background: #e9fbe9;
+}
+
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/community/src/css/spec/cg-final.css" rel="stylesheet"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='http://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]--><style type='text/css'>
+.diff-old-a {
+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
+.diff-new { background-color: yellow; }
+.diff-chg { background-color: lime; }
+.diff-new:before,
+.diff-new:after
+ { content: "\2191" }
+.diff-chg:before, .diff-chg:after
+ { content: "\2195" }
+.diff-old { text-decoration: line-through; background-color: #FBB; }
+.diff-old:before,
+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body>
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72">
+</a>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+A
+JSON-based
+Serialization
+for
+Linked
+Data
+</h2>
+<h2 id="final-community-group-specification-28-march-2013">
+Final
+Community
+Group
+Specification
+<del class="diff-old">22
+February
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">28
+March
+</ins>
+2013
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Latest
+editor's
+draft:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/index.html
+</del>
+<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Niklas Lindström" href="http://neverspace.net/">
+Niklas
+Lindström
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</del>
+<p class="copyright">
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
+Copyright
+</a>
+©
+2010-2013
+the
+Contributors
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Specification,
+published
+by
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+</a>
+under
+the
+<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa/">
+W3C
+Community
+Final
+Specification
+Agreement
+(FSA)
+</a>.
+A
+human-readable
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa-deed/">
+summary
+</a>
+is
+available.
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#abstract" typeof="bibo:Chapter" datatype="" property="dcterms:abstract" class="introductory" id="abstract">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+<del class="diff-old">In
+an
+attempt
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+specification
+defines
+JSON-LD,
+a
+JSON-based
+format
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">harmonize
+the
+representation
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialize
+</ins>
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+</ins>
+JSON,
+<del class="diff-old">this
+specification
+outlines
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">but
+provide
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">common
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+</ins>
+JSON
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+JSON-LD.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+</ins>
+Linked
+Data
+<ins class="diff-new">in
+Web-based
+programming
+environments,
+to
+build
+interoperable
+Web
+services,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">non-Linked
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+store
+Linked
+</ins>
+Data
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+single
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-based
+storage
+engines.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="sotd" class="introductory">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+specification
+was
+published
+by
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+</a>.
+It
+is
+not
+a
+W3C
+Standard
+nor
+is
+it
+on
+the
+W3C
+Standards
+Track.
+Please
+note
+that
+under
+the
+<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/final/">
+W3C
+Community
+Final
+Specification
+Agreement
+(FSA)
+</a>
+other
+conditions
+apply.
+Learn
+more
+about
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/community/">
+W3C
+Community
+and
+Business
+Groups
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+has
+been
+under
+development
+for
+over
+25
+months
+in
+the
+JSON
+for
+Linking
+Data
+Community
+Group.
+The
+document
+has
+recently
+been
+transferred
+to
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+for
+review,
+improvement,
+and
+publication.
+The
+specification
+has
+undergone
+significant
+development,
+review,
+and
+changes
+during
+the
+course
+of
+the
+last
+25
+months.
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+several
+independent
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">
+interoperable
+implementations
+</a>
+of
+this
+specification.
+There
+is
+a
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">
+fairly
+complete
+test
+suite
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">
+live
+JSON-LD
+editor
+</a>
+that
+is
+capable
+of
+demonstrating
+the
+features
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+While
+development
+on
+implementations,
+the
+test
+suite
+and
+the
+live
+editor
+will
+continue,
+they
+are
+believed
+to
+be
+mature
+enough
+to
+be
+integrated
+into
+a
+non-production
+system
+at
+this
+point
+in
+time
+with
+the
+expectation
+that
+they
+could
+be
+used
+in
+a
+production
+system
+within
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">year.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">six
+months.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+If
+you
+want
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+your
+feedback
+is
+formally
+addressed
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group,
+you
+should
+send
+it
+to
+public-rdf-comments:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+Ad-hoc
+technical
+discussion
+primarily
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+community
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+</li>
+<li>
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Wednesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+limited
+to
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+members.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>
+if
+you
+do
+not
+want
+to
+send
+an
+e-mail
+to
+the
+public-rdf-comments
+mailing
+list.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="toc">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#introduction">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#how-to-read-this-document">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#design-goals-and-rationale">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#terminology">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Terminology
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#general-terminology">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#conformance">
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#basic-concepts">
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#the-context">
+<span class="secno">
+5.1
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#iris">
+<span class="secno">
+5.2
+</span>
+IRIs
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#node-identifiers">
+<span class="secno">
+5.3
+</span>
+Node
+Identifiers
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#specifying-the-type">
+<span class="secno">
+5.4
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#advanced-concepts">
+<span class="secno">
+6.
+</span>
+Advanced
+Concepts
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#base-iri">
+<span class="secno">
+6.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Compact
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#default-vocabulary">
+<span class="secno">
+6.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Typed
+Values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Default
+Vocabulary
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#compact-iris">
+<span class="secno">
+6.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Type
+Coercion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Compact
+IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#typed-values">
+<span class="secno">
+6.4
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Advanced
+Context
+Usage
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Typed
+Values
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#type-coercion">
+<span class="secno">
+6.5
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Type
+Coercion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#embedding">
+<span class="secno">
+6.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">String
+Internationalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Embedding
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#advanced-context-usage">
+<span class="secno">
+6.7
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Overriding
+@vocab
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Advanced
+Context
+Usage
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld">
+<span class="secno">
+6.8
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Property
+Generators
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#string-internationalization">
+<span class="secno">
+6.9
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">String
+Internationalization
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#iri-expansion-within-a-context"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+6.10
+</ins></span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+<del class="diff-old">Within
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">within
+</ins>
+a
+Context
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#reverse-properties">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.12
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Embedding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reverse
+Properties
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#named-graphs">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+Named
+Graphs
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#identifying-blank-nodes">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.14
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Blank
+Nodes
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#aliasing-keywords">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.15
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#data-indexing">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">6.16
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Data
+Indexing
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#expanded-document-form">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.15
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.17
+</ins>
+</span>
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#compact-document-form">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.16
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.18
+</ins>
+</span>
+Compact
+Document
+Form
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#flattened-document-form">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.17
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.19
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Indexing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Flattened
+Document
+Form
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#embedding-json-ld-in-html-documents"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+6.20
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Embedding
+JSON-LD
+in
+HTML
+Documents
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#data-model">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Data
+Model
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#json-ld-grammar">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+JSON-LD
+Grammar
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#terms">
+<span class="secno">
+B.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Node
+Object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Terms
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#node-objects">
+<span class="secno">
+B.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Node
+Objects
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#value-objects">
+<span class="secno">
+B.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Language
+Map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Objects
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#lists-and-sets">
+<span class="secno">
+B.4
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Index
+Map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+and
+Sets
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#language-maps">
+<span class="secno">
+B.5
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expanded
+Values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Language
+Maps
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#index-maps">
+<span class="secno">
+B.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">List
+and
+Set
+Values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Index
+Maps
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#context-definitions">
+<span class="secno">
+B.7
+</span>
+Context
+<del class="diff-old">Definition
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Definitions
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#relationship-to-rdf">
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+Relationship
+to
+RDF
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#transformation-from-json-ld-to-rdf">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">C.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Transformation
+from
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+</ins></a></li></ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#relationship-to-other-linked-data-formats">
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+Relationship
+to
+Other
+Linked
+Data
+Formats
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#turtle">
+<span class="secno">
+D.1
+</span>
+Turtle
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">D.1.1
+Prefix
+definitions
+D.1.2
+Embedding
+D.1.3
+Lists
+</del>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#rdfa">
+<span class="secno">
+D.2
+</span>
+RDFa
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#microformats">
+<span class="secno">
+D.3
+</span>
+Microformats
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#microdata">
+<span class="secno">
+D.4
+</span>
+Microdata
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#iana-considerations">
+<span class="secno">
+E.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements">
+<span class="secno">
+F.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#references">
+<span class="secno">
+G.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references">
+<span class="secno">
+G.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references">
+<span class="secno">
+G.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="introduction" class="informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<dfn id="dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data">
+Linked
+Data
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+network
+of
+inter-connected
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+and
+Web
+sites.
+In
+general,
+Linked
+Data
+has
+four
+properties:
+1) it
+uses
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+name
+things;
+2) it
+uses
+HTTP
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+for
+those
+names;
+3) the
+name
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+when
+dereferenced,
+provide
+more
+information
+about
+the
+<del class="diff-old">name;
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">thing;
+</ins>
+and
+4) the
+data
+expresses
+links
+to
+data
+on
+other
+Web
+sites.
+These
+properties
+allow
+data
+published
+on
+the
+Web
+to
+work
+much
+like
+Web
+pages
+do
+today.
+One
+can
+start
+at
+one
+piece
+of
+Linked
+Data,
+and
+follow
+the
+links
+to
+other
+pieces
+of
+data
+that
+are
+hosted
+on
+different
+sites
+across
+the
+Web.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+<del class="diff-old">designed
+as
+</del>
+a
+lightweight
+syntax
+to
+<del class="diff-old">express
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialize
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+in
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+<del class="diff-old">It
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Its
+design
+allows
+existing
+JSON
+to
+be
+transformed
+to
+Linked
+Data
+with
+minimal
+changes.
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Web-based
+programming
+<del class="diff-old">environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">environments,
+to
+build
+</ins>
+interoperable
+Web
+<del class="diff-old">services
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">services,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">when
+storing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+store
+</ins>
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+storage
+engines.
+Since
+JSON-LD
+is
+100%
+compatible
+with
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON,
+</ins>
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today
+can
+be
+reused.
+<del class="diff-old">Additionally
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">In
+addition
+</ins>
+to
+all
+the
+features
+JSON
+provides,
+JSON-LD
+introduces:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+a
+universal
+identifier
+mechanism
+for
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>
+via
+the
+use
+of
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+a
+way
+to
+disambiguate
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+keys
+<del class="diff-old">used
+between
+multiple
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">shared
+among
+different
+</ins>
+JSON
+documents
+by
+mapping
+them
+to
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+via
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+a
+mechanism
+in
+which
+a
+value
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+may
+refer
+to
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+on
+a
+different
+site
+on
+the
+Web,
+</li>
+<li>
+the
+ability
+to
+<del class="diff-old">express
+the
+language
+associated
+with
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">annotate
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">string
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">strings
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+their
+language,
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+a
+way
+to
+associate
+datatypes
+with
+values
+such
+as
+<del class="diff-old">dates,
+times,
+weights,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dates
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">distances,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">times,
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+and
+a
+facility
+to
+express
+one
+or
+more
+directed
+graphs,
+such
+as
+a
+social
+network,
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Developers
+that
+require
+any
+of
+the
+facilities
+listed
+above
+or
+need
+to
+serialize
+an
+RDF
+graph
+or
+dataset
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+in
+a
+JSON-based
+syntax
+will
+find
+JSON-LD
+of
+interest.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD.
+<ins class="diff-new">Since
+the
+shape
+of
+such
+data
+varies
+wildly,
+JSON-LD
+features
+mechanisms
+to
+reshape
+documents
+into
+a
+deterministic
+structure
+which
+simplifies
+their
+processing.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<section id="how-to-read-this-document" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">who
+</ins>
+want
+to
+encode
+Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+programming
+languages
+that
+can
+use
+JSON.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">who
+want
+to
+convert
+existing
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Software
+developers
+who
+</ins>
+want
+to
+understand
+the
+design
+decisions
+and
+language
+syntax
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">who
+</ins>
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+specification
+does
+not
+describe
+the
+programming
+interfaces
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+companion
+document,
+</ins>
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">Syntax.
+The
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+</ins>
+specification
+<del class="diff-old">that
+describes
+the
+programming
+interfaces
+for
+JSON-LD
+documents
+is
+the
+JSON-LD
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</del>
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD-API
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">].
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">],
+specifies
+how
+to
+work
+with
+JSON-LD
+at
+a
+higher
+level
+by
+providing
+a
+standard
+library
+interface
+for
+common
+JSON-LD
+operations.
+Although
+that
+document
+is
+not
+required
+for
+understanding
+and
+working
+with
+JSON-LD,
+for
+some
+readers
+it
+will
+be
+a
+better
+starting
+point.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="design-goals-and-rationale" class="informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+number
+of
+design
+goals
+were
+established
+before
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+satisfies
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">creation
+of
+this
+markup
+language:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+design
+goals:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Simplicity
+</dt>
+<dd>
+No
+extra
+processors
+or
+software
+libraries
+should
+be
+necessary
+to
+use
+JSON-LD
+in
+its
+most
+basic
+form.
+The
+language
+will
+provide
+developers
+with
+a
+very
+easy
+learning
+curve.
+Developers
+only
+need
+to
+know
+JSON
+and
+two
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+(
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+)
+to
+use
+the
+basic
+functionality
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Compatibility
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+must
+be
+100%
+compatible
+with
+JSON.
+This
+ensures
+that
+all
+of
+the
+standard
+JSON
+libraries
+work
+seamlessly
+with
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Expressiveness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+syntax
+must
+be
+able
+to
+<del class="diff-old">express
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialize
+</ins>
+directed
+<del class="diff-old">graphs,
+which
+have
+been
+proven
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graphs.
+This
+ensures
+that
+</ins>
+almost
+every
+real
+world
+data
+<del class="diff-old">model.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">model
+can
+be
+expressed.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Terseness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+must
+be
+very
+terse
+and
+human
+readable,
+requiring
+as
+little
+effort
+as
+possible
+from
+the
+developer.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Zero
+Edits,
+most
+of
+the
+time
+</dt>
+<dd>
+JSON-LD
+must
+make
+the
+transition
+to
+JSON-LD
+as
+simple
+as
+possible.
+In
+many
+cases,
+zero
+edits
+to
+the
+JSON
+document
+and
+the
+addition
+of
+one
+line
+to
+the
+HTTP
+response
+should
+suffice
+(see
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.8
+Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+</a>
+).
+This
+allows
+organizations
+that
+have
+already
+deployed
+large
+JSON-based
+infrastructure
+to
+use
+JSON-LD's
+features
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+not
+disruptive
+to
+their
+day-to-day
+operations
+and
+is
+transparent
+to
+their
+current
+customers.
+However,
+there
+are
+times
+where
+mapping
+JSON
+to
+a
+graph
+representation
+is
+more
+complex
+than
+a
+simple
+one-line
+change.
+In
+these
+instances,
+rather
+than
+extending
+JSON-LD
+to
+support
+an
+esoteric
+use
+case,
+we
+chose
+not
+to
+support
+the
+use
+case.
+While
+Zero
+Edits
+is
+a
+design
+goal,
+it
+is
+not
+always
+possible
+without
+adding
+great
+complexity
+to
+the
+language.
+We
+should
+focus
+on
+simplicity
+when
+possible.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="terminology" class="normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Terminology
+</h2>
+<section id="general-terminology" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+uses
+the
+following
+terms
+as
+defined
+in
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Refer
+to
+the
+<em>
+JSON
+Grammar
+</em>
+section
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+for
+formal
+definitions.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-json-object" title="json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+key-value
+pairs.
+A
+key
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+key,
+separating
+the
+key
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+key.
+<ins class="diff-new">In
+contrast
+to
+JSON,
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+keys
+in
+an
+object
+must
+be
+unique.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-array" title="array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values.
+Values
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+In
+JSON,
+an
+array
+is
+an
+<em>
+ordered
+</em>
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+values.
+While
+JSON-LD
+uses
+the
+same
+array
+representation
+as
+JSON,
+the
+collection
+is
+<em>
+unordered
+</em>
+by
+default.
+While
+order
+is
+preserved
+in
+regular
+JSON
+arrays,
+it
+is
+not
+in
+regular
+JSON-LD
+arrays
+<del class="diff-old">unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specifically
+defined
+</ins>
+(see
+<del class="diff-old">6.10
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.11
+</ins>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>
+).
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-string" title="string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes
+(if
+necessary).
+<del class="diff-old">A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</del>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-number" title="number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-true" title="true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn id="dfn-false" title="false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Values
+that
+are
+used
+to
+express
+one
+of
+two
+possible
+boolean
+states.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn id="dfn-null" title="null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+value,
+which
+is
+typically
+used
+to
+clear
+or
+forget
+data.
+For
+example,
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+where
+the
+value
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+explicitly
+decouples
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+'s
+association
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+has
+the
+same
+meaning
+as
+if
+the
+key-value
+pair
+was
+not
+defined.
+If
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+is
+set
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+in
+expanded
+form,
+then
+the
+entire
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+ignored.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+<dfn id="dfn-keyword" title="keyword">
+keywords
+</dfn>
+that
+are
+a
+core
+part
+of
+the
+language:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+define
+the
+short-hand
+names
+that
+are
+used
+throughout
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+These
+short-hand
+names
+are
+called
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+and
+help
+developers
+to
+express
+specific
+identifiers
+in
+a
+compact
+manner.
+The
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+detail
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#the-context">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+</del>
+5.1
+The
+Context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+uniquely
+identify
+<em>
+things
+</em>
+that
+are
+being
+described
+in
+the
+document.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#node-identifiers">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins>
+5.3
+Node
+Identifiers
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+data
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+a
+particular
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+property
+</a>
+in
+the
+graph.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">6.6
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#string-internationalization">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.9
+</ins>
+String
+Internationalization
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">6.2
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#typed-values">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.4
+</ins>
+Typed
+Values
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+<del class="diff-old">native
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">natural
+(human)
+</ins>
+language
+for
+a
+particular
+value
+or
+the
+default
+language
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#string-internationalization">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.9
+</ins>
+String
+Internationalization
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+data
+type
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#typed-values">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.4
+</ins>
+Typed
+Values
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+default
+container
+type
+for
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.11
+</ins>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+express
+an
+ordered
+set
+of
+data.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.11
+</ins>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+express
+an
+unordered
+set
+of
+data
+and
+to
+ensure
+that
+values
+are
+always
+represented
+as
+arrays.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.11
+</ins>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@reverse
+</ins></code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-new">Used
+to
+express
+reverse
+properties.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#reverse-properties"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+6.12
+Reverse
+Properties
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+that
+a
+container
+is
+used
+to
+index
+information
+and
+that
+processing
+should
+continue
+deeper
+into
+a
+JSON
+data
+structure.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#data-indexing">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">titled
+6.17
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.16
+</ins>
+Data
+Indexing
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins></code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-new">Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+against
+which
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+resolved.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+6.1
+Base
+IRI
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+expand
+properties
+and
+values
+in
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+with
+a
+common
+prefix
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#default-vocabulary">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.2
+Default
+Vocabulary
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+explicitly
+label
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>.
+This
+keyword
+is
+described
+in
+<del class="diff-old">6.12
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#named-graphs">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.13
+</ins>
+Named
+Graphs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>:
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">For
+the
+avoidance
+of
+doubt,
+all
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">All
+</ins>
+keys,
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>,
+and
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+are
+case-sensitive.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="conformance" class="normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+specification
+describes
+the
+conformance
+criteria
+for
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+This
+criteria
+is
+relevant
+to
+authors
+and
+authoring
+tool
+implementers.
+<ins class="diff-new">As
+well
+as
+sections
+marked
+as
+non-normative,
+all
+authoring
+guidelines,
+diagrams,
+examples,
+and
+notes
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+non-normative.
+Everything
+else
+in
+this
+specification
+is
+normative.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+complies
+with
+this
+specification
+if
+it
+follows
+the
+normative
+statements
+in
+<del class="diff-old">section
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">appendix
+</ins>
+<a class="sec-ref" href="#json-ld-grammar">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+<span class="sec-title">
+JSON-LD
+Grammar
+</span>
+</a>.
+JSON
+documents
+can
+be
+interpreted
+as
+JSON-LD
+by
+following
+the
+normative
+statements
+in
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld">
+section
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.8
+Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</ins>
+</a>.
+For
+convenience,
+normative
+statements
+for
+documents
+are
+often
+phrased
+as
+statements
+on
+the
+properties
+of
+the
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+key
+words
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">required
+</del>
+<em title="REQUIRED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">REQUIRED
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">shall
+</del>
+<em title="SHALL" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHALL
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">shall
+not
+</del>
+<em title="SHALL NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHALL
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">should
+not
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">recommended
+</del>
+<em title="RECOMMENDED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RECOMMENDED
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">not
+recommended
+</del>
+<em title="NOT RECOMMENDED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">NOT
+RECOMMENDED
+</ins>
+</em>,
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">optional
+</del>
+<em title="OPTIONAL" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">OPTIONAL
+</ins>
+</em>
+in
+this
+specification
+have
+the
+meaning
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC2119" class="bibref">
+RFC2119
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="basic-concepts" class="informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+is
+a
+lightweight,
+language-independent
+data-interchange
+format.
+It
+is
+easy
+to
+parse
+and
+easy
+to
+generate.
+However,
+it
+is
+difficult
+to
+integrate
+JSON
+from
+different
+sources
+as
+the
+data
+has
+just
+local
+meaning.
+Furthermore,
+JSON
+has
+no
+built-in
+support
+for
+hyperlinks
+-
+a
+fundamental
+building
+block
+on
+the
+Web.
+Let's
+look
+at
+an
+example
+that
+we
+will
+be
+using
+for
+the
+rest
+of
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+It's
+obvious
+<del class="diff-old">for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+humans
+that
+the
+data
+is
+about
+a
+person
+whose
+name
+is
+"Manu
+Sporny"
+and
+that
+the
+<code>
+homepage
+</code>
+property
+contains
+the
+URL
+of
+that
+person's
+homepage.
+A
+machine
+doesn't
+have
+such
+an
+intuitive
+understanding
+and
+sometimes,
+even
+for
+humans,
+it
+is
+difficult
+to
+resolve
+ambiguities
+in
+such
+representations.
+This
+problem
+can
+be
+solved
+by
+using
+unambiguous
+identifiers
+to
+denote
+the
+different
+concepts
+instead
+of
+<del class="diff-old">terms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">tokens
+</ins>
+such
+as
+"name",
+"homepage",
+etc.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+and
+the
+Web
+in
+general,
+uses
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+(Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+])
+for
+unambiguous
+identification.
+The
+idea
+is
+to
+assign
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+something
+that
+may
+be
+of
+use
+to
+other
+developers
+and
+that
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+give
+them
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier.
+That
+is,
+it
+is
+useful
+for
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+to
+expand
+to
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+so
+that
+developers
+don't
+accidentally
+step
+on
+each
+other's
+terms.
+Furthermore,
+developers
+and
+machines
+are
+able
+to
+use
+this
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(by
+using
+a
+web
+browser,
+for
+instance)
+to
+go
+to
+the
+term
+and
+get
+a
+definition
+of
+what
+the
+term
+means.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leveraging
+the
+well-known
+<a href="http://schema.org/">
+schema.org
+vocabulary
+</a>,
+the
+example
+above
+could
+be
+unambiguously
+expressed
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ ",
+ "
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using full IRIs instead of terms</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/url</span>": <span class="diff">{ "@id": </span>"http://manu.sporny.org/" <span class="diff">}</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/image</span>": <span class="diff">{ "@id": </span>"http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png" <span class="diff">}</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+every
+property
+is
+unambiguously
+identified
+by
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+and
+all
+values
+representing
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+are
+explicitly
+marked
+as
+such
+by
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+While
+this
+is
+a
+valid
+JSON-LD
+document
+that
+is
+very
+specific
+about
+its
+data,
+the
+document
+is
+also
+overly
+verbose
+and
+difficult
+to
+work
+with
+for
+human
+developers.
+To
+address
+this
+issue,
+JSON-LD
+introduces
+the
+notion
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+as
+described
+in
+the
+next
+section.
+</p>
+<section id="the-context" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+5.1
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+Simply
+speaking,
+a
+<dfn id="dfn-context" title="context">
+context
+</dfn>
+is
+used
+to
+map
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">i.e.,
+properties
+with
+associated
+values,
+</del>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+Terms
+</a>
+are
+case
+sensitive
+and
+any
+valid
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+that
+is
+not
+a
+reserved
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+can
+be
+used
+as
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+the
+sample
+document
+in
+the
+previous
+section,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+would
+look
+something
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Context for the sample document in the previous section</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+As
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+above
+shows,
+the
+value
+of
+a
+<dfn id="dfn-term-definition" title="term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</dfn>
+can
+either
+be
+a
+simple
+string,
+mapping
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+associated
+with
+a
+term,
+it
+is
+called
+an
+<dfn id="dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Expanded
+term
+definitions
+may
+be
+used
+to
+associate
+type
+or
+language
+information
+with
+a
+term.
+</del>
+</dfn>.
+The
+example
+above
+specifies
+that
+the
+values
+of
+<code>
+image
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+homepage
+</code>
+terms
+are
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+They
+also
+allow
+terms
+to
+be
+used
+for
+<a href="#data-indexing">
+index
+maps
+</a>
+and
+to
+specify
+whether
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+values
+are
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+<a href="#sets-and-lists">
+sets
+or
+lists
+</a>.
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+Expanded
+term
+definitions
+</a>
+may
+be
+defined
+using
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+as
+keys,
+which
+is
+mainly
+used
+to
+associate
+type
+or
+language
+information
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+Contexts
+</a>
+can
+either
+be
+directly
+embedded
+into
+the
+document
+or
+be
+referenced.
+Assuming
+the
+context
+document
+in
+the
+previous
+example
+can
+be
+retrieved
+at
+<code>
+http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld
+</code>,
+it
+can
+be
+referenced
+by
+adding
+a
+single
+line
+and
+allows
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+be
+expressed
+much
+more
+concisely
+as
+shown
+in
+the
+example
+below:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Referencing a JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+referenced
+context
+not
+only
+specifies
+how
+the
+terms
+map
+to
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+in
+the
+Schema.org
+vocabulary
+but
+also
+specifies
+that
+the
+values
+of
+the
+<code>
+homepage
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+image
+</code>
+property
+can
+be
+interpreted
+as
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(
+<code>
+"@type":
+"@id"
+</code>,
+see
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#iris">
+section
+5.2
+IRIs
+</a>
+for
+more
+details).
+This
+information
+<del class="diff-old">gives
+the
+data
+global
+context
+and
+</del>
+allows
+developers
+to
+re-use
+each
+other's
+data
+without
+having
+to
+agree
+to
+how
+their
+data
+will
+interoperate
+on
+a
+site-by-site
+basis.
+External
+JSON-LD
+context
+documents
+may
+contain
+extra
+information
+located
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+such
+as
+documentation
+about
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+declared
+in
+the
+document.
+Information
+contained
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+value
+is
+ignored
+when
+the
+document
+is
+used
+as
+an
+external
+JSON-LD
+context
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Contexts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+documents
+can
+be
+transformed
+to
+JSON-LD
+without
+having
+to
+be
+modified
+by
+referencing
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+via
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+described
+in
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+6.8
+Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+apply
+a
+custom
+context
+using
+the
+JSON-LD
+API
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+documents
+</ins></a><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+contexts
+</ins></a>
+may
+also
+be
+specified
+in-line.
+This
+has
+the
+advantage
+that
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+documents
+can
+be
+processed
+even
+in
+the
+absence
+of
+a
+connection
+to
+the
+Web.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: In-line context definition</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="iris" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+5.2
+</span>
+IRIs
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+(Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+])
+are
+fundamental
+to
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+as
+that
+is
+how
+most
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+properties
+</a>
+are
+identified.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+IRIs
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+An
+<dfn id="dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+as
+containing
+a
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>
+along
+with
+<em>
+path
+</em>
+and
+optional
+<em>
+query
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+fragment
+</em>
+segments.
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+relative
+to
+some
+other
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+In
+JSON-LD
+all
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+IRIs
+</a>
+are
+resolved
+relative
+to
+the
+<dfn id="dfn-base-iri" title="base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+associated
+with
+the
+<del class="diff-old">document,
+which
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+interpreted
+as
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+when
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">typically
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">directory
+path
+containing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Values of @id are interpreted as IRI</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "http://example.com/" }
+...
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Values
+that
+are
+interpreted
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+also
+be
+expressed
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+IRIs
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+assuming
+that
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+document
+is
+located
+at
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://example.com/about/
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><code>../</code><ins class="diff-chg">
+would
+expand
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://example.com/
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+(for
+more
+information
+on
+where
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+used,
+please
+refer
+to
+appendix
+</ins><a class="sec-ref" href="#json-ld-grammar"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+B.
+</ins></span><span class="sec-title"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+Grammar
+</ins></span></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+).
+</ins>
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: IRIs can be relative</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "../" }
+...
+}
+</ins></pre></div>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">Absolute
+</ins>
+IRIs
+</a>
+can
+be
+expressed
+directly
+in
+the
+key
+position
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: IRI as a key</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+key
+<code>
+http://schema.org/name
+</code>
+is
+interpreted
+as
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+because
+it
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+)
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+"http"
+prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">it
+is
+neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">does
+not
+exist
+in
+the
+context.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nor
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Term-to-
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion
+occurs
+if
+the
+key
+matches
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+defined
+within
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "":
+ {
+ ""
+...
+ },
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ "status": "trollin'",
+...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Term expansion from context definition</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "status": "trollin'"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+JSON
+keys
+that
+do
+not
+expand
+to
+an
+<del class="diff-old">absolute
+IRI
+are
+ignored,
+or
+removed
+in
+some
+cases,
+by
+the
+[
+JSON-LD-API
+].
+However,
+JSON
+keys
+that
+do
+not
+include
+a
+mapping
+in
+the
+context
+are
+still
+considered
+valid
+expressions
+in
+JSON-LD
+documents—the
+keys
+just
+don't
+expand
+to
+unambiguous
+identifiers.
+At
+times,
+all
+properties
+and
+types
+may
+come
+from
+the
+same
+vocabulary.
+JSON-LD's
+@vocab
+keyword
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+set
+a
+common
+prefix
+to
+be
+used
+for
+all
+properties
+and
+types
+that
+do
+not
+match
+a
+term
+or
+are
+neither
+a
+compact
+IRI
+nor
+an
+absolute
+IRI
+(i.e.,
+they
+do
+not
+contain
+a
+colon).
+ {
+ "@context": {
+ "@vocab": "http://schema.org/"
+ },
+ "@type": ,
+ : "Manu Sporny",
+}
+An
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+generated
+when
+a
+JSON
+object
+is
+used
+in
+the
+value
+position
+and
+contains
+an
+@id
+keyword:
+ {
+...
+ "homepage": { "": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+}
+Specifying
+a
+JSON
+object
+with
+an
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">such
+as
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">status
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">key
+is
+used
+to
+identify
+that
+node
+using
+an
+IRI
+.
+This
+facility
+may
+also
+be
+used
+to
+link
+to
+another
+node
+object
+using
+a
+mechanism
+called
+embedding
+,
+which
+is
+covered
+</del>
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">section
+titled
+6.11
+Embedding
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+above,
+are
+not
+Linked
+Data
+and
+thus
+ignored
+when
+processed.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+type
+<a href="#dfn-coercion" title="coercion" class="tref internalDFN">
+coercion
+</a>
+rules
+are
+specified
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+for
+a
+particular
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+or
+property
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>,
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+generated:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ ...
+ }
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Type coercion</div><pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ ...
+ }</span>
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+even
+though
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://manu.sporny.org/
+</code>
+is
+expressed
+as
+a
+JSON
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+type
+<a href="#dfn-coercion" title="coercion" class="tref internalDFN">
+coercion
+</a>
+rules
+will
+transform
+the
+value
+into
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+when
+generating
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>.
+See
+<del class="diff-old">6.3
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#type-coercion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.5
+</ins>
+Type
+Coercion
+</a>
+for
+more
+details
+about
+this
+feature.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+summary,
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+different
+ways
+in
+JSON-LD:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+keys
+that
+have
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+mapping
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+expand
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(only
+applies
+outside
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+definition
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+there
+is
+a
+@vocab
+mapping
+in
+the
+active
+context,
+JSON
+object
+keys
+without
+an
+explicit
+mapping
+in
+the
+active
+context
+are
+expanded
+to
+an
+IRI
+.
+</del>
+An
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+value
+specified
+using
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+value
+of
+any
+key
+for
+which
+there
+are
+<a href="#dfn-coercion" title="coercion" class="tref internalDFN">
+coercion
+</a>
+rules
+that
+contain
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key
+that
+is
+set
+to
+a
+value
+of
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<section id="node-identifiers" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+5.3
+</span>
+Node
+Identifiers
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+To
+be
+able
+to
+externally
+reference
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+graph
+</a>,
+it
+is
+important
+that
+<del class="diff-old">each
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">have
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">unambiguous
+</del>
+identifier.
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+are
+a
+fundamental
+concept
+of
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+nodes
+should
+have
+a
+de-referenceable
+identifier
+used
+to
+name
+and
+locate
+them.
+For
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+to
+be
+truly
+linked,
+<del class="diff-old">de-referencing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">dereferencing
+</ins>
+the
+identifier
+should
+result
+in
+a
+representation
+of
+that
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Associating
+an
+IRI
+with
+a
+node
+tells
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+may
+allow
+</ins>
+an
+application
+<del class="diff-old">that
+it
+can
+fetch
+the
+resource
+associated
+with
+the
+IRI
+and
+get
+back
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+retrieve
+further
+information
+about
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">description
+of
+the
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+documents
+may
+also
+contain
+descriptions
+of
+other
+nodes
+,
+so
+it
+is
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+uniquely
+identify
+each
+node
+so
+that
+the
+data
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+correct
+node
+in
+an
+unambiguous
+way.
+A
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">In
+JSON-LD,
+a
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+is
+identified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "",
+ "homepage": "http://joebob.example.com/",
+ ...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Identifying a node</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+contains
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+identified
+by
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">http://example.org/people#joebob
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="specifying-the-type" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+5.4
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+The
+type
+of
+a
+particular
+node
+can
+be
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+In
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+types
+are
+uniquely
+identified
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "",
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span>: Specifying the type for a node</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/Restaurant</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+A
+node
+can
+be
+assigned
+more
+than
+one
+type
+by
+using
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span>: Specifying multiple types for a node</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": <span class="diff">[ "http://schema.org/Restaurant", "http://schema.org/Brewery" ],</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+value
+of
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key
+may
+also
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+defined
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+
+
+ }
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ ,
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span>: Using a term to specify the type</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+</ins> <span class="diff">"Restaurant": "http://schema.org/Restaurant", </span>
+ <span class="diff">"Brewery": "http://schema.org/Brewery"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@type": [ "Restaurant", "Brewery" ]</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="advanced-concepts" class="normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+6.
+</span>
+Advanced
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+is
+normative.
+</del>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+has
+a
+number
+of
+features
+that
+provide
+functionality
+above
+and
+beyond
+the
+core
+functionality
+described
+above.
+The
+following
+section
+describes
+this
+advanced
+functionality
+in
+more
+detail.
+</p>
+<section id="base-iri" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+6.1
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Compact
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+document
+on
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Issue
+223
+</ins></span></a>:<ins class="diff-chg">
+Feature
+at
+risk
+</ins></div><p class="atrisk"><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+feature
+is
+at
+risk
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Web
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">fact
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">defines
+one
+or
+more
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+document
+may
+have
+multiple
+base
+</ins>
+IRIs
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+potentially
+confusing
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">use
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">developers.
+It
+is
+also
+being
+discussed
+whether
+relative
+IRIs
+are
+allowed
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">properties
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">values
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+whether
+the
+empty
+string
+should
+be
+used
+to
+explicitly
+specify
+that
+there
+isn't
+a
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+could
+be
+used
+to
+ensure
+that
+relative
+IRIs
+remain
+relative
+when
+expanding.
+</ins></p></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+allows
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">s
+to
+be
+specified
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">Linked
+Data
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+relative
+form
+which
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">called
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resolved
+against
+the
+document
+base
+according
+</ins><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">vocabulary
+.
+Terms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Base
+URI
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">in
+Linked
+Data
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC3986" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RFC3986
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">documents
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+The
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+may
+<del class="diff-old">draw
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+explicitly
+set
+with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">number
+of
+different
+vocabularies
+s.
+At
+times,
+declaring
+every
+single
+term
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+if
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON-LD
+document
+was
+retrieved
+from
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://example.com/document.jsonld
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+IRIs
+would
+resolve
+against
+that
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>:</p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span>: Use a relative IRI as node identifier</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "label": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label"
+ },
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": ""</span>,
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "label": "Just a simple document"
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+</ins>
+document
+uses
+<del class="diff-old">can
+require
+the
+developer
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+resolves
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">declare
+tens,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+document
+base.
+However,
+</ins>
+if
+<del class="diff-old">not
+hundreds
+of
+potential
+vocabulary
+terms
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+document
+is
+moved
+to
+a
+different
+location,
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+are
+used
+across
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">would
+change.
+To
+prevent
+this
+without
+having
+to
+use
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">application.
+This
+is
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">concern
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+define
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping,
+to
+overwrite
+the
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">at
+least
+two
+reasons:
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document.
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span>: Setting the document base in a document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@base": "http://example.com/document.jsonld"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ "@id": "",
+ "label": "Just a simple document"
+}
+</ins></pre></div></section><section id="default-vocabulary" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+6.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Default
+Vocabulary
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+cognitive
+load
+on
+the
+developer
+of
+remembering
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+At
+times,
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">of
+the
+terms
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">properties
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">types
+may
+come
+from
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">second
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">same
+vocabulary.
+JSON-LD's
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+set
+a
+common
+prefix
+to
+be
+used
+for
+all
+properties
+and
+types
+that
+do
+not
+match
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+are
+neither
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+(i.e.,
+they
+do
+not
+contain
+a
+colon).
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 17</span>: Using a common vocabulary prefix</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@vocab": "http://schema.org/"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"Restaurant"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"name"</span>: "Brew Eats"
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@vocab
+</ins></code>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">used
+but
+certain
+keys
+in
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+not
+be
+expanded
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">serialized
+size
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+explicitly
+set
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+<del class="diff-old">if
+it
+is
+specified
+inline.
+In
+order
+to
+address
+these
+issues,
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+instance,
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">concept
+of
+a
+compact
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+below
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+databaseId
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+would
+not
+expand
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 18</span>: Using the null keyword to ignore data</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "@vocab": "http://schema.org/",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"databaseId": null</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "@type": "Restaurant",
+ "name": "Brew Eats",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"databaseId"</span>: "23987520"
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+}
+</ins></pre></div></section><section id="compact-iris" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+6.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compact
+IRIs
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">introduced.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+way
+of
+expressing
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+a
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+separated
+by
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">)
+which
+is
+similar
+to
+the
+CURIE
+Syntax
+in
+[
+RDFA-CORE
+].
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">).
+</ins>
+The
+<dfn id="dfn-prefix" title="prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+taken
+from
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+is
+a
+short
+string
+identifying
+a
+particular
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+For
+example,
+the
+prefix
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+short
+hand
+for
+the
+Friend-of-a-Friend
+vocabulary,
+which
+is
+identified
+using
+the
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</code>.
+A
+developer
+may
+append
+any
+of
+the
+FOAF
+vocabulary
+terms
+to
+the
+end
+of
+the
+prefix
+to
+specify
+a
+short-hand
+version
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+for
+the
+vocabulary
+term.
+For
+example,
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+would
+be
+expanded
+<del class="diff-old">out
+</del>
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+<del class="diff-old">Instead
+of
+having
+</del>
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 19</span>: Prefix expansion</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>"
+...
+ },
+ "@type": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>"
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Dave Longley",
+...
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+foaf:name
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+expands
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">remember
+and
+type
+out
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">entire
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+<del class="diff-old">,
+the
+developer
+can
+instead
+use
+the
+prefix
+in
+their
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</del>
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+foaf:Person
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+expands
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person
+</ins></code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+Prefixes
+</a>
+are
+expanded
+when
+the
+form
+of
+the
+value
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+represented
+as
+a
+<code>
+prefix:suffix
+</code>
+combination,
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+the
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+matches
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+defined
+within
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">:
+ {
+ "":
+ {
+ ""
+...
+ },
+ "": "Dave Longley",
+...
+}
+foaf:name
+above
+will
+automatically
+expand
+out
+to
+the
+IRI
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+.
+Terms
+are
+interpreted
+as
+compact
+IRIs
+if
+they
+contain
+at
+least
+one
+colon
+</del>
+</a>,
+and
+the
+<del class="diff-old">first
+colon
+is
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suffix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+does
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">followed
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">begin
+with
+</ins>
+two
+<del class="diff-old">slashes
+(
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">slashes (
+</ins>
+<code>
+//
+<del class="diff-old">,
+as
+in
+http://example.com
+</del>
+</code>
+).
+<del class="diff-old">To
+generate
+the
+full
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+compact
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">,
+the
+value
+</del>
+</a>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">first
+split
+into
+a
+prefix
+and
+suffix
+at
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+a
+colon
+(
+:
+).
+If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+by
+concatenating
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+context
+contains
+a
+term
+mapping
+for
+prefix
+,
+an
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+generated
+by
+prepending
+the
+</del>
+</a>
+mapped
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+the
+</ins>
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+<em>
+suffix
+<del class="diff-old">using
+textual
+concatenation.
+</del>
+</em>.
+If
+<del class="diff-old">no
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><em>
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+</del>
+</em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">defined,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+defined
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+the
+suffix
+begins
+with
+two
+slashes
+(such
+as
+in
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://example.com
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+),
+</ins>
+the
+value
+is
+interpreted
+as
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">instead.
+</ins>
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+an
+underscore
+(
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+),
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+remains
+unchanged.
+Consider
+the
+following
+example:
+ {
+ "@context":
+ {
+
+
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": ,
+ :
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "Plato",
+ : "The Republic",
+ :
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ : "The Introduction"
+ }
+ }
+}
+In
+this
+example,
+two
+different
+vocabularies
+are
+referred
+to
+using
+prefixes.
+Those
+prefixes
+are
+then
+used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+is
+interpreted
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">type
+and
+property
+values
+using
+the
+compact
+IRI
+prefix:suffix
+notation.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+instead.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+It's
+also
+possible
+to
+use
+compact
+IRIs
+within
+the
+context
+as
+shown
+in
+the
+following
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ ,
+ : { "@type": "@id" },
+ "picture": { "@id": , "@type": "@id" }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "picture": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 20</span>: Using vocabularies</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>: { "@type": "@id" },
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "picture": { "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:depiction"</span>, "@type": "@id" }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "picture": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="typed-values" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Typed
+Values
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+A
+value
+with
+an
+associated
+type,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>,
+is
+indicated
+by
+associating
+a
+value
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+indicates
+the
+value's
+type.
+Typed
+values
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+JSON-LD
+in
+three
+ways:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+when
+defining
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+within
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+section.
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+<del class="diff-old">an
+expanded
+typed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+using
+a
+native
+JSON
+type
+such
+as
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+or
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+The
+first
+example
+uses
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+keyword
+to
+associate
+a
+type
+with
+a
+particular
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }
+ },
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.com/docs/1",
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 21</span>: Expanded term definition with type coercion</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }
+ },</span>
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.com/docs/1",
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<em>
+modified
+</em>
+key's
+value
+above
+is
+automatically
+type
+coerced
+to
+a
+<em>
+dateTime
+</em>
+value
+because
+of
+the
+information
+specified
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+A
+JSON-LD
+processor
+will
+interpret
+the
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+</ins>
+above
+<del class="diff-old">like
+so:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+Type
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/docs/1
+</td>
+<td>
+http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified
+</td>
+<td>
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>
+The
+second
+example
+uses
+the
+expanded
+form
+of
+setting
+the
+type
+information
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified"
+ }
+ },
+...
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 22</span>: Expanded value with type</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified"
+ }
+ },
+...
+ "modified":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Both
+examples
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+value
+<code>
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</code>
+with
+the
+type
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</code>.
+Note
+that
+it
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+use
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+express
+the
+value
+of
+a
+type.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+is
+also
+used
+to
+associate
+a
+type
+with
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+The
+concept
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-type" title="node-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+type
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a href="#dfn-value-type" title="value-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+type
+</a>
+are
+different.
+</p>
+<p>
+Generally
+speaking,
+a
+<dfn id="dfn-node-type" title="node-type">
+node
+type
+</dfn>
+specifies
+the
+type
+of
+thing
+that
+is
+being
+described,
+like
+a
+person,
+place,
+event,
+or
+web
+page.
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-value-type" title="value-type">
+value
+type
+</dfn>
+specifies
+the
+<del class="diff-old">unit
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">data
+type
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">measurement
+for
+</del>
+a
+particular
+value,
+such
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+integer,
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">date,
+meter,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">floating
+point
+number,
+</ins>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">light
+year.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+date.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia",
+ , <--- This is a node type
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ <--- This is a value type
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 23</span>: Example demonstrating the context-sensitivity for @type</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@type": "http://schema.org/BlogPosting"</span>, <- This is a node type
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"</span> <- This is a value type
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+first
+use
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+associates
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-type" title="node-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+type
+</a>
+(
+<code>
+http://schema.org/BlogPosting
+</code>
+)
+with
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>,
+which
+is
+expressed
+using
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+The
+second
+use
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+associates
+a
+<a href="#dfn-value-type" title="value-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+type
+</a>
+(
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</code>
+)
+with
+the
+value
+expressed
+using
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+As
+a
+general
+rule,
+when
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+are
+used
+in
+the
+same
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+is
+expressing
+a
+<a href="#dfn-value-type" title="value-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+type
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+is
+expressing
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-type" title="node-type" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+type
+</a>.
+The
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+</ins>
+above
+expresses
+the
+following
+data:
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+Type
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/BlogPosting
+</td>
+<td style="text-align:center;">
+-
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia
+</td>
+<td>
+http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified
+</td>
+<td>
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</section>
+<section id="type-coercion" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Type
+Coercion
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+supports
+the
+coercion
+of
+values
+to
+particular
+data
+types.
+Type
+<dfn id="dfn-coercion" title="coercion">
+coercion
+</dfn>
+allows
+someone
+deploying
+JSON-LD
+to
+coerce
+the
+incoming
+or
+outgoing
+values
+to
+the
+proper
+data
+type
+based
+on
+a
+mapping
+of
+data
+type
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>.
+Using
+type
+coercion,
+value
+representation
+is
+preserved
+without
+requiring
+the
+data
+type
+to
+be
+specified
+with
+each
+piece
+of
+data.
+</p>
+<p>
+Type
+coercion
+is
+specified
+within
+an
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+using
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key.
+The
+value
+of
+this
+key
+expands
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Alternatively,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+may
+be
+used
+as
+value
+to
+indicate
+that
+within
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+value
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+is
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+The
+difference
+between
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+is
+how
+values
+are
+expanded
+to
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</a>.
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+first
+tries
+to
+expand
+the
+value
+by
+interpreting
+it
+as
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>.
+If
+no
+matching
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+found
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+it
+tries
+to
+expand
+it
+as
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+if
+there's
+a
+colon
+in
+the
+value;
+otherwise,
+it
+will
+expand
+the
+value
+using
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+vocabulary
+mapping,
+if
+present,
+or
+by
+interpreting
+it
+as
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Values
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+in
+contrast
+are
+expanded
+as
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+if
+a
+colon
+is
+present;
+otherwise,
+they
+are
+interpreted
+as
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+Terms
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+used
+as
+the
+value
+of
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key
+may
+be
+defined
+within
+the
+same
+context.
+This
+means
+that
+one
+may
+specify
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+like
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>
+and
+then
+use
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+within
+the
+same
+context
+definition.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+example
+below
+demonstrates
+how
+a
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+coerce
+values
+to
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+values
+<del class="diff-old">,
+IRIs,
+</del>
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">lists.
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id",
+ "@container": "@list"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/people#john",
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": ,
+ "homepage":
+ [
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 24</span>: Expanded term definition with types</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ }</span>,
+ "homepage":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/people#john",
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage":
+</ins> <span class="diff">[
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+</ins>
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+data.
+<del class="diff-old">The
+data
+has
+no
+inherent
+order
+except
+for
+the
+values
+of
+the
+http://schema.org/homepage
+property
+which
+represent
+an
+ordered
+list.
+</del>
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+Type
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/people#john
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</td>
+<td>
+John
+Smith
+</td>
+<td>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/people#john
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age
+</td>
+<td>
+41
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+http://example.com/people#john
+</td>
+<td rowspan="2">
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage
+</td>
+<td>
+http://personal.example.org/
+</td>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://work.example.com/jsmith/
+</td>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>
+Terms
+may
+also
+be
+defined
+using
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>.
+This
+allows
+coercion
+rules
+to
+be
+applied
+to
+keys
+which
+are
+not
+represented
+as
+a
+simple
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>.
+For
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "":
+ {
+ ,
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "foaf:name": "John Smith",
+ "": "41",
+ "":
+ [
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 25</span>: Term definitions using compact and absolute IRIs</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "foaf:name": "John Smith",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>": "41",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ [
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+this
+case
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+definition
+in
+the
+term
+definition
+is
+<del class="diff-old">optional,
+but
+if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">optional.
+If
+</ins>
+it
+does
+exist,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+treated
+as
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representing
+the
+</ins>
+term
+<ins class="diff-new">will
+always
+be
+expanded
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">(not
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">defined
+by
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:suffix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">construct)
+so
+that
+the
+actual
+definition
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key—regardless
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">whether
+</ins>
+a
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">becomes
+unnecessary.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+defined
+or
+not.
+</ins></p><p>
+Type
+coercion
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">always
+</ins>
+performed
+using
+the
+unexpanded
+value
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+if
+there
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+that
+means
+that
+type
+coercion
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+exact
+match
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">done
+looking
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">the
+key
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">foaf:age
+</ins></code>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+not
+for
+the
+corresponding,
+expanded
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age
+</ins></code>.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Keys
+in
+the
+context
+are
+treated
+as
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+for
+the
+purpose
+of
+expansion
+and
+value
+coercion.
+At
+times,
+this
+may
+result
+in
+multiple
+representations
+for
+the
+same
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+For
+example,
+one
+could
+specify
+that
+<code>
+dog
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+cat
+</code>
+both
+expanded
+to
+<code>
+http://example.com/vocab#animal
+</code>.
+Doing
+this
+could
+be
+useful
+for
+establishing
+different
+type
+coercion
+or
+language
+specification
+rules.
+It
+also
+allows
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(or
+even
+an
+absolute
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+)
+to
+be
+defined
+as
+something
+else
+entirely.
+For
+example,
+one
+could
+specify
+that
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<code>
+http://example.org/zoo
+</code>
+should
+expand
+to
+<code>
+http://example.org/river
+</code>,
+but
+this
+usage
+is
+discouraged
+because
+it
+would
+lead
+to
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+confusion
+among
+developers
+attempting
+to
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="embedding" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.6
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Embedding
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><dfn id="dfn-embedding" title="embedding"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Embedding
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+feature
+that
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+use
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+objects
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+values.
+This
+is
+a
+commonly
+used
+mechanism
+for
+creating
+a
+parent-child
+relationship
+between
+two
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+nodes
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+example
+shows
+two
+nodes
+related
+by
+a
+property
+from
+the
+first
+node:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 26</span>: Embedding a node object as property value of another node object</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+...
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+like
+the
+one
+used
+above,
+may
+be
+used
+in
+any
+value
+position
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins></p></section><section id="advanced-context-usage" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+6.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Advanced
+Context
+Usage
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+Section
+<a class="sec-ref" href="#the-context">
+<span class="secno">
+5.1
+</span>
+<span class="sec-title">
+The
+Context
+</span>
+</a>
+introduced
+the
+basics
+of
+what
+makes
+JSON-LD
+work.
+This
+section
+expands
+on
+the
+basic
+principles
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+and
+demonstrates
+how
+more
+advanced
+use
+cases
+can
+be
+achieved
+using
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+general,
+contexts
+may
+be
+used
+at
+any
+time
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+defined.
+The
+only
+time
+that
+one
+cannot
+express
+a
+context
+is
+inside
+a
+context
+definition
+itself.
+For
+example,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+may
+use
+more
+than
+one
+context
+at
+different
+points
+in
+a
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "depiction": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ },
+ {
+
+ "name": "The Empire State Building",
+ "description": "The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark in New York City.",
+ "geo": {
+ "latitude": "40.75",
+ "longitude": "73.98"
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 27</span>: Using multiple contexts</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/contexts/person.jsonld",</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "depiction": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ },
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/contexts/place.jsonld",</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "The Empire State Building",
+ "description": "The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark in New York City.",
+ "geo": {
+ "latitude": "40.75",
+ "longitude": "73.98"
+ }
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Duplicate
+context
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+are
+overridden
+using
+a
+<del class="diff-old">last-defined-wins
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">most-recently-defined-wins
+</ins>
+mechanism.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/person#name",
+ "details": "http://example.com/person#details"
+ },
+ "": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ ...
+ "details":
+ {
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://example.com/organization#name"
+ },
+ "": "Graz University of Technology"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 28</span>: Scoped contexts within node objects</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "name": "http://example.com/person#name,
+ "details": "http://example.com/person#details"
+ }"</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ ...
+ "details":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/organization#name"
+ }</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Graz University of Technology"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+name
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+overridden
+in
+the
+more
+deeply
+nested
+<code>
+details
+</code>
+structure.
+Note
+that
+this
+is
+rarely
+a
+good
+authoring
+practice
+and
+is
+typically
+used
+when
+working
+with
+legacy
+applications
+that
+depend
+on
+a
+specific
+structure
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+redefined
+within
+a
+context,
+all
+previous
+rules
+associated
+with
+the
+previous
+definition
+are
+removed.
+If
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+redefined
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+effectively
+removed
+from
+the
+list
+of
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+defined
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Multiple
+contexts
+may
+be
+combined
+using
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>,
+which
+is
+processed
+in
+order.
+The
+set
+of
+contexts
+defined
+within
+a
+specific
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+are
+referred
+to
+as
+<dfn id="dfn-local-context" title="local-context">
+local
+contexts
+</dfn>.
+The
+<dfn id="dfn-active-context" title="active-context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+refers
+to
+the
+accumulation
+of
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+contexts
+</a>
+that
+are
+in
+scope
+at
+a
+specific
+point
+within
+the
+document.
+Setting
+a
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+effectively
+resets
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+context.
+The
+following
+example
+specifies
+an
+external
+context
+and
+then
+layers
+an
+embedded
+context
+on
+top
+of
+the
+external
+context:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": [
+ "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ {
+ "pic": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depiction"
+ }
+ ],
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 29</span>: Combining external and local contexts</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ {
+ "pic": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depiction"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"pic": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"</span>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+<del class="diff-old">It
+is
+a
+best
+practice
+to
+put
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">When
+possible,
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+definition
+<ins class="diff-new">should
+be
+put
+</ins>
+at
+the
+top
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+document.
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+makes
+the
+document
+easier
+to
+read
+and
+might
+make
+streaming
+parsers
+more
+efficient.
+Documents
+that
+do
+not
+have
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+top
+are
+still
+conformant
+JSON-LD.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+To
+avoid
+forward-compatibility
+issues,
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+starting
+with
+an
+<code>
+@
+</code>
+character
+are
+to
+be
+avoided
+as
+they
+might
+be
+used
+as
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+in
+future
+versions
+of
+JSON-LD.
+<ins class="diff-new">Terms
+starting
+with
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+character
+that
+are
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+keywords
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+treated
+as
+any
+other
+term,
+i.e.,
+they
+are
+ignored
+unless
+mapped
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+Furthermore,
+the
+use
+of
+empty
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+(
+<code>
+""
+</code>
+)
+is
+<del class="diff-old">discouraged
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">not
+allowed
+</ins>
+as
+not
+all
+programming
+languages
+are
+able
+to
+handle
+empty
+property
+names.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="interpreting-json-as-json-ld" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Interpreting
+JSON
+as
+JSON-LD
+</h3>
+<p>
+Ordinary
+JSON
+documents
+can
+be
+interpreted
+as
+JSON-LD
+by
+referencing
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+document
+in
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header.
+Doing
+so
+allows
+JSON
+to
+be
+unambiguously
+machine-readable
+without
+requiring
+developers
+to
+drastically
+change
+their
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">documents
+</ins>
+and
+provides
+an
+upgrade
+path
+for
+existing
+infrastructure
+without
+breaking
+existing
+clients
+that
+rely
+on
+the
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+media
+type.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+order
+to
+use
+an
+external
+context
+with
+an
+ordinary
+JSON
+document,
+an
+author
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+specify
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+a
+valid
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+in
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC5988" class="bibref">
+RFC5988
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+using
+the
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</code>
+link
+relation.
+The
+referenced
+document
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+have
+a
+top-level
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+subtree
+within
+that
+object
+is
+added
+to
+the
+top-level
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+of
+the
+referencing
+document.
+If
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+is
+at
+the
+top-level
+of
+the
+referencing
+document
+and
+its
+items
+are
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>,
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+subtree
+is
+added
+to
+all
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+items.
+All
+extra
+information
+located
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+subtree
+in
+the
+referenced
+document
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+discarded.
+Effectively
+this
+means
+that
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+initialized
+with
+the
+referenced
+external
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+demonstrates
+the
+use
+of
+an
+external
+context
+with
+an
+ordinary
+JSON
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> GET /ordinary-json-document.json HTTP/1.1
+Host: example.com
+Accept: application/ld+json,application/json,*/*;q=0.1
+====================================
+HTTP/1.0 200 OK
+...
+Content-Type:
+{
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "image": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 30</span>: Referencing a JSON-LD context from a JSON document via an HTTP Link Header</div><pre class="example">GET /ordinary-json-document.json HTTP/1.1
+<ins class="diff-chg">Host: example.com
+Accept: application/ld+json,application/json,*/*;q=0.1
+
+====================================
+
+HTTP/1.0 200 OK
+...
+Content-Type: <span class="diff">application/json</span>
+</ins><span class="diff">Link: <http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld>; rel="http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context"; type="application/ld+json"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+
+{
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "image": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Please
+note
+that
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+documents
+</a>
+served
+with
+the
+<code>
+application/ld+json
+</code>
+media
+type
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+have
+all
+context
+information,
+including
+references
+to
+external
+contexts,
+within
+the
+body
+of
+the
+document.
+Contexts
+linked
+via
+a
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</code>
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+ignored
+for
+such
+documents.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="string-internationalization" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+String
+Internationalization
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+At
+times,
+it
+is
+important
+to
+annotate
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>
+with
+its
+language.
+In
+JSON-LD
+this
+is
+possible
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+ways.
+First,
+it
+is
+possible
+to
+define
+a
+default
+language
+for
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+by
+setting
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": ,
+ "occupation":
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 31</span>: Setting the default language of a JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>,
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>,
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">"科学者"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+associate
+the
+<code>
+ja
+</code>
+language
+code
+with
+the
+two
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+strings
+</a>
+<em>
+花澄
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+科学者
+</em>.
+Languages
+codes
+are
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+default
+language
+applies
+to
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+that
+are
+not
+</ins><a href="#type-coercion"><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+coerced
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+clear
+the
+default
+language
+for
+a
+subtree,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+can
+be
+set
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "details": {
+ "@context": {
+ "@language": null
+ },
+ "occupation": "Ninja"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 32</span>: Clearing default language</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "details": {
+</ins><span class="diff"> "@context": {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@language": null
+ }</span>,
+ "occupation": "Ninja"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Second,
+it
+is
+possible
+to
+associate
+a
+language
+with
+a
+specific
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+using
+an
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "ex": "http://example.com/vocab/",
+ "@language": "ja",
+ "name": { "@id": "ex:name", },
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation" },
+ "occupation_en": { "@id": "ex:occupation", },
+ "occupation_cs": { "@id": "ex:occupation", }
+ },
+ "name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+ "occupation": "忍者",
+ "occupation_en": "Ninja",
+ "occupation_cs": "Nindža",
+ ...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 33</span>: Expanded term definition with language</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+ "ex": "http://example.com/vocab/",
+ "@language": "ja",
+ "name": { "@id": "ex:name", <span class="diff">"@language": null</span> },
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation" },
+ "occupation_en": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@language": "en"</span> },
+ "occupation_cs": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@language": "cs"</span> }
+ },
+</ins> <span class="diff">"name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "occupation": "忍者",
+ "occupation_en": "Ninja",
+ "occupation_cs": "Nindža",</span>
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+associate
+<em>
+忍者
+</em>
+with
+the
+specified
+default
+language
+code
+<code>
+ja
+</code>,
+<em>
+Ninja
+</em>
+with
+the
+language
+code
+<code>
+en
+</code>,
+and
+<em>
+Nindža
+</em>
+with
+the
+language
+code
+<code>
+cs
+</code>.
+The
+value
+of
+<code>
+name
+</code>,
+<em>
+Yagyū
+Muneyoshi
+</em>
+wouldn't
+be
+associated
+with
+any
+language
+code
+since
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+was
+reset
+to
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Language
+associations
+<del class="diff-old">can
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+</ins>
+only
+<del class="diff-old">be
+</del>
+applied
+to
+plain
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+strings
+</a>.
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+Typed
+values
+</a>
+or
+values
+that
+are
+subject
+to
+<del class="diff-old">6.3
+Type
+Coercion
+</del>
+<a href="#type-coercion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+coercion
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">cannot
+be
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+not
+</ins>
+language
+tagged.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+Just
+as
+in
+the
+example
+above,
+systems
+often
+need
+to
+express
+the
+value
+of
+a
+property
+in
+multiple
+languages.
+Typically,
+such
+systems
+also
+try
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+have
+a
+programmatically
+easy
+way
+to
+navigate
+the
+data
+structures
+for
+the
+language-specific
+data.
+In
+this
+case,
+<a href="#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+language
+maps
+</a>
+may
+be
+utilized.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation", }
+ },
+ "name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+ "occupation":
+ {
+ "ja": "忍者",
+ "en": "Ninja",
+ "cs": "Nindža"
+ }
+ ...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 34</span>: Language map expressing a property in three languages</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@container": "@language"</span> }
+ },
+ "name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+ "occupation":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "ja": "忍者",
+ "en": "Ninja",
+ "cs": "Nindža"
+ }</span>
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+expresses
+exactly
+the
+same
+information
+as
+the
+previous
+example
+but
+consolidates
+all
+values
+in
+a
+single
+property.
+To
+access
+the
+value
+in
+a
+specific
+language
+in
+a
+programming
+language
+supporting
+dot-notation
+accessors
+for
+object
+properties,
+a
+developer
+may
+use
+the
+<code>
+property.language
+</code>
+pattern.
+For
+example,
+to
+access
+the
+occupation
+in
+English,
+a
+developer
+would
+use
+the
+following
+code
+snippet:
+<code>
+obj.occupation.en
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Third,
+it
+is
+possible
+to
+override
+the
+default
+language
+by
+using
+<del class="diff-old">an
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "occupation": {
+ "@value": "Scientist",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 35</span>: Overriding default language using an expanded value</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "Scientist",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+This
+makes
+it
+possible
+to
+specify
+a
+plain
+string
+by
+omitting
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+tag
+or
+setting
+it
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+when
+expressing
+it
+using
+<del class="diff-old">an
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": {
+ "@value": "Frank"
+ },
+ "occupation": {
+ "@value": "Ninja",
+ "@language": "en"
+ },
+ "speciality": "手裏剣"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 36</span>: Removing language information using an expanded value</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "Frank"
+ }</span>,
+ "occupation": {
+ "@value": "Ninja",
+ "@language": "en"
+ },
+ "speciality": "手裏剣"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-expansion-within-a-context" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Overriding
+@vocab
+If
+@vocab
+is
+used
+but
+certain
+keys
+in
+an
+object
+should
+not
+be
+expanded
+using
+the
+vocabulary
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">,
+a
+term
+can
+be
+explicitly
+set
+to
+null
+in
+the
+context
+.
+For
+instance,
+in
+the
+example
+below
+the
+databaseId
+member
+would
+be
+ignored
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+within
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+processor.
+ {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "@vocab": "http://schema.org/",
+
+ },
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+
+}
+6.8
+Property
+Generators
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Context
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">At
+times,
+an
+author
+may
+find
+that
+they
+need
+to
+express
+the
+same
+value
+for
+multiple
+properties.
+The
+simplest
+approach
+to
+accomplish
+this
+goal
+would
+be
+to
+do
+the
+following:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/book",
+ ,
+ ,
+
+}
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Unfortunately,
+the
+approach
+above
+produces
+redundant
+data
+and
+would
+become
+a
+publishing
+burden
+for
+large
+data
+sets.
+In
+these
+situations,
+the
+author
+may
+use
+a
+property
+generator
+to
+express
+a
+term
+that
+maps
+to
+multiple
+properties
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+graph
+.
+This
+method
+can
+be
+accomplished
+by
+using
+the
+following
+markup
+pattern:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "title": { "@id": [ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title",
+ "http://schema.org/name",
+ "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label" ] }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/book",
+
+}
+</del>
+<del class="diff-old">While
+the
+term
+above
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">only
+used
+once
+outside
+of
+the
+@context
+,
+the
+document
+above
+will
+be
+interpreted
+like
+so:
+Subject
+Property
+Value
+http://example.com/book
+http://purl.org/dc/terms/title
+The
+Count
+of
+Monte
+Cristo
+http://example.com/book
+http://schema.org/name
+The
+Count
+of
+Monte
+Cristo
+http://example.com/book
+http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label
+The
+Count
+of
+Monte
+Cristo
+6.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+Expansion
+Within
+a
+Context
+</del>
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+general,
+normal
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion
+rules
+apply
+anywhere
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+expected
+(see
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#iris">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins>
+5.2
+IRIs
+</a>
+).
+Within
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+definition,
+this
+can
+mean
+that
+terms
+defined
+within
+the
+context
+may
+also
+be
+used
+within
+that
+context
+as
+long
+as
+there
+are
+no
+circular
+dependencies.
+For
+example,
+it
+is
+common
+to
+use
+the
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>
+namespace
+when
+defining
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>
+s:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type":
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 37</span>: IRI expansion within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"xsd:integer"</span>
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+this
+example,
+the
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+defined
+and
+used
+as
+a
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+</a>
+for
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+coercion
+of
+the
+<code>
+age
+</code>
+property.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+Terms
+</a>
+may
+also
+be
+used
+when
+defining
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+of
+another
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": ,
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": ,
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": ,
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 38</span>: Using a term to define the IRI of another term within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": <span class="diff">"foaf:name"</span>,
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:age"</span>,
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>,
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+Compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+may
+be
+used
+on
+the
+left-hand
+side
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+definition.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "":
+ {
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 39</span>: Using a compact IRI as a term</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+this
+example,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+form
+is
+used
+in
+two
+different
+ways.
+In
+the
+first
+approach,
+<code>
+foaf:age
+</code>
+declares
+both
+the
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+(using
+short-form)
+as
+well
+as
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>.
+In
+the
+second
+approach,
+only
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+specified.
+The
+full
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+for
+<code>
+foaf:homepage
+</code>
+is
+determined
+by
+looking
+up
+the
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+Absolute
+IRIs
+</a>
+may
+also
+be
+used
+in
+the
+key
+position
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "foaf:age":
+ {
+ "@id": "foaf:age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 40</span>: Associating context definitions with absolute IRIs</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "foaf:age":
+ {
+ "@id": "foaf:age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+order
+for
+the
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+match
+above,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+needs
+to
+be
+used
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>.
+Also
+note
+that
+<code>
+foaf:homepage
+</code>
+will
+not
+use
+the
+<code>
+{
+"@type":
+"@id"
+}
+</code>
+declaration
+because
+<code>
+foaf:homepage
+</code>
+is
+not
+the
+same
+as
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage
+</code>.
+That
+is,
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+are
+looked
+up
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+using
+direct
+string
+comparison
+before
+the
+<a href="#dfn-prefix" title="prefix" class="tref internalDFN">
+prefix
+</a>
+lookup
+mechanism
+is
+applied.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+While
+it
+is
+possible
+to
+define
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+expand
+to
+some
+other
+unrelated
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(for
+example,
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+expanding
+to
+<code>
+http://example.org/unrelated#species
+</code>
+),
+such
+usage
+is
+strongly
+discouraged.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+only
+exception
+for
+using
+terms
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+is
+that
+circular
+definitions
+are
+not
+allowed.
+That
+is,
+a
+definition
+of
+<em>
+term1
+</em>
+cannot
+depend
+on
+the
+definition
+of
+<em>
+term2
+</em>
+if
+<em>
+term2
+</em>
+also
+depends
+on
+<em>
+term1
+</em>.
+For
+example,
+the
+following
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+definition
+is
+illegal:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "term1": "term2:foo",
+ "term2": "term1:bar"
+ },
+ ...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 41</span>: Illegal circular definition of terms within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"term1": "term2:foo",
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "term2": "term1:bar"</span>
+ },
+ ...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="sets-and-lists" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+express
+multiple
+values
+in
+a
+compact
+way
+by
+using
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+arrays
+</a>.
+Since
+graphs
+do
+not
+describe
+ordering
+for
+links
+between
+nodes,
+arrays
+in
+JSON-LD
+do
+not
+provide
+an
+ordering
+of
+the
+contained
+elements
+by
+default.
+This
+is
+exactly
+the
+opposite
+from
+regular
+JSON
+arrays,
+which
+are
+ordered
+by
+default.
+For
+example,
+consider
+the
+following
+simple
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": ,
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 42</span>: Multiple values with no inherent order</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "JB" ]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+</ins>
+shown
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+data
+being
+generated,
+each
+relating
+the
+node
+to
+an
+individual
+value,
+with
+no
+inherent
+order:
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/people#joebob
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick
+</td>
+<td>
+joe
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/people#joebob
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick
+</td>
+<td>
+bob
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/people#joebob
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick
+</td>
+<td>
+JB
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>
+Multiple
+values
+may
+also
+be
+expressed
+using
+the
+expanded
+form:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@id": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "dc:title":
+ [
+ {
+ "@value": "Das Kapital",
+ "@language": "de"
+ },
+ {
+ "@value": "Capital",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 43</span>: Using an expanded form to set multiple values</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@id": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "dc:title": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {
+ "@value": "Das Kapital",
+ "@language": "de"
+ },
+ {
+ "@value": "Capital",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+ ]</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+</ins>
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+data,
+again
+with
+no
+inherent
+order:
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+<th>
+Language
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/articles/8
+</td>
+<td>
+http://purl.org/dc/terms/title
+</td>
+<td>
+Das
+Kapital
+</td>
+<td>
+de
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/articles/8
+</td>
+<td>
+http://purl.org/dc/terms/title
+</td>
+<td>
+Capital
+</td>
+<td>
+en
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>
+As
+the
+notion
+of
+ordered
+collections
+is
+rather
+important
+in
+data
+modeling,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+specific
+language
+support.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+a
+list
+may
+be
+represented
+using
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+ {
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ },
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 44</span>: An ordered collection of values in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+</ins> <span class="diff">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ }</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+This
+describes
+the
+use
+of
+this
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+as
+being
+ordered,
+and
+order
+is
+maintained
+when
+processing
+a
+document.
+If
+every
+use
+of
+a
+given
+multi-valued
+property
+is
+a
+list,
+this
+may
+be
+abbreviated
+by
+setting
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "nick":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick",
+ "@container": "@list"
+ }
+ },
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": ,
+...
+</del>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 45</span>: Specifying that a collection is ordered in the context</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ ...
+ "nick":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick",
+ "@container": "@list"
+ }
+ }</span>,
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+List
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+allowed
+in
+this
+version
+of
+JSON-LD.
+This
+decision
+was
+made
+due
+to
+the
+extreme
+amount
+of
+added
+complexity
+when
+processing
+lists
+of
+lists.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+While
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+is
+used
+to
+describe
+<em>
+ordered
+lists
+</em>,
+the
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+keyword
+is
+used
+to
+describe
+<em>
+unordered
+sets
+</em>.
+The
+use
+of
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+optimized
+away
+when
+processing
+the
+document,
+as
+it
+is
+just
+syntactic
+sugar.
+However,
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+is
+helpful
+when
+used
+within
+the
+context
+of
+a
+document.
+Values
+of
+terms
+associated
+with
+a
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+container
+are
+always
+represented
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>,
+even
+if
+there
+is
+just
+a
+single
+value
+that
+would
+otherwise
+be
+optimized
+to
+a
+non-array
+form
+in
+compact
+form
+(see
+<del class="diff-old">6.16
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#compact-document-form">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.18
+</ins>
+Compact
+Document
+Form
+</a>
+).
+This
+makes
+post-processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents
+easier
+as
+the
+data
+is
+always
+in
+array
+form,
+even
+if
+the
+array
+only
+contains
+a
+single
+value.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="reverse-properties" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<del class="diff-old">Note
+</del>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.12
+</ins>
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Reverse
+Properties
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+use
+of
+@container
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+has
+no
+meaning
+and
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+allowed
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+grammar
+(see
+B.
+JSON-LD
+Grammar
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+</del>
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<del class="diff-old">6.11
+</del>
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Issue
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Embedding
+</del>
+<del class="diff-old">Embedding
+</del>
+</div>
+<p class="atrisk">
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+feature
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">at
+risk.
+</ins></p></div><p>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">feature
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serializes
+directed
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+graphs
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+That
+means
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">allows
+an
+author
+to
+use
+node
+objects
+as
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">every
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+property
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">values.
+This
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">points
+from
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+another
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+However,
+in
+some
+cases,
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">desirable
+to
+serialize
+in
+the
+reverse
+direction.
+Consider
+for
+example
+the
+case
+where
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">commonly
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">person
+and
+its
+children
+should
+be
+described
+in
+a
+document.
+If
+the
+</ins>
+used
+<del class="diff-old">mechanism
+for
+creating
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">vocabulary
+does
+not
+provide
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">parent-child
+relationship
+between
+two
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">children
+</ins></em><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+but
+just
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+parent
+</ins></em><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+every
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+.
+The
+example
+shows
+two
+nodes
+related
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+representing
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">child
+would
+have
+to
+be
+expressed
+with
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+property
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">pointing
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">first
+node:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">parent
+as
+in
+the
+following
+example.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "":
+ {
+ "",
+ "",
+ }
+...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 46</span>: A document with children linking to their parent</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "#homer"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Homer"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Bart",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent": { "@id": "#homer" }</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Lisa",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent": { "@id": "#homer" }</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+]
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expressing
+such
+data
+is
+much
+simpler
+by
+using
+JSON-LD's
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>:</p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 47</span>: A person and its children using a reverse property</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "#homer",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Homer",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@reverse"</span>: {
+ <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent"</span>: [
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Bart"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Lisa"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+node
+object
+,
+like
+the
+one
+used
+above,
+may
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+also
+</ins>
+be
+used
+in
+<del class="diff-old">any
+value
+position
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+term
+definitions
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+create
+reverse
+properties
+as
+shown
+</ins>
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+example:
+</ins>
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 48</span>: Using @reverse to define reverse properties</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://example.com/vocab#name",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"children": { "@reverse": "http://example.com/vocab#parent" }</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ },
+ "@id": "#homer",
+ "name": "Homer",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"children"</span>: [
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "name": "Bart"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "name": "Lisa"
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div>
+</section>
+<section id="named-graphs" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.12
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.13
+</ins>
+</span>
+Named
+Graphs
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+At
+times,
+it
+is
+necessary
+to
+make
+statements
+about
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+itself,
+rather
+than
+just
+a
+single
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+This
+can
+be
+done
+by
+grouping
+a
+set
+of
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+using
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+A
+developer
+may
+also
+name
+data
+expressed
+using
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+by
+pairing
+it
+with
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+as
+shown
+in
+the
+following
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+ "generatedAt": "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#generatedAtTime",
+ "Person": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/graphs/73",
+ "generatedAt": { "@value": "2012-04-09", "@type": "xsd:date" },
+ "@graph":
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 49</span>: Identifying and making statements about a graph</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "generatedAt": {
+ "@id": "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#generatedAtTime",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
+ },
+ "Person": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/graphs/73",
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "generatedAt": "2012-04-09",
+ "@graph":</span>
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+expresses
+a
+<a href="#dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+named
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+</del>
+graph
+</a>
+that
+is
+identified
+by
+the
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<code>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</code>.
+That
+graph
+is
+composed
+of
+the
+statements
+about
+Manu
+and
+Gregg.
+Metadata
+about
+the
+graph
+itself
+is
+<del class="diff-old">also
+</del>
+expressed
+via
+the
+<code>
+generatedAt
+</code>
+property,
+which
+specifies
+when
+the
+graph
+was
+generated.
+An
+alternative
+view
+of
+the
+information
+above
+is
+represented
+in
+table
+form
+below:
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Graph
+</th>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+Type
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<del class="diff-old">http://example.org/graphs/73
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#generatedAtTime
+</td>
+<td>
+2012-04-09
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://manu.sporny.org/i/public
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#type
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://manu.sporny.org/i/public
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</td>
+<td>
+Manu
+Sporny
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://manu.sporny.org/i/public
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows
+</td>
+<td>
+http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#type
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</td>
+<td>
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.org/graphs/73
+</td>
+<td>
+http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me
+</td>
+<td>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows
+</td>
+<td>
+http://manu.sporny.org/i/public
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>
+When
+a
+JSON-LD
+document's
+top-level
+structure
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+object
+</a>
+that
+contains
+no
+other
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+properties
+</a>
+than
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+and
+optionally
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+(properties
+that
+are
+not
+mapped
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+are
+ignored),
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+is
+considered
+to
+express
+the
+otherwise
+implicit
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+default
+graph
+</a>.
+This
+mechanism
+can
+be
+useful
+when
+a
+number
+of
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+exist
+at
+the
+document's
+top
+level
+that
+share
+the
+same
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">which
+is,
+e.g.,
+the
+case
+when
+a
+document
+is
+</ins><a href="#flattened-document-form"><ins class="diff-new">
+flattened
+</ins>
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+keyword
+collects
+such
+nodes
+in
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+and
+allows
+the
+use
+of
+a
+shared
+context.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": ...,
+ "":
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 50</span>: Using @graph to explicitly express the default graph</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": ...,
+ "<span class="diff">@graph</span>":
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+this
+case,
+embedding
+doesn't
+work
+as
+each
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+references
+the
+other.
+This
+is
+equivalent
+to
+using
+multiple
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+objects
+</a>
+in
+array
+and
+defining
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+within
+each
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> [
+ {
+
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 51</span>: Context needs to be duplicated if @graph is not used</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context": ...,</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context": ...,</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="identifying-blank-nodes" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.13
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.14
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Blank
+Nodes
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+At
+times,
+it
+becomes
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+information
+without
+being
+able
+to
+uniquely
+identify
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">with
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>.
+This
+type
+of
+node
+is
+called
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">(see
+Section
+3.4:
+Blank
+Nodes
+of
+[
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+]).
+In
+JSON-LD,
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+are
+automatically
+created
+if
+an
+IRI
+is
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+does
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">specified
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">require
+all
+nodes
+to
+be
+identified
+</ins>
+using
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<code>
+@id
+<del class="diff-old">keyword
+.
+</del>
+</code>.
+However,
+<del class="diff-old">authors
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">some
+graph
+topologies
+</ins>
+may
+<del class="diff-old">provide
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">require
+</ins>
+identifiers
+<del class="diff-old">for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+be
+serializable.
+Graphs
+containing
+loops,
+e.g.,
+cannot
+be
+serialized
+using
+embedding
+alone,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+be
+used
+to
+connect
+the
+nodes.
+In
+these
+situations,
+one
+can
+use
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+which
+look
+like
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">by
+</del>
+using
+<del class="diff-old">the
+special
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+underscore
+(
+</ins>
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">(underscore)
+prefix
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">)
+as
+scheme.
+</ins>
+This
+allows
+one
+to
+reference
+the
+node
+locally
+within
+the
+document,
+but
+makes
+it
+impossible
+to
+reference
+the
+node
+from
+an
+external
+document.
+The
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+is
+scoped
+to
+the
+document
+in
+which
+it
+is
+used.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+...
+ "@id": "",
+...
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 52</span>: Specifying a local blank node identifier</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> ...
+ "@id": "<span class="diff">_:n1</span>",
+ "name": "Secret Agent 1",
+ "knows":
+ {
+ "name": "Secret Agent 2",
+ "knows": { "@id": "<span class="diff">_:n1</span>" }
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+<del class="diff-old">would
+set
+the
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contains
+information
+about
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">_:foo
+,
+which
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">secrete
+agents
+that
+cannot
+be
+identified
+with
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+While
+expressing
+that
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+agent 1
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+knows
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+agent 2
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+possible
+without
+using
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+is
+necessary
+assign
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+agent 1
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+identifier
+so
+that
+it
+</ins>
+can
+<del class="diff-old">then
+</del>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">used
+elsewhere
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+refer
+back
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">referenced
+from
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+agent 2
+</ins></em>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+worth
+nothing
+that
+</ins>
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifiers
+may
+be
+relabeled
+during
+processing.
+</ins>
+If
+a
+developer
+finds
+that
+they
+refer
+to
+the
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+more
+than
+once,
+they
+should
+consider
+naming
+the
+node
+using
+a
+dereferenceable
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+so
+that
+it
+can
+also
+be
+referenced
+from
+other
+documents.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="aliasing-keywords" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">6.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.15
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+Each
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>,
+except
+for
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+may
+be
+aliased
+to
+application-specific
+keywords.
+This
+feature
+allows
+legacy
+JSON
+content
+to
+be
+utilized
+by
+JSON-LD
+by
+re-using
+JSON
+keys
+that
+already
+exist
+in
+legacy
+documents.
+This
+feature
+also
+allows
+developers
+to
+design
+domain-specific
+implementations
+using
+only
+the
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ ,
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
+ },
+ "": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 53</span>: Aliasing keywords</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"url": "@id"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">url</span>": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "<span class="diff">a</span>": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+have
+been
+given
+the
+aliases
+<strong>
+url
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+a
+</strong>,
+respectively.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since
+keywords
+cannot
+be
+redefined,
+they
+can
+also
+not
+be
+aliased
+to
+other
+keywords.
+<del class="diff-old">Every
+statement
+in
+the
+context
+having
+a
+keyword
+as
+the
+key
+(as
+in
+{
+"@type":
+...
+}
+)
+will
+be
+ignored
+when
+being
+processed.
+</del>
+</p>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">6.15
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+The
+JSON-LD
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+JSON-LD-API
+]
+defines
+a
+method
+for
+expanding
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+@context
+such
+that
+all
+IRIs,
+types,
+and
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+@context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+[
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+Expanded
+document
+form
+is
+useful
+when
+an
+application
+has
+to
+process
+input
+data
+in
+a
+deterministic
+form.
+It
+has
+been
+optimized
+to
+ensure
+that
+the
+code
+that
+developers
+have
+to
+write
+is
+minimized
+compared
+to
+the
+code
+that
+would
+have
+to
+be
+written
+to
+operate
+on
+6.16
+Compact
+Document
+Form
+.
+</del>
+<section id="data-indexing" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+6.16
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Compact
+Document
+Form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+Indexing
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+JSON-LD
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+JSON-LD-API
+]
+defines
+a
+method
+for
+compacting
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+a
+very
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+The
+JSON-LD
+Algorithms,
+via
+an
+API,
+provides
+a
+way
+to
+compact
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+[
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ "Manu Sporny" ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+compaction
+algorithm
+enables
+a
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+document
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+form.
+The
+process
+consists
+of
+expanding
+the
+document
+(see
+6.15
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+</del>
+<del class="diff-old">)
+and
+then
+using
+a
+developer-supplied
+context
+to
+compact
+the
+expanded
+document.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+to
+name
+,
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+term
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</del>
+<em>
+This
+<del class="diff-old">powerful
+mechanism
+allows
+the
+developer
+to
+re-shape
+the
+incoming
+JSON
+data
+into
+a
+format
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">optimized
+for
+their
+application.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">non-normative.
+</ins></em>
+<del class="diff-old">6.17
+Data
+Indexing
+</del>
+</p>
+<p>
+Databases
+are
+typically
+used
+to
+make
+access
+to
+data
+more
+efficient.
+Developers
+often
+extend
+this
+sort
+of
+functionality
+into
+their
+application
+data
+to
+deliver
+similar
+performance
+gains.
+Often
+this
+data
+does
+not
+have
+any
+meaning
+from
+a
+Linked
+Data
+standpoint,
+but
+is
+still
+useful
+for
+an
+application.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+introduces
+the
+notion
+of
+<a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+index
+maps
+</a>
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+structure
+data
+into
+a
+form
+that
+is
+more
+efficient
+to
+access.
+The
+data
+indexing
+feature
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+structure
+data
+using
+a
+<del class="diff-old">simpley
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">simple
+</ins>
+key-value
+map
+where
+the
+keys
+do
+not
+map
+to
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+This
+enables
+direct
+access
+to
+data
+instead
+of
+having
+to
+scan
+an
+array
+in
+search
+of
+a
+specific
+item.
+In
+JSON-LD
+such
+data
+can
+be
+specified
+by
+associating
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+with
+a
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+declaration
+in
+the
+context:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+ "name": "schema:name",
+ "body": "schema:articleBody",
+ "words": "schema:wordCount",
+ "post": {
+ "@id": "schema:blogPost",
+
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/",
+ "@type": "schema:Blog",
+ "name": "World Financial News",
+ "post": {
+ "en": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/en",
+ "body": "World commodities were up today with heavy trading of crude oil...",
+ "words": 1539
+ },
+ "de": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/de",
+ "body": "Die Werte an Warenbörsen stiegen im Sog eines starken Handels von Rohöl...",
+ "words": 1204
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 54</span>: Indexing data in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+ "name": "schema:name",
+ "body": "schema:articleBody",
+ "words": "schema:wordCount",
+ "post": {
+ "@id": "schema:blogPost",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@container": "@index"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/",
+ "@type": "schema:Blog",
+ "name": "World Financial News",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"post": {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "en": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/en",
+ "body": "World commodities were up today with heavy trading of crude oil...",
+ "words": 1539
+ },
+ "de": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/de",
+ "body": "Die Werte an Warenbörsen stiegen im Sog eines starken Handels von Rohöl...",
+ "words": 1204
+ }</span>
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<strong>
+blogPost
+</strong>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+has
+been
+marked
+as
+an
+<a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+index
+map
+</a>.
+The
+<strong>
+en
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+de
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+ja
+</strong>
+keys
+will
+be
+ignored
+semantically,
+but
+preserved
+syntactically,
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+Processor.
+This
+allows
+a
+developer
+to
+access
+the
+German
+version
+of
+the
+<strong>
+blogPost
+</strong>
+using
+the
+following
+code
+snippet:
+<code>
+obj.blogPost.de
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+interpretation
+of
+the
+data
+above
+is
+expressed
+in
+the
+table
+below.
+Note
+how
+the
+index
+keys
+do
+not
+appear
+in
+the
+Linked
+Data
+below,
+but
+would
+continue
+to
+exist
+if
+the
+document
+were
+compacted
+or
+expanded
+(see
+<del class="diff-old">6.16
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#compact-document-form">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.18
+</ins>
+Compact
+Document
+Form
+</a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">6.15
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#expanded-document-form">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.17
+</ins>
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+</a>
+)
+using
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor:
+</p>
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Subject
+</th>
+<th>
+Property
+</th>
+<th>
+Value
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/Blog
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/name
+</td>
+<td>
+World
+Financial
+News
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/blogPost
+</td>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/en
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/blogPost
+</td>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/de
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/en
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/articleBody
+</td>
+<td>
+World
+commodities
+were
+up
+today
+with
+heavy
+trading
+of
+crude
+oil...
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/en
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/wordCount
+</td>
+<td>
+1539
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/de
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/articleBody
+</td>
+<td>
+Die
+Werte
+an
+Warenbörsen
+stiegen
+im
+Sog
+eines
+starken
+Handels
+von
+Rohöl...
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+http://example.com/posts/1/de
+</td>
+<td>
+http://schema.org/wordCount
+</td>
+<td>
+1204
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</section>
+<section id="expanded-document-form" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">6.17
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+defines
+a
+method
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+expanding
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+such
+that
+all
+IRIs,
+types,
+and
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 55</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 56</span>: Expanded form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</ins></pre></div></section><section id="compact-document-form" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+6.18
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Compact
+Document
+Form
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+defines
+a
+method
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+compacting
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+applying
+a
+developer-supplied
+context
+to
+shorten
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+JSON-LD
+values
+expressed
+in
+expanded
+form
+to
+simple
+values
+such
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+strings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+numbers
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Often
+this
+makes
+it
+simpler
+to
+work
+with
+document
+as
+the
+data
+is
+expressed
+in
+application-specific
+terms.
+Compacted
+documents
+are
+also
+typically
+easier
+to
+read
+for
+humans.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 57</span>: Sample expanded JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ "Manu Sporny" ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 58</span>: Sample context</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 59</span>: Compact form of the sample document once sample context has been applied</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre></div></section><section id="flattened-document-form" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+6.19
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Flattened
+Document
+Form
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+defines
+a
+method
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+flattening
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Flattening
+collects
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+labels
+all
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+nodes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+This
+ensures
+a
+shape
+of
+the
+data
+and
+consequently
+may
+drastically
+simplify
+the
+code
+required
+to
+process
+JSON-LD
+in
+certain
+applications.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 60</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Flattening
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+in
+the
+example
+above
+and
+using
+the
+same
+context
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 61</span>: Flattened and compacted form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:b0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" },
+ { "@id": "_:b0" }
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div></section><section id="embedding-json-ld-in-html-documents" class="informative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+6.20
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Embedding
+JSON-LD
+in
+HTML
+Documents
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+HTML
+script
+tags
+can
+be
+used
+to
+embed
+blocks
+of
+data
+in
+documents.
+This
+way,
+JSON-LD
+content
+can
+be
+easily
+embedded
+in
+HTML
+by
+placing
+it
+in
+a
+script
+element
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+attribute
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+application/ld+json
+</ins></code>.</p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 62</span>: Embedding JSON-LD in HTML</div><pre class="example"><span class="diff"><script type="application/ld+json"></span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/John_Lennon",
+ "name": "John Lennon",
+ "born": "1940-10-09",
+ "spouse": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cynthia_Lennon"
+}
+</ins><span class="diff"><ins class="diff-new">
+</script>
+</ins></span></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Depending
+on
+how
+the
+HTML
+document
+is
+served,
+certain
+strings
+may
+need
+to
+be
+escaped.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Defining
+how
+such
+data
+may
+be
+used
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification.
+The
+embedded
+JSON-LD
+document
+might
+be
+extracted
+as
+is
+or,
+e.g.,
+be
+converted
+to
+RDF.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+JSON-LD
+content
+is
+extracted
+as
+RDF
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+],
+it
+should
+be
+expanded
+into
+an
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset" title="rdf-dataset" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+dataset
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-api/#convert-to-rdf-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+If
+multiple
+embedded
+JSON-LD
+documents
+are
+extracted
+as
+RDF,
+the
+result
+is
+the
+RDF
+merge
+of
+the
+extracted
+datasets.
+</ins></p></section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-model" class="appendix normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Data
+Model
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+serialization
+format
+for
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+based
+on
+JSON.
+It
+is
+therefore
+important
+to
+distinguish
+between
+the
+syntax,
+which
+is
+defined
+by
+JSON
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+and
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-data-model" title="json-ld-data-model">
+JSON-LD's
+data
+model
+</dfn>
+which
+is
+defined
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</dfn>
+serializes
+a
+collection
+of
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graphs
+</a>
+and
+comprises
+exactly
+one
+<dfn id="dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+and
+zero
+or
+more
+<dfn id="dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph">
+named
+graphs
+</dfn>.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="#dfn-default-graph" title="default-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+name
+and
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+empty.
+</li>
+<li>
+Each
+<a href="#dfn-named-graph" title="named-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+named
+graph
+</a>
+is
+a
+pair
+consisting
+of
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+(the
+<dfn id="dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</dfn>
+)
+and
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>.
+Whenever
+possible,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+i.e.,
+a
+set
+of
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>
+connected
+by
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edges
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Every
+<dfn id="dfn-edge" title="edge">
+edge
+</dfn>
+has
+a
+direction
+associated
+with
+it
+and
+is
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+Within
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+these
+edge
+labels
+are
+called
+<dfn id="dfn-property" title="property">
+properties
+</dfn>.
+Whenever
+possible,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edge
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Every
+<dfn id="dfn-node" title="node">
+node
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+having
+an
+outgoing
+edge
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+contain
+unconnected
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+nodes
+</a>,
+i.e.,
+nodes
+which
+are
+not
+connected
+by
+an
+<a href="#dfn-edge" title="edge" class="tref internalDFN">
+edge
+</a>
+to
+any
+other
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<dfn id="dfn-iri" title="iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+(Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier)
+is
+a
+string
+that
+conforms
+to
+the
+syntax
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RFC3987" class="bibref">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+used
+within
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+return
+a
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+document
+describing
+the
+resource
+denoted
+by
+that
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+when
+being
+dereferenced.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+which
+is
+neither
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+nor
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nor
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+</a>.
+A
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+identified
+using
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+string
+that
+can
+be
+used
+as
+an
+identifier
+for
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+within
+the
+scope
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>.
+Blank
+node
+identifiers
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</dfn>
+consists
+of
+a
+value,
+which
+is
+a
+string,
+and
+a
+type,
+which
+is
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</dfn>
+consists
+of
+a
+string
+and
+a
+non-empty
+language
+tag
+as
+defined
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+The
+language
+tag
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+well-formed
+according
+to
+section
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">
+2.2.9
+</a>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+and
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+lowercase.
+</li>
+<li>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-list" title="list">
+list
+</dfn>
+is
+an
+ordered
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>,
+and
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-value" title="json-ld-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/217">
+<span>
+Issue
+217
+</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+<p class="atrisk">
+In
+contrast
+to
+the
+RDF
+data
+model
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+JSON-LD
+allows
+blank
+nodes
+as
+property
+labels
+and
+graph
+names.
+<ins class="diff-new">Thus,
+some
+data
+that
+is
+valid
+JSON-LD
+cannot
+be
+converted
+to
+RDF.
+</ins>
+This
+feature
+<del class="diff-old">is
+controversial
+in
+the
+RDF
+WG
+and
+</del>
+may
+be
+removed
+in
+the
+future.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+documents
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+contain
+data
+that
+cannot
+be
+represented
+by
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-data-model" title="json-ld-data-model" class="tref internalDFN">
+data
+model
+</a>
+defined
+above.
+Unless
+otherwise
+specified,
+such
+data
+is
+ignored
+when
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+is
+being
+processed.
+This
+means,
+e.g.,
+that
+properties
+which
+are
+not
+mapped
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+will
+be
+ignored.
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="linked-data-graph.png" title="An illustration of JSON-LD's data model">
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+Figure 1:
+An
+illustration
+of
+JSON-LD's
+data
+model.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="json-ld-grammar" class="appendix normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+JSON-LD
+Grammar
+</h2>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+is
+normative
+</del>
+<p>
+This
+appendix
+restates
+the
+syntactic
+conventions
+described
+in
+the
+previous
+sections
+more
+formally.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</ins></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+valid
+JSON
+document
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-RFC4627" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC4627
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</ins></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+a
+JSON
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+a
+set
+of
+one
+or
+more
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+objects
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+top
+level.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+In
+contrast
+to
+JSON,
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+keys
+in
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+objects
+</ins></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+unique.
+</ins></p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+<del class="diff-old">The
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+allows
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">6.14
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+be
+aliased
+(see
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#aliasing-keywords"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+6.15
+</ins>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+details).
+</ins>
+Whenever
+a
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+is
+discussed
+in
+this
+grammar,
+the
+statements
+also
+apply
+to
+an
+alias
+for
+that
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>.
+For
+example,
+if
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+defines
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<code>
+id
+</code>
+as
+an
+alias
+for
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+that
+alias
+may
+be
+legitimately
+used
+as
+a
+substitution
+for
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+Note
+that
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>
+aliases
+are
+not
+expanded
+during
+context
+processing.
+</p>
+</div>
+<section id="terms" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">B.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Terms
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+document
+must
+be
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-term" title="term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">valid
+JSON
+document
+as
+described
+in
+[
+RFC4627
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">short-hand
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+expands
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">].
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+NOT
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+equal
+any
+of
+the
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keywords
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+To
+avoid
+forward-compatibility
+issues,
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+NOT
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+start
+with
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+character
+as
+future
+versions
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+introduce
+additional
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keywords
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Furthermore,
+the
+term
+</ins><em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">a
+single
+node
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+empty
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">or
+a
+JSON
+array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+""
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+as
+not
+all
+programming
+languages
+are
+able
+to
+handle
+empty
+property
+names.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+See
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#the-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.1
+The
+Context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+a
+set
+of
+one
+or
+more
+node
+objects
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#iris"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+5.2
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+mapping
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRIs
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="node-objects" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Node
+<del class="diff-old">Object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Objects
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-node-object" title="node-object">
+node
+object
+</dfn>
+represents
+zero
+or
+more
+properties
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+serialized
+by
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-document" title="json-ld-document" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>.
+A
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+if
+it
+exists
+outside
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+and:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+keywords,
+and
+</li>
+<li>
+it
+is
+not
+the
+top-most
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+consisting
+of
+no
+other
+members
+than
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+properties
+</a>
+of
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-graph" title="json-ld-graph" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+may
+be
+spread
+among
+different
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+objects
+</a>
+within
+a
+document.
+When
+that
+happens,
+the
+keys
+of
+the
+different
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+objects
+</a>
+are
+merged
+to
+create
+the
+properties
+of
+the
+resulting
+<a href="#dfn-node" title="node" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+All
+keys
+which
+are
+not
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>
+valid
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+or
+one
+of
+the
+following
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+ignored
+when
+processed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@id
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@graph
+</ins>
+</code>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@reverse
+</ins></code>,
+or
+</li>
+<li>
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">one
+of
+the
+following:
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+definition
+</a>,
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+composed
+of
+any
+<del class="diff-old">number
+</del>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+previous
+two
+expressions.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">these.
+</ins></p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(including
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>
+).
+See
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#node-identifiers">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins>
+5.3
+Node
+Identifiers
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">6.1
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#compact-iris">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.3
+</ins>
+Compact
+IRIs
+</a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">6.13
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#identifying-blank-nodes">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.14
+</ins>
+Identifying
+Blank
+Nodes
+</a>
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+values.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@type
+key,
+its
+value
+must
+be
+either
+an
+absolute
+IRI
+,
+a
+relative
+IRI
+,
+a
+compact
+IRI
+(including
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+),
+a
+term
+defined
+in
+the
+active
+context
+expanding
+into
+an
+absolute
+IRI
+,
+or
+an
+array
+of
+any
+of
+these.
+See
+5.4
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+@type
+values.
+If
+the
+node
+object
+contains
+the
+</del>
+@graph
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+objects
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+keyword,
+its
+value
+is
+used
+as
+the
+label
+of
+a
+named
+graph.
+See
+<del class="diff-old">6.12
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#named-graphs">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.13
+</ins>
+Named
+Graphs
+</a>
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+values.
+As
+a
+special
+case,
+if
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+contains
+no
+keys
+other
+than
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+and
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+the
+root
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+document,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+not
+treated
+as
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+;
+this
+is
+used
+as
+a
+way
+of
+defining
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+definitions
+</a>
+that
+may
+not
+form
+a
+connected
+graph.
+This
+allows
+a
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+to
+be
+defined
+which
+is
+shared
+by
+all
+of
+the
+constituent
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+objects
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+its
+value
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+either
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+(including
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+),
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+defined
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+expanding
+into
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+any
+of
+these.
+See
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#specifying-the-type"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+5.4
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+values.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+its
+value
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+members
+representing
+reverse
+properties.
+Each
+value
+of
+such
+a
+reverse
+property
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+relative
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+containing
+a
+combination
+of
+these.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+the
+</ins><code>
+@index
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>.
+See
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#data-indexing">
+section
+<del class="diff-old">6.17
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.16
+</ins>
+Data
+Indexing
+</a>
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+values.
+</p>
+<p>
+Keys
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>
+that
+are
+not
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+expand
+to
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+The
+values
+associated
+with
+<del class="diff-old">these
+</del>
+keys
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+expand
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+one
+of
+the
+following:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-set-object" title="set-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+set
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+of
+the
+possibilities
+above,
+</li>
+<li>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+language
+map
+</a>,
+or
+</li>
+<li>
+an
+<a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+index
+map
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">B.2
+Term
+A
+term
+is
+a
+short-hand
+string
+that
+expands
+to
+an
+IRI
+or
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+.
+A
+term
+must
+not
+equal
+any
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+keywords
+.
+To
+avoid
+forward-compatibility
+issues,
+a
+term
+should
+not
+start
+with
+an
+@
+character
+as
+future
+versions
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+introduce
+additional
+keywords
+.
+Furthermore,
+the
+use
+of
+empty
+terms
+(
+""
+)
+is
+discouraged
+as
+not
+all
+programming
+languages
+are
+able
+to
+handle
+empty
+property
+names.
+See
+5.1
+The
+Context
+and
+5.2
+IRIs
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+mapping
+terms
+to
+IRIs
+.
+</del>
+<section id="value-objects" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Language
+Map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Objects
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+<del class="diff-old">language
+map
+is
+used
+to
+associate
+a
+language
+with
+a
+value
+in
+a
+way
+that
+allows
+easy
+programmatic
+access.
+A
+language
+map
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+term
+value
+within
+a
+node
+object
+if
+the
+term
+is
+defined
+with
+@container
+set
+to
+@language
+.
+The
+keys
+of
+a
+language
+map
+must
+be
+lowercase
+[
+BCP47
+]
+strings
+with
+an
+associated
+value
+that
+is
+any
+of
+the
+following
+types:
+string
+,
+or
+an
+array
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+strings
+See
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+language
+maps.
+B.4
+Index
+Map
+An
+index
+map
+allows
+keys
+that
+have
+no
+semantic
+meaning,
+but
+should
+be
+preserved
+regardless,
+to
+be
+used
+in
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+An
+index
+map
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+term
+</del>
+<dfn id="dfn-value-object" title="value-object">
+value
+<del class="diff-old">within
+a
+node
+</del>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">if
+the
+term
+is
+defined
+with
+@container
+set
+to
+@index
+.
+The
+values
+of
+the
+members
+of
+an
+index
+map
+must
+be
+one
+of
+the
+following
+types:
+string
+,
+number
+,
+true
+,
+false
+,
+null
+,
+node
+object
+,
+expanded
+value
+,
+an
+array
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+of
+the
+above
+possibilities
+See
+6.17
+Data
+Indexing
+for
+further
+information
+on
+this
+topic.
+B.5
+Expanded
+Values
+An
+expanded
+value
+</del>
+</dfn>
+is
+used
+to
+explicitly
+associate
+a
+type
+or
+a
+language
+with
+a
+value
+to
+create
+a
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+value
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">An
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+It
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+also
+contain
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+but
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+contain
+both
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+<del class="diff-old">An
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+contain
+<del class="diff-old">keys
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">any
+</ins>
+other
+<del class="diff-old">than
+@value
+,
+@type
+,
+@language
+,
+and
+@index
+.
+An
+expanded
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keys
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+a
+@type
+key
+is
+called
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expand
+to
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+typed
+value
+.
+An
+expanded
+value
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+contains
+a
+@language
+key
+is
+called
+an
+expanded
+language-tagged
+string
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+either
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-relative-iri" title="relative-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+have
+the
+lexical
+form
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+or
+be
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+See
+<del class="diff-old">6.2
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#typed-values">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.4
+</ins>
+Typed
+Values
+</a>
+and
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#string-internationalization">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.9
+String
+Internationalization
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+more
+information
+on
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+values
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+objects
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="lists-and-sets" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">List
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+Values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Sets
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-list" title="list" class="tref internalDFN">
+list
+</a>
+represents
+an
+<em>
+ordered
+</em>
+set
+of
+values.
+A
+set
+represents
+an
+<em>
+unordered
+</em>
+set
+of
+values.
+Unless
+otherwise
+specified,
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+arrays
+</a>
+are
+unordered
+in
+JSON-LD.
+As
+such,
+the
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+keyword,
+when
+used
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+represents
+just
+syntactic
+sugar
+which
+is
+optimized
+away
+when
+processing
+the
+document.
+However,
+it
+is
+very
+helpful
+when
+used
+within
+the
+context
+of
+a
+document.
+Values
+of
+terms
+associated
+with
+a
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+container
+will
+always
+be
+represented
+in
+the
+form
+of
+an
+<a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN">
+array
+</a>
+when
+a
+document
+is
+<del class="diff-old">processed
+-
+even
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">processed—even
+</ins>
+if
+there
+is
+just
+a
+single
+value
+that
+would
+otherwise
+be
+optimized
+to
+a
+non-array
+form
+in
+<a href="#compact-document-form">
+compact
+document
+form
+</a>.
+This
+simplifies
+post-processing
+of
+the
+data
+as
+the
+data
+is
+always
+in
+<del class="diff-old">array
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+deterministic
+</ins>
+form.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-list-object" title="list-object">
+list
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></dfn><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+contains
+no
+<del class="diff-old">other
+</del>
+keys
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+expand
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+other
+</ins>
+than
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-set-object" title="set-object">
+set
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></dfn><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+contains
+no
+<del class="diff-old">other
+</del>
+keys
+<ins class="diff-new">that
+expand
+to
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+other
+</ins>
+than
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>,
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+Please
+note
+that
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+key
+will
+be
+<del class="diff-old">ignored,
+and
+thus
+be
+dropped,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ignored
+</ins>
+when
+being
+processed.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+both
+cases,
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+keys
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">an
+array
+of
+any
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+types:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+string
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">expanded
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">object
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+zero
+or
+more
+of
+the
+above
+possibilities
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+See
+<del class="diff-old">6.10
+</del>
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#sets-and-lists">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+6.11
+</ins>
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+further
+discussion
+on
+sets
+and
+lists.
+</ins></p></section><section id="language-maps" class="normative"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+B.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Language
+Maps
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-language-map" title="language-map"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+map
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+used
+to
+associate
+a
+language
+with
+a
+value
+in
+a
+way
+that
+allows
+easy
+programmatic
+access.
+A
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+term
+value
+within
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+the
+term
+is
+defined
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+keys
+of
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+map
+</ins></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+</ins><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+strings
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+representing
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+BCP47
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+language
+codes
+with
+and
+the
+values
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+any
+of
+the
+following
+types:
+</ins></p><ul><li>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">null
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+of
+the
+above
+possibilities
+</ins></li></ul><p><ins class="diff-new">
+See
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#string-internationalization"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+6.9
+String
+Internationalization
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+<del class="diff-old">List
+and
+Set
+Values.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+maps.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="index-maps" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.6
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Index
+Maps
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+An
+</ins><dfn id="dfn-index-map" title="index-map"><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+map
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+allows
+keys
+that
+have
+no
+semantic
+meaning,
+but
+should
+be
+preserved
+regardless,
+to
+be
+used
+in
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+An
+</ins><a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+map
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+within
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+the
+term
+is
+defined
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+values
+of
+the
+members
+of
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+index
+map
+</ins></a><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+one
+of
+the
+following
+types:
+</ins></p><ul><li><a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+string
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+object
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-value-object" title="value-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+object
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-list-object" title="list-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+object
+</ins></a>,</li><li><a href="#dfn-set-object" title="set-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+object
+</ins></a>,</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-array" title="array" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+of
+the
+above
+possibilities
+</ins></li></ul><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+See
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#data-indexing"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+6.16
+Data
+Indexing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+further
+information
+on
+this
+topic.
+</ins></p></section><section id="context-definitions" class="normative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.7
+</span>
+Context
+<del class="diff-old">Definition
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Definitions
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn id="dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition">
+context
+definition
+</dfn>
+defines
+a
+<a href="#dfn-local-context" title="local-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+local
+context
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+definition
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+one
+or
+more
+key-value
+pairs.
+Keys
+must
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+keys
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-chg">
+MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+either
+be
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+terms
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">compact
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</ins></a>,
+or
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+keywords
+</ins></a>
+<code>
+@language
+<del class="diff-old">or
+</del>
+</code>,
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+<code>
+@vocab
+<del class="diff-old">keywords
+.
+</del>
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+definition
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+have
+the
+lexical
+form
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+or
+be
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+definition
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@vocab
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+key,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">have
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+an
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">be
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<div class="issue">
+<div class="issue-title">
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223">
+<span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Issue
+223
+</ins></span></a>:<ins class="diff-new">
+Feature
+at
+risk
+</ins></div><p class="atrisk"><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+feature
+is
+at
+risk
+as
+the
+fact
+that
+a
+document
+may
+have
+multiple
+base
+IRIs
+is
+potentially
+confusing
+for
+developers.
+It
+is
+also
+being
+discussed
+whether
+relative
+IRIs
+are
+allowed
+as
+values
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+whether
+the
+empty
+string
+should
+be
+used
+to
+explicitly
+specify
+that
+there
+isn't
+a
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-new">
+which
+could
+be
+used
+to
+ensure
+that
+relative
+IRIs
+remain
+relative
+when
+expanding.
+</ins></p></div>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a href="#dfn-context-definition" title="context-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@vocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+its
+value
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+<del class="diff-old">Term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+value
+of
+keys
+that
+are
+not
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keywords
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">values
+must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+either
+<ins class="diff-new">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-chg">compact
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+</ins><a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+or
+an
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+used
+to
+describe
+the
+mapping
+between
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+and
+its
+expanded
+identifier,
+as
+well
+as
+other
+properties
+of
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+when
+it
+is
+used
+as
+key
+in
+a
+<a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-json-object" title="json-object" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+composed
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+keys
+from
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@reverse
+</ins></code>,<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@container
+</code>.
+An
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+not
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+contain
+any
+other
+keys.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+</ins>
+term
+definition
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@reverse
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+</ins>
+not
+<ins class="diff-new">allowed.
+If
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@container
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+member
+exists,
+its
+value
+</ins><em title="MUST" class="rfc2119"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@index
+</ins></code>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+term
+being
+defined
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</a>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+mapping,
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+include
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+</ins>
+a
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">defined
+in
+the
+defining
+context
+definition
+or
+the
+active
+context
+,
+or
+an
+array
+composed
+of
+any
+of
+the
+previous
+allowed
+values
+except
+null
+</del>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a href="#dfn-absolute-iri" title="absolute-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-compact-iri" title="compact-iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier" title="blank-node-identifier" class="tref internalDFN">
+<ins class="diff-new">blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">defined
+in
+the
+defining
+context
+definition
+</del>
+or
+the
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>,
+or
+the
+one
+of
+the
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keywords
+</a>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+have
+the
+lexical
+form
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-BCP47" class="bibref">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+or
+be
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+<a href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition" title="expanded-term-definition" class="tref internalDFN">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</a>
+contains
+the
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+<a href="#dfn-keyword" title="keyword" class="tref internalDFN">
+keyword
+</a>,
+its
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+either
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+or
+be
+<a href="#dfn-null" title="null" class="tref internalDFN">
+null
+</a>.
+If
+the
+value
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+when
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+used
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+the
+associated
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+a
+<a href="#dfn-language-map" title="language-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+language
+map
+</a>.
+If
+the
+value
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+when
+the
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+term
+</a>
+is
+used
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+the
+associated
+value
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+an
+<a href="#dfn-index-map" title="index-map" class="tref internalDFN">
+index
+map
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a href="#dfn-term" title="term" class="tref internalDFN">
+Terms
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+used
+in
+a
+circular
+manner.
+That
+is,
+the
+definition
+of
+a
+term
+cannot
+depend
+on
+the
+definition
+of
+another
+term
+if
+that
+other
+term
+also
+depends
+on
+the
+first
+term.
+</p>
+<p>
+See
+<a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#the-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+</ins>
+5.1
+The
+Context
+</a>
+for
+further
+discussion
+on
+contexts.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="relationship-to-rdf" class="appendix normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+C.
+</span>
+Relationship
+to
+RDF
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+RDF
+data
+model,
+as
+outlined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+an
+abstract
+syntax
+for
+representing
+a
+directed
+graph
+of
+information.
+It
+is
+a
+subset
+of
+<a href="#dfn-json-ld-data-model" title="json-ld-data-model" class="tref internalDFN">
+JSON-LD's
+data
+model
+</a>
+with
+a
+few
+additional
+constraints.
+The
+differences
+between
+the
+two
+data
+models
+are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+In
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-graph-name" title="graph-name" class="tref internalDFN">
+graph
+names
+</a>
+can
+be
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+whereas
+in
+RDF
+graph
+names
+have
+to
+be
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+In
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN">
+properties
+</a>
+can
+be
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+whereas
+in
+RDF
+properties
+(predicates)
+have
+to
+be
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+In
+JSON-LD
+lists
+are
+part
+of
+the
+data
+model
+whereas
+in
+RDF
+they
+are
+part
+of
+a
+vocabulary,
+namely
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA" class="bibref">
+RDF-SCHEMA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</li>
+<li>
+RDF
+values
+are
+either
+typed
+<em>
+literals
+</em>
+(
+<a href="#dfn-typed-value" title="typed-value" class="tref internalDFN">
+typed
+values
+</a>
+)
+or
+<em>
+language-tagged
+strings
+</em>
+(
+<a href="#dfn-language-tagged-string" title="language-tagged-string" class="tref internalDFN">
+language-tagged
+strings
+</a>
+)
+whereas
+JSON-LD
+also
+supports
+JSON's
+native
+data
+types,
+i.e.,
+<a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN">
+number
+</a>,
+<a href="#dfn-string" title="string" class="tref internalDFN">
+strings
+</a>,
+and
+the
+boolean
+values
+<a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN">
+false
+</a>.
+The
+JSON-LD
+<ins class="diff-new">Processing
+</ins>
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD-API
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+the
+conversion
+rules
+between
+JSON's
+native
+data
+types
+and
+RDF's
+counterparts
+to
+allow
+full
+round-tripping.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Summarized
+these
+differences
+mean
+that
+JSON-LD
+is
+capable
+of
+serializing
+any
+RDF
+graph
+or
+dataset
+and
+most,
+but
+not
+all,
+JSON-LD
+documents
+can
+be
+transformed
+to
+RDF.
+A
+complete
+description
+of
+the
+algorithms
+to
+convert
+from
+RDF
+to
+JSON-LD
+and
+from
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+is
+included
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+<ins class="diff-new">Processing
+</ins>
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref">
+JSON-LD-API
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+Even
+though
+JSON-LD
+serializes
+RDF
+datasets,
+it
+can
+also
+be
+used
+as
+a
+RDF
+graph
+source.
+In
+that
+case,
+a
+consumer
+<del class="diff-old">must
+</del>
+<em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+</ins>
+</em>
+only
+use
+the
+default
+graph
+and
+ignore
+all
+named
+graphs.
+This
+allows
+servers
+to
+expose
+data
+in,
+e.g.,
+both
+Turtle
+and
+JSON-LD
+using
+content
+negotiation.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Publishers
+supporting
+both
+dataset
+and
+graph
+syntaxes
+have
+to
+ensure
+that
+the
+primary
+data
+is
+stored
+in
+the
+default
+graph
+to
+enable
+consumers
+that
+do
+not
+support
+datasets
+to
+process
+the
+information.
+</p>
+</div>
+<section id="transformation-from-json-ld-to-rdf" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">C.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Transformation
+from
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+</ins></h3><p><em><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+process
+of
+turning
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+depends
+on
+executing
+the
+algorithms
+defined
+in
+</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-api/#rdf-conversion-algorithms"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithms
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite><a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+It
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+document
+to
+detail
+these
+algorithms
+any
+further,
+but
+a
+summary
+of
+the
+necessary
+operations
+is
+provided
+to
+illustrate
+the
+process.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+procedure
+involves
+the
+following
+steps:
+</ins></p><ol><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Expand
+the
+JSON-LD
+document,
+removing
+any
+context;
+this
+ensures
+that
+properties,
+types,
+and
+values
+are
+given
+their
+full
+representation
+as
+</ins><a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+expanded
+values.
+Expansion
+is
+discussed
+further
+in
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#expanded-document-form"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+6.17
+Expanded
+Document
+Form
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Flatten
+the
+document,
+which
+turns
+the
+document
+into
+an
+array
+of
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+objects
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Flattening
+is
+discussed
+further
+in
+</ins><a class="sectionRef sec-ref" href="#flattened-document-form"><ins class="diff-new">
+section
+6.19
+Flattened
+Document
+Form
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Turn
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+into
+a
+series
+of
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple" title="rdf-triples" class="tref externalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+triples
+</ins></a>.</li></ol><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+consider
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+document
+in
+compact
+form:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 63</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+and
+Flattening
+algorithms
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+in
+the
+example
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 64</span>: Flattened and expanded form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "@id": "_:b0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" },
+ { "@id": "_:b0" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Transforming
+this
+to
+RDF
+now
+is
+a
+straightforward
+process
+of
+turning
+each
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+into
+one
+or
+more
+RDF
+triples.
+This
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+Turtle
+as
+follows:
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 65</span>: Turtle representation of expanded/flattend document</div><pre class="example">_:b0 <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Dave Longley" .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Manu Sporny" .
+
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" ;
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows>
+<http://manu.sporny.org/>,
+_:b0
+.
+</ins></pre></div><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+process
+of
+turning
+RDF
+into
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+thought
+of
+as
+the
+inverse
+of
+this
+last
+step,
+creating
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+closely
+matching
+the
+triples
+from
+RDF,
+using
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-node-object" title="node-object" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+all
+triples
+having
+a
+common
+subject,
+and
+a
+single
+</ins><a href="#dfn-property" title="property" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+those
+triples
+also
+having
+a
+common
+predicate.
+</ins></p></section>
+</section>
+<section id="relationship-to-other-linked-data-formats" class="appendix informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+D.
+</span>
+Relationship
+to
+Other
+Linked
+Data
+Formats
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">markup
+</del>
+examples
+below
+demonstrate
+how
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+semantic
+data
+marked
+up
+in
+other
+linked
+data
+formats
+such
+as
+Turtle,
+RDFa,
+Microformats,
+and
+Microdata.
+These
+sections
+are
+merely
+provided
+as
+evidence
+that
+JSON-LD
+is
+very
+flexible
+in
+what
+it
+can
+express
+across
+different
+<a href="#dfn-linked-data" title="linked-data" class="tref internalDFN">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+approaches.
+</p>
+<section id="turtle" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.1
+</span>
+Turtle
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+are
+examples
+of
+converting
+RDF
+expressed
+in
+Turtle
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">TURTLE-TR
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-TURTLE" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">TURTLE
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+into
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">D.1.1
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="prefix-definitions">
+Prefix
+definitions
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+context
+has
+direct
+equivalents
+for
+the
+Turtle
+<code>
+@prefix
+</code>
+declaration:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 66</span>: A set of statements serialized in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+</ins>
+foaf:homepage
+<http://manu.sporny.org/>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 67</span>: The same set of statements serialized in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">Note
+JSON-LD
+has
+no
+equivalent
+for
+the
+Turtle
+@base
+declaration,
+but
+can
+use
+a
+prefix
+such
+as
+base
+to
+encode
+the
+information
+in
+the
+document.
+</del>
+</section>
+<del class="diff-old">D.1.2
+</del>
+<section>
+<h4 id="embedding-1">
+Embedding
+</h4>
+<p>
+Both
+Turtle
+and
+JSON-LD
+allow
+embedding,
+although
+Turtle
+only
+allows
+embedding
+of
+<a href="#dfn-blank-node" title="blank-node" class="tref internalDFN">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public>
+ a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 68</span>: Embedding in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public>
+ a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+</ins>
+foaf:knows
+[
+a
+foaf:Person;
+foaf:name
+"Gregg
+Kellogg"
+]
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows":
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 69</span>: Same embedding example in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows":
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="conversion-of-native-data-types">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Conversion
+of
+native
+data
+types
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+In
+JSON-LD
+numbers
+and
+boolean
+values
+are
+native
+data
+types.
+While
+Turtle
+has
+a
+shorthand
+syntax
+to
+express
+such
+values,
+RDF's
+abstract
+syntax
+requires
+that
+numbers
+and
+boolean
+values
+are
+represented
+as
+typed
+literals.
+Thus,
+to
+allow
+full
+round-tripping,
+the
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+specification
+[
+</ins><cite>
+<del class="diff-old">D.1.3
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-JSON-LD-API" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+defines
+conversion
+rules
+between
+JSON-LD's
+native
+data
+types
+and
+RDF's
+counterparts.
+</ins><a href="#dfn-number" title="number" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Numbers
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+without
+fractions
+are
+converted
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-typed
+literals,
+numbers
+with
+fractions
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-typed
+literals
+and
+the
+two
+boolean
+values
+</ins><a href="#dfn-true" title="true" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#dfn-false" title="false" class="tref internalDFN"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+-typed
+literal.
+All
+typed
+literals
+are
+in
+canonical
+lexical
+form.
+</ins></p> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 70</span>: JSON-LD using native data types for numbers and boolean values</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "ex": "http://example.com/vocab#"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/",
+ "ex:numbers": [ 14, 2.78 ],
+ "ex:booleans": [ true, false ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div> <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 71</span>: Same example in Turtle using typed literals</div><pre class="example">@prefix ex: <http://example.com/vocab#> .
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
+
+<http://example.com/>
+ ex:numbers "14"^^xsd:integer, "2.78E0"^^xsd:double ;
+ex:booleans
+"true"^^xsd:boolean,
+"false"^^xsd:boolean
+.
+</ins></pre></div></section><section><h4 id="lists">
+Lists
+</h4>
+<p>
+Both
+JSON-LD
+and
+Turtle
+can
+represent
+sequential
+lists
+of
+values.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 72</span>: A list of values in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+</ins>
+foaf:nick
+(
+"joe"
+"bob"
+"jaybee"
+)
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+ {
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 73</span>: Same example with a list of values in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+ {
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="rdfa" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.2
+</span>
+RDFa
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+describes
+three
+people
+with
+their
+respective
+names
+and
+homepages
+in
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-RDFA-CORE" class="bibref">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">>
+ <ul>
+ <li >
+ <a >Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 74</span>: RDFa fragment that describes three people</div><pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+An
+example
+JSON-LD
+implementation
+using
+a
+single
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+is
+described
+below.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@graph":
+ [
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 75</span>: Same description in JSON-LD (context shared among node objects)</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@graph":
+ [
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="microformats" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.3
+</span>
+Microformats
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+uses
+a
+simple
+Microformats
+hCard
+example
+to
+express
+how
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-MICROFORMATS" class="bibref">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+are
+represented
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 76</span>: HTML fragment with a simple Microformats hCard</div><pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+representation
+of
+the
+hCard
+expresses
+the
+Microformat
+terms
+in
+the
+<a href="#dfn-context" title="context" class="tref internalDFN">
+context
+</a>
+and
+uses
+them
+directly
+for
+the
+<code>
+url
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+fn
+</code>
+properties.
+Also
+note
+that
+the
+Microformat
+to
+JSON-LD
+processor
+has
+generated
+the
+proper
+URL
+type
+for
+<code>
+http://tantek.com/
+</code>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 77</span>: Same hCard representation in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="microdata" class="informative">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+D.4
+</span>
+Microdata
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</ins></em></p>
+<p>
+The
+HTML
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-MICRODATA" class="bibref">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+example
+below
+expresses
+book
+information
+as
+a
+Microdata
+Work
+item.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 78</span>: HTML fragments that describes a book using microdata</div><pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+<ins class="diff-chg"> itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</ins>
+</dl>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+JSON-LD
+representation
+of
+the
+Microdata
+information
+stays
+true
+to
+the
+desires
+of
+the
+Microdata
+community
+to
+avoid
+contexts
+and
+instead
+refer
+to
+items
+by
+their
+full
+<a href="#dfn-iri" title="iri" class="tref internalDFN">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ [
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</del>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 79</span>: Same book description in JSON-LD (avoiding contexts)</div><pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ [
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="iana-considerations" class="appendix normative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+E.
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</h2>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</del>
+<p>
+This
+section
+is
+included
+<del class="diff-old">merely
+</del>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">standards
+</del>
+community
+review
+and
+will
+be
+submitted
+to
+the
+Internet
+Engineering
+Steering
+Group
+<del class="diff-old">if
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(IESG)
+as
+part
+of
+the
+Last
+Call
+announcement
+for
+</ins>
+this
+<del class="diff-old">specification
+becomes
+a
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<h2 id="application-ld-json">
+application/ld+json
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Type
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+application
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Subtype
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ld+json
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Required
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Optional
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+profile
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+A
+whitespace-separated
+list
+of
+IRIs
+identifying
+specific
+constraints
+or
+conventions
+that
+apply
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+A
+profile
+<del class="diff-old">must
+not
+</del>
+<em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MUST
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+change
+the
+semantics
+of
+the
+resource
+representation
+when
+processed
+without
+profile
+knowledge,
+so
+that
+clients
+both
+with
+and
+without
+knowledge
+of
+a
+profiled
+resource
+can
+safely
+use
+the
+same
+representation.
+The
+<code>
+profile
+</code>
+parameter
+<del class="diff-old">may
+</del>
+<em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">MAY
+</ins>
+</em>
+also
+be
+used
+by
+clients
+to
+express
+their
+preferences
+in
+the
+content
+negotiation
+process.
+It
+is
+<del class="diff-old">recommended
+</del>
+<em title="RECOMMENDED" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RECOMMENDED
+</ins>
+</em>
+that
+profile
+IRIs
+are
+dereferenceable
+and
+provide
+useful
+documentation
+at
+that
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+For
+more
+information
+and
+background
+please
+refer
+to
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">PROFILE-LINK
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RFC6906" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RFC6906
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+specification
+defines
+four
+values
+for
+the
+<code>
+profile
+</code>
+parameter.
+To
+request
+or
+specify
+Expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+form,
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#expanded
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+used.
+To
+request
+or
+specify
+Expanded,
+Flattened
+JSON-LD
+document
+form,
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#expanded-flattened
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+used.
+To
+request
+or
+specify
+Compacted
+JSON-LD
+document
+form,
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+used.
+To
+request
+or
+specify
+Compacted,
+Flattened
+JSON-LD
+document
+form,
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted-flattened
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">should
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+used.
+Please
+note
+that,
+according
+[
+<cite>
+<a href="#bib-HTTP11" class="bibref">
+HTTP11
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+profile
+</code>
+parameter
+has
+to
+be
+enclosed
+in
+quotes
+(
+<code>
+"
+</code>
+)
+because
+it
+contains
+special
+characters
+and,
+in
+some
+cases,
+whitespace.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Encoding
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+See
+RFC 6839,
+section
+3.1.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Security
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Since
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+pure
+data
+exchange
+format
+for
+directed
+graphs,
+the
+serialization
+<del class="diff-old">should
+not
+</del>
+<em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">
+<ins class="diff-chg">SHOULD
+NOT
+</ins>
+</em>
+be
+passed
+through
+a
+code
+execution
+mechanism
+such
+as
+JavaScript's
+<code>
+eval()
+</code>
+function
+to
+be
+parsed.
+<br>
+JSON-LD
+contexts
+that
+are
+loaded
+from
+the
+Web
+over
+non-secure
+connections,
+such
+as
+HTTP,
+run
+the
+risk
+of
+modifying
+the
+JSON-LD
+<a href="#dfn-active-context" title="active-context" class="tref internalDFN">
+active
+context
+</a>
+in
+a
+way
+that
+could
+compromise
+security.
+It
+is
+advised
+that
+any
+application
+that
+depends
+on
+a
+remote
+context
+for
+mission
+critical
+purposes
+vet
+and
+cache
+the
+remote
+context
+before
+allowing
+the
+system
+to
+use
+it.
+<br>
+<ins class="diff-new">Given
+that
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+allows
+the
+substitution
+of
+long
+IRIs
+with
+short
+<del class="diff-old">terms
+and
+the
+compression
+of
+multiple
+properties
+into
+a
+single
+property
+generator.
+Therefore,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">terms,
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+documents
+may
+expand
+<del class="diff-old">enormously
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">considerably
+</ins>
+when
+processed
+and,
+in
+the
+worst
+case,
+the
+resulting
+data
+might
+consume
+all
+of
+the
+recipient's
+resources.
+Applications
+should
+treat
+any
+data
+with
+due
+skepticism.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Interoperability
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Published
+specification:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+JSON-LD
+specification.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Applications
+that
+use
+this
+media
+type:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Any
+programming
+environment
+that
+requires
+the
+exchange
+of
+directed
+graphs.
+Implementations
+of
+JSON-LD
+have
+been
+created
+for
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+Ruby,
+PHP,
+and
+C++.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Additional
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Magic
+number(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+File
+extension(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>.jsonld
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Macintosh
+file
+type
+code(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+TEXT
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Person
+&
+email
+address
+to
+contact
+for
+further
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny
+<msporny@digitalbazaar.com>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Intended
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Common
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Restrictions
+on
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Author(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+Niklas
+Lindström
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Change
+controller:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+W3C
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+Fragment
+identifiers
+used
+with
+<a href="#application-ld-json">
+application/ld+json
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">resources
+may
+identify
+a
+node
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+graph
+expressed
+in
+the
+resource.
+This
+idiom,
+which
+is
+also
+used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+treated
+as
+</ins>
+in
+RDF
+<ins class="diff-new">syntaxes,
+as
+per
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-fragID"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax
+</ins></a></cite>
+[
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">RDF-CONCEPTS
+</del>
+<a href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS" class="bibref">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">],
+gives
+a
+simple
+way
+to
+"mint"
+new,
+document-local
+IRIs
+to
+label
+nodes
+and
+therefore
+contributes
+considerably
+to
+the
+expressive
+power
+of
+JSON-LD.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">].
+</ins>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="acknowledgements" class="appendix informative">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+F.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+authors
+would
+like
+to
+extend
+a
+deep
+appreciation
+and
+the
+most
+sincere
+thanks
+to
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+contributed
+foundational
+concepts
+to
+JSON-LD
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj.
+JSON-LD
+uses
+a
+number
+of
+core
+concepts
+introduced
+in
+RDFj,
+such
+as
+the
+context
+as
+a
+mechanism
+to
+provide
+an
+environment
+for
+interpreting
+JSON
+data.
+Mark
+had
+also
+been
+very
+involved
+in
+the
+work
+on
+RDFa
+as
+well.
+RDFj
+built
+upon
+that
+work.
+JSON-LD
+exists
+because
+of
+the
+work
+and
+ideas
+he
+started
+nearly
+a
+decade
+ago
+in
+2004.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+large
+amount
+of
+thanks
+goes
+out
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+participants
+who
+worked
+through
+many
+of
+the
+technical
+issues
+on
+the
+mailing
+list
+and
+the
+weekly
+telecons
+-
+of
+special
+mention
+are
+François
+Daoust,
+Stéphane
+Corlosquet,
+Lin
+Clark,
+and
+Zdenko
+'Denny'
+Vrandečić.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+work
+of
+David
+I.
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+are
+appreciated
+for
+reviewing,
+and
+performing
+several
+early
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Ian
+Davis
+for
+this
+work
+on
+RDF/JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thanks
+to
+the
+following
+individuals,
+in
+order
+of
+their
+first
+name,
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification:
+Adrian
+Walker,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Andy
+Seaborne,
+Ben
+Adida,
+Blaine
+Cook,
+Bradley
+Allen,
+Brian
+Peterson,
+Bryan
+Thompson,
+Conal
+Tuohy,
+Dan
+Brickley,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Daniel
+Leja,
+Dave
+Reynolds,
+David
+I.
+Lehn,
+David
+Wood,
+Dean
+Landolt,
+Ed
+Summers,
+elf
+Pavlik,
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+Erik
+Wilde,
+Fabian
+Christ,
+Jon
+A.
+Frost,
+Gavin
+Carothers,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Guus
+Schreiber,
+Henri
+Bergius,
+Jose
+María
+Alvarez
+Rodríguez,
+Ivan
+Herman,
+Jack
+Moffitt,
+Josh
+Mandel,
+KANZAKI
+Masahide,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Kuno
+Woudt,
+Larry
+Garfield,
+Mark
+Baker,
+Mark
+MacGillivray,
+Marko
+Rodriguez,
+Melvin
+Carvalho,
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Paolo
+Ciccarese,
+Pat
+Hayes,
+Patrick
+Logan,
+Paul
+Kuykendall,
+Pelle
+Braendgaard,
+Peter
+Williams,
+Pierre-Antoine
+Champin,
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+Roy
+T.
+Fielding,
+Sandro
+Hawke,
+Srecko
+Joksimovic,
+Stephane
+Fellah,
+Steve
+Harris,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Thomas
+Steiner,
+Tim
+Bray,
+Tom
+Morris,
+Tristan
+King,
+Sergio
+Fernández,
+Werner
+Wilms,
+and
+William
+Waites.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" class="appendix" id="references">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+G.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="normative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+G.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl about="" class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+A.
+Phillips;
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>.
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+15
+January
+2013.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RFC2119">
+[RFC2119]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+S.
+Bradner.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+<cite>
+Key
+words
+for
+use
+in
+RFCs
+to
+Indicate
+Requirement
+Levels.
+</cite>
+</a>
+March
+1997.
+Internet
+RFC
+2119.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Dürst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+January
+2005.
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+July
+2006.
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC5988">
+[RFC5988]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+<del class="diff-old">Nottingham,
+Editor.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Nottingham.
+</ins>
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">
+Web
+Linking
+</a>.
+</cite>
+October
+2010.
+Internet
+RFC
+5988.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section rel="bibo:chapter" resource="#informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" id="informative-references">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+G.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl about="" class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-HTTP11">
+[HTTP11]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+R.
+Fielding
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">
+<cite>
+Hypertext
+Transfer
+Protocol
+-
+HTTP/1.1
+</cite>
+</a>.
+June
+1999.
+RFC
+2616.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">
+[JSON-LD-API]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Editors.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+</a>.
+</cite>
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Ian
+Hickson,
+Editor.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/">
+HTML
+Microdata
+</a>.
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">29
+March
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">25
+October
+</ins>
+2012.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20120329/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[PROFILE-LINK]
+Erik
+Wilde.
+The
+'profile'
+Link
+Relation
+Type
+.
+17
+October
+2012.
+IETF
+Internet
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wilde-profile-link
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
+[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+<cite>
+RDF
+Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema
+</cite>
+</a>.
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+<ins class="diff-new">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><ins class="diff-new">
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+15
+January
+2013.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Shane
+McCarron
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes
+</cite>
+</a>.
+7
+June
+2012.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[TURTLE-TR]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RFC3986]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><ins class="diff-chg">
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax
+</ins></cite></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+January
+2005.
+RFC
+3986.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-RFC6906"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[RFC6906]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Erik
+Wilde.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt"><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+'profile'
+Link
+Relation
+Type
+</ins></a>.</cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+March
+2013.
+Internet
+RFC
+6906.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[TURTLE]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+Gavin
+Carothers,
+Editors.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">09
+August
+2011.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">19
+February
+2013.
+</ins>
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Working
+Draft
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Candidate
+Recommendation
+</ins>
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-turtle-20110809/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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+ border-left-width: .1em;
+ border-color: #999;
+ background: #fff;
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+aside.example div.example div.example-title {
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+</style><style>/* --- ISSUES/NOTES --- */
+div.issue-title, div.note-title {
+ padding-right: 1em;
+ min-width: 7.5em;
+ color: #b9ab2d;
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+div.issue-title { color: #e05252; }
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+ margin-top: 1em;
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+ padding: .5em;
+ border-left-width: .5em;
+ border-left-style: solid;
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+
+</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.w3.org/community/src/css/spec/cg-final.css" />
+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='http://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body><div class="head">
+ <p>
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" /></a>
+ </p>
+ <h1 id="title" class="title">JSON-LD 1.0</h1>
+ <h2 id="subtitle">A JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data</h2>
+ <h2 id="final-community-group-specification-28-march-2013">Final Community Group Specification 28 March 2013</h2>
+ <dl>
+
+
+
+ <dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Authors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Dave Longley" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a href="http://neverspace.net/" content="Niklas Lindström" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">Niklas Lindström</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document is also available in this non-normative format:
+
+ <a href="diff-20130222.html" rel="alternate">diff to previous version</a>
+ </p>
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2010-2013
+ the Contributors to the JSON-LD 1.0 Specification, published by the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> under the
+
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa/">W3C Community Final Specification Agreement (FSA)</a>.
+ A human-readable <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/fsa-deed/">summary</a> is available.
+
+ </p>
+ <hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <p>JSON has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and messaging
+ format. This specification defines JSON-LD, a JSON-based format to serialize
+ Linked Data. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed systems
+ running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON-LD.
+ It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data in Web-based
+ programming environments, to build interoperable Web services, and to
+ store Linked Data in JSON-based storage engines.</p>
+</section><section class="introductory" id="sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Status of This Document</h2>
+ <p>
+ This specification was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a>.
+ It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track.
+
+ Please note that under the
+ <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/final/">W3C Community Final Specification Agreement (FSA)</a>
+ other conditions apply.
+
+ Learn more about
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/">W3C Community and Business Groups</a>.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>This document has been under development for over 25 months in the
+ JSON for Linking Data Community Group. The document has recently been
+ transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and publication.
+ The specification has undergone significant development, review, and changes
+ during the course of the last 25 months.</p>
+
+ <p>There are several independent
+ <a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">interoperable implementations</a> of
+ this specification. There is a
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">fairly complete test suite</a>
+ and a <a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">live JSON-LD editor</a>
+ that is capable of demonstrating the features described in
+ this document. While development on implementations, the test suite
+ and the live editor will continue, they are believed to be mature enough
+ to be integrated into a non-production system at this point in time with
+ the expectation that they could be used in a production system within the
+ next six months.</p>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>If you want to make sure that your feedback is formally addressed by
+ the RDF Working Group, you should send it to public-rdf-comments:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li>Ad-hoc technical discussion primarily occurs on the public community mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public JSON-LD Community Group teleconferences</a>
+ are held on Tuesdays at 1500UTC every week.</li>
+
+ <li>RDF Working Group teleconferences are held on Wednesdays at 1500UTC
+ every week. Participation is limited to RDF Working Group members.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>
+ if you do not want to send an e-mail to the public-rdf-comments mailing
+ list.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a>
+ for the specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#design-goals-and-rationale" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Design Goals and Rationale</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Terminology</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>General Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conformance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Conformance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#basic-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Basic Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>The Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.2 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-identifiers" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Node Identifiers</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Specifying the Type</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Advanced Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#base-iri" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#default-vocabulary" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Default Vocabulary</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compact-iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.3 </span>Compact IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#typed-values" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.4 </span>Typed Values</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#type-coercion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.5 </span>Type Coercion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#embedding" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.6 </span>Embedding</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#advanced-context-usage" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.7 </span>Advanced Context Usage</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.8 </span>Interpreting JSON as JSON-LD</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#string-internationalization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.9 </span>String Internationalization</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion-within-a-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.10 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion within a Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#sets-and-lists" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.11 </span>Sets and Lists</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#reverse-properties" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.12 </span>Reverse Properties</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#named-graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.13 </span>Named Graphs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-blank-nodes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.14 </span>Identifying Blank Nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.15 </span>Aliasing Keywords</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-indexing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.16 </span>Data Indexing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expanded-document-form" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.17 </span>Expanded Document Form</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compact-document-form" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.18 </span>Compact Document Form</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattened-document-form" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.19 </span>Flattened Document Form</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#embedding-json-ld-in-html-documents" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.20 </span>Embedding JSON-LD in HTML Documents</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-model" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Data Model</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#json-ld-grammar" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>JSON-LD Grammar</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-objects" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Node Objects</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-objects" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.3 </span>Value Objects</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#lists-and-sets" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.4 </span>Lists and Sets</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#language-maps" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.5 </span>Language Maps</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#index-maps" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.6 </span>Index Maps</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-definitions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.7 </span>Context Definitions</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#relationship-to-rdf" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>Relationship to RDF</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#transformation-from-json-ld-to-rdf" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Transformation from JSON-LD to RDF</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#relationship-to-other-linked-data-formats" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D. </span>Relationship to Other Linked Data Formats</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#turtle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Turtle</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.2 </span>RDFa</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microformats" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.3 </span>Microformats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microdata" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D.4 </span>Microdata</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">E. </span>IANA Considerations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">F. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">G. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">G.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">G.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="introduction">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><dfn title="linked-data" id="dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</dfn> is a technique for creating a network
+ of inter-connected data across different documents and Web sites. In general,
+ Linked Data has four properties: 1) it uses <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ to name things; 2) it uses HTTP <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ for those names; 3) the name <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>, when dereferenced,
+ provide more information about the thing; and 4) the data expresses links
+ to data on other Web sites. These properties allow data published on the Web
+ to work much like Web pages do today. One can start at one piece of Linked Data,
+ and follow the links to other pieces of data that are hosted on different
+ sites across the Web.</p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD is a lightweight syntax to serialize <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a> in
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. Its design allows existing JSON to be transformed to
+ Linked Data with minimal changes. JSON-LD is primarily intended to be a
+ way to use Linked Data in Web-based programming environments, to build
+ interoperable Web services, and to store Linked Data in JSON-based storage engines. Since
+ JSON-LD is 100% compatible with JSON, the large number of JSON parsers and libraries
+ available today can be reused. In addition to all the features JSON provides,
+ JSON-LD introduces:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>a universal identifier mechanism for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>
+ via the use of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,</li>
+ <li>a way to disambiguate keys shared among different JSON documents by mapping
+ them to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> via a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>,</li>
+ <li>a mechanism in which a value in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> may refer
+ to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> on a different site on the Web,</li>
+ <li>the ability to annotate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> with their language,</li>
+ <li>a way to associate datatypes with values such as dates and times,</li>
+ <li>and a facility to express one or more directed graphs, such as a social
+ network, in a single document.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Developers that require any of the facilities listed above or need to serialize
+ an RDF graph or dataset [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] in a JSON-based syntax will find
+ JSON-LD of interest. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed
+ systems running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to
+ JSON-LD. Since the shape of such data varies wildly, JSON-LD features mechanisms
+ to reshape documents into a deterministic structure which simplifies their
+ processing.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="how-to-read-this-document">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of Linked
+ Data in JSON. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Software developers who want to encode Linked Data in a variety of
+ programming languages that can use JSON.</li>
+ <li>Software developers who want to convert existing JSON to JSON-LD.</li>
+ <li>Software developers who want to understand the design decisions and
+ language syntax for JSON-LD.</li>
+ <li>Software developers who want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>A companion document, the JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>], specifies how to work with JSON-LD at a higher level by
+ providing a standard library interface for common JSON-LD operations. Although that
+ document is not required for understanding and working with JSON-LD, for some
+ readers it will be a better starting point.</p>
+
+ <p>To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+ JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>].</p>
+ </section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="design-goals-and-rationale">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Design Goals and Rationale</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD satisfies the following design goals:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Simplicity</dt>
+ <dd>No extra processors or software libraries should be necessary to use JSON-LD
+ in its most basic form. The language will provide developers with a very easy
+ learning curve. Developers only need to know JSON and two
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> (<code>@context</code>
+ and <code>@id</code>) to use the basic functionality in JSON-LD.</dd>
+ <dt>Compatibility</dt>
+ <dd>A JSON-LD document must be 100% compatible with JSON. This ensures that
+ all of the standard JSON libraries work seamlessly with JSON-LD documents.</dd>
+ <dt>Expressiveness</dt>
+ <dd>The syntax must be able to serialize directed graphs. This ensures that almost
+ every real world data model can be expressed.</dd>
+ <dt>Terseness</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD syntax must be very terse and human readable, requiring as
+ little effort as possible from the developer.</dd>
+ <dt>Zero Edits, most of the time</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD must make the transition to JSON-LD as simple as possible. In many cases,
+ zero edits to the JSON document and the addition of one line to the HTTP response
+ should suffice (see <a href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.8 Interpreting JSON as JSON-LD</a>).
+ This allows organizations that have
+ already deployed large JSON-based infrastructure to use JSON-LD's features
+ in a way that is not disruptive to their day-to-day operations and is
+ transparent to their current customers. However, there are times where
+ mapping JSON to a graph representation is more complex than a simple one-line
+ change. In these instances, rather than extending JSON-LD to support an
+ esoteric use case, we chose not to support the use case. While Zero Edits is
+ a design goal, it is not always possible without adding great complexity
+ to the language. We should focus on simplicity when possible.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+
+<section class="normative" id="terminology">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Terminology</h2>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="general-terminology">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>General Terminology</h3>
+
+ <p>This document uses the following terms as defined in JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. Refer
+ to the <em>JSON Grammar</em> section in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] for formal definitions.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-object" id="dfn-json-object">JSON object</dfn></dt><dd>
+ An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding
+ zero or more key-value pairs. A key is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.
+ A single colon comes after each key, separating the key from the value.
+ A single comma separates a value from a following key. In contrast to JSON,
+ in JSON-LD the keys in an object must be unique.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
+ or more values. Values are separated by commas.
+ In JSON, an array is an <em>ordered</em> sequence of zero or more values.
+ While JSON-LD uses the same array representation as JSON,
+ the collection is <em>unordered</em> by default. While order is
+ preserved in regular JSON arrays, it is not in regular JSON-LD arrays
+ specifically defined (see <a href="#sets-and-lists" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.11 Sets and Lists</a>).</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters,
+ wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes (if necessary).</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A number is similar to that used in most programming languages, except
+ that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and leading zeros
+ are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt><dd>
+ Values that are used to express one of two possible boolean states.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> value, which is typically used to clear or forget
+ data. For example, A key-value pair in the
+ <code>@context</code> where the value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> explicitly
+ decouples a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>'s association with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ A key-value pair in the body of a JSON-LD document whose
+ value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> has the same meaning as if the key-value pair
+ was not defined. If <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>, or
+ <code>@set</code> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in expanded form, then
+ the entire <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is ignored.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD specifies a number of syntax tokens and <dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keywords</dfn>
+ that are a core part of the language:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>@context</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to define the short-hand names that are used throughout a JSON-LD
+ document. These short-hand names are called <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> and help
+ developers to express specific identifiers in a compact manner. The
+ <code>@context</code> keyword is described in detail in
+ <a href="#the-context" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.1 The Context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@id</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to uniquely identify <em>things</em> that are being described in the document.
+ This keyword is described in <a href="#node-identifiers" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.3 Node Identifiers</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@value</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to specify the data that is associated with a particular
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> in the graph. This keyword is described in
+ <a href="#string-internationalization" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.9 String Internationalization</a> and
+ <a href="#typed-values" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.4 Typed Values</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@language</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to specify the natural (human) language for a particular value or the default
+ language of a JSON-LD document. This keyword is described in
+ <a href="#string-internationalization" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.9 String Internationalization</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@type</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to set the data type of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>. This keyword is described in
+ <a href="#typed-values" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.4 Typed Values</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@container</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to set the default container type for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.
+ This keyword is described in <a href="#sets-and-lists" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.11 Sets and Lists</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@list</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to express an ordered set of data.
+ This keyword is described in <a href="#sets-and-lists" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.11 Sets and Lists</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@set</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to express an unordered set of data and to ensure that values are always
+ represented as arrays. This keyword is described in
+ <a href="#sets-and-lists" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.11 Sets and Lists</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@reverse</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to express reverse properties. This keyword is described in
+ <a href="#reverse-properties" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.12 Reverse Properties</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@index</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to specify that a container is used to index information and
+ that processing should continue deeper into a JSON data structure.
+ This keyword is described in <a href="#data-indexing" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.16 Data Indexing</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@base</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to set the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> against which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative IRIs</a>
+ are resolved. This keyword is described in <a href="#base-iri" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.1 Base IRI</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@vocab</code></dt>
+ <dd>Used to expand properties and values in <code>@type</code> with a common prefix
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. This keyword is described in <a href="#default-vocabulary" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.2 Default Vocabulary</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@graph</code></dt><dd>Used to explicitly label a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>.
+ This keyword is described in <a href="#named-graphs" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.13 Named Graphs</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>:</code></dt>
+ <dd>The separator for JSON keys and values that use
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>All keys, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>, and values in JSON-LD are case-sensitive.</p>
+ </section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="normative" id="conformance">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Conformance</h2>
+
+ <p>This specification describes the conformance criteria for JSON-LD documents.
+ This criteria is relevant to authors and authoring tool implementers. As well
+ as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples,
+ and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this
+ specification is normative.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> complies with this specification if it follows
+ the normative statements in appendix <a href="#json-ld-grammar" class="sec-ref"><span class="secno">B.</span> <span class="sec-title">JSON-LD Grammar</span></a>. JSON documents
+ can be interpreted as JSON-LD by following the normative statements in
+ <a href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.8 Interpreting JSON as JSON-LD</a>. For convenience, normative
+ statements for documents are often phrased as statements on the properties of the document.</p>
+
+ <p>The key words <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="REQUIRED">REQUIRED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHALL">SHALL</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHALL NOT">SHALL NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em>,
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="NOT RECOMMENDED">NOT RECOMMENDED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>, and <em class="rfc2119" title="OPTIONAL">OPTIONAL</em> in this specification have the
+ meaning defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="basic-concepts">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Basic Concepts</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] is a lightweight, language-independent data-interchange format.
+ It is easy to parse and easy to generate. However, it is difficult to integrate JSON
+ from different sources as the data has just local meaning. Furthermore, JSON has no
+ built-in support for hyperlinks - a fundamental building block on the Web. Let's look
+ at an example that we will be using for the rest of this section:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>It's obvious to humans that the data is about a person whose name is "Manu Sporny"
+ and that the <code>homepage</code> property contains the URL of that person's homepage.
+ A machine doesn't have such an intuitive understanding and sometimes,
+ even for humans, it is difficult to resolve ambiguities in such representations. This problem
+ can be solved by using unambiguous identifiers to denote the different concepts instead of
+ tokens such as "name", "homepage", etc.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a>, and the Web in general, uses <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ (Internationalized Resource Identifiers as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]) for unambiguous
+ identification. The idea is to assign <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to something that may
+ be of use to other developers and that it is useful to give them an unambiguous identifier.
+ That is, it is useful for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> to expand to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ so that developers don't accidentally step on each other's terms. Furthermore, developers and
+ machines are able to use this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (by using a web browser, for instance) to go to
+ the term and get a definition of what the term means.</p>
+
+ <p>Leveraging the well-known <a href="http://schema.org/">schema.org vocabulary</a>,
+ the example above could be unambiguously expressed as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using full IRIs instead of terms</div><pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/url</span>": <span class="diff">{ "@id": </span>"http://manu.sporny.org/" <span class="diff">}</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/image</span>": <span class="diff">{ "@id": </span>"http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png" <span class="diff">}</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, every property is unambiguously identified by an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and all values
+ representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> are explicitly marked as such by the
+ <code>@id</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. While this is a valid JSON-LD
+ document that is very specific about its data, the document is also overly verbose and difficult
+ to work with for human developers. To address this issue, JSON-LD introduces the notion
+ of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> as described in the next section.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="the-context">
+ <h3><span class="secno">5.1 </span>The Context</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Simply speaking, a <dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn> is used to map <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>, to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Terms</a> are case sensitive
+ and any valid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> that is not a reserved JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>
+ can be used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For the sample document in the previous section, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> would
+ look something like this:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Context for the sample document in the previous section</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>As the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> above shows, the value of a <dfn title="term-definition" id="dfn-term-definition">term definition</dfn> can
+ either be a simple string, mapping the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>When a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is
+ associated with a term, it is called an <dfn title="expanded-term-definition" id="dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</dfn>.
+ The example above specifies that the values of <code>image</code> and
+ <code>homepage</code> terms are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.
+ They also allow terms to be used for <a href="#data-indexing">index maps</a>
+ and to specify whether <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> values are to be
+ interpreted as <a href="#sets-and-lists">sets or lists</a>.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">Expanded term definitions</a> may
+ be defined using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> as keys, which is
+ mainly used to associate type or language information with an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">Contexts</a> can either be directly embedded
+ into the document or be referenced. Assuming the context document in the previous
+ example can be retrieved at <code>http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld</code>,
+ it can be referenced by adding a single line and allows a JSON-LD document to
+ be expressed much more concisely as shown in the example below:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Referencing a JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The referenced context not only specifies how the terms map to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> in the Schema.org vocabulary but also specifies that
+ the values of the <code>homepage</code> and <code>image</code> property
+ can be interpreted as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (<code>"@type": "@id"</code>,
+ see <a href="#iris" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.2 IRIs</a> for more details). This information allows developers
+ to re-use each other's data without having to agree to how their data will interoperate
+ on a site-by-site basis. External JSON-LD context documents may contain extra
+ information located outside of the <code>@context</code> key, such as
+ documentation about the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> declared in the
+ document. Information contained outside of the <code>@context</code> value
+ is ignored when the document is used as an external JSON-LD context document.</p>
+
+ <p>JSON documents can be transformed to JSON-LD without having to be modified by
+ referencing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> via an HTTP Link Header
+ as described in <a href="#interpreting-json-as-json-ld" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.8 Interpreting JSON as JSON-LD</a>. It is also
+ possible to apply a custom context using the JSON-LD API [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>In <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD documents</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">contexts</a> may also be specified in-line.
+ This has the advantage that documents can be processed even in the
+ absence of a connection to the Web.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: In-line context definition</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name",
+ "image": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/image",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "image": "http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png"
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="iris">
+ <h3><span class="secno">5.2 </span>IRIs</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> (Internationalized Resource Identifiers
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]) are fundamental to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a> as that is how most
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a>
+ are identified. In JSON-LD, IRIs may be represented as an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. An
+ <dfn title="absolute-iri" id="dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] as containing a
+ <em>scheme</em> along with <em>path</em> and optional <em>query</em> and
+ <em>fragment</em> segments. A <dfn title="relative-iri" id="dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ that is relative to some other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ In JSON-LD all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative IRIs</a> are resolved
+ relative to the <dfn title="base-iri" id="dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> associated with the document.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> is interpreted as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> when it is the
+ value of an <code>@id</code> member:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Values of @id are interpreted as IRI</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "http://example.com/" }
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Values that are interpreted as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>, can also be
+ expressed as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative IRIs</a>. For example,
+ assuming that the following document is located at
+ <code>http://example.com/about/</code>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <code>../</code> would expand to <code>http://example.com/</code> (for more
+ information on where <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative IRIs</a> can be
+ used, please refer to appendix <a href="#json-ld-grammar" class="sec-ref"><span class="secno">B.</span> <span class="sec-title">JSON-LD Grammar</span></a>).</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: IRIs can be relative</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "../" }
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">Absolute IRIs</a> can be expressed directly
+ in the key position like so:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: IRI as a key</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the key <code>http://schema.org/name</code>
+ is interpreted as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> because it contains a colon
+ (<code>:</code>) and it is neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Term-to-<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion occurs if the key matches a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined
+ within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Term expansion from context definition</div><pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/name</span>"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "status": "trollin'"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>JSON keys that do not expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, such as <code>status</code>
+ in the example above, are not Linked Data and thus ignored when processed.</p>
+
+ <p>If type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> rules are specified in the <code>@context</code> for
+ a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or property <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is generated:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Type coercion</div><pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://schema.org/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ ...
+ }</span>
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, even though the value <code>http://manu.sporny.org/</code>
+ is expressed as a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a>
+ rules will transform the value into an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> when generating the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>. See <a href="#type-coercion" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.5 Type Coercion</a> for more
+ details about this feature.</p>
+
+ <p>In summary, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> can be expressed in a variety of
+ different ways in JSON-LD:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> keys that have a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping in
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ (only applies outside of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a>).</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is generated for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value specified using
+ <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is generated for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value of any key for which there
+ are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> rules that contain a <code>@type</code> key that is
+ set to a value of <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="node-identifiers">
+ <h3><span class="secno">5.3 </span>Node Identifiers</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>To be able to externally reference <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>
+ in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graph</a>, it is important that
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> have an identifier. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ are a fundamental concept of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a>, for
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> to be truly linked, dereferencing the
+ identifier should result in a representation of that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>.
+ This may allow an application to retrieve further information about a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In JSON-LD, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> is identified using the <code>@id</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Identifying a node</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/"</span>,
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> identified by the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/</code>.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="specifying-the-type">
+<h3><span class="secno">5.4 </span>Specifying the Type</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>The type of a particular node can be specified using the <code>@type</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. In <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a>, types are uniquely
+ identified with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span>: Specifying the type for a node</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://schema.org/Restaurant</span>",
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>A node can be assigned more than one type by using an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span>: Specifying multiple types for a node</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": <span class="diff">[ "http://schema.org/Restaurant", "http://schema.org/Brewery" ],</span>
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The value of a <code>@type</code> key may also be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>:</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span>: Using a term to specify the type</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ <span class="diff">"Restaurant": "http://schema.org/Restaurant", </span>
+ <span class="diff">"Brewery": "http://schema.org/Brewery"</span>
+ }
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ <span class="diff">"@type": [ "Restaurant", "Brewery" ]</span>,
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="normative" id="advanced-concepts">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">6. </span>Advanced Concepts</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD has a number of features that provide functionality above and beyond
+ the core functionality described above. The following section describes this
+ advanced functionality in more detail.</p>
+
+<section class="informative" id="base-iri">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span>Issue 223</span></a>: Feature at risk</div><p class="atrisk">This feature is
+ at risk as the fact that a document may have multiple base IRIs is potentially
+ confusing for developers. It is also being discussed whether relative IRIs
+ are allowed as values of <code>@base</code> or whether the empty string
+ should be used to explicitly specify that there isn't a base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, which
+ could be used to ensure that relative IRIs remain relative when expanding.</p></div>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD allows <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s to be specified in a relative form which is
+ resolved against the document base according
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1">section 5.1 Establishing a Base URI</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]. The base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> may be explicitly set with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ using the <code>@base</code> keyword.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if a JSON-LD document was retrieved from <code>http://example.com/document.jsonld</code>,
+ relative IRIs would resolve against that <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span>: Use a relative IRI as node identifier</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "label": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label"
+ },
+ <span class="diff">"@id": ""</span>,
+ "label": "Just a simple document"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>This document uses an empty <code>@id</code>, which resolves to the document base.
+ However, if the document is moved to a different location, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> would change.
+ To prevent this without having to use an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ may define a <code>@base</code> mapping, to overwrite the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> for the document.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span>: Setting the document base in a document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"@base": "http://example.com/document.jsonld"</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "",
+ "label": "Just a simple document"
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="default-vocabulary">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Default Vocabulary</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>At times, all properties and types may come from the same vocabulary. JSON-LD's
+ <code>@vocab</code> keyword allows an author to set a common prefix to be used
+ for all properties and types that do not match a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or are neither
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (i.e., they do
+ not contain a colon).</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 17</span>: Using a common vocabulary prefix</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"@vocab": "http://schema.org/"</span>
+ }
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"Restaurant"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"name"</span>: "Brew Eats"
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>If <code>@vocab</code> is used but certain keys in an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">object</a> should not be expanded using
+ the vocabulary <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> can be explicitly set
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. For instance, in the
+ example below the <code>databaseId</code> member would not expand to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 18</span>: Using the null keyword to ignore data</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "@vocab": "http://schema.org/",
+ <span class="diff">"databaseId": null</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/places#BrewEats",
+ "@type": "Restaurant",
+ "name": "Brew Eats",
+ <span class="diff">"databaseId"</span>: "23987520"
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="compact-iris">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.3 </span>Compact IRIs</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="compact-iri" id="dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn> is a way of expressing an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ using a <em>prefix</em> and <em>suffix</em> separated by a colon (<code>:</code>).
+ The <dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> taken from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and is a short string identifying a
+ particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> in a JSON-LD document. For example, the
+ prefix <code>foaf</code> may be used as a short hand for the
+ Friend-of-a-Friend vocabulary, which is identified using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</code>. A developer may append
+ any of the FOAF vocabulary terms to the end of the prefix to specify a short-hand
+ version of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> for the vocabulary term. For example,
+ <code>foaf:name</code> would be expanded to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 19</span>: Prefix expansion</div><pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>"
+...
+ },
+ "@type": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>"
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Dave Longley",
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, <code>foaf:name</code> expands to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> and <code>foaf:Person</code> expands
+ to <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</code>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefixes</a> are expanded when the form of the value
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> represented as a <code>prefix:suffix</code>
+ combination, the <em>prefix</em> matches a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined within the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, and the <em>suffix</em> does not begin with two
+ slashes (<code>//</code>). The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is expanded by
+ concatenating the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> mapped to the <em>prefix</em> to the (possibly empty)
+ <em>suffix</em>. If the <em>prefix</em> is not defined in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ or the suffix begins with two slashes (such as in <code>http://example.com</code>),
+ the value is interpreted as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> instead. If the prefix is an
+ underscore (<code>_</code>), the value is interpreted as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ instead.</p>
+
+
+ <p>It's also possible to use compact IRIs within the context as shown in the
+ following example:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 20</span>: Using vocabularies</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>: { "@type": "@id" },
+ "picture": { "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:depiction"</span>, "@type": "@id" }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "picture": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="typed-values">
+<h3><span class="secno">6.4 </span>Typed Values</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+ A value with an associated type, also known as a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>, is indicated by associating a value with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> which indicates the value's type. Typed values may be
+ expressed in JSON-LD in three ways:
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>By utilizing the <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> when defining
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> within a <code>@context</code> section.</li>
+ <li>By utilizing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>.</li>
+ <li>By using a native JSON type such as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The first example uses the <code>@type</code> keyword to associate a
+type with a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the <code>@context</code>:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 21</span>: Expanded term definition with type coercion</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }
+ },</span>
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.com/docs/1",
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <em>modified</em> key's value above is automatically type coerced to a
+ <em>dateTime</em> value because of the information specified in the
+ <code>@context</code>. A JSON-LD processor will interpret the example above
+ as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ <th>Value Type</th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/docs/1</td>
+ <td>http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified</td>
+ <td>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The second example uses the expanded form of setting the type information
+in the body of a JSON-LD document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 22</span>: Expanded value with type</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified"
+ }
+ },
+...
+ "modified":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>Both examples above would generate the value
+ <code>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</code> with the type
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</code>. Note that it is
+ also possible to use a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to
+ express the value of a type.</p>
+
+<p>The <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> is also used to associate a type
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>. The concept of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-type" href="#dfn-node-type">node type</a> and
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-type" href="#dfn-value-type">value type</a> are different.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, a <dfn title="node-type" id="dfn-node-type">node type</dfn> specifies the type of thing
+ that is being described, like a person, place, event, or web page. A
+ <dfn title="value-type" id="dfn-value-type">value type</dfn> specifies the data type of a particular value, such
+ as an integer, a floating point number, or a date.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 23</span>: Example demonstrating the context-sensitivity for @type</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia",
+ <span class="diff">"@type": "http://schema.org/BlogPosting"</span>, <- This is a node type
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ <span class="diff">"@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"</span> <- This is a value type
+ }
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first use of <code>@type</code> associates a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-type" href="#dfn-node-type">node type</a>
+ (<code>http://schema.org/BlogPosting</code>) with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>,
+ which is expressed using the <code>@id</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.
+ The second use of <code>@type</code> associates a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-type" href="#dfn-value-type">value type</a>
+ (<code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</code>) with the
+ value expressed using the <code>@value</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. As a
+ general rule, when <code>@value</code> and <code>@type</code> are used in
+ the same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, the <code>@type</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> is expressing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-type" href="#dfn-value-type">value type</a>.
+ Otherwise, the <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> is expressing a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-type" href="#dfn-node-type">node type</a>. The example above expresses the following data:</p>
+
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ <th>Value Type</th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/BlogPosting</td>
+ <td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/posts#TripToWestVirginia</td>
+ <td>http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified</td>
+ <td>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="type-coercion">
+<h3><span class="secno">6.5 </span>Type Coercion</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>JSON-LD supports the coercion of values to particular data types.
+Type <dfn title="coercion" id="dfn-coercion">coercion</dfn> allows someone deploying JSON-LD to coerce the incoming or
+outgoing values to the proper data type based on a mapping of data type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>. Using type coercion, value representation is preserved without requiring
+the data type to be specified with each piece of data.</p>
+
+<p>Type coercion is specified within an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a>
+ using the <code>@type</code> key. The value of this key expands to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ Alternatively, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code> may be used
+ as value to indicate that within the body of a JSON-LD document, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> coerced to <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code> is to be interpreted as an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. The difference between <code>@id</code> and <code>@vocab</code> is how values are expanded
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>. <code>@vocab</code> first tries to expand the value
+ by interpreting it as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. If no matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is found in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, it tries to expand it as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ if there's a colon in the value; otherwise, it will expand the value using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a> vocabulary mapping, if present, or by interpreting it
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Values coerced to <code>@id</code> in contrast are expanded as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> if a colon is present; otherwise, they are interpreted
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Terms</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> used as the value of a
+ <code>@type</code> key may be defined within the same context. This means that one may specify a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> like <code>xsd</code> and then use <code>xsd:integer</code> within the same
+ context definition.</p>
+
+<p>The example below demonstrates how a JSON-LD author can coerce values to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed values</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 24</span>: Expanded term definition with types</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ }</span>,
+ "homepage":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/people#john",
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage":
+ <span class="diff">[
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The example shown above would generate the following data.</p>
+
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ <th>Value Type</th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/people#john</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</td>
+ <td>John Smith</td>
+ <td> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/people#john</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age</td>
+ <td>41</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td rowspan="2">http://example.com/people#john</td>
+ <td rowspan="2">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</td>
+ <td>http://personal.example.org/</td>
+ <td><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://work.example.com/jsmith/</td>
+ <td><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Terms may also be defined using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>. This allows coercion rules
+ to be applied to keys which are not represented as a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.
+ For example:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 25</span>: Term definitions using compact and absolute IRIs</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age"</span>,
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "foaf:name": "John Smith",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>": "41",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ [
+ "http://personal.example.org/",
+ "http://work.example.com/jsmith/"
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this case the <code>@id</code> definition in the term definition is optional.
+ If it does exist, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> representing
+ the term will always be expanded to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> defined by the <code>@id</code>
+ key—regardless of whether a prefix is defined or not.</p>
+
+<p>Type coercion is always performed using the unexpanded value of the key. In the
+ example above, that means that type coercion is done looking for <code>foaf:age</code>
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and not for the corresponding, expanded
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age</code>.</p>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Keys in the context are treated as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> for the purpose of
+ expansion and value coercion. At times, this may result in multiple representations for the same expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.
+ For example, one could specify that <code>dog</code> and <code>cat</code> both expanded to <code>http://example.com/vocab#animal</code>.
+ Doing this could be useful for establishing different type coercion or language specification rules. It also allows a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (or even an
+ absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>) to be defined as something else entirely. For example, one could specify that
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <code>http://example.org/zoo</code> should expand to
+ <code>http://example.org/river</code>, but this usage is discouraged because it would lead to a
+ great deal of confusion among developers attempting to understand the JSON-LD document.</p></div>
+
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="embedding">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.6 </span>Embedding</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><dfn title="embedding" id="dfn-embedding">Embedding</dfn> is a JSON-LD feature that allows an author to
+ use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> values. This is a commonly used mechanism for
+ creating a parent-child relationship between two <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The example shows two nodes related by a property from the first node:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 26</span>: Embedding a node object as property value of another node object</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>":
+ {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>, like the one used above, may be used in
+ any value position in the body of a JSON-LD document.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="advanced-context-usage">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.7 </span>Advanced Context Usage</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Section <a href="#the-context" class="sec-ref"><span class="secno">5.1</span> <span class="sec-title">The Context</span></a> introduced the basics of what makes
+ JSON-LD work. This section expands on the basic principles of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and demonstrates how more advanced use cases can
+ be achieved using JSON-LD. </p>
+
+ <p>In general, contexts may be used at any time a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is defined. The only time that one cannot
+ express a context is inside a context definition itself. For example, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> may use more than one context at different
+ points in a document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 27</span>: Using multiple contexts</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/contexts/person.jsonld",</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "depiction": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ },
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/contexts/place.jsonld",</span>
+ "name": "The Empire State Building",
+ "description": "The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark in New York City.",
+ "geo": {
+ "latitude": "40.75",
+ "longitude": "73.98"
+ }
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Duplicate context <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> are overridden using a
+ most-recently-defined-wins mechanism.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 28</span>: Scoped contexts within node objects</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/person#name,
+ "details": "http://example.com/person#details"
+ }"</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ ...
+ "details":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/organization#name"
+ }</span>,
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Graz University of Technology"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the <code>name</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is overridden
+ in the more deeply nested <code>details</code> structure. Note that this is
+ rarely a good authoring practice and is typically used when working with
+ legacy applications that depend on a specific structure of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is redefined within a
+ context, all previous rules associated with the previous definition are
+ removed. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is redefined to <code>null</code>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is effectively removed from the list of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> defined in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Multiple contexts may be combined using an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, which is processed
+ in order. The set of contexts defined within a specific <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> are
+ referred to as <dfn title="local-context" id="dfn-local-context">local contexts</dfn>. The
+ <dfn title="active-context" id="dfn-active-context">active context</dfn> refers to the accumulation of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local contexts</a> that are in scope at a
+ specific point within the document. Setting a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>
+ to <code>null</code> effectively resets the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ to an empty context. The following example specifies an external context
+ and then layers an embedded context on top of the external context:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 29</span>: Combining external and local contexts</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+ "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ {
+ "pic": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depiction"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ <span class="diff">"pic": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">When possible, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition should be put
+ at the top of a JSON-LD document. This makes the document easier to read and
+ might make streaming parsers more efficient. Documents that do not have the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> at the top are still conformant JSON-LD.</p></div>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">To avoid forward-compatibility issues, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>
+ starting with an <code>@</code> character are to be avoided as they
+ might be used as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> in future versions
+ of JSON-LD. Terms starting with an <code>@</code> character that are not
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">JSON-LD 1.0 keywords</a> are treated as any other term, i.e.,
+ they are ignored unless mapped to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Furthermore, the use of
+ empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> (<code>""</code>) is not allowed as
+ not all programming languages are able to handle empty property names.</p></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="normative" id="interpreting-json-as-json-ld">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.8 </span>Interpreting JSON as JSON-LD</h3>
+
+ <p>Ordinary JSON documents can be interpreted as JSON-LD by referencing a JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> document in an HTTP Link Header. Doing so allows JSON to
+ be unambiguously machine-readable without requiring developers to drastically
+ change their documents and provides an upgrade path for existing infrastructure
+ without breaking existing clients that rely on the <code>application/json</code>
+ media type.</p>
+
+ <p>In order to use an external context with an ordinary JSON document, an author
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> specify an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to a valid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> in
+ an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code>
+ link relation. The referenced document <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have a top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.
+ The <code>@context</code> subtree within that object is added to the top-level
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> of the referencing document. If an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ is at the top-level of the referencing document and its items are
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>, the <code>@context</code>
+ subtree is added to all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> items. All extra information located outside
+ of the <code>@context</code> subtree in the referenced document <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be
+ discarded. Effectively this means that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is
+ initialized with the referenced external <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The following example demonstrates the use of an external context with an
+ ordinary JSON document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 30</span>: Referencing a JSON-LD context from a JSON document via an HTTP Link Header</div><pre class="example">GET /ordinary-json-document.json HTTP/1.1
+Host: example.com
+Accept: application/ld+json,application/json,*/*;q=0.1
+
+====================================
+
+HTTP/1.0 200 OK
+...
+Content-Type: <span class="diff">application/json</span>
+<span class="diff">Link: <http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld>; rel="http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context"; type="application/ld+json"</span>
+
+{
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "image": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/markuslanthaler"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Please note that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD documents</a>
+ served with the <code>application/ld+json</code>
+ media type <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have all context information, including references to external
+ contexts, within the body of the document. Contexts linked via a
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> HTTP Link Header <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be
+ ignored for such documents.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="string-internationalization">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.9 </span>String Internationalization</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>At times, it is important to annotate a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>
+ with its language. In JSON-LD this is possible in a variety of ways.
+ First, it is possible to define a default language for a JSON-LD document
+ by setting the <code>@language</code> key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 31</span>: Setting the default language of a JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>,
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>,
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">"科学者"</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above would associate the <code>ja</code> language
+ code with the two <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> <em>花澄</em> and <em>科学者</em>.
+ Languages codes are defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]. The default language applies to all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> values that are not <a href="#type-coercion">type coerced</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>To clear the default language for a subtree, <code>@language</code> can
+ be set to <code>null</code> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 32</span>: Clearing default language</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "details": {
+<span class="diff"> "@context": {
+ "@language": null
+ }</span>,
+ "occupation": "Ninja"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Second, it is possible to associate a language with a specific <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ using an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 33</span>: Expanded term definition with language</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "ex": "http://example.com/vocab/",
+ "@language": "ja",
+ "name": { "@id": "ex:name", <span class="diff">"@language": null</span> },
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation" },
+ "occupation_en": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@language": "en"</span> },
+ "occupation_cs": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@language": "cs"</span> }
+ },
+ <span class="diff">"name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+ "occupation": "忍者",
+ "occupation_en": "Ninja",
+ "occupation_cs": "Nindža",</span>
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above would associate <em>忍者</em> with the specified default
+ language code <code>ja</code>, <em>Ninja</em> with the language code
+ <code>en</code>, and <em>Nindža</em> with the language code <code>cs</code>.
+ The value of <code>name</code>, <em>Yagyū Muneyoshi</em> wouldn't be
+ associated with any language code since <code>@language</code> was reset to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Language associations are only applied to plain
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">Typed values</a>
+ or values that are subject to <a href="#type-coercion">type coercion</a>
+ are not language tagged.</p></div>
+
+ <p>Just as in the example above, systems often need to express the value of a
+ property in multiple languages. Typically, such systems also try to ensure that
+ developers have a programmatically easy way to navigate the data structures for
+ the language-specific data. In this case, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-map" href="#dfn-language-map">language maps</a>
+ may be utilized.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 34</span>: Language map expressing a property in three languages</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "occupation": { "@id": "ex:occupation", <span class="diff">"@container": "@language"</span> }
+ },
+ "name": "Yagyū Muneyoshi",
+ "occupation":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "ja": "忍者",
+ "en": "Ninja",
+ "cs": "Nindža"
+ }</span>
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above expresses exactly the same information as the previous
+ example but consolidates all values in a single property. To access the
+ value in a specific language in a programming language supporting dot-notation
+ accessors for object properties, a developer may use the
+ <code>property.language</code> pattern. For example, to access the occupation
+ in English, a developer would use the following code snippet:
+ <code>obj.occupation.en</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>Third, it is possible to override the default language by using a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 35</span>: Overriding default language using an expanded value</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": "花澄",
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "Scientist",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>This makes it possible to specify a plain string by omitting the
+ <code>@language</code> tag or setting it to <code>null</code> when expressing
+ it using a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 36</span>: Removing language information using an expanded value</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+ "name": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "Frank"
+ }</span>,
+ "occupation": {
+ "@value": "Ninja",
+ "@language": "en"
+ },
+ "speciality": "手裏剣"
+}</pre></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="iri-expansion-within-a-context">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.10 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion within a Context</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+ <p>In general, normal <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion rules apply
+ anywhere an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is expected (see <a href="#iris" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.2 IRIs</a>). Within
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition, this can mean that terms defined
+ within the context may also be used within that context as long as
+ there are no circular dependencies. For example, it is common to use
+ the <code>xsd</code> namespace when defining <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>s:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 37</span>: IRI expansion within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"</span>,
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"xsd:integer"</span>
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this example, the <code>xsd</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is defined
+ and used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> for the <code>@type</code> coercion
+ of the <code>age</code> property.</p>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Terms</a> may also be used when defining the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of another
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 38</span>: Using a term to define the IRI of another term within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": <span class="diff">"foaf:name"</span>,
+ "age":
+ {
+ "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:age"</span>,
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "homepage":
+ {
+ "@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>,
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">Compact IRIs</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> may be used on the left-hand side of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definition.</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 39</span>: Using a compact IRI as a term</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:age</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }</span>
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>
+In this example, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> form is used in two different
+ways.
+In the first approach, <code>foaf:age</code> declares both the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> (using short-form) as well as the
+<code>@type</code> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. In the second
+approach, only the <code>@type</code> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is
+specified. The full <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> for
+<code>foaf:homepage</code> is determined by looking up the <code>foaf</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> in the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">Absolute IRIs</a> may also be used in the key position in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>:
+</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 40</span>: Associating context definitions with absolute IRIs</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "foaf:name",
+ "foaf:age":
+ {
+ "@id": "foaf:age",
+ "@type": "xsd:integer"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>":
+ {
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>In order for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to match above, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ needs to be used in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a>. Also note that <code>foaf:homepage</code>
+ will not use the <code>{ "@type": "@id" }</code> declaration because
+ <code>foaf:homepage</code> is not the same as <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</code>.
+ That is, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> are looked up in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> using
+ direct string comparison before the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> lookup mechanism is applied.</p>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">While it is possible to define a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to expand to some other unrelated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ (for example, <code>foaf:name</code> expanding to
+ <code>http://example.org/unrelated#species</code>), such usage is strongly
+ discouraged.</p></div>
+
+<p>The only exception for using terms in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is that
+ circular definitions are not allowed. That is,
+ a definition of <em>term1</em> cannot depend on the
+ definition of <em>term2</em> if <em>term2</em> also depends on
+ <em>term1</em>. For example, the following <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition
+ is illegal:</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 41</span>: Illegal circular definition of terms within a context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"term1": "term2:foo",
+ "term2": "term1:bar"</span>
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="sets-and-lists">
+<h3><span class="secno">6.11 </span>Sets and Lists</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD author can express multiple values in a compact way by using
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a>. Since graphs do not describe ordering for links
+ between nodes, arrays in JSON-LD do not provide an ordering of the
+ contained elements by default. This is exactly the opposite from regular JSON
+ arrays, which are ordered by default. For example, consider the following
+ simple document:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 42</span>: Multiple values with no inherent order</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "JB" ]</span>,
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The example shown above would result in the following data being generated,
+ each relating the node to an individual value, with no inherent order:</p>
+
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/people#joebob</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick</td>
+ <td>joe</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/people#joebob</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick</td>
+ <td>bob</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/people#joebob</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick</td>
+ <td>JB</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Multiple values may also be expressed using the expanded form:</p>
+
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 43</span>: Using an expanded form to set multiple values</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@id": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "dc:title": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {
+ "@value": "Das Kapital",
+ "@language": "de"
+ },
+ {
+ "@value": "Capital",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }
+ ]</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>The example shown above would generate the following data, again with
+ no inherent order:</p>
+
+<table class="example">
+<thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ <th>Language</th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/articles/8</td>
+ <td>http://purl.org/dc/terms/title</td>
+ <td>Das Kapital</td>
+ <td>de</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/articles/8</td>
+ <td>http://purl.org/dc/terms/title</td>
+ <td>Capital</td>
+ <td>en</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>As the notion of ordered collections is rather important in data
+ modeling, it is useful to have specific language support. In JSON-LD,
+ a list may be represented using the <code>@list</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> as follows:</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 44</span>: An ordered collection of values in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+ <span class="diff">{
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ }</span>,
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<p>This describes the use of this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> as being ordered,
+ and order is maintained when processing a document. If every use of a given multi-valued
+ property is a list, this may be abbreviated by setting <code>@container</code>
+ to <code>@list</code> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>:</p>
+<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 45</span>: Specifying that a collection is ordered in the context</div><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "nick":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick",
+ "@container": "@list"
+ }
+ }</span>,
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+}</pre></div>
+
+<div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">List of lists are not allowed in this version of JSON-LD.
+ This decision was made due to the extreme amount of added complexity when
+ processing lists of lists.</p></div>
+
+<p>While <code>@list</code> is used to describe <em>ordered lists</em>,
+ the <code>@set</code> keyword is used to describe <em>unordered sets</em>.
+ The use of <code>@set</code> in the body of a JSON-LD document
+ is optimized away when processing the document, as it is just syntactic
+ sugar. However, <code>@set</code> is helpful when used within the context
+ of a document.
+ Values of terms associated with a <code>@set</code> or <code>@list</code> container
+ are always represented in the form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ even if there is just a single value that would otherwise be optimized to
+ a non-array form in compact form (see
+ <a href="#compact-document-form" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.18 Compact Document Form</a>). This makes post-processing of
+ JSON-LD documents easier as the data is always in array form, even if the
+ array only contains a single value.</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="reverse-properties">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.12 </span>Reverse Properties</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span>Issue</span></div><p class="atrisk">This feature is at risk.</p></div>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD serializes directed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graphs</a>. That means that
+ every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> points from a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> to another <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">value</a>. However, in some cases, it is desirable
+ to serialize in the reverse direction. Consider for example the case where a person
+ and its children should be described in a document. If the used vocabulary does not
+ provide a <em>children</em> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> but just a <em>parent</em>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>, every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> representing a child would have to
+ be expressed with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> pointing to the parent as in the following
+ example.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 46</span>: A document with children linking to their parent</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "#homer"</span>,
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Homer"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Bart",
+ <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent": { "@id": "#homer" }</span>
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Lisa",
+ <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent": { "@id": "#homer" }</span>
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Expressing such data is much simpler by using JSON-LD's <code>@reverse</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 47</span>: A person and its children using a reverse property</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@id": "#homer",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Homer",
+ <span class="diff">"@reverse"</span>: {
+ <span class="diff">"http://example.com/vocab#parent"</span>: [
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Bart"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "http://example.com/vocab#name": "Lisa"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The <code>@reverse</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> can also be used in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definitions</a>
+ to create reverse properties as shown in the following example:</p>
+
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 48</span>: Using @reverse to define reverse properties</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://example.com/vocab#name",
+ <span class="diff">"children": { "@reverse": "http://example.com/vocab#parent" }</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "#homer",
+ "name": "Homer",
+ <span class="diff">"children"</span>: [
+ {
+ "@id": "#bart",
+ "name": "Bart"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "#lisa",
+ "name": "Lisa"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="named-graphs">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.13 </span>Named Graphs</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>At times, it is necessary to make statements about a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>
+ itself, rather than just a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>. This can be done by
+ grouping a set of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> using the <code>@graph</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. A developer may also name data expressed using the
+ <code>@graph</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> by pairing it with an
+ <code>@id</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> as shown in the following example:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 49</span>: Identifying and making statements about a graph</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "generatedAt": {
+ "@id": "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#generatedAtTime",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
+ },
+ "Person": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/graphs/73",
+ "generatedAt": "2012-04-09",
+ "@graph":</span>
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above expresses a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graph</a> that is identified
+ by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code>http://example.org/graphs/73</code>. That
+ graph is composed of the statements about Manu and Gregg. Metadata about
+ the graph itself is expressed via the <code>generatedAt</code> property,
+ which specifies when the graph was generated. An alternative view of the
+ information above is represented in table form below:</p>
+
+ <table class="example">
+ <thead>
+ <tr><th>Graph</th>
+ <th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ <th>Value Type</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td> </td>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#generatedAtTime</td>
+ <td>2012-04-09</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://manu.sporny.org/i/public</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#type</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://manu.sporny.org/i/public</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</td>
+ <td>Manu Sporny</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://manu.sporny.org/i/public</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows</td>
+ <td>http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#type</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</td>
+ <td>Gregg Kellogg</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.org/graphs/73</td>
+ <td>http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me</td>
+ <td>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows</td>
+ <td>http://manu.sporny.org/i/public</td>
+ <td></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>When a JSON-LD document's top-level structure is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">object</a> that contains no other
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> than <code>@graph</code> and
+ optionally <code>@context</code> (properties that are not mapped to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> are ignored),
+ <code>@graph</code> is considered to express the otherwise implicit
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>. This mechanism can be useful when a number
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> exist at the document's top level that
+ share the same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, which is, e.g., the case when a
+ document is <a href="#flattened-document-form">flattened</a>. The
+ <code>@graph</code> keyword collects such nodes in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ and allows the use of a shared context.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 50</span>: Using @graph to explicitly express the default graph</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": ...,
+ "<span class="diff">@graph</span>":
+ [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In this case, embedding doesn't work as each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>
+ references the other. This is equivalent to using multiple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> in array and defining
+ the <code>@context</code> within each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 51</span>: Context needs to be duplicated if @graph is not used</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context": ...,</span>
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "knows": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me"
+ },
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context": ...,</span>
+ "@id": "http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg",
+ "knows": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public"
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="identifying-blank-nodes">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.14 </span>Identifying Blank Nodes</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>At times, it becomes necessary to be able to express information without
+ being able to uniquely identify the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+ This type of node is called a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>. JSON-LD does not require
+ all nodes to be identified using <code>@id</code>. However, some graph topologies
+ may require identifiers to be serializable. Graphs containing loops, e.g., cannot
+ be serialized using embedding alone, <code>@id</code> must be used to connect the nodes.
+ In these situations, one can use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>,
+ which look like <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> using an underscore (<code>_</code>)
+ as scheme. This allows one to reference the node locally within the document, but
+ makes it impossible to reference the node from an external document. The
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> is scoped to the document in which it is used.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 52</span>: Specifying a local blank node identifier</div><pre class="example">{
+ ...
+ "@id": "<span class="diff">_:n1</span>",
+ "name": "Secret Agent 1",
+ "knows":
+ {
+ "name": "Secret Agent 2",
+ "knows": { "@id": "<span class="diff">_:n1</span>" }
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The example above contains information about to secrete agents that cannot be identified
+ with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. While expressing that <em>agent 1</em> knows <em>agent 2</em> is possible
+ without using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>, it is
+ necessary assign <em>agent 1</em> an identifier so that it can be referenced from
+ <em>agent 2</em>.</p>
+ <p>It is worth nothing that blank node identifiers may be relabeled during processing.
+ If a developer finds that they refer to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> more than once,
+ they should consider naming the node using a dereferenceable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> so that
+ it can also be referenced from other documents.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="aliasing-keywords">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.15 </span>Aliasing Keywords</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Each of the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>,
+ except for <code>@context</code>, may be aliased to application-specific
+ keywords. This feature allows legacy JSON content to be utilized
+ by JSON-LD by re-using JSON keys that already exist in legacy documents.
+ This feature also allows developers to design domain-specific implementations
+ using only the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 53</span>: Aliasing keywords</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"url": "@id"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
+ },
+ "<span class="diff">url</span>": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "<span class="diff">a</span>": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the <code>@id</code> and <code>@type</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> have been given the aliases
+ <strong>url</strong> and <strong>a</strong>, respectively.</p>
+
+ <p>Since keywords cannot be redefined, they can also not be aliased to
+ other keywords.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="data-indexing">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.16 </span>Data Indexing</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Databases are typically used to make access to
+ data more efficient. Developers often extend this sort of functionality into
+ their application data to deliver similar performance gains. Often this
+ data does not have any meaning from a Linked Data standpoint, but is
+ still useful for an application.</p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD introduces the notion of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index maps</a>
+ that can be used to structure data into a form that is
+ more efficient to access. The data indexing feature allows an author to
+ structure data using a simple key-value map where the keys do not map
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>. This enables direct access to data
+ instead of having to scan an array in search of a specific item.
+ In JSON-LD such data can be specified by associating the
+ <code>@index</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> with a
+ <code>@container</code> declaration in the context:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 54</span>: Indexing data in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "schema": "http://schema.org/",
+ "name": "schema:name",
+ "body": "schema:articleBody",
+ "words": "schema:wordCount",
+ "post": {
+ "@id": "schema:blogPost",
+ <span class="diff">"@container": "@index"</span>
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/",
+ "@type": "schema:Blog",
+ "name": "World Financial News",
+ <span class="diff">"post": {
+ "en": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/en",
+ "body": "World commodities were up today with heavy trading of crude oil...",
+ "words": 1539
+ },
+ "de": {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/posts/1/de",
+ "body": "Die Werte an Warenbörsen stiegen im Sog eines starken Handels von Rohöl...",
+ "words": 1204
+ }</span>
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>In the example above, the <strong>blogPost</strong> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has
+ been marked as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index map</a>. The <strong>en</strong>,
+ <strong>de</strong>, and <strong>ja</strong> keys will be ignored
+ semantically, but preserved syntactically, by the JSON-LD Processor.
+ This allows a developer to access the German version
+ of the <strong>blogPost</strong> using the following code snippet:
+ <code>obj.blogPost.de</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>The interpretation of the data above is expressed in
+ the table below. Note how the index keys do not appear in the Linked Data
+ below, but would continue to exist if the document were compacted or
+ expanded (see <a href="#compact-document-form" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.18 Compact Document Form</a> and
+ <a href="#expanded-document-form" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.17 Expanded Document Form</a>) using a JSON-LD processor:</p>
+
+ <table class="example">
+ <thead>
+ <tr><th>Subject</th>
+ <th>Property</th>
+ <th>Value</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/Blog</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/name</td>
+ <td>World Financial News</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/blogPost</td>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/en</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/blogPost</td>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/de</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/en</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/articleBody</td>
+ <td>World commodities were up today with heavy trading of crude oil...</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/en</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/wordCount</td>
+ <td>1539</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/de</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/articleBody</td>
+ <td>Die Werte an Warenbörsen stiegen im Sog eines starken Handels von Rohöl...</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>http://example.com/posts/1/de</td>
+ <td>http://schema.org/wordCount</td>
+ <td>1204</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="expanded-document-form">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.17 </span>Expanded Document Form</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]
+ defines a method for <em>expanding</em> a JSON-LD document.
+ Expansion is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ <code>@context</code> such that all IRIs, types, and values
+ are expanded so that the <code>@context</code> is no longer necessary.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 55</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the JSON-LD Expansion algorithm against the JSON-LD input document
+ provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 56</span>: Expanded form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Manu Sporny" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="compact-document-form">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.18 </span>Compact Document Form</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>] defines
+ a method for <em>compacting</em> a JSON-LD document. Compaction is the process
+ of applying a developer-supplied context to shorten <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>
+ and JSON-LD values expressed in expanded form to simple values such as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>.
+ Often this makes it simpler to work with document as the data is expressed in
+ application-specific terms. Compacted documents are also typically easier to read
+ for humans.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 57</span>: Sample expanded JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ "Manu Sporny" ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD context:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 58</span>: Sample context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the JSON-LD Compaction algorithm given the context supplied above
+ against the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following
+ output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 59</span>: Compact form of the sample document once sample context has been applied</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="flattened-document-form">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.19 </span>Flattened Document Form</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>] defines
+ a method for <em>flattening</em> a JSON-LD document. Flattening collects all
+ properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and labels
+ all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a> with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.
+ This ensures a shape of the data and consequently may drastically simplify the code
+ required to process JSON-LD in certain applications.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 60</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the JSON-LD Flattening algorithm against the JSON-LD input document in
+ the example above and using the same context would result in the following
+ output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 61</span>: Flattened and compacted form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:b0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" },
+ { "@id": "_:b0" }
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="informative" id="embedding-json-ld-in-html-documents">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.20 </span>Embedding JSON-LD in HTML Documents</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>HTML script tags can be used to embed blocks of data in documents.
+ This way, JSON-LD content can be easily embedded in HTML by placing
+ it in a script element with the <code>type</code> attribute set to
+ <code>application/ld+json</code>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 62</span>: Embedding JSON-LD in HTML</div><pre class="example"><span class="diff"><script type="application/ld+json"></span>
+{
+ "@context": "http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld",
+ "@id": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/John_Lennon",
+ "name": "John Lennon",
+ "born": "1940-10-09",
+ "spouse": "http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cynthia_Lennon"
+}
+<span class="diff"></script></span></pre></div>
+
+ <p>Depending on how the HTML document is served, certain strings may need
+ to be escaped.</p>
+
+ <p>Defining how such data may be used is beyond the scope of this specification.
+ The embedded JSON-LD document might be extracted as is or, e.g., be converted
+ to RDF.</p>
+
+ <p>If JSON-LD content is extracted as RDF [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>], it should be expanded into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> using the
+ <cite><a href="../../json-ld-api/20130328/#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Convert to RDF Algorithm</a></cite>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]. If multiple embedded JSON-LD documents are extracted as RDF,
+ the result is the RDF merge of the extracted datasets.</p>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix normative" id="data-model">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Data Model</h2>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD is a serialization format for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a> based on JSON.
+ It is therefore important to distinguish between the syntax, which is defined
+ by JSON in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>], and <dfn title="json-ld-data-model" id="dfn-json-ld-data-model">JSON-LD's data model</dfn>
+ which is defined as follows:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>A <dfn title="json-ld-document" id="dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</dfn> serializes a collection of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graphs</a> and comprises exactly one
+ <dfn title="default-graph" id="dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn> and zero or more <dfn title="named-graph" id="dfn-named-graph">named graphs</dfn>.</li>
+ <li>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> does not have a name and <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> be empty.</li>
+ <li>Each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graph</a> is a pair consisting of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> (the <dfn title="graph-name" id="dfn-graph-name">graph name</dfn>) and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>.
+ Whenever possible, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="json-ld-graph" id="dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</dfn> is a labeled directed graph, i.e., a set of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> connected by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edges</a>.</li>
+ <li>Every <dfn title="edge" id="dfn-edge">edge</dfn> has a direction associated with it and is labeled with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. Within the JSON-LD syntax
+ these edge labels are called <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">properties</dfn>. Whenever possible, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>Every <dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">node</dfn> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> having an outgoing edge <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> contain unconnected <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>,
+ i.e., nodes which are not connected by an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> to any other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>.</li>
+ <li>An <dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>
+ (Internationalized Resource Identifier) is a string that conforms to the syntax
+ defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> used within a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> return a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a> document describing
+ the resource denoted by that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> when being dereferenced.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="blank-node" id="dfn-blank-node">blank node</dfn> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> which is neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a>, nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>. A blank node <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> be identified
+ using a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="blank-node-identifier" id="dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</dfn> is a string that can be used as an identifier
+ for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> within the scope of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a>.
+ Blank node identifiers begin with <code>_:</code>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="json-ld-value" id="dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</dfn> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>, or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="typed-value" id="dfn-typed-value">typed value</dfn> consists of a value, which is a string, and a type, which is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="language-tagged-string" id="dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</dfn> consists of a string and a non-empty language
+ tag as defined by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]. The language tag <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be well-formed according to section
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">2.2.9</a> of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], and <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>
+ be lowercase.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="list" id="dfn-list">list</dfn> is an ordered sequence of zero or more
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a>.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/217"><span>Issue 217</span></a></div><p class="atrisk">In contrast to the RDF data model as defined in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>], JSON-LD allows blank nodes as property labels and graph names. Thus,
+ some data that is valid JSON-LD cannot be converted to RDF. This feature may be removed
+ in the future.</p></div>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD documents</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> contain data that cannot be
+ represented by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-data-model" href="#dfn-json-ld-data-model">data model</a> defined above.
+ Unless otherwise specified, such data is ignored when a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a>
+ is being processed. This means, e.g., that properties which are not mapped to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> will be ignored.</p>
+
+ <p style="text-align: center"><img title="An illustration of JSON-LD's data model" src="linked-data-graph.png" /></p>
+ <p style="text-align: center">Figure 1: An illustration of JSON-LD's data model.</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix normative" id="json-ld-grammar">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>JSON-LD Grammar</h2>
+
+ <p>This appendix restates the syntactic conventions described in the
+ previous sections more formally.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a valid JSON document as described
+ in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>
+ or a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing a set of one or more
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> at the top level.</p>
+
+ <p>In contrast to JSON, in JSON-LD the keys in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">objects</a>
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be unique.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">JSON-LD allows <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> to be aliased
+ (see <a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.15 Aliasing Keywords</a> for details). Whenever a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> is
+ discussed in this grammar, the statements also apply to an alias for
+ that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. For example, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ defines the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <code>id</code> as an alias for <code>@id</code>,
+ that alias may be legitimately used as a substitution for <code>@id</code>.
+ Note that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> aliases are not expanded during context
+ processing.</p></div>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="terms">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Terms</h3>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn> is a short-hand <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> that expands
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> equal any of the JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>To avoid forward-compatibility issues, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em> start
+ with an <code>@</code> character as future versions of JSON-LD may introduce
+ additional <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>. Furthermore, the term <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>
+ be an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> (<code>""</code>) as not all programming languages
+ are able to handle empty property names.</p>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#the-context" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.1 The Context</a> and
+ <a href="#iris" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.2 IRIs</a> for further discussion
+ on mapping <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="node-objects">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Node Objects</h3>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="node-object" id="dfn-node-object">node object</dfn> represents zero or more properties of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> serialized by the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a>. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> if it exists outside of a JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>it does not contain the <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>,
+ or <code>@set</code> keywords, and</li>
+ <li>it is not the top-most <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> in the JSON-LD document
+ consisting of no other members than <code>@graph</code> and
+ <code>@context</code>.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> may be spread among different
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> within a document. When
+ that happens, the keys of the different
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> are merged to create the
+ properties of the resulting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. All keys
+ which are not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>
+ valid in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, or one of the following
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be ignored when processed:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><code>@context</code>,</li>
+ <li><code>@id</code>,</li>
+ <li><code>@graph</code>,</li>
+ <li><code>@type</code>,</li>
+ <li><code>@reverse</code>, or</li>
+ <li><code>@index</code></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@context</code>
+ key, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a>, or
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> composed of any of these.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@id</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (including
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>).
+ See <a href="#node-identifiers" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.3 Node Identifiers</a>,
+ <a href="#compact-iris" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.3 Compact IRIs</a>, and
+ <a href="#identifying-blank-nodes" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.14 Identifying Blank Nodes</a> for further discussion on
+ <code>@id</code> values.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@graph</code>
+ key, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> or
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of zero or more <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a>.
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains an <code>@id</code> keyword,
+ its value is used as the label of a named graph.
+ See <a href="#named-graphs" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.13 Named Graphs</a> for further discussion on
+ <code>@graph</code> values. As a special case, if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ contains no keys other than <code>@graph</code> and <code>@context</code>, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is the root of the JSON-LD document, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is not treated as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>; this
+ is used as a way of defining <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node
+ definitions</a> that may not form a connected graph. This allows a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to be defined which is shared by all of the constituent
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@type</code>
+ key, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ (including <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>),
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> expanding into an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of any of these.
+ See <a href="#specifying-the-type" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.4 Specifying the Type</a> for further discussion on
+ <code>@type</code> values.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@reverse</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing members representing reverse
+ properties. Each value of such a reverse property <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing a combination of these.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> contains the <code>@index</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. See
+ <a href="#data-indexing" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.16 Data Indexing</a> for further discussion
+ on <code>@index</code> values.</p>
+
+ <p>Keys in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> that are not
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. The values associated with keys that expand
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be one of the following:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a>,</li>
+ <li>an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of zero or more of the possibilities above,</li>
+ <li>a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-map" href="#dfn-language-map">language map</a>, or </li>
+ <li>an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index map</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="value-objects">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.3 </span>Value Objects</h3>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="value-object" id="dfn-value-object">value object</dfn> is used to explicitly associate a type or a
+ language with a value to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged
+ string</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing the
+ <code>@value</code> key. It <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> also contain a <code>@type</code>,
+ a <code>@language</code>, an <code>@index</code>, or an <code>@context</code> key but <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> contain
+ both a <code>@type</code> and a <code>@language</code> key at the same time.
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> contain any other keys that expand to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The value associated with the <code>@value</code> key <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be either a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The value associated with the <code>@type</code> key <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The value associated with the <code>@language</code> key <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have the
+ lexical form described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], or be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The value associated with the <code>@index</code> key <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#typed-values" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.4 Typed Values</a> and
+ <a href="#string-internationalization" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.9 String Internationalization</a>
+ for more information on <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value objects</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="lists-and-sets">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.4 </span>Lists and Sets</h3>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> represents an <em>ordered</em> set of values. A set
+ represents an <em>unordered</em> set of values. Unless otherwise specified,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> are unordered in JSON-LD. As such, the
+ <code>@set</code> keyword, when used in the body of a JSON-LD document,
+ represents just syntactic sugar which is optimized away when processing the document.
+ However, it is very helpful when used within the context of a document. Values
+ of terms associated with a <code>@set</code> or <code>@list</code> container
+ will always be represented in the form of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> when a document
+ is processed—even if there is just a single value that would otherwise be optimized to
+ a non-array form in <a href="#compact-document-form">compact document form</a>.
+ This simplifies post-processing of the data as the data is always in a
+ deterministic form.</p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="list-object" id="dfn-list-object">list object</dfn> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains no
+ keys that expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> other
+ than <code>@list</code>, <code>@context</code>, and <code>@index</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="set-object" id="dfn-set-object">set object</dfn> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains no
+ keys that expand to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> other
+ than <code>@list</code>, <code>@context</code>, and <code>@index</code>.
+ Please note that the <code>@index</code> key will be ignored when being processed.</p>
+
+ <p>In both cases, the value associated with the keys <code>@list</code> and <code>@set</code>
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be one of the following types:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>, or</li>
+ <li>an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of zero or more of the above possibilities</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#sets-and-lists" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.11 Sets and Lists</a> for further discussion on sets and lists.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="language-maps">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.5 </span>Language Maps</h3>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="language-map" id="dfn-language-map">language map</dfn> is used to associate a language with a value in a
+ way that allows easy programmatic access. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-map" href="#dfn-language-map">language map</a> may be
+ used as a term value within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> if the term is defined
+ with <code>@container</code> set to <code>@language</code>. The keys of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-map" href="#dfn-language-map">language map</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> representing
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] language codes with and the values <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be any of the following types:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, or</li>
+ <li>an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of zero or more of the above possibilities</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#string-internationalization" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.9 String Internationalization</a> for further discussion
+ on language maps.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="normative" id="index-maps">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.6 </span>Index Maps</h3>
+
+ <p>An <dfn title="index-map" id="dfn-index-map">index map</dfn> allows keys that have no semantic meaning,
+ but should be preserved regardless, to be used in JSON-LD documents.
+ An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index map</a> may
+ be used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> value within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> if the
+ term is defined with <code>@container</code> set to <code>@index</code>.
+ The values of the members of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index map</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be one
+ of the following types:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>,</li>
+ <li><a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a>,</li>
+ <li>an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of zero or more of the above possibilities</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#data-indexing" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.16 Data Indexing</a> for further information on this topic.</p>
+ </section>
+
+<section class="normative" id="context-definitions">
+ <h3><span class="secno">B.7 </span>Context Definitions</h3>
+
+ <p>A <dfn title="context-definition" id="dfn-context-definition">context definition</dfn> defines a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> in a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> whose
+ keys <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> either be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>,
+ or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <code>@language</code>, <code>@base</code>,
+ and <code>@vocab</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a> has a <code>@language</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have the lexical form described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] or be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a> has a <code>@base</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/223"><span>Issue 223</span></a>: Feature at risk</div><p class="atrisk">This feature is
+ at risk as the fact that a document may have multiple base IRIs is potentially
+ confusing for developers. It is also being discussed whether relative IRIs
+ are allowed as values of <code>@base</code> or whether the empty string
+ should be used to explicitly specify that there isn't a base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, which
+ could be used to ensure that relative IRIs remain relative when expanding.</p></div>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context-definition" href="#dfn-context-definition">context definition</a> has a <code>@vocab</code> key,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The value of keys that are not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be either an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> is used to describe the mapping
+ between a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and its expanded identifier, as well as other
+ properties of the value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> when it is
+ used as key in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ composed of zero or more keys from <code>@id</code>, <code>@reverse</code>,
+ <code>@type</code>, <code>@language</code> or <code>@container</code>. An
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em> contain any other keys.</p>
+
+ <p>If an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> has an <code>@reverse</code> member,
+ <code>@id</code>, <code>@type</code>, and <code>@language</code> are not allowed.
+ If an <code>@container</code> member exists, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ or <code>@index</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the term being defined is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> does not have an
+ <code>@vocab</code> mapping, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>
+ include the <code>@id</code> key.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> contains the <code>@id</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> contains the <code>@type</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, or the one of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> contains the <code>@language</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>,
+ its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> have the lexical form described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] or be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-term-definition" href="#dfn-expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a> contains the <code>@container</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, its value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be either <code>@list</code>, <code>@set</code>,
+ <code>@language</code>, <code>@index</code>, or be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If the value
+ is <code>@language</code>, when the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is used outside of the
+ <code>@context</code>, the associated value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-map" href="#dfn-language-map">language map</a>.
+ If the value is <code>@index</code>, when the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is used outside of
+ the <code>@context</code>, the associated value <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="index-map" href="#dfn-index-map">index map</a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Terms</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> be used in a circular manner. That is,
+ the definition of a term cannot depend on the definition of another term if that other
+ term also depends on the first term.</p>
+
+ <p>See <a href="#the-context" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 5.1 The Context</a> for further discussion on contexts.</p>
+</section>
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix normative" id="relationship-to-rdf">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">C. </span>Relationship to RDF</h2>
+
+ <p>The RDF data model, as outlined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>], is an abstract syntax for
+ representing a directed graph of information. It is a subset of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-data-model" href="#dfn-json-ld-data-model">JSON-LD's data model</a> with a few
+ additional constraints. The differences between the two data models are:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>In JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph names</a> can be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>
+ whereas in RDF graph names have to be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</li>
+ <li>In JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> can be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>
+ whereas in RDF properties (predicates) have to be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>.</li>
+ <li>In JSON-LD lists are part of the data model whereas in RDF they are part of
+ a vocabulary, namely [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>RDF values are either typed <em>literals</em>
+ (<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed values</a>) or <em>language-tagged strings</em>
+ (<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged strings</a>) whereas
+ JSON-LD also supports JSON's native data types, i.e., <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>, and the boolean values <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>. The JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]
+ defines the conversion rules between JSON's native data types and RDF's counterparts to
+ allow full round-tripping.</li>
+
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Summarized these differences mean that JSON-LD is capable of serializing any RDF
+ graph or dataset and most, but not all, JSON-LD documents can be transformed to RDF.
+ A complete description of the algorithms to convert from RDF to JSON-LD and from
+ JSON-LD to RDF is included in the JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>Even though JSON-LD serializes RDF datasets, it can also be used as a RDF graph source.
+ In that case, a consumer <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> only use the default graph and ignore all named graphs.
+ This allows servers to expose data in, e.g., both Turtle and JSON-LD using content
+ negotiation.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Publishers supporting both dataset and graph syntaxes have to ensure that
+ the primary data is stored in the default graph to enable consumers that do not support
+ datasets to process the information.</p></div>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="transformation-from-json-ld-to-rdf">
+ <h3><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Transformation from JSON-LD to RDF</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The process of turning a JSON-LD document depends on executing the
+ algorithms defined in
+ <cite><a href="../../json-ld-api/20130328/#rdf-conversion-algorithms">RDF Conversion Algorithms</a></cite>
+ in the JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].
+ It is beyond the scope of this document to detail these algorithms any further,
+ but a summary of the necessary operations is provided to illustrate the process.</p>
+
+ <p>The procedure involves the following steps:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>Expand the JSON-LD document, removing any context; this ensures
+ that properties, types, and values are given their full representation
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> and expanded values. Expansion
+ is discussed further in <a href="#expanded-document-form" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.17 Expanded Document Form</a>.</li>
+ <li>Flatten the document, which turns the document into an array of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a>. Flattening is discussed
+ further in <a href="#flattened-document-form" class="sectionRef sec-ref">section 6.19 Flattened Document Form</a>.</li>
+ <li>Turn each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> into a series of
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-triples" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triples</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>For example, consider the following JSON-LD document in compact form:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 63</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the JSON-LD Expansion and Flattening algorithms against the
+ JSON-LD input document in the example above would result in the
+ following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 64</span>: Flattened and expanded form for the previous example</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "_:b0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" },
+ { "@id": "_:b0" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Transforming this to RDF now is a straightforward process of turning
+ each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> into one or more RDF triples. This can be
+ expressed in Turtle as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 65</span>: Turtle representation of expanded/flattend document</div><pre class="example">_:b0 <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Dave Longley" .
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Manu Sporny" .
+
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" ;
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> <http://manu.sporny.org/>, _:b0 .</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The process of turning RDF into JSON-LD can be thought of as the
+ inverse of this last step, creating an expanded JSON-LD document closely
+ matching the triples from RDF, using a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>
+ for all triples having a common subject, and a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>
+ for those triples also having a common predicate.</p>
+ </section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix informative" id="relationship-to-other-linked-data-formats">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">D. </span>Relationship to Other Linked Data Formats</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD examples below demonstrate how JSON-LD can be used to
+ express semantic data marked up in other linked data formats such as Turtle,
+ RDFa, Microformats, and Microdata. These sections are merely provided as
+ evidence that JSON-LD is very flexible in what it can express across different
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked-data" href="#dfn-linked-data">Linked Data</a> approaches.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="turtle">
+ <h3><span class="secno">D.1 </span>Turtle</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The following are examples of converting RDF expressed in Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>]
+ into JSON-LD.</p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="prefix-definitions">Prefix definitions</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD context has direct equivalents for the Turtle
+ <code>@prefix</code> declaration:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 66</span>: A set of statements serialized in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:homepage <http://manu.sporny.org/> .</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 67</span>: The same set of statements serialized in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="embedding-1">Embedding</h4>
+
+ <p>Both Turtle and JSON-LD allow embedding, although Turtle only allows embedding of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 68</span>: Embedding in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/i/public>
+ a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg" ] .</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 69</span>: Same embedding example in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/i/public",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows":
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="conversion-of-native-data-types">Conversion of native data types</h4>
+
+ <p>In JSON-LD numbers and boolean values are native data types. While Turtle
+ has a shorthand syntax to express such values, RDF's abstract syntax requires
+ that numbers and boolean values are represented as typed literals. Thus,
+ to allow full round-tripping, the JSON-LD Processing Algorithms and API specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]
+ defines conversion rules between JSON-LD's native data types and RDF's
+ counterparts. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">Numbers</a> without fractions are
+ converted to <code>xsd:integer</code>-typed literals, numbers with fractions
+ to <code>xsd:double</code>-typed literals and the two boolean values
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> to a <code>xsd:boolean</code>-typed
+ literal. All typed literals are in canonical lexical form.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 70</span>: JSON-LD using native data types for numbers and boolean values</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "ex": "http://example.com/vocab#"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.com/",
+ "ex:numbers": [ 14, 2.78 ],
+ "ex:booleans": [ true, false ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 71</span>: Same example in Turtle using typed literals</div><pre class="example">@prefix ex: <http://example.com/vocab#> .
+@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
+
+<http://example.com/>
+ ex:numbers "14"^^xsd:integer, "2.78E0"^^xsd:double ;
+ ex:booleans "true"^^xsd:boolean, "false"^^xsd:boolean .</pre></div>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="lists">Lists</h4>
+ <p>Both JSON-LD and Turtle can represent sequential lists of values.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 72</span>: A list of values in Turtle</div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+ foaf:nick ( "joe" "bob" "jaybee" ) .</pre></div>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 73</span>: Same example with a list of values in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick":
+ {
+ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="rdfa">
+ <h3><span class="secno">D.2 </span>RDFa</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The following example describes three people with their respective names and
+ homepages in RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 74</span>: RDFa fragment that describes three people</div><pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+ <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name"</span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</div></pre></div>
+
+ <p>An example JSON-LD implementation using a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is
+ described below.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 75</span>: Same description in JSON-LD (context shared among node objects)</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@graph":
+ [
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="microformats">
+ <h3><span class="secno">D.3 </span>Microformats</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The following example uses a simple Microformats hCard example to express
+ how Microformats [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">MICROFORMATS</a></cite>] are represented in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 76</span>: HTML fragment with a simple Microformats hCard</div><pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</div></pre></div>
+
+ <p>The representation of the hCard expresses the Microformat terms in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and uses them directly for the <code>url</code> and <code>fn</code>
+ properties. Also note that the Microformat to JSON-LD processor has
+ generated the proper URL type for <code>http://tantek.com/</code>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 77</span>: Same hCard representation in JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url":
+ {
+ "@id": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+}</pre></div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="microdata">
+ <h3><span class="secno">D.4 </span>Microdata</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The HTML Microdata [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-MICRODATA">MICRODATA</a></cite>] example below expresses book information as
+ a Microdata Work item.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 78</span>: HTML fragments that describes a book using microdata</div><pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</dl></pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that the JSON-LD representation of the Microdata information stays
+ true to the desires of the Microdata community to avoid contexts and
+ instead refer to items by their full <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 79</span>: Same book description in JSON-LD (avoiding contexts)</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ [
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+ </section>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix normative" id="iana-considerations">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">E. </span>IANA Considerations</h2>
+
+ <p>This section is included for community review and will be submitted to the
+ Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) as part of the Last Call announcement
+ for this specification.</p>
+
+ <h2 id="application-ld-json">application/ld+json</h2>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Type name:</dt>
+ <dd>application</dd>
+ <dt>Subtype name:</dt>
+ <dd>ld+json</dd>
+ <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>profile</code></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>A whitespace-separated list of IRIs identifying specific constraints
+ or conventions that apply to a JSON-LD document. A profile <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> change
+ the semantics of the resource representation when processed without profile
+ knowledge, so that clients both with and without knowledge of a profiled
+ resource can safely use the same representation. The <code>profile</code>
+ parameter <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> also be used by clients to express their preferences in the
+ content negotiation process. It is <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em> that profile IRIs are
+ dereferenceable and provide useful documentation at that <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. For more
+ information and background please refer to [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC6906">RFC6906</a></cite>].</p>
+ <p>This specification defines four values for the <code>profile</code> parameter.
+ To request or specify Expanded JSON-LD document form, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#expanded</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be used.
+ To request or specify Expanded, Flattened JSON-LD document form, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#expanded-flattened</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>
+ be used. To request or specify Compacted JSON-LD document form, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be used.
+ To request or specify Compacted, Flattened JSON-LD document form, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted-flattened</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em> be used.
+ Please note that, according [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTTP11">HTTP11</a></cite>], the value of the <code>profile</code>
+ parameter has to be enclosed in quotes (<code>"</code>) because it contains
+ special characters and, in some cases, whitespace.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>See RFC 6839, section 3.1.</dd>
+ <dt>Security considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Since JSON-LD is intended to be a pure data exchange format for
+ directed graphs, the serialization <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em> be passed through a
+ code execution mechanism such as JavaScript's <code>eval()</code>
+ function to be parsed.<br />
+ JSON-LD contexts that are loaded from the Web over non-secure connections,
+ such as HTTP, run the risk of modifying the JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> in a way that could compromise security. It
+ is advised that any application that depends on a remote context for mission
+ critical purposes vet and cache the remote context before allowing the
+ system to use it.<br />
+ Given that JSON-LD allows the substitution of long IRIs with short terms,
+ JSON-LD documents may expand considerably when processed and, in the worst case,
+ the resulting data might consume all of the recipient's resources. Applications
+ should treat any data with due skepticism.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>Published specification:</dt>
+ <dd>http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld</dd>
+ <dt>Applications that use this media type:</dt>
+ <dd>Any programming environment that requires the exchange of
+ directed graphs. Implementations of JSON-LD have been created for
+ JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, and C++.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Additional information:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>File extension(s):</dt>
+ <dd>.jsonld</dd>
+ <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
+ <dd>TEXT</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Person & email address to contact for further information:</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny <msporny@digitalbazaar.com></dd>
+ <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
+ <dd>Common</dd>
+ <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Author(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny, Dave Longley, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Niklas Lindström</dd>
+ <dt>Change controller:</dt>
+ <dd>W3C</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>Fragment identifiers used with <a href="#application-ld-json">application/ld+json</a>
+ are treated as in RDF syntaxes, as per
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-fragID">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax</a></cite>
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+</section>
+
+<section class="appendix informative" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">F. </span>Acknowledgements</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The authors would like to extend a deep appreciation and the most sincere
+ thanks to Mark Birbeck, who contributed foundational concepts
+ to JSON-LD via his work on RDFj. JSON-LD uses a number of core concepts
+ introduced in RDFj, such as the context as a mechanism to provide an
+ environment for interpreting JSON data. Mark had also been very involved in
+ the work on RDFa as well. RDFj built upon that work. JSON-LD exists
+ because of the work and ideas he started nearly a decade ago in 2004.</p>
+
+ <p>A large amount of thanks goes out to the JSON-LD Community Group
+ participants who worked through many of the technical issues on the mailing
+ list and the weekly telecons - of special mention are François Daoust,
+ Stéphane Corlosquet, Lin Clark, and Zdenko 'Denny' Vrandečić.</p>
+
+ <p>The work of David I. Lehn and Mike Johnson are appreciated for
+ reviewing, and performing several early implementations
+ of the specification. Thanks also to Ian Davis for this work on RDF/JSON.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to the following individuals, in order of their first name, for
+ their input on the specification: Adrian Walker, Alexandre Passant,
+ Andy Seaborne, Ben Adida, Blaine Cook, Bradley Allen, Brian Peterson,
+ Bryan Thompson, Conal Tuohy, Dan Brickley, Danny Ayers, Daniel Leja,
+ Dave Reynolds, David I. Lehn, David Wood, Dean Landolt, Ed Summers, elf Pavlik,
+ Eric Prud'hommeaux, Erik Wilde, Fabian Christ, Jon A. Frost, Gavin Carothers,
+ Glenn McDonald, Guus Schreiber, Henri Bergius, Jose María Alvarez Rodríguez,
+ Ivan Herman, Jack Moffitt, Josh Mandel, KANZAKI Masahide, Kingsley Idehen,
+ Kuno Woudt, Larry Garfield, Mark Baker, Mark MacGillivray, Marko Rodriguez,
+ Melvin Carvalho, Nathan Rixham, Olivier Grisel, Paolo Ciccarese, Pat Hayes,
+ Patrick Logan, Paul Kuykendall, Pelle Braendgaard, Peter Williams, Pierre-Antoine Champin,
+ Richard Cyganiak, Roy T. Fielding, Sandro Hawke, Srecko Joksimovic,
+ Stephane Fellah, Steve Harris, Ted Thibodeau Jr., Thomas Steiner, Tim Bray,
+ Tom Morris, Tristan King, Sergio Fernández, Werner Wilms, and William Waites.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<section id="references" class="appendix" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">G. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">G.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">A. Phillips; M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a>. September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> March 1997. Internet RFC 2119. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a>. July 2006. RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC5988">[RFC5988]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Nottingham. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">Web Linking</a>.</cite> October 2010. Internet RFC 5988. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">G.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-HTTP11">[HTTP11]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">R. Fielding et al. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt"><cite>Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1</cite></a>. June 1999. RFC 2616. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">[JSON-LD-API]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Markus Lanthaler, Gregg Kellogg, Manu Sporny, Editors. <cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API</a>.</cite> W3C Editor's Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICRODATA">[MICRODATA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Ian Hickson, Editor. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/">HTML Microdata</a>.</cite> 25 October 2012. W3C Working Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-microdata-20121025/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema</cite></a>. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</a></cite> 15 January 2013. W3C Working Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Shane McCarron et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes</cite></a>. 7 June 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-rdfa-core-20120607/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC 3986. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC6906">[RFC6906]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Erik Wilde. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt">The 'profile' Link Relation Type</a>.</cite> March 2013. Internet RFC 6906. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6906.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> 19 February 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>
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@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
<h2>The JSON-LD Syntax</h2>
<ul>
- <li><a href="latest/json-ld-syntax/">latest</a></li>
+ <li><a href="latest/json-ld/">latest</a></li>
<?php
function getDrafts($spec)
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@
}
}
- // Sort draftsin descending order
+ // Sort drafts in descending order
krsort($all);
return $all;
}
-$drafts = getDrafts('json-ld-syntax');
+$drafts = getDrafts('json-ld') + getDrafts('json-ld-syntax');
foreach ($drafts as $date => $dir) {
print(" <li><a href=\"$dir/\">$date</a></li>");
--- a/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html Thu Mar 28 15:27:36 2013 +0100
+++ b/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html Thu Mar 28 15:51:20 2013 +0100
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
// if there is a previously published draft, uncomment this and set its YYYY-MM-DD date
// and its maturity status
- previousPublishDate: "2012-09-30",
- previousMaturity: "ED",
- previousURI: "http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/66d980964784/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120930/index.html",
+ previousPublishDate: "2012-07-12",
+ previousMaturity: "WD",
+ previousURI: "http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-json-ld-api-20120712/",
// if there a publicly available Editor's Draft, this is the link
edDraftURI: "http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html",
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
wgPatentURI: "http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status",
maxTocLevel: 2,
preProcess: [ preProc ],
- alternateFormats: [ {uri: "diff-20120930.html", label: "diff to previous version"} ],
+ //alternateFormats: [ {uri: "diff-20120712.html", label: "diff to previous version"} ],
};
//]]>
</script>
--- a/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html Thu Mar 28 15:27:36 2013 +0100
+++ b/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html Thu Mar 28 15:51:20 2013 +0100
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
// if there is a previously published draft, uncomment this and set its YYYY-MM-DD date
// and its maturity status
- previousPublishDate: "2013-02-02",
- previousMaturity: "CG-FINAL",
- previousDiffURI: "http://json-ld.org/spec/FCGS/json-ld-syntax/20130222/",
+ previousPublishDate: "2012-07-12",
+ previousMaturity: "WD",
+ previousDiffURI: "http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-json-ld-syntax-20120712/",
// if there a publicly available Editor's Draft, this is the link
edDraftURI: "http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld/index.html",
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
wgPatentURI: "http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status",
maxTocLevel: 2,
preProcess: [ preProc ]
- // alternateFormats: [ {uri: "diff-20130202.html", label: "diff to previous version"} ]
+ // alternateFormats: [ {uri: "diff-20120712.html", label: "diff to previous version"} ]
};
//]]>
</script>