--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/WD/json-ld-api/20130514/diff-20130411.html Thu May 09 10:13:53 2013 -0400
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+</head>
+
+
+<body>
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<img width="72" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" />
+</a>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Processing
+Algorithms
+and
+API
+</h1>
+<h2 id="w3c-last-call-working-draft-14-may-2013">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">11
+April
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">14
+May
+</ins>
+2013
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+This
+version:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130514/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130514/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Latest
+published
+version:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Latest
+editor's
+draft:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Test
+suite:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">
+http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Previous
+version:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-json-ld-api-20120712/
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+Markus
+Lanthaler
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
+<span typeof="foaf:Person">
+<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</span>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a rel="alternate" href="diff-20130411.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
+Copyright
+</a>
+©
+2010-2013
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<sup>
+®
+</sup>
+(
+<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/">
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">
+MIT
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.ercim.eu/">
+<abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">
+ERCIM
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">
+Keio
+</a>,
+<a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">
+Beihang
+</a>
+),
+All
+Rights
+Reserved.
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">
+liability
+</a>,
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">
+trademark
+</a>
+and
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">
+document
+use
+</a>
+rules
+apply.
+</p>
+<hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+specification
+defines
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+(API)
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+programmatic
+transformations
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+Restructuring
+data
+according
+the
+defined
+transformations
+often
+dramatically
+simplifies
+its
+usage.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="sotd" class="introductory" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+describes
+the
+status
+of
+this
+document
+at
+the
+time
+of
+its
+publication.
+Other
+documents
+may
+supersede
+this
+document.
+A
+list
+of
+current
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+publications
+and
+the
+latest
+revision
+of
+this
+technical
+report
+can
+be
+found
+in
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+technical
+reports
+index
+</a>
+at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+has
+been
+under
+development
+for
+over
+<del class="diff-old">25
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">34
+</ins>
+months
+in
+the
+JSON
+for
+Linking
+Data
+Community
+Group.
+The
+document
+has
+recently
+been
+transferred
+to
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+for
+review,
+improvement,
+and
+publication
+along
+the
+Recommendation
+track.
+The
+specification
+has
+undergone
+significant
+development,
+review,
+and
+changes
+during
+the
+course
+of
+the
+last
+<del class="diff-old">25
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">34
+</ins>
+months.
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+several
+independent
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">
+interoperable
+implementations
+</a>
+of
+this
+<del class="diff-old">specification
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification.
+There
+is
+</ins>
+a
+fairly
+complete
+test
+suite
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">
+JSON-LD-TESTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">].
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+and
+a
+</ins><a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+live
+JSON-LD
+editor
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+is
+capable
+of
+demonstrating
+the
+features
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+While
+there
+will
+be
+continuous
+development
+on
+implementations,
+the
+test
+suite,
+and
+the
+live
+editor,
+they
+are
+believed
+to
+be
+mature
+enough
+to
+be
+integrated
+into
+a
+non-production
+system
+at
+this
+point
+in
+time.
+There
+is
+an
+expectation
+that
+they
+could
+be
+used
+in
+a
+production
+system
+within
+the
+next
+three
+months.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</ins></p><ul><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+you
+want
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+your
+feedback
+is
+formally
+addressed
+by
+the
+RDF
+Working
+Group,
+you
+should
+send
+it
+to
+public-rdf-comments:
+</ins><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/"><ins class="diff-new">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</ins></a></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Ad-hoc
+technical
+discussion
+primarily
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+community
+mailing
+list:
+</ins><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/"><ins class="diff-new">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</ins></a></li><li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Public
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+teleconferences
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1400UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+open
+to
+the
+public.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+teleconferences
+are
+held
+on
+Wednesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+every
+week.
+Participation
+is
+limited
+to
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+members.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues"><ins class="diff-new">
+issue
+tracker
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+you
+do
+not
+want
+to
+send
+an
+email
+to
+the
+public-rdf-comments
+mailing
+list.
+</ins></li><li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec"><ins class="diff-new">
+Source
+code
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld"><ins class="diff-new">
+#json-ld
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</ins></li></ul><p><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+is
+a
+second
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft
+for
+this
+document.
+Changes
+since
+the
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/"><ins class="diff-new">
+11
+April
+2013
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft
+</ins></a>:</p><ul><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Use
+of
+DOM
+Futures
+instead
+of
+callbacks
+in
+the
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Processing
+of
+terms
+that
+are
+redefined
+to
+themselves
+without
+raising
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping"><ins class="diff-new">
+cyclic
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+mapping
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Raise
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+mapping
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+if
+relative
+URLs
+are
+used
+in
+term
+definitions
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Support
+lists
+of
+lists
+when
+converting
+from
+RDF
+to
+JSON-LD
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Support
+for
+relative
+URLs
+in
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+documents
+that
+do
+not
+have
+a
+base
+value.
+</ins></li></ul><p>
+This
+document
+was
+published
+by
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
+RDF
+Working
+Group
+</a>
+as
+a
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft.
+This
+document
+is
+intended
+to
+become
+a
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Recommendation.
+If
+you
+wish
+to
+make
+comments
+regarding
+this
+document,
+please
+send
+them
+to
+<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</a>
+(
+<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">
+subscribe
+</a>,
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
+archives
+</a>
+).
+The
+Last
+Call
+period
+ends
+<del class="diff-old">10
+May
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">04
+June
+</ins>
+2013.
+All
+comments
+are
+welcome.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+Working
+Group
+welcomes
+reports
+of
+implementations,
+sent
+to
+the
+comments
+address.
+If
+we
+gather
+sufficient
+evidence
+of
+interoperable
+implementations,
+the
+group
+may
+request
+to
+skip
+Call
+for
+Implementations
+(Candidate
+Recommendation)
+drafts
+and
+have
+the
+next
+round
+of
+publications
+be
+Proposed
+Recommendations.
+</del>
+<p>
+Publication
+as
+a
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft
+does
+not
+imply
+endorsement
+by
+the
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Membership.
+This
+is
+a
+draft
+document
+and
+may
+be
+updated,
+replaced
+or
+obsoleted
+by
+other
+documents
+at
+any
+time.
+It
+is
+inappropriate
+to
+cite
+this
+document
+as
+other
+than
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+is
+a
+Last
+Call
+Working
+Draft
+and
+thus
+the
+Working
+Group
+has
+determined
+that
+this
+document
+has
+satisfied
+the
+relevant
+technical
+requirements
+and
+is
+sufficiently
+stable
+to
+advance
+through
+the
+Technical
+Recommendation
+process.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+was
+produced
+by
+a
+group
+operating
+under
+the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">
+5
+February
+2004
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Patent
+Policy
+</a>.
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+maintains
+a
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status" rel="disclosure">
+public
+list
+of
+any
+patent
+disclosures
+</a>
+made
+in
+connection
+with
+the
+deliverables
+of
+the
+group;
+that
+page
+also
+includes
+instructions
+for
+disclosing
+a
+patent.
+An
+individual
+who
+has
+actual
+knowledge
+of
+a
+patent
+which
+the
+individual
+believes
+contains
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">
+Essential
+Claim(s)
+</a>
+must
+disclose
+the
+information
+in
+accordance
+with
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">
+section
+6
+of
+the
+<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
+W3C
+</abbr>
+Patent
+Policy
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section id="toc">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#features" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Features
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Flattening
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#conformance" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+6.
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+6.1
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#create-term-definition" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+6.2
+</span>
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+6.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+7.
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+7.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+7.2
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#inverse-context-creation" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.2
+</span>
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#term-selection" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.4
+</span>
+Term
+Selection
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+8.5
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening-algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+9.
+</span>
+Flattening
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+9.1
+</span>
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+9.2
+</span>
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+9.3
+</span>
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.1
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.2
+</span>
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.3
+</span>
+List
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.4
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.5
+</span>
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+10.6
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+11.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-jsonldprocessor-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+11.1
+</span>
+The
+<span class="formerLink">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</span>
+Interface
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-jsonldoptions-type" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+11.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Callbacks
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins><span class="formerLink"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+JsonLdOptions
+</ins></code></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Type
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#remote-context-retrieval" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+11.3
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Data
+Structures
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Remote
+Context
+Retrieval
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#error-handling" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+11.4
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Error
+Handling
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="introduction">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Developers
+who
+want
+an
+overview
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+</li>
+<li>
+Web
+authors
+and
+developers
+who
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementation
+</a>
+operates.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+who
+want
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithms
+to
+transform
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="features">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Features
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+a
+syntax
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+Because
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+way
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+using
+this
+syntax,
+it
+is
+often
+useful
+to
+be
+able
+to
+transform
+JSON-LD
+documents
+so
+that
+they
+may
+be
+more
+easily
+consumed
+by
+specific
+applications.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+uses
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+contexts
+</a>
+to
+allow
+Linked
+Data
+to
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+specifically
+tailored
+to
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application.
+By
+providing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>,
+JSON
+data
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+a
+natural
+fit
+for
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application
+whilst
+also
+indicating
+how
+the
+data
+should
+be
+understood
+at
+a
+global
+scale.
+In
+order
+for
+people
+or
+applications
+to
+share
+data
+that
+was
+created
+using
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+that
+is
+different
+from
+their
+own,
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+must
+be
+able
+to
+transform
+a
+document
+from
+one
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+to
+another.
+Instead
+of
+requiring
+JSON-LD
+processors
+to
+write
+specific
+code
+for
+every
+imaginable
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+switching
+scenario,
+it
+is
+much
+easier
+to
+specify
+a
+single
+algorithm
+that
+can
+remove
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>.
+Similarly,
+another
+algorithm
+can
+be
+specified
+to
+subsequently
+apply
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>.
+These
+two
+algorithms
+represent
+the
+most
+basic
+transformations
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+They
+are
+referred
+to
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expansion
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compaction
+</a>,
+respectively.
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+four
+major
+types
+of
+transformation
+that
+are
+discussed
+in
+this
+document:
+expansion,
+compaction,
+flattening,
+and
+RDF
+conversion.
+</p>
+<section class="informative" id="expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+that
+removes
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+called
+<dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">
+expansion
+</dfn>.
+Before
+performing
+any
+other
+transformations
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+it
+is
+easiest
+to
+remove
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+from
+it
+and
+to
+make
+data
+structures
+more
+regular.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+get
+an
+idea
+of
+how
+context
+and
+data
+structuring
+affects
+the
+same
+data,
+here
+is
+an
+example
+of
+JSON-LD
+that
+uses
+only
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+and
+is
+fairly
+compact:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+next
+input
+example
+uses
+one
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+express
+a
+property
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+to
+encapsulate
+another,
+but
+leaves
+the
+rest
+of
+the
+information
+untouched.
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using an IRI instead of a term to express a property</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"website": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ <span class="diff">"website"</span>: <span class="diff">{ "@id":</span> "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" <span class="diff">}</span>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+both
+inputs
+are
+valid
+JSON-LD
+and
+both
+represent
+the
+same
+information.
+The
+difference
+is
+in
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+information
+and
+in
+the
+data
+structures
+used.
+A
+JSON-LD
+processor
+can
+remove
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+and
+ensure
+that
+the
+data
+is
+more
+regular
+by
+employing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expansion
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+Expansion
+</a>
+has
+two
+important
+goals:
+removing
+any
+contextual
+information
+from
+the
+document,
+and
+ensuring
+all
+values
+are
+represented
+in
+a
+regular
+form.
+These
+goals
+are
+accomplished
+by
+expanding
+all
+properties
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+by
+expressing
+all
+values
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+arrays
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+Expanded
+form
+</a>
+is
+the
+most
+verbose
+and
+regular
+way
+of
+expressing
+of
+values
+in
+JSON-LD;
+all
+contextual
+information
+from
+the
+document
+is
+instead
+stored
+locally
+with
+each
+value.
+Running
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdOptions-options">
+expand
+</a>
+</code>
+operation)
+against
+the
+above
+examples
+results
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+in
+the
+output
+above
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+definitions
+have
+been
+removed,
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+have
+been
+expanded
+to
+absolute
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+and
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+are
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+arrays
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+While
+the
+output
+is
+more
+verbose
+and
+difficult
+for
+a
+human
+to
+read,
+it
+establishes
+a
+baseline
+that
+makes
+JSON-LD
+processing
+easier
+because
+of
+its
+very
+regular
+structure.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+While
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expansion
+</a>
+removes
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+from
+a
+given
+input,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compaction's
+</a>
+primary
+function
+is
+to
+perform
+the
+opposite
+operation:
+to
+express
+a
+given
+input
+according
+to
+a
+particular
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>.
+<dfn title="compaction" id="dfn-compaction">
+Compaction
+</dfn>
+applies
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+that
+specifically
+tailors
+the
+way
+information
+is
+expressed
+for
+a
+particular
+person
+or
+application.
+This
+simplifies
+applications
+that
+consume
+JSON
+or
+JSON-LD
+by
+expressing
+the
+data
+in
+application-specific
+terms,
+and
+it
+makes
+the
+data
+easier
+to
+read
+by
+humans.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+Compaction
+</a>
+uses
+a
+developer-supplied
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+to
+shorten
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+to
+simple
+values
+such
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">
+compact
+</a>
+</code>
+operation)
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+have
+been
+compacted
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+as
+specified
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>,
+which
+has
+been
+injected
+into
+the
+output.
+While
+compacted
+output
+is
+useful
+to
+humans,
+it
+is
+also
+used
+to
+generate
+structures
+that
+are
+easy
+to
+program
+against.
+Compaction
+enables
+developers
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+document
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+document.
+While
+the
+context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+to
+<code>
+name
+</code>,
+it
+could
+also
+have
+been
+mapped
+to
+any
+other
+term
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="flattening">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.3
+</span>
+Flattening
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+While
+expansion
+ensures
+that
+a
+document
+is
+in
+a
+uniform
+structure,
+flattening
+goes
+a
+step
+further
+to
+ensure
+that
+the
+shape
+of
+the
+data
+is
+deterministic.
+In
+expanded
+documents,
+the
+properties
+of
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+may
+be
+spread
+across
+a
+number
+of
+different
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>.
+By
+flattening
+a
+document,
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+are
+collected
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+are
+labeled
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+This
+may
+drastically
+simplify
+the
+code
+required
+to
+process
+JSON-LD
+data
+in
+certain
+applications.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Running
+the
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">
+flatten
+</a>
+</code>
+operation)
+with
+a
+context
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+to
+prevent
+compaction
+returns
+the
+following
+document:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: Flattened sample document in expanded form</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Dave Longley" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+how
+in
+the
+output
+above
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+are
+collected
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+how
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+representing
+"Dave
+Longley"
+has
+been
+assigned
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+<code>
+_:t0
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+make
+it
+easier
+for
+humans
+to
+read
+or
+for
+certain
+applications
+to
+process
+it,
+a
+flattened
+document
+can
+be
+compacted
+by
+passing
+a
+context.
+Using
+the
+same
+context
+as
+the
+input
+document,
+the
+flattened
+and
+compacted
+document
+looks
+as
+follows:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Flattened and compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Please
+note
+that
+the
+result
+of
+flattening
+and
+compacting
+a
+document
+is
+always
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+which
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+that
+represents
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section class="informative" id="rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.4
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+serialize
+data
+expressed
+in
+RDF
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+This
+ensures
+that
+data
+can
+be
+round-tripped
+to
+and
+from
+any
+RDF
+syntax
+without
+any
+loss
+in
+fidelity.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+RDF
+input
+serialized
+in
+Turtle
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">
+TURTLE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Sample Turtle document</div><pre class="example"><http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" .
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+<http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Using
+the
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+algorithm
+</a>
+a
+developer
+could
+transform
+this
+document
+into
+expanded
+JSON-LD:
+</p>
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Sample Turtle document converted to JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+output
+above
+could
+easily
+be
+compacted
+using
+the
+technique
+outlined
+in
+the
+previous
+section.
+It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+transform
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+back
+to
+RDF
+using
+the
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="conformance">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Conformance
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+examples
+and
+notes
+as
+well
+as
+sections
+marked
+as
+non-normative
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+non-normative.
+Everything
+else
+in
+this
+specification
+is
+normative.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+keywords
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">
+MUST
+NOT
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="REQUIRED">
+REQUIRED
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">
+SHOULD
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">
+SHOULD
+NOT
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">
+RECOMMENDED
+</em>,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">
+MAY
+</em>,
+and
+<em class="rfc2119" title="OPTIONAL">
+OPTIONAL
+</em>
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">
+RFC2119
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+There
+are
+three
+classes
+of
+products
+that
+can
+claim
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification:
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processors
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementations
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">
+JSON-LD-RDF
+Converters
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+<dfn title="json-ld-processor" id="dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+system
+which
+can
+perform
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+</a>,
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+</a>,
+and
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+</a>
+operations
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+<dfn title="json-ld-api-implementation" id="dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementation
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+conforming
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</a>
+that
+exposes
+the
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface">
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+(API)
+</a>
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+It
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>
+implement
+the
+<code>
+json-ld-1.0
+</code>
+processing
+mode
+(for
+further
+details,
+see
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">
+processingMode
+</a>
+</code>
+option
+of
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+).
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processors
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+API
+Implementations
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">
+MUST
+NOT
+</em>
+attempt
+to
+correct
+malformed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+language
+tags;
+however,
+they
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">
+MAY
+</em>
+issue
+validation
+warnings.
+IRIs
+are
+not
+modified
+other
+than
+converted
+between
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">
+relative
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+<dfn title="json-ld-rdf-converter" id="dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">
+JSON-LD-RDF
+Converter
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+system
+that
+can
+perform
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+Conversion
+to
+RDF
+</a>
+and
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+Conversion
+from
+RDF
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithms
+in
+this
+specification
+are
+generally
+written
+with
+more
+concern
+for
+clarity
+than
+efficiency.
+Thus,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">
+JSON-LD
+Processors
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+API
+Implementations
+</a>
+may
+implement
+the
+algorithms
+given
+in
+this
+specification
+in
+any
+way
+desired,
+so
+long
+as
+the
+end
+result
+is
+indistinguishable
+from
+the
+result
+that
+would
+be
+obtained
+by
+the
+specification's
+algorithms.
+</p>
+<div class="note">
+<div class="note-title" role="heading" aria-level="3">
+<span>
+Note
+</span>
+</div>
+<p class="">
+Implementers
+can
+partially
+check
+their
+level
+of
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification
+by
+successfully
+passing
+the
+test
+cases
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+test
+suite
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">
+JSON-LD-TESTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Note,
+however,
+that
+passing
+all
+the
+tests
+in
+the
+test
+suite
+does
+not
+imply
+complete
+conformance
+to
+this
+specification.
+It
+only
+implies
+that
+the
+implementation
+conforms
+to
+aspects
+tested
+by
+the
+test
+suite.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="general-terminology">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+General
+Terminology
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+uses
+the
+following
+terms
+as
+defined
+in
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Refer
+to
+the
+<em>
+JSON
+Grammar
+</em>
+section
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+for
+formal
+definitions.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-object" id="dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+key-value
+pairs.
+A
+key
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+key,
+separating
+the
+key
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+key.
+In
+contrast
+to
+JSON,
+in
+JSON-LD
+the
+keys
+in
+an
+object
+must
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values.
+Values
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+In
+JSON,
+an
+array
+is
+an
+<em>
+ordered
+</em>
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+values.
+While
+JSON-LD
+uses
+the
+same
+array
+representation
+as
+JSON,
+the
+collection
+is
+<em>
+unordered
+</em>
+by
+default.
+While
+order
+is
+preserved
+in
+regular
+JSON
+arrays,
+it
+is
+not
+in
+regular
+JSON-LD
+arrays
+unless
+specifically
+defined
+(see
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#sets-and-lists">
+Sets
+and
+Lists
+</a>
+</cite>
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]).
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes
+(if
+necessary).
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Values
+that
+are
+used
+to
+express
+one
+of
+two
+possible
+boolean
+states.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+value.
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+where
+the
+value,
+or
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+of
+the
+value,
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+explicitly
+decouples
+a
+term's
+association
+with
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+A
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+has
+the
+same
+meaning
+as
+if
+the
+key-value
+pair
+was
+not
+defined.
+If
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+in
+expanded
+form,
+then
+the
+entire
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+ignored.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+Furthermore,
+the
+following
+terminology
+is
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+JSON
+key
+that
+is
+specific
+to
+JSON-LD,
+specified
+in
+the
+section
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+set
+of
+rules
+for
+interpreting
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+as
+specified
+in
+the
+section
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#the-context">
+The
+Context
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld-document" id="dfn-json-ld-document">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">
+JSON-LD
+document
+</a>
+is
+a
+serialization
+of
+a
+collection
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graphs
+</a>
+and
+comprises
+exactly
+one
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+and
+zero
+or
+more
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">
+named
+graphs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="named-graph" id="dfn-named-graph">
+named
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+named
+graph
+is
+a
+pair
+consisting
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+(the
+<dfn title="graph-name" id="dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</dfn>
+)
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="default-graph" id="dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+default
+graph
+is
+the
+only
+graph
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+which
+has
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld-graph" id="dfn-json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+i.e.,
+a
+set
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+nodes
+</a>
+connected
+by
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">
+edges
+</a>,
+as
+specified
+in
+the
+<cite>
+<a href="../json-ld/#data-model">
+Data
+Model
+</a>
+</cite>
+section
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="edge" id="dfn-edge">
+edge
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Every
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">
+edge
+</a>
+has
+a
+direction
+associated
+with
+it
+and
+is
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+Within
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+these
+edge
+labels
+are
+called
+<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
+properties
+</dfn>.
+Whenever
+possible,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">
+edge
+</a>
+should
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">
+node
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Every
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier)
+is
+a
+string
+that
+conforms
+to
+the
+syntax
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="absolute-iri" id="dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+containing
+a
+<em>
+scheme
+</em>
+along
+with
+a
+<em>
+path
+</em>
+and
+optional
+<em>
+query
+</em>
+and
+fragment
+segments.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="relative-iri" id="dfn-relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+relative
+some
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+;
+in
+the
+case
+of
+JSON-LD
+this
+is
+the
+base
+location
+of
+the
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="blank-node" id="dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+that
+is
+neither
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+nor
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>,
+nor
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="blank-node-identifier" id="dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+blank
+node
+identifier
+is
+a
+string
+that
+can
+be
+used
+as
+an
+identifier
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+within
+the
+scope
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Blank
+node
+identifiers
+begin
+with
+<code>
+_:
+</code>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld-value" id="dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+value
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="typed-value" id="dfn-typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</a>
+consists
+of
+a
+value,
+which
+is
+a
+string,
+and
+a
+type,
+which
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="language-tagged-string" id="dfn-language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>
+consists
+of
+a
+string
+and
+a
+non-empty
+language
+tag
+as
+defined
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+The
+language
+tag
+must
+be
+well-formed
+according
+to
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">
+section
+2.2.9
+Classes
+of
+Conformance
+</a>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+and
+is
+normalized
+to
+lowercase.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="list" id="dfn-list">
+list
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>
+is
+an
+ordered
+sequence
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+5.
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active-graph" id="dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+name
+of
+the
+currently
+active
+graph
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active-subject" id="dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active-property" id="dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+currently
+active
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active-context" id="dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="local-context" id="dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld-input" id="dfn-json-ld-input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+term
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+in
+a
+context
+that
+may
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="compact-iri" id="dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+has
+the
+form
+of
+<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>:
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+and
+is
+used
+as
+a
+way
+of
+expressing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+without
+needing
+to
+define
+separate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+definitions
+for
+each
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+contained
+within
+a
+common
+vocabulary
+identified
+by
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="node-object" id="dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+represents
+zero
+or
+more
+properties
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+JSON-LD
+graph
+</a>
+serialized
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+if
+it
+exists
+outside
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+and:
+<ul>
+<li>
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+keywords,
+or
+</li>
+<li>
+it
+is
+not
+the
+top-most
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+consisting
+of
+no
+other
+members
+than
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="value-object" id="dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="list-object" id="dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="set-object" id="dfn-set-object">
+set
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">
+set
+object
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+an
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+member.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="scalar" id="dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+scalar
+is
+either
+a
+JSON
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="rdf-subject" id="dfn-rdf-subject">
+RDF
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="subject" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="rdf-predicate" id="dfn-rdf-predicate">
+RDF
+predicate
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="predicate" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-predicate">
+predicate
+</a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="rdf-object" id="dfn-rdf-object">
+RDF
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="rdf-triple" id="dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="rdf-dataset" id="dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="dataset" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+dataset
+</a>
+as
+specified
+by
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+representing
+a
+collection
+of
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-graphs" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph">
+RDF
+graphs
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="context-processing-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+6.
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<section id="context-processing-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+6.1
+</span>
+Context
+Processing
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+processing
+a
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure,
+each
+processing
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+This
+section
+describes
+how
+to
+produce
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+the
+active
+<dfn title="term-definition" id="dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definitions
+</dfn>
+which
+specify
+how
+properties
+and
+values
+have
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+well
+as
+the
+current
+<dfn title="base-iri" id="dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>,
+the
+<dfn title="vocabulary-mapping" id="dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</dfn>
+and
+the
+<dfn title="default-language" id="dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</dfn>.
+Each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+consists
+of
+an
+<dfn title="iri-mapping" id="dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</dfn>,
+a
+boolean
+flag
+<dfn title="reverse-property" id="dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</dfn>,
+an
+optional
+<dfn title="type-mapping" id="dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</dfn>
+or
+<dfn title="language-mapping" id="dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</dfn>,
+and
+an
+optional
+<dfn title="container-mapping" id="dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</dfn>.
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+can
+not
+only
+be
+used
+to
+map
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+to
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>,
+but
+also
+to
+map
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+in
+which
+case
+it
+is
+referred
+to
+as
+a
+<dfn title="keyword-alias" id="dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+alias
+</dfn>.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+processing,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+initialized
+without
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definitions
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+encountered
+during
+processing,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+created
+by
+cloning
+the
+existing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Then
+the
+information
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Given
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+contexts
+</a>
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+remote
+contexts,
+this
+includes
+their
+retrieval.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+First
+we
+prepare
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+by
+cloning
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Then
+we
+normalize
+the
+form
+of
+the
+passed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+Local
+contexts
+</a>
+may
+be
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+a
+combination
+of
+the
+two.
+Finally
+we
+process
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+contained
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+as
+follows.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+it
+represents
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+remote
+context.
+We
+dereference
+the
+remote
+context
+and
+replace
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+with
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key
+of
+the
+top-level
+object
+in
+the
+retrieved
+JSON-LD
+document.
+If
+there's
+no
+such
+key,
+an
+invalid
+remote
+context
+has
+been
+detected.
+Otherwise,
+we
+process
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+by
+recursively
+using
+this
+algorithm
+ensuring
+that
+there
+is
+no
+cyclical
+reference.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+we
+first
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>
+by
+processing
+three
+specific
+keywords:
+<code>
+@base
+</code>,
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+These
+are
+handled
+before
+any
+other
+keys
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+because
+they
+affect
+how
+the
+other
+keys
+are
+processed.
+<ins class="diff-new">Please
+note
+that
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+ignored
+when
+processing
+remote
+contexts.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+Then,
+for
+every
+other
+key
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+we
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+Since
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definitions
+</a>
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+may
+themselves
+contain
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>,
+we
+may
+need
+to
+recurse.
+When
+doing
+so,
+we
+must
+ensure
+that
+there
+is
+no
+cyclical
+dependency,
+which
+is
+an
+error.
+After
+we
+have
+processed
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+dependencies,
+we
+update
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>,
+which
+may
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+alias
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Finally,
+we
+return
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+as
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+specifies
+how
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+updated
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+remote
+contexts
+</i>
+which
+is
+used
+to
+detect
+cyclical
+context
+inclusions.
+If
+<i>
+remote
+contexts
+</i>
+is
+not
+passed,
+it
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+cloning
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+item
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+a
+newly-initialized
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+context
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+currently
+being
+processed
+document
+(which
+might
+be
+different
+from
+the
+currently
+being
+processed
+context),
+if
+available;
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+option
+of
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementation
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+overrides
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+resolving
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+against
+the
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+which
+is
+established
+as
+specified
+in
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1">
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+a
+Base
+URI
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Only
+the
+basic
+algorithm
+in
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">
+section
+5.2
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+is
+used;
+neither
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">
+Syntax-Based
+Normalization
+</a>
+</cite>
+nor
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">
+Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+</a>
+</cite>
+are
+performed.
+Characters
+additionally
+allowed
+in
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+references
+are
+treated
+in
+the
+same
+way
+that
+unreserved
+characters
+are
+treated
+in
+URI
+references,
+per
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">
+section
+6.5
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+in
+the
+<i>
+remote
+contexts
+</i>
+array,
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">
+recursive
+context
+inclusion
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted;
+otherwise,
+add
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+remote
+contexts
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Initialize
+context
+no
+base
+to
+the
+result
+of
+cloning
+the
+active
+context
+.
+Remove
+the
+base
+IRI
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Dereference
+</ins>
+<i>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">no
+base
+</del>
+</i>.
+<del class="diff-old">Dereference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+<i>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cannot
+be
+dereferenced,
+a
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed"><ins class="diff-chg">
+loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+If
+the
+dereferenced
+document
+has
+no
+top-level
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+an
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+member,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">
+invalid
+remote
+context
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted;
+otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+that
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+recursively
+calling
+this
+algorithm,
+passing
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">context
+no
+base
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+remote
+contexts
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+context
+has
+no
+base
+IRI
+but
+result
+does,
+set
+the
+base
+IRI
+of
+context
+to
+the
+one
+of
+result
+.
+Overwrite
+result
+with
+context
+and
+continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Continue
+</ins>
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+context
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">
+invalid
+local
+context
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">key:
+Feature
+at
+Risk
+1
+:
+@base
+keyword
+Note:
+This
+feature
+is
+"at
+risk"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">may
+be
+removed
+from
+this
+specification
+based
+on
+feedback.
+Please
+send
+feedback
+to
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+.
+For
+the
+current
+status
+see
+features
+"at
+risk"
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Support
+for
+the
+@base
+keyword
+might
+be
+removed
+from
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+if
+implementation
+experience
+reveals
+that
+the
+fact
+that
+a
+document
+may
+have
+multiple
+base
+IRIs
+is
+confusing
+for
+developers.
+It
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+contexts
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">also
+being
+discussed
+whether
+relative
+IRIs
+are
+allowed
+as
+values
+of
+@base
+or
+whether
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">empty,
+i.e.,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+string
+should
+be
+used
+to
+explicitly
+specify
+that
+there
+isn't
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">currently
+being
+processed
+context
+is
+not
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">base
+IRI
+,
+which
+could
+be
+used
+to
+ensure
+that
+relative
+IRIs
+remain
+relative
+when
+expanding.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context:
+</ins>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@base
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+remove
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+<del class="diff-old">If
+it
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+an
+absolute
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
+relative
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-new">set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+result
+of
+resolving
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+against
+the
+current
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+</ins>
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">
+invalid
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+key:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+remove
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+from
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+If
+it
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">
+invalid
+vocab
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+remove
+any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>
+from
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+lowercased
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+If
+it
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">
+invalid
+default
+language
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+to
+use
+to
+keep
+track
+of
+whether
+or
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+has
+already
+been
+defined
+or
+currently
+being
+defined
+during
+recursion.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+pair
+in
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+where
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@base
+</code>,
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+invoke
+the
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+key
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="create-term-definition">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+6.2
+</span>
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+is
+called
+from
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>
+to
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-1">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+Term
+definitions
+</a>
+are
+created
+by
+parsing
+the
+information
+in
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+for
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+If
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+it
+may
+omit
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+by
+depending
+on
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+having
+its
+own
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+a
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+then
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+must
+first
+be
+created,
+through
+recursion,
+before
+continuing.
+Because
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+can
+depend
+on
+other
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definitions
+</a>,
+a
+mechanism
+must
+be
+used
+to
+detect
+cyclical
+dependencies.
+The
+solution
+employed
+here
+uses
+a
+map,
+<i>
+defined
+</i>,
+that
+keeps
+track
+of
+whether
+or
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+has
+been
+defined
+or
+is
+currently
+in
+the
+process
+of
+being
+defined.
+This
+map
+is
+checked
+before
+any
+recursion
+is
+attempted.
+</p>
+<p>
+After
+all
+dependencies
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+have
+been
+defined,
+the
+rest
+of
+the
+information
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+for
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+taken
+into
+account,
+creating
+the
+appropriate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-1">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+has
+four
+required
+inputs
+which
+are:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+a
+<i>
+term
+</i>,
+and
+a
+map
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+and
+the
+associated
+value
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+(indicating
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+has
+already
+been
+created),
+return.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">
+cyclic
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+'s
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+key
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>.
+This
+indicates
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+now
+being
+created
+but
+is
+not
+yet
+complete.
+</li>
+<li>
+Since
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+cannot
+be
+overridden,
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+must
+not
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">
+keyword
+redefinition
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+any
+existing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+copy
+of
+</ins>
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+the
+key-value
+pair
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+-
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+'s
+key
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+and
+return.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+<del class="diff-old">:
+Expand
+value
+by
+setting
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">convert
+</ins>
+it
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+IRI
+Expansion
+algorithm
+,
+passing
+active
+context
+,
+value
+,
+true
+for
+vocab
+,
+true
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+document
+relative
+,
+local
+context
+,
+and
+defined
+.
+If
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+key
+</ins>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@context
+,
+an
+invalid
+keyword
+alias
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">error
+has
+been
+detected
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">processing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whose
+value
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">aborted.
+Set
+the
+IRI
+mapping
+for
+the
+term
+definition
+for
+</del>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">term
+in
+active
+context
+to
+value
+,
+set
+the
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+defined
+'s
+key
+term
+to
+true
+,
+and
+return.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+must
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+if
+not,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">
+invalid
+term
+definition
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>,
+<i>
+definition
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+or
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+member,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+key
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+key
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+If
+the
+result
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+i.e.,
+it
+contains
+no
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+member,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+if
+that
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+member;
+otherwise
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+(reverse
+properties
+only
+support
+index-containers)
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+flag
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+and
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+'s
+key
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+return.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+flag
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@id
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+its
+value
+does
+not
+equal
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+resulting
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+mapping
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias"><ins class="diff-new">
+invalid
+keyword
+alias
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+if
+the
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+):
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+that
+is
+a
+key
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+a
+dependency
+has
+been
+found.
+Use
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+as
+<i>
+term
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+concatenating
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+and
+the
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+'s
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+term
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+concatenating
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+term
+</i>.
+If
+it
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">
+invalid
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+<del class="diff-old">true
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+<ins class="diff-chg">false
+</ins>
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+If
+the
+expanded
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+is
+neither
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+nor
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+nor
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">
+invalid
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+type
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@container
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+either
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>.
+Otherwise,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">
+invalid
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+container
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key,
+which
+must
+be
+either
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">
+invalid
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+set
+it
+to
+lowercased
+<i>
+language
+</i>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+language
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+<i>
+definition
+</i>
+and
+set
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+'s
+key
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+6.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+In
+JSON-LD
+documents,
+some
+keys
+and
+values
+may
+represent
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+that
+represents
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+into
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+It
+also
+covers
+transforming
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+aliases
+</a>
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+expansion
+may
+occur
+during
+context
+processing
+or
+during
+any
+of
+the
+other
+JSON-LD
+algorithms.
+If
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+expansion
+occurs
+during
+context
+processing,
+then
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+and
+its
+related
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+map
+from
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>
+are
+passed
+to
+this
+algorithm.
+This
+allows
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+dependencies
+to
+be
+processed
+via
+the
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-2">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+order
+to
+expand
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+we
+must
+first
+determine
+if
+it
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+alias
+</a>,
+or
+some
+form
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Based
+on
+what
+we
+find,
+we
+handle
+the
+specific
+kind
+of
+expansion;
+for
+example,
+we
+expand
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+alias
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+according
+to
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+While
+inspecting
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+we
+may
+also
+find
+that
+we
+need
+to
+create
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+dependencies
+because
+we're
+running
+this
+algorithm
+during
+context
+processing.
+We
+can
+tell
+whether
+or
+not
+we're
+running
+during
+context
+processing
+by
+checking
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+against
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+We
+know
+we
+need
+to
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+when
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+map
+does
+not
+have
+a
+key
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+with
+an
+associated
+value
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+The
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+map
+is
+used
+during
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+to
+keep
+track
+of
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+have
+already
+been
+defined
+or
+are
+in
+the
+process
+of
+being
+defined.
+We
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+by
+using
+the
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-2">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+required
+and
+four
+optional
+input
+variables.
+The
+required
+inputs
+are
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+be
+expanded.
+The
+optional
+inputs
+are
+two
+flags,
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+that
+specifying
+whether
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+can
+be
+interpreted
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+against
+the
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+respectively,
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+and
+a
+map
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+to
+be
+used
+when
+this
+algorithm
+is
+used
+during
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>.
+If
+not
+passed,
+the
+two
+flags
+are
+set
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+are
+initialized
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+it
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+and
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+invoke
+the
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+term
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+This
+will
+ensure
+that
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+created
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+during
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+return
+the
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+it
+is
+either
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Split
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+into
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>
+at
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+is
+underscore
+(
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+)
+or
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>
+begins
+with
+double-forward-slash
+(
+<code>
+//
+</code>
+),
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+it
+is
+already
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+it
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>,
+and
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+prefix
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+defined
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+invoke
+the
+<a href="#create-term-definition">
+Create
+Term
+Definition
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+prefix
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+term
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+defined
+</i>.
+This
+will
+ensure
+that
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+created
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+during
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+concatenating
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+associated
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+it
+is
+already
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+concatenating
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+with
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+resolving
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+against
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Only
+the
+basic
+algorithm
+in
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">
+section
+5.2
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">
+RFC3986
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+is
+used;
+neither
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">
+Syntax-Based
+Normalization
+</a>
+</cite>
+nor
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">
+Scheme-Based
+Normalization
+</a>
+</cite>
+are
+performed.
+Characters
+additionally
+allowed
+in
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+references
+are
+treated
+in
+the
+same
+way
+that
+unreserved
+characters
+are
+treated
+in
+URI
+references,
+per
+<cite>
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">
+section
+6.5
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="expansion-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+7.
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<section id="expansion-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+7.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+expands
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+such
+that
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+definitions
+are
+removed,
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+are
+expanded
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+IRIs
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+and
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+are
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+arrays
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-3">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+Starting
+with
+its
+root
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+we
+can
+process
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+recursively,
+until
+we
+have
+a
+fully
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expanded
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+When
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expanding
+</a>
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+we
+can
+treat
+each
+one
+differently
+according
+to
+its
+type,
+in
+order
+to
+break
+down
+the
+problem:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+there
+is
+nothing
+to
+expand.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>,
+we
+expand
+it
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+then
+we
+expand
+each
+of
+its
+items
+recursively
+and
+return
+them
+in
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+We
+expand
+each
+of
+its
+keys,
+adding
+them
+to
+our
+<i>
+result
+</i>,
+and
+then
+we
+expand
+each
+value
+for
+each
+key
+recursively.
+Some
+of
+the
+keys
+will
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+others
+will
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+or
+simply
+ignored
+because
+they
+do
+not
+have
+definitions
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>.
+Any
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+will
+be
+expanded
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+Finally,
+after
+ensuring
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+in
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+we
+return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-3">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing,
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>,
+or
+empty
+if
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+drop
+the
+free-floating
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>
+by
+returning
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+array,
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+the
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+must
+not
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+otherwise
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">
+list
+of
+lists
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+append
+each
+of
+its
+items
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+null,
+append
+it
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+<i>
+key
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+it
+neither
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+)
+nor
+it
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>,
+drop
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+by
+continuing
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+equals
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+has
+already
+an
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">
+colliding
+keywords
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">
+invalid
+@id
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+neither
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+nor
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">
+invalid
+type
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>
+to
+expand
+the
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+or
+each
+of
+its
+items.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">
+invalid
+value
+object
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+Null
+values
+need
+to
+be
+preserved
+in
+this
+case
+as
+the
+meaning
+of
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+depends
+on
+the
+existence
+of
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+lowercased
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">
+invalid
+@index
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+remove
+the
+free-floating
+list.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">
+list
+of
+lists
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">
+invalid
+@reverse
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member,
+i.e.,
+properties
+that
+are
+reversed
+twice,
+execute
+for
+each
+of
+its
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+contains
+members
+other
+than
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+items
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+other
+than
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+items
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>
+has
+no
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Unless
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">element.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">element
+</ins>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+then
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+expanded
+from
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map">
+language
+map
+</a>
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+language
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+<i>
+language
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+language
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+language
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+language
+value
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+must
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+otherwise
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">
+invalid
+language
+map
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+to
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+that
+consists
+of
+two
+key-value
+pairs:
+(
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+-
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+)
+and
+(
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+-lowercased
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+).
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+'s
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+then
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+expanded
+from
+an
+index
+map
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+index
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+<i>
+index
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+index
+value
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+the
+key
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+add
+the
+key-value
+pair
+(
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+-
+<i>
+index
+</i>
+)
+to
+<i>
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+initialize
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+ignore
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+by
+continuing
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+associated
+to
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+already
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+convert
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>
+by
+first
+setting
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+if
+it
+is
+not
+already
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+and
+then
+by
+setting
+it
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+the
+key-value
+pair
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+-
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+associated
+to
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+indicates
+that
+it
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>
+has
+no
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+key
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+to
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@value
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+must
+not
+contain
+any
+keys
+other
+than
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+It
+must
+not
+contain
+both
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key
+and
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key.
+Otherwise,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">
+invalid
+value
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+'s
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+'s
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+(only
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>
+can
+be
+language-tagged)
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+and
+its
+value
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">
+invalid
+typed
+value
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+its
+associated
+value
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+must
+contain
+at
+most
+one
+other
+key
+and
+that
+key
+must
+be
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+Otherwise,
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">
+invalid
+set
+or
+list
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+the
+key's
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+only
+the
+key
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>,
+drop
+free-floating
+values
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+contains
+the
+keys
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+whose
+only
+key
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+above
+algorithm
+is
+run,
+the
+result
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+contains
+only
+an
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+result
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+'s
+value.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+result
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Finally,
+if
+the
+result
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+then
+set
+the
+result
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+result.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="value-expansion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+7.2
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">
+compact
+form
+</a>.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+expanded
+</a>
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+A
+value
+is
+said
+to
+be
+in
+<dfn title="expanded-form" id="dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</dfn>
+after
+the
+application
+of
+this
+algorithm.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-4">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+set
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>
+on
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+returned.
+</p>
+<p>
+Otherwise,
+the
+result
+will
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+the
+passed
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+Additionally,
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+will
+be
+included
+if
+there
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+or
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+and
+there
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-4">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+required
+inputs:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+expand.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+that
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+return
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+that
+is
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+return
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+initialize
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+add
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+associated
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+add
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+language
+code
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+;
+unless
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+in
+which
+case
+no
+member
+is
+added.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>,
+add
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="compaction-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+8.
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<section id="compaction-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+8.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+compacts
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+such
+that
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+applied.
+This
+must
+result
+in
+shortening
+any
+applicable
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>,
+any
+applicable
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+aliases
+</a>,
+and
+any
+applicable
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">
+JSON-LD
+values
+</a>
+expressed
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+to
+simple
+values
+such
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-5">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+Starting
+with
+its
+root
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+we
+can
+process
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+recursively,
+until
+we
+have
+a
+fully
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compacted
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+When
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compacting
+</a>
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+we
+can
+treat
+each
+one
+differently
+according
+to
+its
+type,
+in
+order
+to
+break
+down
+the
+problem:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>,
+it
+is
+already
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">
+compacted
+form
+</a>,
+so
+we
+simply
+return
+it.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+we
+compact
+each
+of
+its
+items
+recursively
+and
+return
+them
+in
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+The
+value
+of
+each
+key
+in
+element
+is
+compacted
+recursively.
+Some
+of
+the
+keys
+will
+be
+compacted,
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+others
+will
+be
+compacted
+from
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+aliases
+</a>
+or
+simply
+left
+unchanged
+because
+they
+do
+not
+have
+definitions
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>.
+Values
+will
+be
+converted
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">
+compacted
+form
+</a>
+via
+the
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>.
+Some
+data
+will
+be
+reshaped
+based
+on
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>
+specified
+in
+the
+context
+such
+as
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+maps.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+The
+final
+output
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+if
+a
+non-empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+was
+given,
+where
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+either
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+or
+a
+wrapper
+for
+it
+where
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+appears
+as
+the
+value
+of
+an
+(aliased)
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+key
+because
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contained
+two
+or
+more
+items
+in
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-5">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+five
+required
+input
+variables:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+be
+compacted,
+and
+a
+flag
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>.
+To
+begin,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+</a>
+on
+the
+passed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#inverse-context-creation">
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+algorithm
+</a>
+on
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>,
+and,
+if
+not
+passed,
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>,
+it
+is
+already
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form,
+so
+simply
+return
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">em>item
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins></em>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+then
+append
+it
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+contains
+only
+one
+item
+(it
+has
+a
+length
+of
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+),
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+its
+only
+item.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+and
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,and
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>,
+return
+that
+result.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+inside
+reverse
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+equals
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>,
+otherwise
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+and
+value
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+ordered
+lexicographically
+by
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+then
+initialize
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+if
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+otherwise.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+must
+be
+a
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+item
+<i>
+expanded
+type
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>,
+append
+the
+result
+of
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+expanded
+type
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+to
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+contains
+only
+one
+item
+(it
+has
+a
+length
+of
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+),
+then
+set
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+to
+its
+only
+item.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+a
+member
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+and
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+indicates
+that
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>,
+add
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+value.
+Then
+append
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+its
+value
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+otherwise
+append
+each
+of
+its
+items.
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member
+from
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+has
+some
+remaining
+members,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+not
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+compacted
+value
+</i>
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+that
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+then
+the
+compacted
+result
+will
+be
+inside
+of
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+container,
+drop
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+property
+by
+continuing
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@language
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+a
+member
+<i>
+alias
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+and
+continue
+with
+the
+next
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+inside
+reverse
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>,
+set
+this
+key's
+value
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+key's
+value
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+then
+set
+it
+to
+one
+containing
+only
+the
+value.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+At
+this
+point,
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>
+must
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+due
+to
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>.
+For
+each
+item
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+value
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+inside
+reverse
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+If
+there
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+to
+its
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+this
+algorithm
+recursively,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+if
+it
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+otherwise
+pass
+the
+key's
+associated
+value
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+then
+set
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@list
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Convert
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>
+by
+setting
+it
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+containing
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+then
+add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+to
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+as
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+and
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins>
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+key
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+must
+not
+be
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+because
+there
+cannot
+be
+two
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+objects
+</a>
+associated
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+that
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+;
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">
+compaction
+to
+list
+of
+lists
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@index
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+is
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>,
+then
+initialize
+<i>
+map
+object
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value,
+otherwise
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+its
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+map
+key
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+with
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+expanded
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+map
+key
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+map
+object
+</i>,
+then
+set
+this
+key's
+value
+in
+<i>
+map
+object
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+then
+set
+it
+to
+one
+containing
+only
+the
+value
+and
+then
+append
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+it.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+or
+<i>
+expanded
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+then
+add
+the
+key-value
+pair,
+(
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+),
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+that
+equals
+<i>
+item
+active
+property
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+only
+the
+value.
+Then
+append
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+if
+<i>
+compacted
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+otherwise,
+concatenate
+it.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+If,
+after
+the
+algorithm
+outlined
+above
+is
+run,
+the
+result
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+key
+is
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+as
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+and
+whose
+value
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+Finally,
+if
+a
+non-empty
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+has
+been
+passed,
+add
+an
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+member
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+passed
+<i>
+context
+</i>.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="inverse-context-creation">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+8.2
+</span>
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+could
+be
+chosen
+to
+compact
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+it
+has
+to
+be
+ensured
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+selection
+is
+both
+deterministic
+and
+represents
+the
+most
+context-appropriate
+choice
+whilst
+taking
+into
+consideration
+algorithmic
+complexity.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+order
+to
+make
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+selections,
+the
+concept
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+is
+introduced.
+An
+<dfn title="inverse-context" id="dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</dfn>
+is
+essentially
+a
+reverse
+lookup
+table
+that
+maps
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mappings
+</a>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mappings
+</a>
+to
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+for
+a
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+only
+needs
+to
+be
+generated
+for
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+if
+it
+is
+being
+used
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compaction
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+make
+use
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+a
+list
+of
+preferred
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+are
+gathered
+for
+a
+particular
+value
+associated
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+These
+parameters
+are
+then
+fed
+to
+the
+<a href="#term-selection">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</a>,
+which
+will
+find
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+most
+appropriately
+matches
+the
+value's
+mappings.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-6">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+create
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+for
+a
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+visited,
+ordered
+by
+length,
+shortest
+first
+(ties
+are
+broken
+by
+choosing
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+).
+For
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+an
+entry
+is
+added
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+for
+each
+possible
+combination
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+that
+would
+legally
+match
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+Illegal
+matches
+include
+differences
+between
+a
+value's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+and
+that
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+has
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+(or
+some
+combination
+of
+these),
+then
+it
+will
+have
+an
+entry
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+special
+key
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+This
+allows
+the
+<a href="#term-selection">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</a>
+to
+fall
+back
+to
+choosing
+more
+generic
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+when
+a
+more
+specifically-matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+is
+not
+available
+for
+a
+particular
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+and
+value
+combination.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-6">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+one
+required
+input:
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+is
+being
+created
+for.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+default
+language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+default
+language
+</i>
+to
+it.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+and
+value
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+ordered
+by
+shortest
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+first
+(breaking
+ties
+by
+choosing
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+):
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+cannot
+be
+selected
+during
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compaction
+</a>,
+so
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+If
+there
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>,
+add
+a
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+container
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+container
+<ins class="diff-new">map
+</ins>
+</i>
+has
+no
+<i>
+container
+<del class="diff-old">map
+</del>
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+two
+members.
+The
+first
+member
+is
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+its
+value
+is
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+the
+second
+member
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+its
+value
+is
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+container
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+indicates
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+represents
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+member
+corresponding
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+(might
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+):
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+language
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+equals
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@null
+</code>
+;
+otherwise
+set
+it
+to
+the
+language
+code
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+language
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+language
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+language
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+language
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+default
+language
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+language
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+being
+processed.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="iri-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+8.3
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+compacts
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">
+keyword
+alias
+</a>.
+A
+value
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+may
+be
+passed
+in
+order
+to
+assist
+in
+selecting
+the
+most
+context-appropriate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-7">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+the
+passed
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+we
+simply
+return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Otherwise,
+we
+first
+try
+to
+find
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+can
+be
+compacted
+to
+if
+it
+is
+relative
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>.
+In
+order
+to
+select
+the
+most
+appropriate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+we
+may
+have
+to
+collect
+information
+about
+the
+passed
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+This
+information
+includes
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>
+would
+be
+preferred
+for
+expressing
+the
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+and
+what
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+is.
+For
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+JSON-LD
+lists
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+will
+be
+chosen
+based
+on
+the
+most
+specific
+values
+that
+work
+for
+all
+items
+in
+the
+list.
+Once
+this
+information
+is
+gathered,
+it
+is
+passed
+to
+the
+<a href="#term-selection">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</a>,
+which
+will
+return
+the
+most
+appropriate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+to
+use.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+was
+found
+that
+could
+be
+used
+to
+compact
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+an
+attempt
+is
+made
+compact
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+if
+there
+is
+one.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+could
+not
+be
+compacted,
+an
+attempt
+is
+made
+to
+find
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+If
+there
+is
+no
+appropriate
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+transformed
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+document's
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Finally,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+still
+could
+not
+be
+compacted,
+it
+is
+returned
+as
+is.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-7">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+required
+inputs
+and
+three
+optional
+inputs.
+The
+required
+inputs
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+the
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+to
+be
+compacted.
+The
+optional
+inputs
+are
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+a
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+flag
+which
+specifies
+whether
+the
+passed
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+should
+be
+compacted
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<i>
+reverse
+</i>
+flag
+which
+specifies
+whether
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">
+reverse
+property
+</a>
+is
+being
+compacted.
+If
+not
+passed,
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+reverse
+</i>
+are
+both
+set
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+is
+a
+key
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+default
+language
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>,
+if
+it
+has
+one,
+otherwise
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+containers
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+This
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+will
+be
+used
+to
+keep
+track
+of
+an
+ordered
+list
+of
+preferred
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+based
+on
+what
+is
+compatible
+with
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+and
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@null
+</code>.
+These
+two
+variables
+will
+keep
+track
+of
+the
+preferred
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+based
+on
+what
+is
+compatible
+with
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+then
+append
+the
+value
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+reverse
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>,
+and
+append
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+most
+specific
+values
+that
+work
+for
+all
+items
+in
+the
+list
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+is
+a
+not
+key
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+then
+append
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+common
+<ins class="diff-new">type
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+common
+</ins>
+language
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+If
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+is
+empty,
+set
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+default
+language
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+list
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+item
+language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+item
+type
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@value
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@language
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+item
+language
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+item
+type
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+item
+language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@null
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+item
+type
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<i>
+item
+language
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+item
+language
+</i>
+does
+not
+equal
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@value
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+because
+list
+items
+have
+conflicting
+languages.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<i>
+item
+type
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+item
+type
+</i>
+does
+not
+equal
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+because
+list
+items
+have
+conflicting
+types.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@none
+</code>,
+then
+stop
+processing
+items
+in
+the
+list
+because
+it
+has
+been
+detected
+that
+there
+is
+no
+common
+language
+or
+type
+amongst
+the
+items.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+@none
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+then
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+common
+type
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+common
+language
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+and
+does
+not
+contain
+the
+key
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value
+and
+append
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains
+the
+key
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+then
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+its
+associated
+value
+and
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+and
+set
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<code>
+@set
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<code>
+@none
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+containers
+</i>.
+This
+represents
+the
+non-existence
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>,
+and
+it
+will
+be
+the
+last
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+value
+to
+be
+checked
+as
+it
+is
+the
+most
+generic.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+@null
+</code>.
+This
+is
+the
+key
+under
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+values
+are
+stored
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+<i>
+entry
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+This
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+will
+indicate,
+in
+order,
+the
+preferred
+values
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>,
+append
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+document
+relative
+</i>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+that
+equals
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+key
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+then
+append
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@none
+</code>,
+in
+that
+order,
+to
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+and
+<code>
+@none
+</code>,
+in
+that
+order,
+to
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<i>
+type/language
+value
+</i>
+and
+<code>
+@none
+</code>,
+in
+that
+order,
+to
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#term-selection">
+Term
+Selection
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+<i>
+containers
+</i>,
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+term
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+term
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+At
+this
+point,
+there
+is
+no
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+can
+be
+compacted
+to.
+If
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+begins
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping's
+</a>
+value
+but
+is
+longer,
+then
+initialize
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>
+to
+the
+substring
+of
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+that
+does
+not
+match.
+If
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+then
+return
+<i>
+suffix
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+could
+not
+be
+compacted
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>.
+Try
+to
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+starting
+by
+initializing
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+This
+variable
+will
+be
+used
+to
+tore
+the
+created
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>,
+if
+any.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+and
+value
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+contains
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+then
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+because
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+with
+colons
+can't
+be
+used
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefixes
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+equals
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+or
+its
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+substring
+at
+the
+beginning
+of
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+cannot
+be
+used
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+because
+it
+is
+not
+a
+partial
+match
+with
+<i>
+iri
+</i>.
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+candidate
+</i>
+by
+concatenating
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+),
+and
+the
+substring
+of
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+that
+follows
+after
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+either
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+or
+<i>
+candidate
+</i>
+is
+shorter
+or
+the
+same
+length
+but
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+candidate
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+or
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+has
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>
+that
+equals
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+candidate
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+then
+transform
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">
+relative
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+using
+the
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Finally,
+return
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="term-selection">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+8.4
+</span>
+Term
+Selection
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm,
+invoked
+via
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+makes
+use
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context's
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>
+to
+find
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+is
+best
+used
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">
+compact
+</a>
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+Other
+information
+about
+a
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+given,
+including
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>
+and
+which
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+would
+be
+best
+used
+to
+express
+the
+value.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-8">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context's
+</a>
+entry
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+will
+be
+first
+searched
+according
+to
+the
+preferred
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>,
+in
+the
+order
+that
+they
+are
+given.
+Amongst
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>,
+preference
+will
+be
+given
+to
+those
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>,
+over
+those
+without
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>.
+If
+there
+is
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+then
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+without
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+that
+matches
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+is
+selected.
+If
+there
+is
+still
+no
+selected
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>,
+then
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+with
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+will
+be
+selected
+if
+available.
+No
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+will
+be
+selected
+that
+has
+a
+conflicting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>.
+Ties
+between
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+terms
+</a>
+that
+have
+the
+same
+mappings
+are
+resolved
+by
+first
+choosing
+the
+shortest
+terms,
+and
+then
+by
+choosing
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+term.
+Note
+that
+these
+ties
+are
+resolved
+automatically
+because
+they
+were
+previously
+resolved
+when
+the
+<a href="#inverse-context-creation">
+Inverse
+Context
+Creation
+algorithm
+</a>
+was
+used
+to
+create
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-8">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+has
+five
+required
+inputs.
+They
+are:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+containers
+</i>
+that
+represents
+an
+ordered
+list
+of
+preferred
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mappings
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+that
+indicates
+whether
+to
+look
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>,
+and
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+representing
+an
+ordered
+list
+of
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+to
+look
+for.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+container
+map
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+iri
+</i>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+item
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+containers
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+container
+map
+</i>,
+then
+there
+is
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+it,
+so
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+container
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+container
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+container
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+map
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+<i>
+type/language
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+type/language
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+preferred
+values
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+not
+a
+key
+in
+<i>
+value
+map
+</i>,
+then
+there
+is
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+with
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>,
+so
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+a
+matching
+term
+has
+been
+found,
+return
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+value
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+No
+matching
+term
+has
+been
+found.
+Return
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="value-compaction">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+8.5
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">
+Expansion
+</a>
+transforms
+all
+values
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">
+expanded
+form
+</a>
+in
+JSON-LD.
+This
+algorithm
+performs
+the
+opposite
+operation,
+transforming
+a
+value
+into
+<dfn title="compacted-form" id="dfn-compacted-form">
+compacted
+form
+</dfn>.
+This
+algorithm
+compacts
+a
+value
+according
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+in
+the
+given
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+value's
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-9">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+compact
+has
+either
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+the
+former
+case,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+consists
+of
+only
+of
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+and,
+if
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member,
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+can
+be
+compacted
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+by
+returning
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>
+to
+compact
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member.
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+cannot
+be
+compacted
+and
+is
+returned
+as
+is.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+the
+latter
+case,
+it
+might
+be
+possible
+to
+compact
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+just
+into
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member.
+This
+can
+be
+done
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+has
+a
+matching
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+and
+there
+is
+either
+no
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+It
+can
+also
+be
+done
+if
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+is
+the
+only
+member
+in
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+(apart
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+in
+case
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+)
+and
+either
+its
+associated
+value
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+there
+is
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>,
+or
+there
+is
+an
+explicit
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-9">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+has
+four
+required
+inputs:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+be
+compacted.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+to
+the
+number
+of
+members
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+contains.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">
+container
+mapping
+</a>
+associated
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@index
+</code>,
+decrease
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+by
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+is
+greater
+than
+<code>
+2
+</code>,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+it
+cannot
+be
+compacted.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@id
+</code>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+and
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">
+inverse
+context
+</a>,
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+for
+<i>
+iri
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+vocab
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+matches
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">
+type
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+return
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+matches
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+return
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+number
+members
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+1
+</code>
+and
+either
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+has
+no
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>,
+or
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">
+language
+mapping
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,,
+return
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+as
+is.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="flattening-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+9.
+</span>
+Flattening
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<section id="flattening-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+9.1
+</span>
+Flattening
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+flattens
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+by
+collecting
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+labeling
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>.
+This
+resulting
+uniform
+shape
+of
+the
+document,
+may
+drastically
+simplify
+the
+code
+required
+to
+process
+JSON-LD
+data
+in
+certain
+applications.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-10">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+First,
+a
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+is
+generated
+using
+the
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</a>
+which
+collects
+all
+properties
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+In
+the
+next
+step,
+the
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+is
+converted
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+in
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="flattened-document-form" href="../json-ld/#flattened-document-form">
+flattened
+document
+form
+</a>.
+Finally,
+if
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+has
+been
+passed,
+the
+flattened
+document
+is
+compacted
+using
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>
+before
+being
+returned.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-10">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+input
+variables,
+an
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+flatten
+and
+an
+optional
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+used
+to
+compact
+the
+flattened
+document.
+If
+not
+passed,
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+whose
+key
+is
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+and
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Perform
+the
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+default
+graph
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>,
+which
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+where
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+is
+not
+<code>
+@default
+</code>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+default
+graph
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+default
+graph
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+entry
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+an
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+to
+<i>
+entry
+</i>
+and
+set
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+pair
+in
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+id
+</i>,
+add
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+entry
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+pair
+in
+<i>
+default
+graph
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+id
+</i>,
+add
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+return
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+return
+the
+result
+of
+compacting
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>
+according
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+ensuring
+that
+the
+compaction
+result
+<del class="diff-old">uses
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+only
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+keyword
+(or
+its
+alias)
+at
+the
+<del class="diff-old">top-level,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">top-level
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>,
+even
+if
+the
+context
+is
+empty
+or
+if
+there
+is
+only
+one
+element
+to
+put
+in
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+This
+ensures
+that
+the
+returned
+document
+has
+a
+deterministic
+structure.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="node-map-generation">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+9.2
+</span>
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+creates
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+holding
+an
+indexed
+representation
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+graphs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+nodes
+</a>
+represented
+in
+the
+passed
+expanded
+document.
+All
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+nodes
+</a>
+that
+are
+not
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+get
+assigned
+a
+(new)
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+will
+have
+a
+member
+for
+every
+graph
+in
+the
+document
+whose
+value
+is
+another
+object
+with
+a
+member
+for
+every
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+represented
+in
+the
+document.
+The
+default
+graph
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+member,
+all
+other
+graphs
+are
+stored
+under
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-11">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+recursively
+runs
+over
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+collect
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+properties
+</a>
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+The
+algorithm
+constructs
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+whose
+keys
+represent
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+names
+</a>
+used
+in
+the
+document
+(the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+is
+stored
+under
+the
+key
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+)
+and
+whose
+associated
+values
+are
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>
+which
+index
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+nodes
+</a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">
+graph
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property's
+</a>
+value
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>,
+it
+is
+replace
+by
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+only
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+has
+no
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+or
+it
+is
+identified
+by
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+is
+generated.
+This
+relabeling
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>
+is
+also
+be
+done
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+properties
+</a>
+and
+values
+of
+<code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-11">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+input
+an
+expanded
+JSON-LD
+document
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+and
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>.
+Furthermore
+it
+has
+the
+optional
+parameters
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>
+(which
+defaults
+to
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+),
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+a
+reference
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+If
+not
+passed,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+are
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+an
+array,
+process
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+as
+follows
+and
+then
+return:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Run
+this
+algorithm
+recursively
+by
+passing
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+Reference
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+which
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+graph
+</i>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+otherwise
+reference
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+for
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+newly
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+has
+no
+member
+<i>
+item
+</i>,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+compare
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+against
+every
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+If
+there
+is
+no
+item
+equivalent
+to
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+append
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Two
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>
+are
+considered
+equal
+if
+they
+have
+equivalent
+key-value
+pairs.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+call
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+value
+of
+<i>
+element's
+</i>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+to
+the
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member,
+set
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+to
+its
+value
+and
+remove
+the
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+If
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+newly
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+for
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+does
+not
+contain
+a
+member
+<i>
+id
+</i>,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+id
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+reference
+</i>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+id
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+<i>
+reference
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+compare
+<i>
+reference
+</i>
+against
+every
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+If
+there
+is
+no
+item
+equivalent
+to
+<i>
+reference
+</i>,
+append
+<i>
+reference
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Two
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+objects
+</a>
+are
+considered
+equal
+if
+they
+have
+equivalent
+key-value
+pairs.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+append
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key,
+append
+each
+item
+of
+its
+associated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+unless
+it
+is
+already
+in
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+Finally
+remove
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member,
+set
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+its
+value.
+If
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
+node
+</a>
+has
+already
+an
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+with
+a
+different
+value,
+a
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">
+conflicting
+indexes
+</a>
+</code>
+error
+has
+been
+detected
+and
+processing
+is
+aborted.
+Otherwise,
+continue
+by
+removing
+the
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+<i>
+referenced
+node
+</i>
+with
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+id
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+values
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+reverse
+map
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+of
+<i>
+values
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+has
+a
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member,
+append
+<i>
+referenced
+node
+</i>
+to
+its
+value;
+otherwise
+create
+a
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+containing
+<i>
+referenced
+node
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member,
+recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>
+before
+removing
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+from
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Finally,
+for
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+replace
+it
+with
+a
+newly
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Recursively
+invoke
+this
+algorithm
+passing
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+for
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">
+active
+graph
+</a>,
+<i>
+id
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">
+active
+property
+</a>,
+and
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="generate-blank-node-identifier">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+9.3
+</span>
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+is
+used
+to
+determine
+if
+two
+generate
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>
+or
+to
+relabel
+an
+existing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+to
+avoid
+collision
+by
+the
+introduction
+of
+new
+ones.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-12">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+simplest
+case
+is
+if
+there
+exists
+already
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+in
+the
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>
+for
+the
+passed
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>,
+in
+which
+case
+it
+is
+simply
+returned.
+Otherwise,
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+is
+generated
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+<code>
+_:b
+</code>
+and
+the
+<i>
+counter
+</i>.
+If
+the
+passed
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+an
+entry
+is
+created
+in
+the
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>
+associating
+the
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+Finally,
+the
+<i>
+counter
+</i>
+is
+increased
+by
+one
+and
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+is
+returned.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-12">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+single
+input
+variable
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+which
+may
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+Between
+its
+executions,
+the
+algorithm
+needs
+to
+keep
+an
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>
+to
+relabel
+existing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>
+consistently
+and
+a
+<i>
+counter
+</i>
+to
+generate
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>.
+The
+<i>
+counter
+</i>
+is
+initialized
+to
+<code>
+0
+</code>
+by
+default.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+has
+an
+entry
+in
+the
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>,
+return
+the
+mapped
+identifier.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+<code>
+_:b
+</code>
+and
+<i>
+counter
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Increment
+<i>
+counter
+</i>
+by
+<code>
+1
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+create
+a
+new
+entry
+for
+<i>
+identifier
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="rdf-conversion-algorithms">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+10.
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+section
+describes
+algorithms
+to
+transform
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>
+and
+vice
+versa.
+The
+algorithms
+are
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+Throughout
+this
+section,
+the
+following
+vocabulary
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefixes
+</a>
+are
+used
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">
+compact
+IRIs
+</a>:
+</p>
+<table rules="all">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>
+Prefix
+</th>
+<th>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+rdf
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+rdfs
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+xsd
+</td>
+<td>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.1
+</span>
+Convert
+to
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithms
+converts
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>.
+Please
+note
+that
+RDF
+does
+not
+allow
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+to
+be
+used
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>,
+while
+JSON-LD
+does.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">
+JSON-LD-RDF
+Converters
+</a>
+can
+work
+around
+this
+restriction,
+when
+converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF,
+by
+converting
+such
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+minting
+new
+"Skolem
+IRIs"
+as
+per
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-skolemization">
+Replacing
+Blank
+Nodes
+with
+IRIs
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<div class="issue atrisk">
+<div class="issue-title" role="heading" aria-level="4">
+<span>
+Feature
+at
+Risk
+3
+</span>:
+Allow
+blank
+nodes
+to
+be
+used
+as
+graph
+name
+or
+property
+</div>
+<div class="atrisk">
+<p class="atrisk-head">
+Note:
+This
+feature
+is
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr#cfi">
+"at
+risk"
+</a>
+and
+may
+be
+removed
+from
+this
+specification
+based
+on
+feedback.
+Please
+send
+feedback
+to
+<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+</a>.
+For
+the
+current
+status
+see
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/wiki/JSON-LD_Features_at_Risk">
+features
+"at
+risk"
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+</a>
+</p>
+<p>
+RDF
+does
+not
+currently
+allow
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+to
+be
+used
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>,
+while
+JSON-LD
+does.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">
+JSON-LD-RDF
+Converters
+</a>
+can
+work
+around
+this
+restriction,
+when
+converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF,
+by
+converting
+such
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+nodes
+</a>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>,
+minting
+new
+"Skolem
+IRIs"
+as
+per
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-skolemization">
+Replacing
+Blank
+Nodes
+with
+IRIs
+</a>
+</cite>
+of
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+RDF11-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Based
+on
+feedback
+from
+implementors
+the
+Working
+Group
+may
+decide
+to
+disallow
+blank
+nodes
+as
+graph
+names
+and
+properties
+in
+JSON-LD.
+If
+this
+change
+would
+affect
+you,
+be
+sure
+to
+send
+in
+a
+comment.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-13">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+expanded
+and
+converted
+to
+a
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</a>.
+This
+allows
+each
+graph
+represented
+within
+the
+document
+to
+be
+extracted
+and
+flattened,
+making
+it
+easier
+to
+process
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+Each
+graph
+from
+the
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+is
+processed
+to
+extract
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triples
+</a>,
+to
+which
+any
+(non-default)
+graph
+name
+is
+applied
+to
+create
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>.
+Each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+in
+the
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+which
+corresponds
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-subject" href="#dfn-rdf-subject">
+RDF
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+other
+members
+represent
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-predicate" href="#dfn-rdf-predicate">
+RDF
+predicates
+</a>.
+Each
+member
+value
+is
+either
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+or
+can
+be
+transformed
+to
+an
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literal
+</a>
+to
+generate
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</a>.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+Lists
+</a>
+are
+transformed
+into
+an
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
+RDF
+Collection
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">
+List
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm.
+</a>
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-13">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+and
+returns
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Expand
+<i>
+element
+</i>
+according
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+according
+the
+<a href="#node-map-generation">
+Node
+Map
+Generation
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>
+<i>
+dataset
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+triples
+</i>
+as
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+graph
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+values
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+node
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+then
+for
+each
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+values
+</i>,
+append
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>,
+and
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+values
+</i>
+pair.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+property
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>.
+For
+each
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+values
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>,
+initialize
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>
+as
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+list
+head
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+the
+<a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">
+List
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+key
+from
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>.
+Append
+first
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<i>
+property
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+list
+head
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+triples
+</i>
+and
+finally
+append
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triples
+</a>
+from
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+Append
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<i>
+property
+</i>,
+and
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+is
+<code>
+@default
+</code>,
+add
+<i>
+triples
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+in
+<i>
+dataset
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+create
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">
+named
+graph
+</a>
+in
+<i>
+dataset
+</i>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+graph
+name
+</i>
+and
+add
+<i>
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+dataset
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="object-to-rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.2
+</span>
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+and
+transforms
+it
+into
+an
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-resource" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-resource">
+RDF
+resource
+</a>
+to
+be
+used
+as
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+of
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-14">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+Value
+objects
+</a>
+are
+transformed
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+as
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+whereas
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+objects
+</a>
+are
+transformed
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-14">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+as
+its
+sole
+argument
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+which
+must
+be
+either
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>
+return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+associated
+with
+its
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>.
+Initialize
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+in
+<i>
+item
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+if
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+such
+a
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+false
+</code>
+which
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+as
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+If
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+with
+fractions
+or
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+convert
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+an
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>.
+If
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+without
+fractions
+or
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>,
+convert
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+an
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>.
+If
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+set
+it
+to
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+rdf:langString
+</code>,
+depending
+on
+if
+item
+has
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+literal
+</i>
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literal
+</a>
+using
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+datatype
+</i>.
+If
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+has
+an
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member,
+add
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key
+as
+the
+language
+tag
+of
+<i>
+literal
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+literal
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="list-to-rdf-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.3
+</span>
+List
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+List
+Conversion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>
+and
+transforming
+it
+into
+an
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
+RDF
+Collection
+</a>
+as
+defined
+in
+RDF
+Semantics
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-MT">
+RDF-MT
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-15">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+each
+element
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+is
+allocated
+which
+is
+used
+to
+generate
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triples
+</a>.
+The
+algorithm
+returns
+the
+list
+head,
+which
+is
+either
+the
+the
+first
+allocated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+or
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>
+is
+empty.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-15">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+inputs:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+and
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>
+used
+for
+returning
+the
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triples
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+list
+</i>
+is
+empty,
+return
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+create
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+bnodes
+</i>
+composed
+of
+a
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+newly
+generated
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+for
+each
+entry
+in
+<i>
+list
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+pair
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+bnodes
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+from
+<i>
+list
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Append
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<code>
+rdf:first
+</code>,
+and
+the
+result
+of
+using
+th
+<a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">
+Object
+to
+RDF
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</a>
+passing
+<i>
+item
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+rest
+</i>
+as
+the
+next
+entry
+in
+<i>
+bnodes
+</i>,
+or
+if
+that
+does
+not
+exist,
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>.
+Append
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
+triple
+</a>
+composed
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<code>
+rdf:rest
+</code>,
+and
+<i>
+rest
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+list
+triples
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+first
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">
+blank
+node
+</a>
+from
+<i>
+bnodes
+</i>
+or
+<code>
+rdf:nil
+</code>
+if
+<i>
+bnodes
+</i>
+is
+empty.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.4
+</span>
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+Algorithm
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+converts
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+and
+zero
+or
+more
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">
+named
+graphs
+</a>
+into
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">Feature
+at
+Risk
+4
+:
+Converting
+list
+of
+lists
+to
+JSON-LD
+Note:
+This
+feature
+is
+"at
+risk"
+and
+may
+be
+removed
+from
+this
+specification
+based
+on
+feedback.
+Please
+send
+feedback
+to
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+.
+For
+the
+current
+status
+see
+features
+"at
+risk"
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+In
+the
+interest
+of
+space
+and
+simplicity,
+the
+steps
+necessary
+for
+handling
+lists
+of
+lists
+have
+been
+omitted.
+Such
+lists
+and
+their
+elements
+must,
+recursively,
+be
+handled
+like
+other
+lists.
+Lists
+of
+lists
+can,
+however,
+not
+be
+represented
+in
+JSON-LD
+using
+@list
+;
+they
+have
+to
+be
+represented
+as
+a
+set
+of
+interlinked
+node
+objects
+using
+RDF's
+rdf:first
+and
+rdf:rest
+properties.
+The
+Working
+Group
+might
+either
+require
+handling
+of
+lists-of-lists
+or
+forbid
+them
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0.
+Implementers
+please
+send
+reports
+of
+whether
+you
+are
+able
+to
+implement
+handling
+for
+lists-of-lists
+or
+would
+instead
+request
+such
+structures
+be
+disallowed.
+</del>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-16">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+Iterate
+through
+each
+graph
+in
+the
+dataset,
+converting
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
+RDF
+Collections
+</a>
+into
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">
+list
+</a>
+and
+generating
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+in
+expanded
+form
+for
+all
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+flag
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+that
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+are
+converted
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+JSON
+numbers
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+that
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>
+are
+converted
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+based
+on
+their
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+as
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-16">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+required
+inputs:
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>
+and
+a
+flag
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+that
+defaults
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+default
+graph
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+new
+JSON
+object
+consisting
+of
+two
+members,
+nodeMap
+and
+listMap
+,
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+</del>
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+graph
+map
+</i>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+empty
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+whose
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+set
+to
+reference
+default
+graph
+.
+Reference
+the
+nodeMap
+member
+of
+default
+graph
+using
+the
+variable
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">references
+</ins>
+<i>
+default
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">
+RDF
+dataset
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>,
+set
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+@default
+</code>,
+otherwise
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">
+graph
+name
+</a>
+associated
+with
+<i>
+graph
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+map
+</i>
+has
+no
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+<del class="diff-old">a
+to
+a
+new
+JSON
+object
+consisting
+of
+two
+members,
+nodeMap
+and
+listMap
+,
+whose
+value
+is
+an
+</del>
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+is
+not
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+default
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+</del>
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+member,
+create
+such
+a
+member
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+with
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+<i>
+name
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+member
+in
+<i>
+graph
+map
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+object
+.
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+nodeMap
+member
+in
+graph
+object
+using
+the
+variable
+</del>
+node
+map
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+value
+of
+the
+listMap
+member
+using
+the
+variable
+list
+map
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</a>
+in
+<i>
+graph
+</i>
+consisting
+of
+<i>
+subject
+</i>,
+<i>
+predicate
+</i>,
+and
+<i>
+object
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">predicate
+equals
+rdf:first
+,
+If
+list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+map
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+no
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins>
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+<del class="diff-old">it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">its
+value
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+empty
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+new
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Initialize
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Reference
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">first
+member
+of
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">in
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+map
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+result
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+algorithm
+,
+passing
+object
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">variable
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">use
+native
+types
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Continue
+with
+the
+next
+RDF
+triple
+.
+</del>
+If
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">predicate
+equals
+rdf:rest
+:
+If
+list
+map
+has
+no
+subject
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+empty
+JSON
+</del>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Initialize
+the
+value
+of
+the
+rest
+member
+of
+the
+subject
+</del>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+list
+map
+to
+object
+,
+which
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">either
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">absolute
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+RDF
+triple
+.
+If
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+equal
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+<i>
+node
+map
+</i>
+does
+not
+have
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins>
+</i>
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+.
+Reference
+the
+value
+of
+the
+subject
+member
+in
+node
+map
+using
+the
+variable
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+predicate
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>,
+and
+<i>
+object
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>,
+append
+<i>
+object
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+If
+no
+such
+member
+exists,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+it
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+whose
+only
+item
+is
+<i>
+object
+</i>.
+Finally,
+continue
+to
+the
+next
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">
+RDF
+triple
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+equals
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins>
+</i>
+does
+not
+<del class="diff-old">have
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">equal
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+set
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">predicate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+</ins>
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+set
+</ins>
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+set
+</ins>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion">
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<i>
+object
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+does
+not
+have
+an
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member,
+create
+one
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>.</li><li>
+Add
+a
+reference
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<i>
+predicate
+</i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+object
+</i>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+IRI
+or
+</del>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+predicate
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+equals
+neither
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+nor
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code>,
+it
+might
+represent
+the
+head
+of
+a
+RDF
+list:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins>
+map
+</i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">no
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+usages
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+add
+a
+reference
+to
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">member,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+it;
+otherwise
+</ins>
+create
+<del class="diff-old">one
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">such
+a
+member
+</ins>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+an
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+JSON
+object
+.
+Set
+the
+head
+member
+of
+the
+object
+member
+of
+list
+map
+to
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+only
+item
+is
+</ins>
+a
+reference
+<del class="diff-old">of
+value
+.
+This
+reference
+may
+be
+required
+later
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">replace
+the
+</del>
+<i>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+predicate
+member
+of
+node
+with
+a
+list
+object
+.
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+name
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+graph
+object
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+graph
+map
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Reference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subjects
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+whose
+items
+are
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keys
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+listMap
+member
+in
+</del>
+<i>
+graph
+object
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+variable
+list
+map
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+<del class="diff-old">each
+key-value
+pair
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">item
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subj
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">-
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subjects
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+object
+</ins>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-new">does
+not
+have
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subj
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+member,
+it
+has
+been
+removed
+as
+it
+was
+part
+</ins>
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+list.
+Continue
+with
+the
+next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subj
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Reference
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">listMap
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subj
+</ins></i>
+member
+of
+<i>
+graph
+object
+<del class="diff-old">:
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+the
+variable
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i>.</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">not
+an
+head
+and
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">no
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">usages
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">it
+does
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+its
+value
+is
+</ins>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">represent
+the
+head
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+consisting
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+list
+.
+Continue
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">one
+item,
+continue
+</ins>
+with
+the
+next
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair.
+</del>
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subj
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Reference
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">only
+item
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+is
+the
+</ins>
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">head
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">usages
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</i>
+using
+the
+variable
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Remove
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Initialize
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">variables
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+nodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+arrays
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Initialize
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subj
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+As
+long
+as
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+does
+not
+equal
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+not
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+;
+the
+value
+of
+its
+</ins>
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">does
+not
+begin
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+_:
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+it
+has
+members
+other
+than
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+usages
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+;
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+its
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+member
+is
+not
+</ins>
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-new">array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+item;
+or
+the
+value
+of
+its
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@list
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:rest
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+containing
+a
+single
+item
+which
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+has
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+it
+is
+not
+a
+valid
+list
+node.
+Set
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+initialize
+it
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">null.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+the
+item
+of
+the
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">containing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">which
+is
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:first
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">While
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Add
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">rest
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+is
+not
+rdf:nil
+:
+Set
+rest
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+<ins class="diff-new">list
+nodes
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+only
+item
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+is
+</ins>
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">rest
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:rest
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.
+Set
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins>
+</i>
+to
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+its
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+object
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member,
+reference
+its
+value
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">variable
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">rest
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">node
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">member
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">;
+otherwise
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+node
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+<i>
+list
+<del class="diff-old">map
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+contains
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+cycle
+has
+been
+detected,
+set
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li></ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Add
+the
+value
+associated
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+continue
+</ins>
+with
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">next
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+subj
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Remove
+the
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">first
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">from
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">entry
+to
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></i>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Add
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+@list
+</code>
+member
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+initialize
+it
+to
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+</ins>
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">For
+each
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+nodes
+</ins></i>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+remove
+the
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+object
+</ins></i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+and
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+in
+<i>
+default
+graph
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+</del>
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+subject
+</i>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+graph
+map
+</i>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins>
+<i>
+subject
+</i>
+member:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Add
+a
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+to
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+and
+initialize
+its
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Reference
+the
+nodeMap
+member
+of
+the
+subject
+member
+of
+graph
+map
+using
+the
+variable
+node
+map
+.
+</del>
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+<i>
+s
+</i>
+-
+<i>
+n
+</i>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+the
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-chg">
+member
+of
+</ins><i><ins class="diff-chg">
+graph
+</ins>
+map
+</i>
+ordered
+by
+<i>
+s
+</i>,
+append
+<i>
+n
+</i>
+to
+the
+<code>
+@graph
+</code>
+member
+of
+<i>
+node
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">after
+removing
+its
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+usages
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Append
+<i>
+node
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+result
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</i>
+<ins class="diff-chg">after
+removing
+its
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+usages
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+member.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="rdf-to-object-conversion">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.5
+</span>
+RDF
+to
+Object
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+transforms
+an
+RDF
+literal
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+and
+a
+RDF
+blank
+node
+or
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+an
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<section class="informative">
+<h4 id="overview-17">
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+are
+transformed
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+objects
+</a>
+whereas
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+IRIs
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+</a>
+are
+transformed
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+objects
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+flag
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+that
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+are
+converted
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+JSON
+numbers
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+that
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>
+are
+converted
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+based
+on
+their
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+as
+described
+in
+<a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">
+section
+10.6
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="algorithm-17">
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+This
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+required
+inputs:
+a
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+to
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+and
+a
+flag
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+an
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+<del class="diff-old">:
+If
+value
+equals
+rdf:nil
+return
+a
+new
+JSON
+object
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+@list
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+an
+empty
+array
+.
+This
+is
+behavior
+is
+required
+by
+the
+Convert
+from
+RDF
+algorithm
+.
+Otherwise,
+</del>
+</a>,
+return
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+consisting
+of
+a
+single
+member
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literal
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+result.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+converted
+value
+</i>
+to
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+is
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+converted
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>,
+set
+<i>
+converted
+value
+</i>
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+if
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+matches
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+if
+it
+matches
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+If
+it
+matches
+neither,
+set
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+and
+its
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+is
+a
+valid
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+according
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+set
+<i>
+converted
+value
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+converting
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+to
+a
+JSON
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<i>
+value
+</i>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>
+add
+a
+member
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+and
+set
+its
+value
+to
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tag" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tag">
+language
+tag
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+<i>
+value
+</i>,
+unless
+it
+equals
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>
+which
+is
+ignored.
+</li>
+<li>
+Add
+a
+member
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+converted
+value
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<i>
+type
+</i>
+is
+not
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>,
+add
+a
+member
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+to
+<i>
+result
+</i>
+whose
+value
+is
+set
+to
+<i>
+type
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+<i>
+result
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="data-round-tripping">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+10.6
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+</a>
+JSON-native
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>
+are
+automatically
+type-coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+depending
+on
+whether
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+has
+fractions
+or
+not,
+the
+boolean
+values
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+are
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>,
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>
+are
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:string
+</code>.
+The
+numeric
+or
+boolean
+values
+itself
+are
+converted
+to
+<dfn title="canonical-lexical-form" id="dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</dfn>,
+i.e.,
+a
+deterministic
+string
+representation
+as
+defined
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+XMLSCHEMA11-2
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+an
+<em>
+integer
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+without
+fractions
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>,
+is
+a
+finite-length
+sequence
+of
+decimal
+digits
+(
+<code>
+0-9
+</code>
+)
+with
+an
+optional
+leading
+minus
+sign;
+leading
+zeros
+are
+prohibited.
+In
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code
+to
+convert
+an
+integer
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+12
+</span>:
+Sample
+integer
+serialization
+implementation
+in
+JavaScript
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+(value).toFixed(0).toString()
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+a
+<em>
+double
+</em>,
+i.e.,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+with
+fractions
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+coerced
+to
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+consists
+of
+a
+mantissa
+followed
+by
+the
+character
+<code>
+E
+</code>,
+followed
+by
+an
+exponent.
+The
+mantissa
+is
+a
+decimal
+number
+and
+the
+exponent
+is
+an
+integer.
+Leading
+zeros
+and
+a
+preceding
+plus
+sign
+(
+<code>
++
+</code>
+)
+are
+prohibited
+in
+the
+exponent.
+If
+the
+exponent
+is
+zero,
+it
+is
+indicated
+by
+<code>
+E0
+</code>.
+For
+the
+mantissa,
+the
+preceding
+optional
+plus
+sign
+is
+prohibited
+and
+the
+decimal
+point
+is
+required.
+Leading
+and
+trailing
+zeros
+are
+prohibited
+subject
+to
+the
+following:
+number
+representations
+must
+be
+normalized
+such
+that
+there
+is
+a
+single
+digit
+which
+is
+non-zero
+to
+the
+left
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+and
+at
+least
+a
+single
+digit
+to
+the
+right
+of
+the
+decimal
+point
+unless
+the
+value
+being
+represented
+is
+zero.
+The
+canonical
+representation
+for
+zero
+is
+<code>
+0.0E0
+</code>.
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+'s
+value
+space
+is
+defined
+by
+the
+IEEE
+double-precision
+64-bit
+floating
+point
+type
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985">
+IEEE-754-1985
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+whereas
+the
+value
+space
+of
+JSON
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>
+is
+not
+specified;
+when
+converting
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+the
+mantissa
+is
+rounded
+to
+15
+digits
+after
+the
+decimal
+point.
+In
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code
+to
+convert
+a
+double
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<div class="example-title">
+<span>
+Example
+13
+</span>:
+Sample
+floating
+point
+number
+serialization
+implementation
+in
+JavaScript
+</div>
+<pre class="example">
+(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+of
+the
+<em>
+boolean
+</em>
+values
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+are
+the
+strings
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+false
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+When
+JSON-native
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>,
+are
+converted
+to
+RDF,
+lossless
+data
+round-tripping
+can
+not
+be
+guaranteed
+as
+rounding
+errors
+might
+occur.
+When
+converting
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+RDF
+to
+JSON-LD
+</a>,
+similar
+rounding
+errors
+might
+occur.
+Furthermore,
+the
+datatype
+or
+the
+lexical
+representation
+might
+be
+lost.
+An
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>
+with
+a
+value
+of
+<code>
+2.0
+</code>
+will,
+e.g.,
+result
+in
+an
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+with
+a
+value
+of
+<code>
+2
+</code>
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">
+canonical
+lexical
+form
+</a>
+when
+converted
+from
+RDF
+to
+JSON-LD
+and
+back
+to
+RDF.
+It
+is
+important
+to
+highlight
+that
+in
+practice
+it
+might
+be
+impossible
+to
+losslessly
+convert
+an
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+because
+its
+value
+space
+is
+not
+limited.
+While
+the
+JSON
+specification
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+does
+not
+limit
+the
+value
+space
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+numbers
+</a>
+either,
+concrete
+implementations
+typically
+do
+have
+a
+limited
+value
+space.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+ensure
+lossless
+round-tripping
+the
+<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+Converting
+from
+RDF
+algorithm
+</a>
+specifies
+a
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+flag
+which
+controls
+whether
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literals" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
+RDF
+literals
+</a>
+with
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">
+datatype
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+equal
+to
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>,
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>
+are
+converted
+to
+their
+JSON-native
+counterparts.
+If
+the
+<i>
+use
+native
+types
+</i>
+flag
+is
+set
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>,
+all
+literals
+remain
+in
+their
+original
+string
+representation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation
+in
+some
+versions,
+backslash-escape
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://example.com/
+</code>
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+<code>
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</code>.
+This
+is
+problematic
+as
+other
+JSON
+parsers
+might
+not
+understand
+those
+escaping
+characters.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+forward
+slashes
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">
+MUST
+NOT
+</em>
+be
+backslash-escaped.
+</p>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+11.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+often
+easier
+to
+work
+with.
+A
+conformant
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementation
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>
+implement
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+API.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+JSON-LD
+API
+uses
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Futures
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+represent
+the
+result
+of
+the
+various
+asynchronous
+operations.
+</ins><dfn title="future" id="dfn-future"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Futures
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+defined
+in
+</ins><cite><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#futures"><ins class="diff-chg">
+section
+4
+Futures
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM-WHATWG"><ins class="diff-chg">
+DOM-WHATWG
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></p><section id="the-jsonldprocessor-interface">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+11.1
+</span>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</a>
+Interface
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</a>
+interface
+is
+the
+high-level
+programming
+structure
+that
+developers
+use
+to
+access
+the
+JSON-LD
+transformation
+methods.
+</p>
+<p>
+It
+is
+important
+to
+highlight
+that
+conformant
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementations
+</a>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">
+MUST
+NOT
+</em>
+modify
+the
+input
+parameters.
+If
+an
+error
+is
+detected,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Future
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">invoked
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rejected
+</ins>
+passing
+a
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdError
+</code>
+</a>
+with
+the
+corresponding
+error
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">
+code
+</a>
+</code>
+and
+processing
+is
+stopped.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">Feature
+at
+Risk
+5
+:
+Use
+of
+method
+overloading
+to
+make
+the
+options
+parameter
+optional
+Note:
+This
+feature
+is
+"at
+risk"
+and
+may
+be
+removed
+from
+this
+specification
+based
+on
+feedback.
+Please
+send
+feedback
+to
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+.
+For
+the
+current
+status
+see
+features
+"at
+risk"
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+The
+definition
+of
+the
+JsonLdProcessor
+interface
+uses
+method
+overloading
+to
+make
+the
+"options"
+parameter
+optional.
+According
+to
+the
+current
+version
+of
+the
+Web
+IDL
+specification
+[
+WEBIDL
+],
+this
+would
+not
+be
+supported
+as
+the
+"options"
+parameter
+(a
+dictionary)
+and
+the
+callback
+parameter
+(a
+callback
+function)
+are
+not
+distinguishable
+.
+A
+bug
+report
+has
+been
+already
+been
+filed.
+If
+it
+turns
+out
+that
+this
+is
+not
+a
+bug,
+the
+Working
+Group
+may
+change
+the
+interface
+by
+swapping
+the
+"options"
+and
+"callback"
+parameter.
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">Constructor</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-any-input-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h4 id="methods">
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+using
+the
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future"><ins class="diff-new">
+Future
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+future
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+return
+it.
+The
+following
+steps
+are
+then
+executed
+asynchronously.
+</ins></li><li>
+If
+the
+passed
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+is
+a
+<span class="idlParamType">
+DOMString
+</span>
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+<code>
+application/ld+json
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+<del class="diff-old">invoke
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">reject
+</ins>
+the
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+passing
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</a>
+</code>
+error.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+currently
+being
+processed
+document,
+if
+available;
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+overrides
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+an
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">
+RFC5988
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+using
+the
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</code>
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+expanded
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+compacted
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<i>
+context
+</i>,
+<i>
+expanded
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+and
+if
+passed,
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+flag
+in
+<i>
+options
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Invoke
+callback
+,
+passing
+null
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Accept
+the
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">error
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins>
+<i>
+compacted
+<del class="diff-old">for
+document
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdInput
+</del>
+<a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">any
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+compaction
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+compact.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdContext
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+algorithms.
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+Return
+type:
+void
+compact
+This
+method
+is
+the
+same
+as
+the
+compact
+method
+defined
+above
+but
+without
+the
+the
+options
+parameter:
+Parameter
+Type
+Nullable
+Optional
+Description
+input
+JsonLdInput
+✘
+✘
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+compaction
+upon
+or
+an
+IRI
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+compact.
+context
+JsonLdContext
+✘
+✘
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+input
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+JSON
+object
+or
+as
+IRI
+.
+callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</del>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">void
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Future
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-any-input-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future"><ins class="diff-new">
+Future
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+future
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+return
+it.
+The
+following
+steps
+are
+then
+executed
+asynchronously.
+</ins></li><li>
+If
+the
+passed
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+is
+a
+<span class="idlParamType">
+DOMString
+</span>
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+<code>
+application/ld+json
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+<del class="diff-old">invoke
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">reject
+</ins>
+the
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+passing
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</a>
+</code>
+error.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+currently
+being
+processed
+document,
+if
+available;
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+overrides
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+an
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">
+RFC5988
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+using
+the
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</code>
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+expanded
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Invoke
+callback
+,
+passing
+null
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Accept
+the
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">error
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins>
+<i>
+expanded
+<del class="diff-old">for
+document
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdInput
+</del>
+<a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">any
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+expand.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+used
+algorithms
+such.
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</del>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">void
+expand
+This
+method
+is
+the
+same
+as
+the
+expand
+method
+defined
+above
+but
+without
+the
+the
+options
+parameter:
+Parameter
+Type
+Nullable
+Optional
+Description
+input
+JsonLdInput
+✘
+✘
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+to
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon
+or
+an
+IRI
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+expand.
+callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+Return
+type:
+void
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Future
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">
+<code>
+flatten
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+<a href="#flattening">
+Flattens
+</a>
+the
+given
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+and
+<a href="#compaction">
+compacts
+</a>
+it
+using
+the
+passed
+<i>
+context
+</i>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+algorithm
+</a>:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future"><ins class="diff-new">
+Future
+</ins></a><i><ins class="diff-new">
+future
+</ins></i><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+return
+it.
+The
+following
+steps
+are
+then
+executed
+asynchronously.
+</ins></li><li>
+If
+the
+passed
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+is
+a
+<span class="idlParamType">
+DOMString
+</span>
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+of
+a
+remote
+document,
+dereference
+it.
+If
+the
+retrieved
+document
+has
+a
+content
+type
+different
+than
+<code>
+application/ld+json
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+or
+if
+the
+document
+cannot
+be
+parsed
+as
+JSON,
+<del class="diff-old">invoke
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">reject
+</ins>
+the
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+passing
+an
+<code class="error">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</a>
+</code>
+error.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+a
+new
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+currently
+being
+processed
+document,
+if
+available;
+otherwise
+to
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+set,
+the
+</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-new">
+compactArrays
+</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
+overrides
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri"><ins class="diff-new">
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+an
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+has
+been
+passed,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+expandContext
+</a>
+</code>
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+has
+been
+retrieved
+and
+the
+response
+has
+a
+content
+type
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+and
+an
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">
+RFC5988
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+using
+the
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context
+</code>
+link
+relation,
+update
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+using
+the
+<a href="#context-processing-algorithm">
+Context
+Processing
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+context
+referenced
+in
+the
+HTTP
+Link
+Header
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+expanded
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+and
+<i>
+input
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Initialize
+an
+empty
+<i>
+identifier
+map
+</i>
+and
+a
+<i>
+counter
+</i>
+(set
+to
+<code>
+0
+</code>
+)
+to
+be
+used
+by
+the
+<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
+Generate
+Blank
+Node
+Identifier
+algorithm
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Set
+<i>
+flattened
+</i>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+using
+the
+<a href="#flattening-algorithm">
+Flattening
+algorithm
+</a>,
+passing
+<i>
+expanded
+</i>
+as
+<i>
+element
+</i>,
+<i>
+context
+</i>,
+and
+if
+passed,
+the
+<code class="idlMemberName">
+<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+compactArrays
+</a>
+</code>
+flag
+in
+<i>
+options
+</i>
+(which
+is
+internally
+passed
+to
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</a>
+).
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Invoke
+callback
+,
+passing
+null
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Accept
+the
+</ins>
+<i>
+<del class="diff-old">error
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+</ins>
+</i>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">passing
+</ins>
+<i>
+flattened
+<del class="diff-old">for
+document
+</del>
+</i>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdInput
+</del>
+<a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">any
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+flatten.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdContext
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+✔
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+flattened
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+or
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+If
+<ins class="diff-new">not
+passed
+or
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+is
+passed,
+the
+result
+will
+not
+be
+compacted
+but
+kept
+in
+expanded
+form.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+✘
+</td>
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+to
+configure
+the
+used
+algorithms
+such.
+This
+allows,
+e.g.,
+to
+set
+the
+input
+document's
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<del class="diff-old">callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+Return
+type:
+void
+flatten
+This
+method
+is
+the
+same
+as
+the
+flatten
+method
+defined
+above
+but
+without
+the
+the
+options
+parameter:
+Parameter
+Type
+Nullable
+Optional
+Description
+input
+JsonLdInput
+✘
+✘
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+or
+array
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+or
+an
+IRI
+referencing
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+flatten.
+context
+JsonLdContext
+✔
+✘
+The
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+flattened
+input
+;
+either
+in
+the
+form
+of
+a
+JSON
+object
+or
+as
+IRI
+.
+If
+null
+is
+passed,
+the
+result
+will
+not
+be
+compacted
+but
+kept
+in
+expanded
+form.
+callback
+JsonLdCallback
+✘
+✘
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+processing
+completed
+successfully
+on
+the
+given
+input
+,
+or
+a
+fatal
+error
+prevented
+processing
+from
+completing.
+</del>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">void
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Future
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<del class="diff-old">typedef
+(
+object
+or
+object[]
+or
+DOMString
+)
+JsonLdInput
+;
+The
+identifier
+JsonLdInput
+is
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+the
+(object
+or
+object[]
+or
+DOMString)
+type.
+</del>
+</section>
+<pre class="idl">
+<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-JsonLdContext">
+typedef
+<span class="idlTypedefType">
+(
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+)
+</span>
+<span class="idlTypedefID">
+JsonLdContext
+</span>
+;
+</span>
+</pre>
+<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+<p>
+The
+identifier
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdContext
+</code>
+</a>
+is
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+the
+<span class="idlTypedefType">
+(object
+or
+DOMString)
+</span>
+type.
+</p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="the-jsonldoptions-type">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+11.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Callbacks
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementations
+utilize
+callbacks
+in
+order
+to
+exchange
+information
+in
+an
+asynchronous
+manner
+with
+applications.
+This
+section
+details
+the
+parameters
+of
+those
+callbacks.
+JsonLdCallback
+The
+JsonLdCallback
+is
+called
+when
+an
+API
+method
+of
+JsonLdProcessor
+has
+been
+completed,
+either
+successfully
+or
+by
+a
+fatal
+error.
+callback
+JsonLdCallback
+=
+void
+(
+JsonLdError
+error
+,
+optional
+(object
+or
+object[])
+document
+);
+Callback
+JsonLdCallback
+Parameters
+error
+of
+type
+JsonLdError
+If
+the
+value
+is
+null
+,
+then
+no
+issue
+was
+detected
+during
+processing.
+Otherwise,
+a
+processing
+error
+was
+detected
+and
+the
+details
+are
+contained
+within
+the
+error
+object.
+document
+of
+type
+(object
+or
+object[])
+The
+processed
+JSON-LD
+document.
+LoadContextCallback
+The
+LoadContextCallback
+defines
+the
+callback
+that
+custom
+context
+loaders
+have
+to
+implement
+to
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts.
+callback
+LoadContextCallback
+=
+void
+(
+DOMString
+url
+,
+ContextLoadedCallback
+callback
+);
+Callback
+LoadContextCallback
+Parameters
+url
+of
+type
+DOMString
+The
+URL
+of
+the
+remote
+context
+to
+load.
+callback
+of
+type
+ContextLoadedCallback
+The
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+when
+the
+remote
+context
+has
+been
+successfully
+loaded
+or
+an
+error
+preventing
+its
+loading
+has
+been
+detected.
+ContextLoadedCallback
+</del>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">ContextLoadedCallback
+is
+called
+in
+response
+to
+a
+call
+of
+the
+LoadContextCallback
+.
+callback
+ContextLoadedCallback
+=
+void
+(
+JsonLdError
+error
+,
+optional
+DOMString
+url
+,
+optional
+DOMString
+context
+);
+Callback
+ContextLoadedCallback
+Parameters
+error
+of
+type
+JsonLdError
+If
+the
+value
+is
+null
+,
+then
+no
+issue
+was
+detected
+during
+processing.
+Otherwise,
+a
+processing
+issue
+was
+detected
+and
+the
+details
+are
+contained
+within
+the
+error
+object.
+All
+errors
+MUST
+have
+a
+JsonLdErrorCode
+of
+loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+.
+url
+of
+type
+DOMString
+The
+final
+URL
+of
+the
+loaded
+JSON-LD
+context.
+This
+is
+important
+to
+handle
+HTTP
+redirects
+properly.
+</del>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdOptions
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">of
+type
+</del>
+<del class="diff-old">DOMString
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+raw
+content
+of
+the
+retrieved
+JSON-LD
+context.
+11.3
+Data
+Structures
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Type
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+describes
+datatype
+definitions
+used
+within
+the
+JSON-LD
+API.
+JsonLdOptions
+</del>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+type
+is
+used
+to
+pass
+various
+options
+to
+the
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</code>
+</a>
+methods.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">loadContext</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType">(<a>object?</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">"json-ld-1.0"</span>;</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h4 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">
+Dictionary
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
+<code>
+JsonLdOptions
+</code>
+</a>
+Members
+</h4>
+<dl class="dictionary-members">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base">
+<code>
+base
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">nullable
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+use
+when
+expanding
+or
+compacting
+the
+document.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+set,
+this
+</ins>
+overrides
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+of
+</del>
+input
+<del class="diff-old">if
+it
+is
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document's
+</ins>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>.
+<del class="diff-old">If
+not
+specified
+and
+input
+is
+not
+an
+IRI
+,
+the
+base
+IRI
+defaults
+to
+the
+current
+document
+IRI
+if
+in
+a
+browser
+context,
+or
+the
+empty
+string
+if
+there
+is
+no
+document
+context.
+Feature
+at
+Risk
+6
+:
+Default
+value
+of
+base
+member
+in
+JsonLdOptions
+Note:
+This
+feature
+is
+"at
+risk"
+and
+may
+be
+removed
+from
+this
+specification
+based
+on
+feedback.
+Please
+send
+feedback
+to
+public-rdf-comments@w3.org
+.
+For
+the
+current
+status
+see
+features
+"at
+risk"
+in
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+The
+default
+value
+of
+base
+in
+JsonLdOptions
+implies
+that
+all
+IRIs
+that
+cannot
+be
+compacted
+otherwise
+are
+transformed
+to
+relative
+IRIs
+during
+compaction.
+To
+avoid
+that
+data
+is
+being
+lost,
+developers
+thus
+have
+to
+store
+the
+base
+IRI
+along
+with
+the
+compacted
+document.
+Based
+on
+implementer
+feedback,
+the
+Working
+Group
+may
+decide
+to
+change
+the
+default
+value
+to
+null
+,
+meaning
+that
+IRIs
+are
+not
+automatically
+compacted
+to
+relative
+IRIs.
+</del>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
+<code>
+compactArrays
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+boolean
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+replaces
+arrays
+with
+just
+one
+element
+with
+that
+element
+during
+compaction.
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+all
+arrays
+will
+remain
+arrays
+even
+if
+they
+have
+just
+one
+element.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">
+<code>
+expandContext
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+(object?
+or
+DOMString)
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+initialize
+the
+active
+context
+when
+expanding
+a
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">
+<code>
+loadContext
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+LoadContextCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+callback
+of
+the
+context
+loader
+to
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts.
+If
+specified,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts;
+otherwise,
+if
+not
+specified,
+the
+processor's
+built-in
+context
+loader
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>
+be
+used.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">
+<code>
+processingMode
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+"json-ld-1.0"
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+If
+set
+to
+<code>
+json-ld-1.0
+</code>,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">
+MUST
+</em>
+produce
+exactly
+the
+same
+results
+as
+the
+algorithms
+defined
+in
+this
+specification.
+If
+set
+to
+another
+value,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+is
+allowed
+to
+extend
+or
+modify
+the
+algorithms
+defined
+in
+this
+specification
+to
+enable
+application-specific
+optimizations.
+The
+definition
+of
+such
+optimizations
+is
+beyond
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification
+and
+thus
+not
+defined.
+Consequently,
+different
+implementations
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">
+MAY
+</em>
+implement
+different
+optimizations.
+Developers
+<em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">
+MUST
+NOT
+</em>
+define
+modes
+beginning
+with
+<code>
+json-ld
+</code>
+as
+they
+are
+reserved
+for
+future
+versions
+of
+this
+specification.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdError
+</del>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section id="remote-context-retrieval">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">11.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Remote
+Context
+Retrieval
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Developers
+can
+utilize
+a
+callback
+to
+control
+how
+remote
+contexts
+are
+retrieved
+by
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+API
+Implementations
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+details
+the
+parameters
+of
+that
+callback
+and
+the
+data
+structure
+used
+to
+return
+the
+retrieved
+context.
+</ins></p><section><h4 id="loadcontextcallback"><ins class="diff-chg">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+defines
+the
+callback
+that
+custom
+context
+loaders
+have
+to
+implement
+to
+be
+used
+to
+retrieve
+remote
+contexts.
+</ins></p><pre class="idl"><span class="idlCallback" id="idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><ins class="diff-new">
+callback
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackID"><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+=
+</ins><span class="idlCallbackType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+Future
+</ins></a></span><ins class="diff-new">
+(
+</ins><span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span><span class="idlParamName"><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></span></span><ins class="diff-new">
+);
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-loadcontextcallback-parameters"><ins class="diff-new">
+Callback
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-new">
+Parameters
+</ins></h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-url"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+url
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+URL
+of
+the
+remote
+context
+to
+load.
+</ins></dd></dl></section><p><ins class="diff-new">
+All
+errors
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="MUST"><ins class="diff-new">
+MUST
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+result
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future"><ins class="diff-new">
+Future
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+being
+rejected
+with
+a
+</ins>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdError
+</code>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">whose
+code
+is
+set
+to
+</ins><code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed"><ins class="diff-new">
+loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+</ins></a></code>.</p></section><section><h4 id="remotecontext"><ins class="diff-new">
+RemoteContext
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-RemoteContext" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+RemoteContext
+</ins></code></a>
+type
+is
+used
+<ins class="diff-new">by
+a
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
+LoadContextCallback
+</ins></code></a>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">report
+processing
+errors
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">return
+information
+about
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context.
+</ins></p> <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-RemoteContext">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">RemoteContext</span> {<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-RemoteContext-url">url</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-RemoteContext-context">context</a></span>;</span><ins class="diff-chg">
+};
+</ins></span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-remotecontext-members"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Dictionary
+</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-RemoteContext">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">JsonLdCallback
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RemoteContext
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Members
+</ins></h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-RemoteContext-context"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-chg">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+raw
+content
+of
+the
+retrieved
+JSON-LD
+context.
+</ins></dd><dt id="widl-RemoteContext-url"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+url
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+of
+type
+</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-chg">
+DOMString
+</ins></a></span></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+final
+URL
+of
+the
+loaded
+JSON-LD
+context.
+This
+is
+important
+to
+handle
+HTTP
+redirects
+properly.
+</ins></dd></dl></section></section></section><section id="error-handling"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+11.4
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Error
+Handling
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+section
+describes
+the
+datatype
+definitions
+used
+within
+the
+JSON-LD
+API
+for
+error
+handling.
+</ins></p><section><h4 id="jsonlderror"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+JsonLdError
+</ins></code></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+type
+is
+used
+to
+report
+processing
+errors.
+</ins>
+</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdError">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdError</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-message">message</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<section>
+<h5 id="dictionary-jsonlderror-members">
+Dictionary
+<a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError">
+<code>
+JsonLdError
+</code>
+</a>
+Members
+</h5>
+<dl class="dictionary-members">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdError-code">
+<code>
+code
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</code>
+</a>
+</span>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+string
+representing
+the
+particular
+error
+type,
+as
+described
+in
+the
+various
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdError-message">
+<code>
+message
+</code>
+of
+type
+<span class="idlMemberType">
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</span>,
+nullable,
+defaulting
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+an
+optional
+error
+message
+containing
+additional
+debugging
+information.
+The
+specific
+contents
+of
+error
+messages
+are
+outside
+the
+scope
+of
+this
+specification.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section>
+<h4 id="jsonlderrorcode">
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdErrorCode
+</code>
+</a>
+represents
+the
+collection
+of
+valid
+JSON-LD
+error
+codes.
+</p>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlEnum" id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode">enum <span class="idlEnumID">JsonLdErrorCode</span> {
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading document failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @index value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes" class="idlEnumItem">conflicting indexes</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @id value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid local context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading remote context failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid remote context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion" class="idlEnumItem">recursive context inclusion</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI" class="idlEnumItem">invalid base IRI</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid vocab mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language" class="idlEnumItem">invalid default language</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition" class="idlEnumItem">keyword redefinition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition" class="idlEnumItem">invalid term definition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">cyclic IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias" class="idlEnumItem">invalid keyword alias</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords" class="idlEnumItem">colliding keywords</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid container mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged string</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid typed value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid set or list object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language map value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">compaction to list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property map</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @reverse value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property value</a>"
+};
+</span>
+</pre>
+<table class="simple">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">
+Enumeration
+description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">
+loading
+document
+failed
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+The
+document
+could
+not
+be
+loaded
+or
+parsed
+as
+JSON.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">
+list
+of
+lists
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+list
+of
+lists
+was
+detected.
+List
+of
+lists
+are
+not
+supported
+in
+this
+version
+of
+JSON-LD
+due
+to
+the
+algorithmic
+complexity
+associated
+with
+conversion
+to
+RDF.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">
+invalid
+@index
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+<code>
+@index
+</code>
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">
+conflicting
+indexes
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+Multiple
+conflicting
+indexes
+have
+been
+found
+for
+the
+same
+node.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">
+invalid
+@id
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+<code>
+@id
+</code>
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">
+invalid
+local
+context
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+In
+invalid
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+was
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">
+loading
+remote
+context
+failed
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+There
+was
+a
+problem
+encountered
+loading
+a
+remote
+context.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">
+invalid
+remote
+context
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+No
+valid
+context
+document
+has
+been
+found
+for
+a
+referenced,
+remote
+context.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">
+recursive
+context
+inclusion
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+cycle
+in
+remote
+context
+inclusions
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">
+invalid
+base
+IRI
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">
+base
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">
+invalid
+vocab
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">
+vocabulary
+mapping
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">
+invalid
+default
+language
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+The
+value
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">
+default
+language
+</a>
+is
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+thus
+invalid.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">
+keyword
+redefinition
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+redefinition
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">
+invalid
+term
+definition
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+definition
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">
+invalid
+IRI
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+has
+an
+invalid
+or
+missing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mapping
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">
+cyclic
+IRI
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+cycle
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+mappings
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">
+invalid
+keyword
+alias
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+alias
+definition
+has
+been
+encountered.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">
+invalid
+type
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+could
+not
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">
+invalid
+language
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+member
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">
+term
+definition
+</a>
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+neither
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>
+and
+thus
+invalid.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">
+colliding
+keywords
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+Two
+properties
+which
+expand
+to
+the
+same
+keyword
+have
+been
+detected.
+This
+might
+occur
+if
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+and
+an
+an
+alias
+thereof
+are
+used
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">
+invalid
+container
+mapping
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+<code>
+@container
+</code>
+member
+was
+encountered
+whose
+value
+was
+not
+one
+of
+the
+following
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>:
+<code>
+@list
+</code>,
+<code>
+@set
+</code>,
+or
+<code>
+@index
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">
+invalid
+type
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+an
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+member
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+the
+value
+was
+neither
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+nor
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">
+invalid
+value
+object
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+with
+disallowed
+members
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">
+invalid
+value
+object
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+the
+<code>
+@value
+</code>
+member
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">
+value
+object
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+it
+is
+neither
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">
+scalar
+</a>
+nor
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
+null
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+string
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">
+language-tagged
+string
+</a>
+with
+an
+invalid
+language
+value
+was
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">
+invalid
+language-tagged
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+true
+</a>,
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
+false
+</a>
+with
+an
+associated
+language
+tag
+was
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">
+invalid
+typed
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">
+typed
+value
+</a>
+with
+an
+invalid
+type
+was
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">
+invalid
+set
+or
+list
+object
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">
+set
+object
+</a>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">
+list
+object
+</a>
+with
+disallowed
+members
+has
+been
+detected.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">
+invalid
+language
+map
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+value
+in
+a
+<a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map">
+language
+map
+</a>
+has
+been
+detected.
+It
+has
+to
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+strings
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">
+compaction
+to
+list
+of
+lists
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+The
+compacted
+document
+contains
+a
+list
+of
+lists
+as
+multiple
+lists
+have
+been
+compacted
+to
+the
+same
+term.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+map
+has
+been
+detected.
+No
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keywords
+</a>
+apart
+from
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+are
+allowed
+in
+reverse
+property
+maps.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">
+invalid
+@reverse
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+an
+<code>
+@reverse
+</code>
+member
+has
+been
+detected,
+i.e.,
+the
+value
+was
+not
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value">
+invalid
+reverse
+property
+value
+</code>
+</td>
+<td>
+An
+invalid
+value
+for
+a
+reverse
+property
+has
+been
+detected.
+The
+value
+of
+an
+inverse
+property
+must
+be
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">
+node
+object
+</a>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+<section class="appendix informative" id="acknowledgements">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+large
+amount
+of
+thanks
+goes
+out
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+Community
+Group
+participants
+who
+worked
+through
+many
+of
+the
+technical
+issues
+on
+the
+mailing
+list
+and
+the
+weekly
+telecons
+-
+of
+special
+mention
+are
+Niklas
+Lindström,
+François
+Daoust,
+Lin
+Clark,
+and
+Zdenko
+'Denny'
+Vrandečić.
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj.
+The
+work
+of
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+are
+appreciated
+for
+reviewing,
+and
+performing
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification.
+Ian
+Davis
+is
+thanked
+for
+his
+work
+on
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Josh
+Mandel,
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+David
+Wood,
+Guus
+Schreiber,
+Pat
+Hayes,
+Sandro
+Hawke,
+<ins class="diff-new">Tab
+Atkins
+Jr.,
+Anne
+van
+Kesteren,
+Robin
+Berjon,
+Marcos
+Caceres,
+</ins>
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+</p>
+</section>
+<div class="extLives">
+</div>
+<section id="references" class="appendix" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.1
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography" about="">
+<dt id="bib-DOM-WHATWG">
+<ins class="diff-new">[DOM-WHATWG]
+</ins></dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires"><ins class="diff-new">
+Anne
+van
+Kesteren,
+Aryeh
+Gregor,
+Ms2ger,
+Editors.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/"><ins class="diff-new">
+DOM
+</ins></a>.</cite><ins class="diff-new">
+April
+2013.
+WHATWG
+Living
+Standard
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
+[IEEE-754-1985]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+IEEE.
+<cite>
+IEEE
+Standard
+for
+Binary
+Floating-Point
+Arithmetic.
+</cite>
+URL:
+<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
+http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+Editors.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+</a>.
+</cite>
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Working
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Editor's
+</ins>
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-20130411/
+.
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/
+</del>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-MT">
+[RDF-MT]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Patrick
+Hayes.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">
+<cite>
+RDF
+Semantics
+</cite>
+</a>.
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC2119">
+[RFC2119]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+S.
+Bradner.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+<cite>
+Key
+words
+for
+use
+in
+RFCs
+to
+Indicate
+Requirement
+Levels.
+</cite>
+</a>
+March
+1997.
+Internet
+RFC
+2119.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
+[RFC3986]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+<cite>
+Uniform
+Resource
+Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax
+(RFC
+3986)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+January
+2005.
+RFC.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Dürst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs)
+(RFC
+3987)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+January
+2005.
+RFC.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+(RFC
+4627)
+</cite>
+</a>.
+July
+2006.
+RFC.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC5988">
+[RFC5988]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+M.
+Nottingham.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">
+Web
+Linking
+</a>.
+</cite>
+October
+2010.
+Internet
+RFC
+5988.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Cameron
+McCormack,
+Editor.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">
+Web
+IDL.
+</a>
+</cite>
+19
+April
+2012.
+W3C
+Candidate
+Recommendation
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/
+</a>.
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
+[XMLSCHEMA11-2]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
+Henry
+S.
+Thompson
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+<cite>
+W3C
+XML
+Schema
+Definition
+Language
+(XSD)
+1.1
+Part
+2:
+Datatypes
+</cite>
+</a>.
+5
+April
+2012.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+<section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+B.2
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography" about="">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+A.
+Phillips;
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>.
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
+http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+Specification,
+Edition
+5.1
+</cite>
+</a>.
+June
+2011.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">
+[JSON-LD-TESTS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">
+JSON-LD
+1.0
+Test
+Suite
+</a>
+</cite>.
+W3C
+Test
+Suite
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">
+http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF11-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Richard
+Cyganiak,
+David
+Wood,
+Editors.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">
+RDF
+1.1
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</a>
+</cite>
+15
+January
+2013.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/
+</a>.
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-TURTLE">
+[TURTLE]
+</dt>
+<dd rel="dcterms:references">
+Eric
+Prud'hommeaux,
+Gavin
+Carothers,
+Editors.
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</a>
+</cite>
+19
+February
+2013.
+W3C
+Candidate
+Recommendation
+(work
+in
+progress).
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/
+</a>.
+The
+latest
+edition
+is
+available
+at
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</section>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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+<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='http://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body><div class="head">
+ <p>
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" /></a>
+
+ </p>
+ <h1 class="title" id="title">JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API</h1>
+
+ <h2 id="w3c-last-call-working-draft-14-may-2013"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Last Call Working Draft 14 May 2013</h2>
+ <dl>
+
+ <dt>This version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130514/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130514/</a></dd>
+ <dt>Latest published version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/">http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Test suite:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/</a></dd>
+
+
+
+
+ <dt>Previous version:</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/</a></dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Editors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist=""><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ <dt>Authors:</dt>
+ <dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></span>
+</dd>
+<dd rel="dcterms:contributor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></span>
+</dd>
+
+
+ </dl>
+
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document is also available in this non-normative format:
+
+ <a rel="alternate" href="diff-20130411.html">diff to previous version</a>
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+ <p class="copyright">
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
+ 2010-2013
+
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
+ (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
+ <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved.
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <hr />
+</div>
+<section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <p>This specification defines an Application Programming Interface (API)
+ and a set of algorithms for programmatic transformations of JSON-LD
+ documents. Restructuring data according the defined transformations
+ often dramatically simplifies its usage.</p>
+</section><section id="sotd" class="introductory" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter"><h2>Status of This Document</h2>
+
+
+
+ <p>
+ <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other
+ documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision
+ of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports
+ index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
+ </p>
+
+ <p>This document has been under development for over 34 months in the
+ JSON for Linking Data Community Group. The document has recently been
+ transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and publication
+ along the Recommendation track. The specification has undergone significant
+ development, review, and changes during the course of the last 34 months.</p>
+
+ <p>There are several independent
+ <a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">interoperable implementations</a> of
+ this specification. There is a fairly complete test suite [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">JSON-LD-TESTS</a></cite>]
+ and a <a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">live JSON-LD editor</a>
+ that is capable of demonstrating the features described in
+ this document. While there will be continuous development on implementations,
+ the test suite, and the live editor, they are believed to be mature enough
+ to be integrated into a non-production system at this point in time. There
+ is an expectation that they could be used in a production system within the
+ next three months.</p>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>If you want to make sure that your feedback is formally addressed by
+ the RDF Working Group, you should send it to public-rdf-comments:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li>Ad-hoc technical discussion primarily occurs on the public community mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public JSON-LD Community Group teleconferences</a>
+ are held on Tuesdays at 1400UTC every week. Participation is open to the
+ public.</li>
+
+ <li>RDF Working Group teleconferences are held on Wednesdays at 1500UTC
+ every week. Participation is limited to RDF Working Group members.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>
+ if you do not want to send an email to the public-rdf-comments mailing
+ list.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a>
+ for the specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>This is a second Last Call Working Draft for this document.
+ Changes since the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-json-ld-api-20130411/">11 April 2013 Last Call Working Draft</a>:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Use of DOM Futures instead of callbacks in the Application Programming Interface</li>
+ <li>Processing of terms that are redefined to themselves without raising an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code> error</li>
+ <li>Raise an <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error if relative URLs are used in term definitions</li>
+ <li>Support lists of lists when converting from RDF to JSON-LD</li>
+ <li>Support for relative URLs in <code>@base</code> and documents that
+ do not have a base value.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">RDF Working Group</a> as a Last Call Working Draft.
+
+ This document is intended to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation.
+
+
+ If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
+ <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a>
+ (<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">archives</a>).
+
+ The Last Call period ends 04 June 2013.
+
+
+ All comments are welcome.
+
+
+ </p><p>
+ Publication as a Last Call Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership.
+ This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at
+ any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
+ </p>
+
+
+ <p>
+ This is a Last Call Working Draft and thus the Working Group has determined that this document has satisfied the
+ relevant technical requirements and is sufficiently stable to advance through the Technical Recommendation process.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+
+ This document was produced by a group operating under the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+
+
+ <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
+
+ made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for
+ disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the
+ information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
+ 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
+
+
+ </p>
+
+
+
+
+</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#features" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Flattening</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>RDF Conversion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#conformance" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Conformance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>General Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>Context Processing Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-processing-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Context Processing Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#create-term-definition" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Create Term Definition</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>Expansion Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Value Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>Compaction Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#inverse-context-creation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Inverse Context Creation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#term-selection" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Term Selection</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.5 </span>Value Compaction</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9. </span>Flattening Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10. </span>RDF Conversion Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Object to RDF Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.3 </span>List to RDF Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.4 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.5 </span>RDF to Object Conversion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.6 </span>Data Round Tripping</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11. </span>The Application Programming Interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-jsonldprocessor-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.1 </span>The <span class="formerLink"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></span> Interface</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-jsonldoptions-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.2 </span>The <span class="formerLink"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></span> Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#remote-context-retrieval" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.3 </span>Remote Context Retrieval</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#error-handling" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">11.4 </span>Error Handling</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="introduction">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>This document is a detailed specification for an Application Programming
+ Interface for the JSON-LD syntax. The document is primarily intended for
+ the following audiences:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Developers who want an overview of the JSON-LD API.</li>
+ <li>Web authors and developers who want a very detailed view of how
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processor</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementation</a>
+ operates.</li>
+ <li>Software developers who want to implement the algorithms to transform
+ JSON-LD documents.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+ JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. You must also understand the
+ JSON-LD syntax defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], which is the base syntax used by all
+ of the algorithms in this document. To understand the API and how it is
+ intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+ knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+ WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+ familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Introduction -->
+
+
+
+<section class="informative" id="features">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Features</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD Syntax specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] defines a syntax to
+ express Linked Data in JSON. Because there is more than one way to
+ express Linked Data using this syntax, it is often useful to be able to
+ transform JSON-LD documents so that they may be more easily consumed by
+ specific applications.</p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD uses <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">contexts</a> to allow Linked Data
+ to be expressed in a way that is specifically tailored to a particular
+ person or application. By providing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>,
+ JSON data can be expressed in a way that is a natural fit for a particular
+ person or application whilst also indicating how the data should be
+ understood at a global scale. In order for people or applications to
+ share data that was created using a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> that is different
+ from their own, a JSON-LD processor must be able to transform a document
+ from one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to another. Instead of requiring JSON-LD
+ processors to write specific code for every imaginable
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> switching scenario, it is much easier to specify a
+ single algorithm that can remove any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. Similarly,
+ another algorithm can be specified to subsequently apply any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. These two algorithms represent the most basic
+ transformations of JSON-LD documents. They are referred to as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>, respectively.</p>
+
+ <p>There are four major types of transformation that are discussed in this
+ document: expansion, compaction, flattening, and RDF conversion.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative" id="expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Expansion</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm that removes <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is
+ called <dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">expansion</dfn>. Before performing any other
+ transformations on a JSON-LD document, it is easiest to
+ remove any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> from it and to make data structures
+ more regular.</p>
+
+ <p>To get an idea of how context and data structuring affects the same data,
+ here is an example of JSON-LD that uses only <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a>
+ and is fairly compact:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The next input example uses one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to express a property
+ and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> to encapsulate another, but
+ leaves the rest of the information untouched.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span>: Sample JSON-LD document using an IRI instead of a term to express a property</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"website": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ <span class="diff">"website"</span>: <span class="diff">{ "@id":</span> "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" <span class="diff">}</span>
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that both inputs are valid JSON-LD and both represent the same
+ information. The difference is in their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> information
+ and in the data structures used. A JSON-LD processor can remove
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and ensure that the data is more regular by employing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">Expansion</a> has two important goals: removing any contextual
+ information from the document, and ensuring all values are represented
+ in a regular form. These goals are accomplished by expanding all properties
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a> and by expressing all
+ values in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">Expanded form</a> is the most verbose
+ and regular way of expressing of values in JSON-LD; all contextual
+ information from the document is instead stored locally with each value.
+ Running the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></code>
+ operation) against the above examples results in the following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that in the output above all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definitions have
+ been removed, all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> have been expanded to absolute
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>, and all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> are expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>. While the
+ output is more verbose and difficult for a human to read, it establishes a
+ baseline that makes JSON-LD processing easier because of its very regular
+ structure.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Expansion -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Compaction</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>While <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expansion</a> removes <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> from a given
+ input, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction's</a> primary function is to
+ perform the opposite operation: to express a given input according to
+ a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. <dfn title="compaction" id="dfn-compaction">Compaction</dfn> applies a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> that specifically tailors the way information is
+ expressed for a particular person or application. This simplifies applications
+ that consume JSON or JSON-LD by expressing the data in application-specific
+ terms, and it makes the data easier to read by humans.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">Compaction</a> uses a developer-supplied <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> to
+ shorten <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a> to simple values such as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following expanded JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span>: Expanded sample document</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span>: JSON-LD context</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></code>
+ operation) given the context supplied above against the JSON-LD input
+ document provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span>: Compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "homepage": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/"
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> have been compacted to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> as specified in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>,
+ which has been injected into the output. While compacted output is
+ useful to humans, it is also used to generate structures that are easy to
+ program against. Compaction enables developers to map any expanded document
+ into an application-specific compacted document. While the context provided
+ above mapped <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> to <code>name</code>, it
+ could also have been mapped to any other term provided by the developer.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="flattening">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Flattening</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>While expansion ensures that a document is in a uniform structure,
+ flattening goes a step further to ensure that the shape of the data
+ is deterministic. In expanded documents, the properties of a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> may be spread across a number of different
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>. By flattening a
+ document, all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> are collected in a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>
+ are labeled with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. This may drastically
+ simplify the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span>: Sample JSON-LD document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": [
+ {
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Running the <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>
+ (<code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-JsonLdInput-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></code>
+ operation) with a context set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> to prevent compaction
+ returns the following document:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span>: Flattened sample document in expanded form</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Dave Longley" }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows": [
+ { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note how in the output above all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> are collected in a
+ single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and how the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> representing
+ "Dave Longley" has been assigned the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ <code>_:t0</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>To make it easier for humans to read or for certain applications to
+ process it, a flattened document can be compacted by passing a context. Using
+ the same context as the input document, the flattened and compacted document
+ looks as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span>: Flattened and compacted sample document</div><pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "knows": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows"
+ },
+ "@graph": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:t0",
+ "name": "Dave Longley"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "name": "Markus Lanthaler",
+ "knows": { "@id": "_:t0" }
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Please note that the result of flattening and compacting a document
+ is always a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> which contains an <code>@graph</code>
+ member that represents the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Flattening -->
+
+
+ <section class="informative" id="rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>RDF Conversion</h3><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD can be used to serialize data expressed in RDF as described in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]. This ensures that data can be round-tripped to and from
+ any RDF syntax without any loss in fidelity.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, assume the following RDF input serialized in Turtle [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>]:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span>: Sample Turtle document</div><pre class="example"><http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Markus Lanthaler" .
+<http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage> <http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/> .</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Using the <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Convert from RDF algorithm</a> a
+ developer could transform this document into expanded JSON-LD:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span>: Sample Turtle document converted to JSON-LD</div><pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://me.markus-lanthaler.com/",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
+ { "@value": "Markus Lanthaler" }
+ ],
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": [
+ { "@id": "http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" }
+ ]
+ }
+]</pre></div>
+
+ <p>Note that the output above could easily be compacted using the technique outlined
+ in the previous section. It is also possible to transform the JSON-LD document back
+ to RDF using the <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Convert to RDF algorithm</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of RDF Conversion -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Features section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="conformance">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Conformance</h2>
+
+ <p>All examples and notes as well as sections marked as non-normative in this
+ specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
+ normative.</p>
+
+ <p>The keywords <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="REQUIRED">REQUIRED</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD">SHOULD</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="SHOULD NOT">SHOULD NOT</em>, <em class="rfc2119" title="RECOMMENDED">RECOMMENDED</em>,
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em>, and <em class="rfc2119" title="OPTIONAL">OPTIONAL</em> in this specification are to be interpreted as described
+ in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>There are three classes of products that can claim conformance to this
+ specification: <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processors</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementations</a>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">JSON-LD-RDF Converters</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A conforming <dfn title="json-ld-processor" id="dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processor</dfn> is a system which can perform the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion</a>, <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction</a>,
+ and <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening</a> operations defined in this specification.</p>
+
+ <p>A conforming <dfn title="json-ld-api-implementation" id="dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementation</dfn> is a conforming <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processor</a>
+ that exposes the <a href="#the-application-programming-interface">Application Programming Interface (API)</a>
+ defined in this specification. It <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> implement the <code>json-ld-1.0</code>
+ processing mode (for further details, see the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></code>
+ option of <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>).</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processors</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">API Implementations</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em>
+ attempt to correct malformed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or language tags;
+ however, they <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> issue validation warnings. IRIs are not modified other
+ than converted between <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>A conforming <dfn title="json-ld-rdf-converter" id="dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">JSON-LD-RDF Converter</dfn> is a system that can perform
+ <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">Conversion to RDF</a> and
+ <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Conversion from RDF</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithms in this specification are generally written with more concern for clarity
+ than efficiency. Thus, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-processor" href="#dfn-json-ld-processor">JSON-LD Processors</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">API Implementations</a> may
+ implement the algorithms given in this specification in any way desired,
+ so long as the end result is indistinguishable from the result that would
+ be obtained by the specification's algorithms.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"><div class="note-title" role="heading" aria-level="3"><span>Note</span></div><p class="">Implementers can partially check their level of conformance to
+ this specification by successfully passing the test cases of the JSON-LD test
+ suite [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">JSON-LD-TESTS</a></cite>]. Note, however, that passing all the tests in the test
+ suite does not imply complete conformance to this specification. It only implies
+ that the implementation conforms to aspects tested by the test suite.</p></div>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Conformance section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="general-terminology">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>General Terminology</h2>
+
+ <p>This document uses the following terms as defined in JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. Refer
+ to the <em>JSON Grammar</em> section in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] for formal definitions.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-object" id="dfn-json-object">JSON object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding
+ zero or more key-value pairs. A key is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.
+ A single colon comes after each key, separating the key from the value.
+ A single comma separates a value from a following key. In contrast to JSON,
+ in JSON-LD the keys in an object must be unique.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
+ or more values. Values are separated by commas.
+ In JSON, an array is an <em>ordered</em> sequence of zero or more values.
+ While JSON-LD uses the same array representation as JSON,
+ the collection is <em>unordered</em> by default. While order is
+ preserved in regular JSON arrays, it is not in regular JSON-LD arrays
+ unless specifically defined (see
+ <cite><a href="../json-ld/#sets-and-lists">Sets and Lists</a></cite> in
+ the JSON-LD specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>]).</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters,
+ wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes (if necessary). A
+ character is represented as a single character string.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A number is similar to that used in most programming languages, except
+ that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading
+ zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Values that are used to express one of two possible boolean states.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> value. A key-value pair in the
+ <code>@context</code> where the value, or the <code>@id</code> of the
+ value, is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> explicitly decouples a term's association
+ with an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. A key-value pair in the body of a JSON-LD document whose
+ value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> has the same meaning as if the key-value pair
+ was not defined. If <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>, or
+ <code>@set</code> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in expanded form, then
+ the entire <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is ignored.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>Furthermore, the following terminology is used throughout this document:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keyword</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A JSON key that is specific to JSON-LD, specified in the section
+ <cite><a href="../json-ld/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords">Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></cite>
+ of the JSON-LD specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A set of rules for interpreting a JSON-LD document as specified in the section
+ <cite><a href="../json-ld/#the-context">The Context</a></cite> of the JSON-LD
+ specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-document" id="dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-document" href="#dfn-json-ld-document">JSON-LD document</a> is a serialization of a collection of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graphs</a> and comprises exactly one
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and zero or more <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graphs</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="named-graph" id="dfn-named-graph">named graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A named graph is a pair consisting of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>
+ (the <dfn title="graph-name" id="dfn-graph-name">graph name</dfn>) and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="default-graph" id="dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The default graph is the only graph in a JSON-LD document which has no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-graph" id="dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A labeled directed graph, i.e., a set of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>
+ connected by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edges</a>,
+ as specified in the <cite><a href="../json-ld/#data-model">Data Model</a></cite>
+ section of the JSON-LD specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="edge" id="dfn-edge">edge</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> has a direction associated with it and is labeled with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. Within the JSON-LD syntax
+ these edge labels are called <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">properties</dfn>. Whenever possible, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="edge" href="#dfn-edge">edge</a> should be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>Every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (Internationalized Resource Identifier) is a string that conforms to the syntax
+ defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="absolute-iri" id="dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>] containing a <em>scheme</em> along with a <em>path</em> and
+ optional <em>query</em> and fragment segments.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="relative-iri" id="dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that is relative some other <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>;
+ in the case of JSON-LD this is the base location of the document.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank-node" id="dfn-blank-node">blank node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> that is neither an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a>, nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank-node-identifier" id="dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A blank node identifier is a string that can be used as an identifier for a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> within the scope of a JSON-LD document. Blank node identifiers
+ begin with <code>_:</code>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-value" id="dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD value</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a>, or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="typed-value" id="dfn-typed-value">typed value</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a> consists of a value, which is a string, and a type,
+ which is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="language-tagged-string" id="dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a> consists of a string and a non-empty language
+ tag as defined by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>]. The language tag must be well-formed according to
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-2.2.9">section 2.2.9 Classes of Conformance</a>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>], and is normalized to lowercase.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="list" id="dfn-list">list</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> is an ordered sequence of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+<!-- end of General Terminology section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="algorithm-terms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Algorithm Terms</h2>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-graph" id="dfn-active-graph">active graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The name of the currently active graph that the processor should use when
+ processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-subject" id="dfn-active-subject">active subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The currently active subject that the processor should use when
+ processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-property" id="dfn-active-property">active property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The currently active <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> that
+ the processor should use when processing.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active-context" id="dfn-active-context">active context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A context that is used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> while
+ the processing algorithm is running.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="local-context" id="dfn-local-context">local context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A context that is specified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>,
+ specified via the <code>@context</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld-input" id="dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD data structure that is provided as input to the algorithm.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a short word defined in a context that may be expanded to
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="compact-iri" id="dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> has the form of <dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn>:<em>suffix</em> and is used as a way
+ of expressing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> without needing to define separate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definitions for
+ each <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> contained within a common vocabulary identified by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="node-object" id="dfn-node-object">node object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> represents zero or more properties of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">JSON-LD graph</a> serialized by the
+ JSON-LD document. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>
+ if it exists outside of the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and:
+ <ul>
+ <li>it does not contain the <code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>,
+ or <code>@set</code> keywords, or</li>
+ <li>it is not the top-most <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> in the JSON-LD document consisting
+ of no other members than <code>@graph</code> and <code>@context</code>.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="value-object" id="dfn-value-object">value object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@value</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="list-object" id="dfn-list-object">list object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@list</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="set-object" id="dfn-set-object">set object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an <code>@set</code>
+ member.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="scalar" id="dfn-scalar">scalar</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A scalar is either a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-subject" id="dfn-rdf-subject">RDF subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="subject" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-subject">subject</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-predicate" id="dfn-rdf-predicate">RDF predicate</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="predicate" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-predicate">predicate</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-object" id="dfn-rdf-object">RDF object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>An <a class="tref externalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">object</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-triple" id="dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="rdf-dataset" id="dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="tref externalDFN" title="dataset" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-dataset">dataset</a>
+ as specified by [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>] representing a collection of
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-graphs" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graphs</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</section>
+<!-- end of Algorithm Terms section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="context-processing-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">6. </span>Context Processing Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="context-processing-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Context Processing Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>When processing a JSON-LD data structure, each processing rule is applied
+ using information provided by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. This
+ section describes how to produce an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> contains the active
+ <dfn title="term-definition" id="dfn-term-definition">term definitions</dfn> which specify how
+ properties and values have to be interpreted as well as the current <dfn title="base-iri" id="dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>,
+ the <dfn title="vocabulary-mapping" id="dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</dfn> and the <dfn title="default-language" id="dfn-default-language">default language</dfn>. Each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> consists of an <dfn title="iri-mapping" id="dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</dfn>, a boolean
+ flag <dfn title="reverse-property" id="dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</dfn>, an optional <dfn title="type-mapping" id="dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</dfn>
+ or <dfn title="language-mapping" id="dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</dfn>, and an optional <dfn title="container-mapping" id="dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</dfn>.
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> can not only be used to map a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ to an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, but also to map a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>,
+ in which case it is referred to as a <dfn title="keyword-alias" id="dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</dfn>.</p>
+
+ <p>When processing, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is initialized
+ without any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>.
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is encountered during processing, a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is created by cloning the existing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. Then the information from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is merged into the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.
+ Given that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local contexts</a> may contain
+ references to remote contexts, this includes their retrieval.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>First we prepare a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> <i>result</i> by cloning
+ the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. Then we normalize the form of the passed
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">Local contexts</a> may be in the form of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing
+ a combination of the two. Finally we process each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> contained
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> as follows.</p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, it represents a reference to
+ a remote context. We dereference the remote context and replace <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ with the value of the <code>@context</code> key of the top-level object in the
+ retrieved JSON-LD document. If there's no such key, an invalid remote context has
+ been detected. Otherwise, we process <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> by recursively using
+ this algorithm ensuring that there is no cyclical reference.</p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, we first update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> by processing three specific keywords:
+ <code>@base</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, and <code>@language</code>.
+ These are handled before any other keys in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> because
+ they affect how the other keys are processed. Please note that <code>@base</code> is
+ ignored when processing remote contexts.</p>
+
+ <p>Then, for every other key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, we update
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <i>result</i>. Since
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a> in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>
+ may themselves contain <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, we may need to recurse.
+ When doing so, we must ensure that there is no cyclical dependency,
+ which is an error. After we have processed any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> dependencies,
+ we update the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>,
+ which may be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, we return <i>result</i> as the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm specifies how a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is updated
+ with a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>. The algorithm takes three input variables:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ <i>remote contexts</i> which is used to detect cyclical context inclusions.
+ If <i>remote contexts</i> is not passed, it is initialized to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to the result of cloning
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>
+ For each item <i>context</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set <i>result</i> to a
+ newly-initialized <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and continue with the
+ next <i>context</i>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of the currently being processed
+ document (which might be different from the currently being processed context),
+ if available; otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If set, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ option of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementation</a> overrides the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <i>context</i> to the result of resolving <i>value</i> against
+ the base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> which is established as specified in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.1">section 5.1 Establishing a Base URI</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>]. Only the basic algorithm in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">section 5.2</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] is used; neither
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">Syntax-Based Normalization</a></cite> nor
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">Scheme-Based Normalization</a></cite>
+ are performed. Characters additionally allowed in <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ references are treated in the same way that unreserved
+ characters are treated in URI references, per
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">section 6.5</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is in the <i>remote contexts</i> array, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">recursive context inclusion</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted;
+ otherwise, add <i>context</i> to <i>remote contexts</i>.</li>
+ <li>Dereference <i>context</i>. If <i>context</i> cannot be dereferenced, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. If the dereferenced document has no
+ top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with an <code>@context</code> member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">invalid remote context</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted; otherwise,
+ set <i>context</i> to the value of that member.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>result</i> to the result of recursively calling this algorithm,
+ passing <i>result</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>context</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>remote contexts</i>.</li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <i>context</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li><li>If <i>context</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">invalid local context</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@base</code> key and <i>remote contexts</i> is empty, i.e., the currently
+ being processed context is not a remote context:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@base</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i> is set to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of <i>result</i> to the result of
+ resolving <i>value</i> against the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">invalid base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@vocab</code> key:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@vocab</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove
+ any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> from <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> of <i>result</i> is set
+ to <i>value</i>. If it is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">invalid vocab mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> has an <code>@language</code> key:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, remove
+ any <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> from <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> of <i>result</i> is set to
+ lowercased <i>value</i>. If it is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">invalid default language</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>defined</i> to use to keep
+ track of whether or not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has already been defined
+ or currently being defined during recursion.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>key</i>-<i>value</i> pair in <i>context</i> where
+ <i>key</i> is not <code>@base</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, or
+ <code>@language</code>, invoke the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <i>result</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>context</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, <i>key</i>,
+ and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Context Processing -->
+
+
+ <section id="create-term-definition">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.2 </span>Create Term Definition</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm is called from the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>
+ to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> being processed in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-1">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">Term definitions</a> are created by
+ parsing the information in the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> for the
+ given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. If the given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, it may omit an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> by
+ depending on its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> having its own
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>. If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is
+ a key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, then its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ must first be created, through recursion, before continuing. Because a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> can depend on other
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definitions</a>, a mechanism must
+ be used to detect cyclical dependencies. The solution employed here
+ uses a map, <i>defined</i>, that keeps track of whether or not a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has been defined or is currently in the process of
+ being defined. This map is checked before any recursion is attempted.</p>
+
+ <p>After all dependencies for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> have been defined, the rest of
+ the information in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> for the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is taken into account, creating the appropriate
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-1">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm has four required inputs which are:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>,
+ a <i>term</i>, and a map <i>defined</i>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>defined</i> contains the key <i>term</i> and the associated
+ value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> (indicating that the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has already been created), return. Otherwise,
+ if the value is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the value associated with <i>defined</i>'s <i>term</i> key to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>. This indicates that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ is now being created but is not yet complete.</li>
+ <li>Since <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> cannot be overridden,
+ <i>term</i> must not be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>. Otherwise, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">keyword redefinition</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Remove any existing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>value</i> to a copy of the value associated with the key
+ <i>term</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <i>value</i>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing the key-value pair
+ <code>@id</code>-<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the value associated with <i>defined</i>'s
+ key <i>term</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and return.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, convert it
+ to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member whose
+ key is <code>@id</code> and whose value is <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>value</i> must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, if not, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">invalid term definition</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>, <i>definition</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains an <code>@id</code>, an
+ <code>@type</code>, or an <code>@language</code>, member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If the value associated with the <code>@reverse</code> key
+ is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the
+ result of using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the value associated with
+ the <code>@reverse</code> key for <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ for <i>vocab</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>. If the result
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, i.e., it contains no
+ colon (<code>:</code>), an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to
+ <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains an <code>@container</code> member,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <i>definition</i>
+ to <code>@index</code> if that is the value of the
+ <code>@container</code> member; otherwise an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</a></code>
+ error has been detected (reverse properties only support
+ index-containers) and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> flag of <i>definition</i>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> of <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to <i>definition</i> and the
+ value associated with <i>defined</i>'s key <i>term</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and return.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> flag of <i>definition</i>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@id</code> and its value
+ does not equal <i>term</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the
+ result of using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key for
+ <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>. If the resulting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> equals <code>@context</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">invalid keyword alias</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise if the <i>term</i> contains a colon (<code>:</code>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>term</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> with a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> that is a key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>
+ a dependency has been found. Use this algorithm recursively passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> as <i>term</i>, and <i>defined</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>term</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, set
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to the result of
+ concatenating the value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>'s
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> and the <i>term</i>'s <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>term</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to <i>term</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ of <i>definition</i> is set to the result of concatenating the value
+ associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> and <i>term</i>.
+ If it does not have a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>type</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@type</code> key, which must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>type</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>type</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> for <i>document relative</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, and <i>defined</i>. If the expanded <i>type</i> is
+ neither <code>@id</code>, nor <code>@vocab</code>, nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> for <i>definition</i> to <i>type</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@container</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@container</code> key, which must be either
+ <code>@list</code>, <code>@set</code>, <code>@index</code>,
+ or <code>@language</code>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">invalid container mapping</a></code> error
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <i>definition</i> to
+ <i>container</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@language</code> and
+ does not contain the key <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>language</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key, which must be either <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">invalid language mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> set it to
+ lowercased <i>language</i>. Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>
+ of <i>definition</i> to <i>language</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> of <i>term</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to <i>definition</i> and set the value
+ associated with <i>defined</i>'s key <i>term</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Term Creation -->
+
+
+ <section id="iri-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">6.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</h3>
+
+ <p>In JSON-LD documents, some keys and values may represent
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>. This section defines an algorithm for
+ transforming a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> that represents an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> into
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.
+ It also covers transforming <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a>
+ into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a>.</p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> expansion may occur during context processing or during
+ any of the other JSON-LD algorithms. If <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion occurs during context
+ processing, then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and its related <i>defined</i>
+ map from the <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>
+ are passed to this algorithm. This allows for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ dependencies to be processed via the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-2">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>In order to expand <i>value</i> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, we must
+ first determine if it is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>, or some form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Based on what
+ we find, we handle the specific kind of expansion; for example, we expand
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> according to its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. While inspecting <i>value</i> we
+ may also find that we need to create <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ dependencies because we're running this algorithm during context processing.
+ We can tell whether or not we're running during context processing by
+ checking <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> against <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.
+ We know we need to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> when <i>value</i> is
+ a key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and the <i>defined</i> map
+ does not have a key for <i>value</i> with an associated value of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>. The <i>defined</i> map is used during
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a> to keep track of
+ which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> have already been defined or are
+ in the process of being defined. We create a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> by using the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-2">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two required and four optional input variables. The
+ required inputs are an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and a <i>value</i>
+ to be expanded. The optional inputs are two flags,
+ <i>document relative</i> and <i>vocab</i>, that specifying
+ whether <i>value</i> can be interpreted as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ against the document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, respectively, and
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and a map <i>defined</i> to be used when
+ this algorithm is used during <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.
+ If not passed, the two flags are set to <code>false</code> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> and <i>defined</i> are initialized to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, it contains
+ a key that equals <i>value</i>, and the value associated with the key
+ that equals <i>value</i> in <i>defined</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ invoke the <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>,
+ <i>value</i> as <i>term</i>, and <i>defined</i>. This will ensure that
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is created for <i>value</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> during <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for
+ <i>value</i>, return the associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains a colon (<code>:</code>), it is either
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Split <i>value</i> into a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and <i>suffix</i>
+ at the first occurrence of a colon (<code>:</code>).</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is underscore (<code>_</code>)
+ or <i>suffix</i> begins with double-forward-slash
+ (<code>//</code>), return <i>value</i> as it is already an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, it
+ contains a key that equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>, and the value
+ associated with the key that equals <i>prefix</i> in <i>defined</i>
+ is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, invoke the
+ <a href="#create-term-definition">Create Term Definition algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>, <i>prefix</i> as <i>term</i>,
+ and <i>defined</i>. This will ensure that a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is created for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> during
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>, return the result of concatenating
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> associated with <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> and
+ <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>value</i> as it is already an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>,
+ return the result of concatenating the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>
+ with <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>document relative</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ set <i>value</i> to the result of resolving <i>value</i> against
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Only the basic algorithm in
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">section 5.2</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">RFC3986</a></cite>] is used; neither
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2">Syntax-Based Normalization</a></cite> nor
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3">Scheme-Based Normalization</a></cite>
+ are performed. Characters additionally allowed in <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> references are treated
+ in the same way that unreserved characters are treated in URI references, per
+ <cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987#section-6.5">section 6.5</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>].</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and
+ <i>value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of IRI Expansion -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Context Processing section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="expansion-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">7. </span>Expansion Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="expansion-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm expands a JSON-LD document, such that all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>
+ definitions are removed, all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> are expanded to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute IRIs</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>, or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> and all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a> are expressed in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-3">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Starting with its root <i>element</i>, we can process the
+ JSON-LD document recursively, until we have a fully
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanded</a> <i>result</i>. When
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanding</a> an <i>element</i>, we can treat
+ each one differently according to its type, in order to break down the
+ problem:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, there is nothing
+ to expand.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, we expand it
+ according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then we expand
+ each of its items recursively and return them in a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. We expand
+ each of its keys, adding them to our <i>result</i>, and then we expand
+ each value for each key recursively. Some of the keys will be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a> and others will be
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> or simply ignored because
+ they do not have definitions in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. Any
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> will be expanded using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>Finally, after ensuring <i>result</i> is in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ we return <i>result</i>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-3">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and an <i>element</i> to be expanded.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the result of performing,
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a> on the passed
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>,
+ or empty if <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ and <i>element</i> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <code>@graph</code>,
+ drop the free-floating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> by returning <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return the result of the
+ <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>element</i> as <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize an empty array, <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded item</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>item</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <code>@list</code> or its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> is set to <code>@list</code>, the
+ <i>expanded item</i> must not be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, otherwise a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded item</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, append each
+ of its items to <i>result</i>. Otherwise, if
+ <i>expanded item</i> is not null, append it to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> contains the key <code>@context</code>, set
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> to the result of the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and the value of the
+ <code>@context</code> key as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>key</i> and <i>value</i> in <i>element</i>,
+ ordered lexicographically by <i>key</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>key</i> is <code>@context</code>, continue to
+ the next <i>key</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded property</i> to the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>key</i> for
+ <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or it neither
+ contains a colon (<code>:</code>) nor it is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>,
+ drop <i>key</i> by continuing to the next <i>key</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> equals <code>@reverse</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">invalid reverse property map</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> has already an <i>expanded property</i> member, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">colliding keywords</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@id</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">invalid @id value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ for <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@type</code> and <i>value</i>
+ is neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">invalid type value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i> to expand the <i>value</i>
+ or each of its items.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@graph</code>, set
+ <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this algorithm
+ recursively passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <code>@graph</code>
+ for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@value</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">invalid value object value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to <i>value</i>. If <i>expanded value</i>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set the <code>@value</code>
+ member of <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and continue with the
+ next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>. Null values need to be preserved
+ in this case as the meaning of an <code>@type</code> member depends
+ on the existence of an <code>@value</code> member.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">invalid language-tagged string</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to lowercased <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">invalid @index value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise,
+ set <i>expanded value</i> to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or
+ <code>@graph</code>, continue with the next <i>key</i>
+ from <i>element</i> to remove the free-floating list.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using
+ this algorithm recursively passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@set</code>, set
+ <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this algorithm
+ recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i> for
+ <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@reverse</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid @reverse value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <code>@reverse</code> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>value</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> contains an <code>@reverse</code> member,
+ i.e., properties that are reversed twice, execute for each of its
+ <i>property</i> and <i>item</i> the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have a <i>property</i> member, create
+ one and set its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>property</i> member
+ of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> contains members other than <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have an <code>@reverse</code> member, create
+ one and set its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member in <i>result</i>
+ using the variable <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>items</i> in <i>expanded value</i>
+ other than <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>items</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid reverse property value</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse map</i> has no <i>property</i> member, create one
+ and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>property</i>
+ member in <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Unless <i>expanded value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set
+ the <i>expanded property</i> member of <i>result</i> to
+ <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Continue with the next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> then <i>value</i>
+ is expanded from a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map">language map</a>
+ as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>language</i>-<i>language value</i>
+ in <i>value</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>language</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>language value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>language value</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>language value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li><i>item</i> must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ otherwise an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">invalid language map value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> to
+ <i>expanded value</i> that consists of two
+ key-value pairs: (<code>@value</code>-<i>item</i>)
+ and (<code>@language</code>-lowercased
+ <i>language</i>).</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> then <i>value</i>
+ is expanded from an index map as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>expanded value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>index</i>-<i>index value</i>
+ in <i>value</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>index</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>index value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>index value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>index value</i> to the result of
+ using this algorithm recursively, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>key</i> as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ and <i>index value</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>index value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> does not have the key
+ <code>@index</code>, add the key-value pair
+ (<code>@index</code>-<i>index</i>) to
+ <i>item</i>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>expanded value</i> to the result of
+ using this algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <i>key</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>value</i>
+ for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, ignore <i>key</i>
+ by continuing to the next <i>key</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> associated to <i>key</i> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is <code>@list</code> and
+ <i>expanded value</i> is not already a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>,
+ convert <i>expanded value</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>
+ by first setting it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>expanded value</i> if it is not already an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ and then by setting it to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing
+ the key-value pair <code>@list</code>-<i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> associated to
+ <i>key</i> indicates that it is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> has no <code>@reverse</code> member, create
+ one and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member in <i>result</i>
+ using the variable <i>reverse map</i>.
+ </li><li>If <i>expanded value</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set
+ it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing <i>expanded value</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>expanded value</i>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid reverse property value</a></code>
+ has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse map</i> has no <i>expanded property</i> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>item</i> to the value of the <i>expanded property</i>
+ member of <i>reverse map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>key</i> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have an <i>expanded property</i>
+ member, create one and initialize its value to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>expanded value</i> to value of the <i>expanded property</i>
+ member of <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@value</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The <i>result</i> must not contain any keys other than
+ <code>@value</code>, <code>@language</code>, <code>@type</code>,
+ and <code>@index</code>. It must not contain both the
+ <code>@language</code> key and the <code>@type</code> key.
+ Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">invalid value object</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If the value of <i>result</i>'s <code>@value</code> key is
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of <i>result</i>'s <code>@value</code> member
+ is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> and <i>result</i> contains the key
+ <code>@language</code>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">invalid language-tagged value</a></code>
+ error has been detected (only <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>
+ can be language-tagged) and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <i>result</i> has a <code>@type</code> member
+ and its value is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">invalid typed value</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@type</code>
+ and its associated value is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the associated value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@set</code>
+ or <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The <i>result</i> must contain at most one other key and that
+ key must be <code>@index</code>. Otherwise, an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">invalid set or list object</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains the key <code>@set</code>, then
+ set <i>result</i> to the key's associated value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains only the key
+ <code>@language</code>, set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <code>@graph</code>,
+ drop free-floating values as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>result</i> is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or contains
+ the keys <code>@value</code> or <code>@list</code>, set <i>result</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>result</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> whose only
+ key is <code>@id</code>, set <i>result</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>If, after the above algorithm is run, the result is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains only an <code>@graph</code> key, set the
+ result to the value of <code>@graph</code>'s value. Otherwise, if the result
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Finally, if
+ the result is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set the result to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the result.</p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Expansion Algorithm -->
+
+
+
+ <section id="value-expansion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Value Expansion</h3>
+
+ <p>Some values in JSON-LD can be expressed in a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compact form</a>. These values are required
+ to be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">expanded</a> at times when processing
+ JSON-LD documents. A value is said to be in <dfn title="expanded-form" id="dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</dfn>
+ after the application of this algorithm.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-4">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> set to <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ value is the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a> on <i>value</i>
+ is returned.</p>
+
+ <p>Otherwise, the result will be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing
+ an <code>@value</code> member whose value is the passed <i>value</i>.
+ Additionally, an <code>@type</code> member will be included if there is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ or an <code>@language</code> member if <i>value</i> is a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> and there is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> associated
+ with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-4">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes three required inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a <i>value</i> to expand.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@id</code>, return a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing a single key-value pair where the
+ key is <code>@id</code> and the value is the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@vocab</code>, return
+ a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing a single key-value pair
+ where the key is <code>@id</code> and the value is the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <i>value</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>vocab</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for
+ <i>document relative</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, initialize <i>result</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ with an <code>@value</code> member whose value is set to
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, add an <code>@type</code> member to
+ <i>result</i> and set its value to the value associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is associated with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ add an <code>@language</code> to <i>result</i> and set its
+ value to the language code associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>; unless the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> in
+ which case no member is added.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, add an <code>@language</code>
+ to <i>result</i> and set its value to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Value Expansion -->
+
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Expansion section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="compaction-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">8. </span>Compaction Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="compaction-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm compacts a JSON-LD document, such that the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is applied. This must result in shortening
+ any applicable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>, any applicable
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a>, and
+ any applicable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-value" href="#dfn-json-ld-value">JSON-LD values</a>
+ expressed in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a> to simple values such as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-5">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Starting with its root <i>element</i>, we can process the
+ JSON-LD document recursively, until we have a fully
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compacted</a> <i>result</i>. When
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compacting</a> an <i>element</i>, we can treat
+ each one differently according to its type, in order to break down the
+ problem:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, it is
+ already in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</a>, so we simply return it.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, we compact
+ each of its items recursively and return them in a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. The value
+ of each key in element is compacted recursively. Some of the keys will be
+ compacted, using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>
+ and others will be compacted from <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword aliases</a> or simply left
+ unchanged because they do not have definitions in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.
+ Values will be converted to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compacted-form" href="#dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</a> via the
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction algorithm</a>. Some data
+ will be reshaped based on <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ specified in the context such as <code>@index</code> or <code>@language</code>
+ maps.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>The final output is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a <code>@context</code>
+ key, if a non-empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> was given, where the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ is either <i>result</i> or a wrapper for it where <i>result</i> appears
+ as the value of an (aliased) <code>@graph</code> key because <i>result</i>
+ contained two or more items in an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-5">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes five required input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, an
+ <i>element</i> to be compacted, and a flag
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>.
+ To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the result of
+ performing <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing</a>
+ on the passed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is
+ set to the result of performing the
+ <a href="#inverse-context-creation">Inverse Context Creation algorithm</a>
+ on <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is
+ set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, <i>element</i> is set to the result of
+ performing the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>
+ on the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-input" href="#dfn-json-ld-input">JSON-LD input</a>, and, if not passed,
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, it is already in its most
+ compact form, so simply return <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted item</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <em>item</em> for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted item</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, then append
+ it to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> contains only one item (it has a length of
+ <code>1</code>), <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has no
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, and
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, set <i>result</i> to its only item.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@value</code> or <code>@id</code>
+ member and the result of using the
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,and <i>element</i> as <i>value</i> is
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a>, return that result.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>inside reverse</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> equals <code>@reverse</code>,
+ otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key <i>expanded property</i> and value <i>expanded value</i>
+ in <i>element</i>, ordered lexicographically by <i>expanded property</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@id</code> or
+ <code>@type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ then initialize <i>compacted value</i> to the result
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded value</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i> if
+ <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@type</code>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> otherwise.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>expanded value</i> must be a
+ <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted value</i> to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each item <i>expanded type</i> in
+ <i>expanded value</i>, append the result of
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded type</i> for <i>iri</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>,
+ to <i>compacted value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted value</i> contains only one
+ item (it has a length of <code>1</code>), then
+ set <i>compacted value</i> to its only item.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <i>alias</i> to <i>result</i> whose value is
+ set to <i>compacted value</i> and continue to the next
+ <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@reverse</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted value</i> to the result of using this
+ algorithm recursively, passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <code>@reverse</code> for
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>expanded value</i>
+ for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>value</i> in <i>compacted value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> for <i>property</i> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> indicates that <i>property</i> is
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> and <i>value</i> is not an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set <i>value</i> to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is not a member of
+ <i>result</i>, add one and set its value to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value of the <i>property</i> member of
+ <i>result</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the value. Then
+ append <i>value</i> to its value if <i>value</i>
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, otherwise append each
+ of its items.</li>
+ <li>Remove the <i>property</i> member from
+ <i>compacted value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>compacted value</i> has some remaining members, i.e.,
+ it is not an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <code>@reverse</code> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set the value of the <i>alias</i> member of <i>result</i> to
+ <i>compacted value</i> and continue with the next
+ <i>expanded property</i> from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li></ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is <code>@index</code>,
+ then the compacted result will be inside of an <code>@index</code>
+ container, drop the <code>@index</code> property by continuing
+ to the next <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>expanded property</i> is <code>@index</code>,
+ <code>@value</code>, or <code>@language</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>alias</i> to the result of using
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <i>alias</i> to <i>result</i> whose value is
+ set to <i>expanded value</i> and continue with the next
+ <i>expanded property</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded value</i> is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item active property</i> to the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ <i>expanded value</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <i>inside reverse</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>result</i> does not have the key that equals
+ <i>item active property</i>, set this key's value in
+ <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Otherwise, if
+ the key's value is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set it
+ to one containing only the value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ At this point, <i>expanded value</i> must be an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> due to the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>.
+ For each item <i>expanded item</i> in <i>expanded value</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item active property</i> to the result of using
+ the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>expanded property</i> for <i>iri</i>,
+ <i>expanded item</i> for <i>value</i>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <i>inside reverse</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If there
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> for
+ <i>item active property</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ set <i>container</i> to its value.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>compacted item</i> to the result of using
+ this algorithm recursively, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <i>item active property</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ <i>expanded item</i> for <i>element</i> if it does
+ not contain the key <code>@list</code>, otherwise pass
+ the key's associated value for <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>
+ If <i>expanded item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ then set it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only
+ <i>compacted item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is not <code>@list</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Convert <i>compacted item</i> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> by setting it to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> containing key-value pair
+ where the key is the result of the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <code>@list</code> for <i>iri</i>, and <i>compacted item</i>
+ for <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>expanded item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@index</code>, then add a key-value pair
+ to <i>compacted item</i> where the key is the
+ result of the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ <code>@index</code> as <i>iri</i>, and the value associated with the
+ <code>@index</code> key in <i>expanded item</i> as <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item active property</i> must not be a key
+ in <i>result</i> because there cannot be two
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list objects</a> associated
+ with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> that has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>; a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">compaction to list of lists</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If <i>container</i> is <code>@language</code> or
+ <code>@index</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item active property</i> is a key in
+ <i>result</i>, then initialize <i>map object</i> to
+ its associated value, otherwise initialize it to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is <code>@language</code> and
+ <i>compacted item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@value</code>, then set <i>compacted item</i>
+ to the value associated with its <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>map key</i> to the value associated with
+ with the key that equals <i>container</i> in
+ <i>expanded item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>map key</i> is not a key in <i>map object</i>,
+ then set this key's value in <i>map object</i>
+ to <i>compacted item</i>. Otherwise, if the value
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, then set it to one
+ containing only the value and then append
+ <i>compacted item</i> to it.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, <i>container</i> is <code>@set</code> or
+ <code>@list</code>, or <i>expanded property</i> is
+ <code>@list</code> or <code>@graph</code> and
+ <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ set it to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ containing only <i>compacted item</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>item active property</i> is not a key in
+ <i>result</i> then add the key-value pair,
+ (<i>item active property</i>-<i>compacted item</i>),
+ to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value associated with the key that
+ equals <i>item active property</i> in <i>result</i>
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set it to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing only the value. Then
+ append <i>compacted item</i> to the value if
+ <i>compacted item</i> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ otherwise, concatenate it.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>If, after the algorithm outlined above is run, the result <i>result</i>
+ is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, replace it with a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member whose key is the result
+ of using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, and
+ <code>@graph</code> as <i>iri</i> and whose value is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ <i>result</i>. Finally, if a non-empty <i>context</i> has been passed,
+ add an <code>@context</code> member to <i>result</i> and set its value
+ to the passed <i>context</i>.</p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section id="inverse-context-creation">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Inverse Context Creation</h3>
+
+ <p>When there is more than one <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that could be chosen
+ to compact an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, it has to be ensured that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ selection is both deterministic and represents the most context-appropriate
+ choice whilst taking into consideration algorithmic complexity.</p>
+
+ <p>In order to make <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> selections, the concept of an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is introduced. An <dfn title="inverse-context" id="dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</dfn>
+ is essentially a reverse lookup table that maps
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mappings</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mappings</a> to a simple
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> for a given <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. A
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> only needs to be generated for an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> if it is being used for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>To make use of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, a list of preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> are gathered
+ for a particular value associated with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. These parameters
+ are then fed to the <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>,
+ which will find the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that most appropriately
+ matches the value's mappings.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-6">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>To create an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> for a given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is visited, ordered by length, shortest
+ first (ties are broken by choosing the lexicographically least
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>). For each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, an entry is added to
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> for each possible combination of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> that would legally match the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. Illegal matches include differences between a
+ value's <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> and
+ that of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> has no
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>, or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> (or some combination of these), then it
+ will have an entry in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> using the special
+ key <code>@none</code>. This allows the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a> to fall back
+ to choosing more generic <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> when a more
+ specifically-matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is not available for a particular
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> and value combination.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-6">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes one required input: the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> is being created for.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>result</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>default language</i> to <code>@none</code>. If the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>,
+ set <i>default language</i> to it.</li>
+ <li>For each key <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and value <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, ordered by shortest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ first (breaking ties by choosing the lexicographically least
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> cannot be selected during <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compaction</a>,
+ so continue to the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>container</i> to <code>@none</code>. If there
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>, set <i>container</i> to
+ its associated value.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>iri</i> to the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> is not a key in <i>result</i>, add
+ a key-value pair where the key is <i>iri</i> and the value
+ is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> to <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>iri</i> member in
+ <i>result</i> using the variable <i>container map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>container map</i> has no <i>container</i> member,
+ create one and set its value to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with two members. The first member is
+ <code>@language</code> and its value is a new empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>, the second member is <code>@type</code>
+ and its value is a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>container</i> member
+ in <i>container map</i> using the variable <i>type/language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> indicates that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ represents a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a <code>@reverse</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a member corresponding
+ to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>,
+ create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> (might be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>):
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@language</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> equals <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ set <i>language</i> to <code>@null</code>; otherwise set it
+ to the language code in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <i>language</i> member,
+ create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@language</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <i>default language</i>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ <li>If <i>language map</i> does not have a <code>@none</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <code>@type</code>
+ member in <i>type/language map</i> using the variable
+ <i>type map</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type map</i> does not have a <code>@none</code>
+ member, create one and set its value to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ being processed.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Inverse Context Creation -->
+
+
+ <section id="iri-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.3 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm compacts an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword-alias" href="#dfn-keyword-alias">keyword alias</a>. A value that is associated with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> may be passed in order to assist in selecting the most
+ context-appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-7">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>If the passed <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, we simply
+ return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Otherwise, we first try to find a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> can be compacted to if
+ it is relative to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>. In order to select the most appropriate
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, we may have to collect information about the passed
+ <i>value</i>. This information includes which
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ would be preferred for expressing the <i>value</i>, and what its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is. For
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">JSON-LD lists</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> will be chosen based on the most
+ specific values that work for all items in the list. Once this
+ information is gathered, it is passed to the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>, which will
+ return the most appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> to use.</p>
+
+ <p>If no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> was found that could be used to compact the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, an attempt is made compact the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>,
+ if there is one. If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> could not be compacted, an
+ attempt is made to find a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. If there is no
+ appropriate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is
+ transformed to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using the document's
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Finally, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> still could not be compacted, it is returned
+ as is.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-7">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes three required inputs and three optional inputs.
+ The required inputs an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ and the <i>iri</i> to be compacted. The optional inputs are a <i>value</i> associated
+ with the <i>iri</i>, a <i>vocab</i> flag which specifies whether the
+ passed <i>iri</i> should be compacted using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>, and a <i>reverse</i> flag which specifies whether
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="reverse-property" href="#dfn-reverse-property">reverse property</a> is being compacted. If not passed, <i>value</i> is set to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and <i>vocab</i> and <i>reverse</i> are both set to
+ <code>false</code>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <i>iri</i> is a
+ key in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>default language</i> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, if it has one, otherwise to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>containers</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. This
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> will be used to keep track of an ordered list of
+ preferred <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, based on what is compatible with
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type/language</i> to <code>@language</code>,
+ and <i>type/language value</i> to <code>@null</code>. These two
+ variables will keep track of the preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, based on what is compatible with <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that contains the
+ key <code>@index</code>, then append the value <code>@index</code>
+ to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>reverse</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, set <i>type/language</i>
+ to <code>@type</code>, <i>type/language value</i> to
+ <code>@reverse</code>, and append <code>@set</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, then set
+ <i>type/language</i> and <i>type/language value</i>
+ to the most specific values that work for all items in
+ the list as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <code>@index</code> is a not key in <i>value</i>, then
+ append <code>@list</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>list</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> associated
+ with the key <code>@list</code> in <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>common type</i> and <i>common language</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If
+ <i>list</i> is empty, set <i>common language</i> to
+ <i>default language</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>list</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>item language</i> to <code>@none</code> and
+ <i>item type</i> to <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>item</i> contains the key <code>@value</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> contains the key <code>@language</code>,
+ then set <i>item language</i> to its associated
+ value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item</i> contains the key
+ <code>@type</code>, set <i>item type</i> to its
+ associated value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>item language</i> to
+ <code>@null</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>item type</i> to <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it
+ to <i>item language</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item language</i> does not equal
+ <i>common language</i> and <i>item</i> contains the
+ key <code>@value</code>, then set <i>common language</i>
+ to <code>@none</code> because list items have conflicting
+ languages.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it
+ to <i>item type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>item type</i> does not equal
+ <i>common type</i>, then set <i>common type</i>
+ to <code>@none</code> because list items have conflicting
+ types.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <code>@none</code> and
+ <i>common type</i> is <code>@none</code>, then
+ stop processing items in the list because it has been
+ detected that there is no common language or type amongst
+ the items.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>common language</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@none</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>common type</i> is not <code>@none</code> then set
+ <i>type/language</i> to <code>@type</code> and
+ <i>type/language value</i> to <i>common type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type/language value</i> to
+ <i>common language</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> contains the key <code>@language</code>
+ and does not contain the key <code>@index</code>,
+ then set <i>type/language value</i> to its associated
+ value and append <code>@language</code> to
+ <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> contains the key
+ <code>@type</code>, then set <i>type/language value</i> to
+ its associated value and set <i>type/language</i> to
+ <code>@type</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type/language</i> to <code>@type</code>
+ and set <i>type/language value</i> to <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>Append <code>@set</code> to <i>containers</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Append <code>@none</code> to <i>containers</i>. This represents
+ the non-existence of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, and it will
+ be the last <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> value to be checked as it
+ is the most generic.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>@null</code>. This is the key under which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> values
+ are stored in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>preferred values</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ This <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> will indicate, in order, the preferred values for
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term's</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <code>@reverse</code>, append
+ <code>@reverse</code> to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type/language value</i> is <code>@id</code> or <code>@reverse</code>
+ and <i>value</i> has an <code>@id</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key in <i>value</i> for
+ <i>iri</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>document relative</i> has a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>
+ with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> that equals the value associated
+ with the <code>@id</code> key in <i>value</i>,
+ then append <code>@vocab</code>, <code>@id</code>, and
+ <code>@none</code>, in that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <code>@id</code>, <code>@vocab</code>, and
+ <code>@none</code>, in that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>type/language value</i> and <code>@none</code>, in
+ that order, to <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>term</i> to the result of the
+ <a href="#term-selection">Term Selection algorithm</a>, passing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, <i>iri</i>, <i>containers</i>,
+ <i>type/language</i>, and <i>preferred values</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>term</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>term</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>At this point, there is no simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that <i>iri</i>
+ can be compacted to. If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>iri</i> begins with the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping's</a> value
+ but is longer, then initialize <i>suffix</i> to the substring
+ of <i>iri</i> that does not match. If <i>suffix</i> does not
+ have a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>,
+ then return <i>suffix</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>The <i>iri</i> could not be compacted using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a>.
+ Try to create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, starting by initializing
+ <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. This variable will be used to
+ tore the created <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, if any.</li>
+
+ <li>For each key <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> and value <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> contains a colon (<code>:</code>),
+ then continue to the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> because
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> with colons can't be
+ used as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefixes</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ its <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> equals <i>iri</i>, or its
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a> is not a substring at the beginning of
+ <i>iri</i>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> cannot be used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>
+ because it is not a partial match with <i>iri</i>.
+ Continue with the next <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>candidate</i> by concatenating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ a colon (<code>:</code>), and the substring of <i>iri</i>
+ that follows after the value of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If either <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> or <i>candidate</i> is
+ shorter or the same length but lexicographically less than
+ <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> and <i>candidate</i> does not have a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> or if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>
+ that equals <i>iri</i> and <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ set <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> to <i>candidate</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>vocab</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> then
+ transform <i>iri</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative-iri" href="#dfn-relative-iri">relative <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> using
+ the document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>Finally, return <i>iri</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of IRI Compaction -->
+
+
+ <section id="term-selection">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.4 </span>Term Selection</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm, invoked via the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>,
+ makes use of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context's</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a> to find the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that is best
+ used to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compaction" href="#dfn-compaction">compact</a> an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. Other
+ information about a value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is given,
+ including which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>
+ and which <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> would
+ be best used to express the value.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-8">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context's</a> entry for
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> will be first searched according to the preferred
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>, in the order
+ that they are given. Amongst <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>, preference will be given to those
+ with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>,
+ over those without a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>. If there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> then the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ without a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> that matches the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> is selected. If
+ there is still no selected <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, then a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>
+ with no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> will
+ be selected if available. No <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> will be selected that
+ has a conflicting <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>.
+ Ties between <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">terms</a> that have the same
+ mappings are resolved by first choosing the shortest terms, and then by
+ choosing the lexicographically least term. Note that these ties are
+ resolved automatically because they were previously resolved when the
+ <a href="#inverse-context-creation">Inverse Context Creation algorithm</a>
+ was used to create the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-8">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm has five required inputs. They are:
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ <i>iri</i>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>containers</i> that represents an
+ ordered list of preferred <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mappings</a>,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> <i>type/language</i> that indicates whether
+ to look for a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>, and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> representing
+ an ordered list of <i>preferred values</i> for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> to look for.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>container map</i> to the value associated with
+ <i>iri</i> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each item <i>container</i> in <i>containers</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>container</i> is not a key in <i>container map</i>, then
+ there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> for it, so continue to the next
+ <i>container</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type/language map</i> to the value associated
+ with the <i>container</i> member in <i>container map</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>value map</i> to the value associated
+ with <i>type/language</i> member in <i>type/language map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>item</i> in <i>preferred values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is not a key in <i>value map</i>,
+ then there is no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> with a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a>,
+ so continue to the next <i>item</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, a matching term has been found, return the value
+ associated with the <i>item</i> member in
+ <i>value map</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>No matching term has been found. Return <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Term Selection -->
+
+
+ <section id="value-compaction">
+ <h3><span class="secno">8.5 </span>Value Compaction</h3>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="expansion" href="#dfn-expansion">Expansion</a> transforms all values into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded-form" href="#dfn-expanded-form">expanded form</a>
+ in JSON-LD. This algorithm performs the opposite operation, transforming
+ a value into <dfn title="compacted-form" id="dfn-compacted-form">compacted form</dfn>. This algorithm compacts a
+ value according to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> in the given
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> that is associated with the value's associated
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-9">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The <i>value</i> to compact has either an <code>@id</code> or an
+ <code>@value</code> member.</p>
+
+ <p>For the former case, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@id</code> or <code>@vocab</code>
+ and <i>value</i> consists of only of an <code>@id</code> member and, if
+ if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@index</code>, an <code>@index</code> member, <i>value</i>
+ can be compacted to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> by returning the result of
+ using the <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction algorithm</a>
+ to compact the value associated with the <code>@id</code> member.
+ Otherwise, <i>value</i> cannot be compacted and is returned as is.</p>
+
+ <p>For the latter case, it might be possible to compact <i>value</i>
+ just into the value associated with the <code>@value</code> member.
+ This can be done if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> has a matching
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> and there
+ is either no <code>@index</code> member or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@index</code>. It can
+ also be done if <code>@value</code> is the only member in <i>value</i>
+ (apart an <code>@index</code> member in case the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is set to <code>@index</code>) and
+ either its associated value is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, there is
+ no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>, or there is an explicit
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> for the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-9">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm has four required inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a <i>value</i>
+ to be compacted.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>number members</i> to the number of members
+ <i>value</i> contains.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has an <code>@index</code> member and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="container-mapping" href="#dfn-container-mapping">container mapping</a> associated to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@index</code>, decrease <i>number members</i> by
+ <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>number members</i> is greater than <code>2</code>, return
+ <i>value</i> as it cannot be compacted.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has an <code>@id</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>number members</i> is <code>1</code> and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@id</code>, return the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ and the value of the <code>@id</code> member for <i>iri</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>number members</i> is <code>1</code> and
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <code>@vocab</code>, return the result of using the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> compaction algorithm</a>,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inverse-context" href="#dfn-inverse-context">inverse context</a>,
+ the value of the <code>@id</code> member for <i>iri</i>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> for <i>vocab</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> has an <code>@type</code> member whose
+ value matches the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="type-mapping" href="#dfn-type-mapping">type mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>,
+ return the value associated with the <code>@value</code> member
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> has an <code>@language</code> member whose
+ value matches the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, return the value associated with the
+ <code>@value</code> member of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>number members</i> equals <code>1</code> and either
+ the value of the <code>@value</code> member is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> has no <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a>,
+ or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-mapping" href="#dfn-language-mapping">language mapping</a> of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,, return the value associated with the
+ <code>@value</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return <i>value</i> as is.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Value Compaction algorithm -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Compaction section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="flattening-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">9. </span>Flattening Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <section id="flattening-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.1 </span>Flattening Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm flattens an expanded JSON-LD document by collecting all
+ properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ and labeling all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a> with
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.
+ This resulting uniform shape of the document, may drastically simplify
+ the code required to process JSON-LD data in certain applications.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-10">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>First, a <i>node map</i> is generated using the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>
+ which collects all properties of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> in a single
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. In the next step, the <i>node map</i> is
+ converted to a JSON-LD document in
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="flattened-document-form" href="../json-ld/#flattened-document-form">flattened document form</a>.
+ Finally, if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> has been passed, the flattened document
+ is compacted using the <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>
+ before being returned.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-10">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two input variables, an <i>element</i> to flatten and
+ an optional <i>context</i> used to compact the flattened document. If not
+ passed, <i>context</i> is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>node map</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of
+ a single member whose key is <code>@default</code> and whose value is
+ an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Perform the <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>element</i> and <i>node map</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>default graph</i> to the value of the <code>@default</code>
+ member of <i>node map</i>, which is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> representing
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>graph name</i>-<i>graph</i> in <i>node map</i>
+ where <i>graph name</i> is not <code>@default</code>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>default graph</i> does not have a <i>graph name</i> member, create
+ one and initialize its value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of an
+ <code>@id</code> member whose value is set to <i>graph name</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value associated with the <i>graph name</i> member in
+ <i>default graph</i> using the variable <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add an <code>@graph</code> member to <i>entry</i> and set it to an
+ empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>id</i>-<i>node</i> pair in <i>graph</i> ordered by <i>id</i>,
+ add <i>node</i> to the <code>@graph</code> member of <i>entry</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>id</i>-<i>node</i> pair in <i>default graph</i> ordered by <i>id</i>,
+ add <i>node</i> to <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>context</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, return <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, return the result of compacting <i>flattened</i> according the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a> passing <i>context</i>
+ ensuring that the compaction result has only the <code>@graph</code> keyword (or its alias)
+ at the top-level other than <code>@context</code>, even if the context is empty or if there is only one element to
+ put in the <code>@graph</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. This ensures that the returned
+ document has a deterministic structure.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Flattening Algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="node-map-generation">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Node Map Generation</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm creates a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i> holding an indexed
+ representation of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graphs</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a>
+ represented in the passed expanded document. All <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> that are not
+ uniquely identified by an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> get assigned a (new) <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.
+ The resulting <i>node map</i> will have a member for every graph in the document whose
+ value is another object with a member for every <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> represented in the document.
+ The default graph is stored under the <code>@default</code> member, all other graphs are
+ stored under their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-11">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm recursively runs over an expanded JSON-LD document to
+ collect all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a>
+ in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. The algorithm constructs a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i> whose keys represent the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph names</a> used in the document
+ (the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> is stored under the key <code>@default</code>)
+ and whose associated values are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a>
+ which index the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">nodes</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-graph" href="#dfn-json-ld-graph">graph</a>. If a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property's</a> value is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>,
+ it is replace by a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> consisting of only an
+ <code>@id</code> member. If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> has no <code>@id</code>
+ member or it is identified by a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>,
+ a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> is generated. This relabeling
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> is
+ also be done for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">properties</a> and values of
+ <code>@type</code>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-11">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes as input an expanded JSON-LD document <i>element</i> and a reference to
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>node map</i>. Furthermore it has the optional parameters
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a> (which defaults to <code>@default</code>), an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and a reference to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>list</i>. If
+ not passed, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i> are
+ set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> is an array, process each <i>item</i> in <i>element</i>
+ as follows and then return:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Run this algorithm recursively by passing <i>item</i> for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>. Reference the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> which is the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>
+ member of <i>node map</i> using the variable <i>graph</i>. If the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set <i>node</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>
+ otherwise reference the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a> member of <i>graph</i> using the
+ variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@type</code> member, perform for each
+ <i>item</i> the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> has no member <i>item</i>, create one and initialize its
+ value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member <code>@id</code>
+ whose value is <i>item</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@value</code> member, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ containing <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, compare <i>element</i> against every item in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ member of <i>node</i>. If there is no item equivalent to <i>element</i>,
+ append <i>element</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Two
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a> are considered
+ equal if they have equivalent key-value pairs.</li>
+
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>element</i> to the <code>@list</code> member of <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>element</i> has an <code>@list</code> member, perform
+ the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>result</i> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@list</code> whose value is initialized to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively call this algorithm passing the value of <i>element's</i>
+ <code>@list</code> member for <i>element</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and
+ <i>result</i> for <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>Append <i>result</i> to the the value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member
+ of <i>node</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>element</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>, perform
+ the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@id</code> member, set <i>id</i>
+ to its value and remove the member from <i>element</i>. If <i>id</i>
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>id</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>id</i> to the result of the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier algorithm</a>
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> does not contain a member <i>id</i>, create one and initialize
+ its value to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>reference</i> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@id</code> whose value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ containing <i>reference</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, compare <i>reference</i> against every item in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>
+ member of <i>node</i>. If there is no item equivalent to <i>reference</i>,
+ append <i>reference</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Two
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON objects</a> are considered
+ equal if they have equivalent key-value pairs.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, append <i>element</i> to the <code>@list</code> member of <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>id</i> member of <i>graph</i> using the
+ variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@type</code> key, append
+ each item of its associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> associated with the <code>@type</code> key of
+ <i>node</i> unless it is already in that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>. Finally
+ remove the <code>@type</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@index</code> member, set the <code>@index</code>
+ member of <i>node</i> to its value. If <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">node</a> has already an
+ <code>@index</code> member with a different value, a
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">conflicting indexes</a></code>
+ error has been detected and processing is aborted. Otherwise, continue by
+ removing the <code>@index</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@reverse</code> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> <i>referenced node</i> with a single member <code>@id</code> whose
+ value is <i>id</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>reverse map</i> to the value of the <code>@reverse</code> member of
+ <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>property</i>-<i>values</i> in <i>reverse map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>value</i> of <i>values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> has a <i>property</i> member, append <i>referenced node</i> to
+ its value; otherwise create a <i>property</i> member whose value is an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing <i>referenced node</i>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively invoke this algorithm passing <i>value</i> for
+ <i>element</i>, <i>node map</i>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Remove the <code>@reverse</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>element</i> has an <code>@graph</code> member, recursively invoke this
+ algorithm passing the value of the <code>@graph</code> member for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, and <i>id</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a> before removing
+ the <code>@graph</code> member from <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Finally, for each key-value pair <i>property</i>-<i>value</i> in <i>element</i> ordered by
+ <i>property</i> perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, replace it with a newly
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">generated blank node identifier</a>
+ passing <i>property</i> for <i>identifier</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have a <i>property</i> member, create one and initialize
+ its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Recursively invoke this algorithm passing <i>value</i> for <i>element</i>,
+ <i>node map</i>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-graph" href="#dfn-active-graph">active graph</a>, <i>id</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-subject" href="#dfn-active-subject">active subject</a>,
+ <i>property</i> for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-property" href="#dfn-active-property">active property</a>, and <i>list</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Node Map Generation -->
+
+
+ <section id="generate-blank-node-identifier">
+ <h3><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Generate Blank Node Identifier</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm is used to determine if two generate new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> or to
+ relabel an existing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> to avoid collision
+ by the introduction of new ones.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-12">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The simplest case is if there exists already a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ in the <i>identifier map</i> for the passed <i>identifier</i>, in which
+ case it is simply returned. Otherwise, a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ is generated by concatenating the string <code>_:b</code> and the
+ <i>counter</i>. If the passed <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>,
+ an entry is created in the <i>identifier map</i> associating the
+ <i>identifier</i> with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. Finally,
+ the <i>counter</i> is increased by one and the new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> is returned.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-12">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes a single input variable <i>identifier</i> which may
+ be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. Between its executions, the algorithm needs to
+ keep an <i>identifier map</i> to relabel existing
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>
+ consistently and a <i>counter</i> to generate new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>. The
+ <i>counter</i> is initialized to <code>0</code> by default.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and has an entry in the
+ <i>identifier map</i>, return the mapped identifier.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, generate a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> by concatenating
+ the string <code>_:b</code> and <i>counter</i>.</li>
+ <li>Increment <i>counter</i> by <code>1</code>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>identifier</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, create a new entry
+ for <i>identifier</i> in <i>identifier map</i> and set its value
+ to the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ <li>Return the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Generate Blank Node Identifier -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of Flattening section -->
+
+
+
+<section id="rdf-conversion-algorithms">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">10. </span>RDF Conversion Algorithms</h2>
+
+ <p>This section describes algorithms to transform a JSON-LD document to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> and vice versa. The algorithms are designed for in-memory
+ implementations with random access to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> elements.</p>
+
+ <p>Throughout this section, the following vocabulary
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefixes</a> are used in
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact-iri" href="#dfn-compact-iri">compact IRIs</a>:</p>
+
+ <table rules="all">
+ <thead>
+ <tr><th>Prefix</th>
+ <th><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>rdf</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>rdfs</td>
+ <td> http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>xsd</td>
+ <td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+
+ <section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Convert to RDF Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithms converts a JSON-LD document to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>.
+ Please note that RDF does not allow a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> to be used
+ as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>, while JSON-LD does.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">JSON-LD-RDF Converters</a> can work
+ around this restriction, when converting JSON-LD to RDF, by converting such
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>,
+ minting new "Skolem IRIs" as per
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-skolemization">Replacing Blank Nodes with IRIs</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <div class="issue atrisk"><div class="issue-title" role="heading" aria-level="4"><span>Feature at Risk 3</span>: Allow blank nodes to be used as graph name or property</div><div class="atrisk">
+ <p class="atrisk-head">Note: This feature is
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr#cfi">"at risk"</a> and
+ may be removed from this specification based on feedback. Please send feedback to
+ <a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-comments@w3.org</a>.
+ For the current status see
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/wiki/JSON-LD_Features_at_Risk">features "at risk" in JSON-LD 1.0</a></p>
+ <p>RDF does not currently allow a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> to be
+ used as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>, while JSON-LD
+ does. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-rdf-converter" href="#dfn-json-ld-rdf-converter">JSON-LD-RDF Converters</a>
+ can work around this restriction, when converting JSON-LD to RDF, by
+ converting such <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank nodes</a> to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>, minting new "Skolem IRIs" as per
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-skolemization">Replacing Blank Nodes with IRIs</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">RDF11-CONCEPTS</a></cite>]. Based on feedback from implementors the
+ Working Group may decide to disallow blank nodes as graph names and
+ properties in JSON-LD. If this change would affect you, be sure to
+ send in a comment.</p>
+ </div></div>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-13">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD document is expanded and converted to a <i>node map</i> using the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>.
+ This allows each graph represented within the document to be
+ extracted and flattened, making it easier to process each
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>. Each graph from the <i>node map</i>
+ is processed to extract <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triples</a>,
+ to which any (non-default) graph name is applied to create an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>. Each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> in the
+ <i>node map</i> has an <code>@id</code> member which corresponds to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-subject" href="#dfn-rdf-subject">RDF subject</a>, the other members
+ represent <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-predicate" href="#dfn-rdf-predicate">RDF predicates</a>. Each
+ member value is either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> or can be transformed to an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a>
+ to generate an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">Lists</a>
+ are transformed into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a>
+ using the <a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">List to RDF Conversion algorithm.</a></p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-13">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes a JSON-LD document <i>element</i> and returns an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Expand <i>element</i> according the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a <i>node map</i> according the
+ <a href="#node-map-generation">Node Map Generation algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>graph name</i> and <i>graph</i> in <i>node map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>triples</i> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>subject</i> and <i>node</i> in <i>graph</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>For each <i>property</i> and <i>values</i> in <i>node</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>property</i> is <code>@type</code>, then for each
+ <i>type</i> in <i>values</i>, append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ composed of <i>subject</i>, <code>rdf:type</code>,
+ and <i>type</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>property</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>
+ continue to the next <i>property</i>-<i>values</i> pair.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>property</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>. For each <i>item</i>
+ in <i>values</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>, initialize
+ <i>list triples</i> as an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> and
+ <i>list head</i> to the result of the <a href="#list-to-rdf-conversion">List Conversion algorithm</a>, passing
+ the value associated with the <code>@list</code> key from
+ <i>item</i> and <i>list triples</i>. Append first a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <i>property</i>, and <i>list head</i> to <i>triples</i> and
+ finally append all <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a> from
+ <i>list triples</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>. Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a>
+ composed of <i>subject</i>, <i>property</i>, and
+ the result of using the
+ <a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">Object to RDF Conversion algorithm</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> to <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>graph name</i> is <code>@default</code>, add
+ <i>triples</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> in <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graph</a> in <i>dataset</i>
+ composed of <i>graph name</i> and add <i>triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>dataset</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Convert to RDF Algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="object-to-rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Object to RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ and transforms it into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-resource" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-resource">RDF resource</a>
+ to be used as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-object">object</a> of an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-14">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">Value objects</a> are transformed to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> as described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>
+ whereas <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a> are transformed
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-14">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes as its sole argument <i>item</i> which must be
+ either a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a> return the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> associated
+ with its <code>@id</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, <i>item</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>. Initialize
+ <i>value</i> to the value associated with the <code>@value</code>
+ member in <i>item</i>.
+ </li><li>Initialize <i>datatype</i> to the value associated with the
+ <code>@type</code> member of <i>item</i> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> if
+ <i>item</i> does not have such a member.</li>
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, set <i>value</i> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>
+ <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> which is the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> as described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>
+ If <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:boolean</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> with fractions
+ or <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> and <i>datatype</i> equals
+ <code>xsd:double</code>, convert <i>value</i> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> of
+ an <code>xsd:double</code> as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]
+ and described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ If <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:double</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> without fractions
+ or <i>value</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> and <i>datatype</i> equals
+ <code>xsd:integer</code>, convert <i>value</i> to a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> of
+ an <code>xsd:integer</code> as defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>]
+ and described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>.
+ If <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:integer</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>datatype</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, set it to
+ <code>xsd:string</code> or <code>rdf:langString</code>, depending on if
+ item has an <code>@language</code> member.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>literal</i> as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a> using
+ <i>value</i> and <i>datatype</i>. If <i>item</i> has an
+ <code>@language</code> member, add the value associated with the
+ <code>@language</code> key as the language tag of <i>literal</i>.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>literal</i>.</li>
+
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Object to RDF Conversion -->
+
+
+ <section id="list-to-rdf-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.3 </span>List to RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>List Conversion is the process of taking a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a>
+ and transforming it into an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a>
+ as defined in RDF Semantics [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-MT">RDF-MT</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-15">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>For each element of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>
+ is allocated which is used to generate <code>rdf:first</code> and
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>. The
+ algorithm returns the list head, which is either the the first allocated
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> or <code>rdf:nil</code> if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a> is empty.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-15">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list</i>
+ and an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list triples</i> used for returning
+ the generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">triples</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is empty, return <code>rdf:nil</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>bnodes</i> composed of a
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">newly generated blank node identifier</a>
+ for each entry in <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each pair of <i>subject</i> from <i>bnodes</i> and <i>item</i> from <i>list</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Append a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <code>rdf:first</code>, and the result of using th
+ <a href="#object-to-rdf-conversion">Object to RDF Conversion algorithm</a>
+ passing <i>item</i> to <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>rest</i> as the next entry in <i>bnodes</i>, or if that
+ does not exist, <code>rdf:nil</code>. Append a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="triple" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">triple</a> composed of <i>subject</i>,
+ <code>rdf:rest</code>, and <i>rest</i> to <i>list triples</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node" href="#dfn-blank-node">blank node</a> from <i>bnodes</i> or
+ <code>rdf:nil</code> if <i>bnodes</i> is empty.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of List to RDF -->
+
+
+ <section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.4 </span>Convert from RDF Algorithm</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm converts an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> consisting of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and zero or more
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="named-graph" href="#dfn-named-graph">named graphs</a> into a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-16">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>Iterate through each graph in the dataset, converting
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-collection" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collections</a> into a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list" href="#dfn-list">list</a>
+ and generating a JSON-LD document in expanded form for all
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a>.
+ If the <i>use native types</i> flag is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> with a
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ that equals <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code> are converted
+ to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">JSON numbers</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a>
+ with a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ that equals <code>xsd:boolean</code> are converted to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> based on their
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ as described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-16">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>The algorithm takes two required inputs: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a> and a flag
+ <i>use native types</i> that defaults to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>default graph</i> to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>graph map</i> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting
+ of a single member <code>@default</code> whose value references
+ <i>default graph</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>graph</i> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-dataset" href="#dfn-rdf-dataset">RDF dataset</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a>,
+ set <i>name</i> to <code>@default</code>, otherwise to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph-name" href="#dfn-graph-name">graph name</a> associated with <i>graph</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph map</i> has no <i>name</i> member, create one and set
+ its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph</i> is not the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-graph" href="#dfn-default-graph">default graph</a> and
+ <i>default graph</i> does not have a <i>name</i> member,
+ create such a member and initialize its value to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> with a single member <code>@id</code>
+ whose value is <i>name</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>name</i> member in <i>graph map</i>
+ using the variable <i>node map</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a> in <i>graph</i>
+ consisting of <i>subject</i>, <i>predicate</i>, and <i>object</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>node map</i> does not have a <i>subject</i> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose value is
+ set to <i>subject</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>subject</i> member in <i>node map</i>
+ using the variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>object</i> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, does not equal <code>rdf:nil</code>,
+ and <i>node map</i> does not have an <i>object</i> member,
+ create one and initialize its value to a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose value is
+ set to <i>object</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>predicate</i> equals <code>rdf:type</code>, and <i>object</i>
+ is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>,
+ append <i>object</i> to the value of the <code>@type</code>
+ member of <i>node</i>. If no such member exists, create one
+ and initialize it to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> whose only item is
+ <i>object</i>. Finally, continue to the next
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-triple" href="#dfn-rdf-triple">RDF triple</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>object</i> equals <code>rdf:nil</code> and <i>predicate</i> does
+ not equal <code>rdf:rest</code>, set <i>value</i> to a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> consisting of a single member
+ <code>@list</code> whose value is set to an empty
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>value</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#rdf-to-object-conversion">RDF to Object Conversion algorithm</a>,
+ passing <i>object</i> and <i>use native types</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>node</i> does not have an <i>predicate</i> member, create one
+ and initialize its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>Add a reference to <i>value</i> to the to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ associated with the <i>predicate</i> member of <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>object</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a> and
+ <i>predicate</i> equals neither <code>rdf:first</code> nor
+ <code>rdf:rest</code>, it might represent the head of a RDF list:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <i>object</i> member of <i>node map</i> has an
+ <code>usages</code> member, add a reference to <i>value</i> to it;
+ otherwise create such a member and set its value to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> whose only item is a reference to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>For each <i>name</i> and <i>graph object</i> in <i>graph map</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize <i>subjects</i> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> whose items
+ are the keys of <i>graph object</i>.</li>
+ <li>For item <i>subj</i> of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>subjects</i>,
+ perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>graph object</i> does not have a <i>subj</i> member,
+ it has been removed as it was part of a list. Continue with the
+ next <i>subj</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the value of the <i>subj</i> member of <i>graph object</i>
+ using the variable <i>node</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>node</i> has no <code>usages</code> member or its value
+ is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> consisting of one item, continue
+ with the next <i>subj</i>.</li>
+ <li>Reference the only item of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> which is the value
+ of the <code>usages</code> member of <i>node</i> using the variable
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize the variables <i>list</i> and <i>list nodes</i>
+ to empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">arrays</a>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize the <i>subject</i> to <i>subj</i>.</li>
+ <li>As long as <i>subject</i> does not equal <code>rdf:nil</code>
+ and <i>list</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>node</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>; the value of its <code>@id</code>
+ member does not begin with <code>_:</code>; it has members other
+ than <code>@id</code>, <code>usages</code>, <code>rdf:first</code>, and
+ <code>rdf:rest</code>; the value of its <code>rdf:first</code> and
+ member is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> consisting of a single item;
+ or the value of its <code>rdf:rest</code> member is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ containing a single item which is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> that has an
+ <code>@id</code> member, it is not a valid list node. Set <i>list</i>
+ to null.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add the item of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> which is the value of
+ the <code>rdf:first</code> member of <i>node</i> to <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add the value of the <code>@id</code> member of <i>node</i> to
+ <i>list nodes</i>.</li>
+ <li>The only item of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> which is the value of the
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> member of <i>node</i> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.
+ Set <i>subject</i> to the value of its <code>@id</code> member.</li>
+ <li>If <i>graph object</i> has a <i>subject</i> member, reference its
+ value using the variable <i>node</i>; otherwise set <i>node</i>
+ to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>list nodes</i> contains <i>subject</i> a cycle has been detected,
+ set <i>list</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <i>list</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, continue with the next
+ <i>subj</i>.</li>
+ <li>Remove the <code>@id</code> member from <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Add an <code>@list</code> member to <i>value</i> and initialize
+ it to <i>list</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>subject</i> in <i>list nodes</i>, remove the
+ <i>subject</i> member of <i>graph object</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <i>result</i>.</li>
+ <li>For each <i>subject</i> and <i>node</i> in <i>default graph</i>
+ ordered by <i>subject</i>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>graph map</i> has a <i>subject</i> member:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Add a <code>@graph</code> member to <i>node</i> and initialize
+ its value to an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</li>
+ <li>For each key-value pair <i>s</i>-<i>n</i> in the the <i>subject</i>
+ member of <i>graph map</i> ordered by <i>s</i>, append <i>n</i>
+ to the <code>@graph</code> member of <i>node</i> after
+ removing its <code>usages</code> member.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li><li>Append <i>node</i> to <i>result</i> after removing its
+ <code>usages</code> member.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Convert from RDF algorithm -->
+
+
+ <section id="rdf-to-object-conversion">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.5 </span>RDF to Object Conversion</h3>
+
+ <p>This algorithm transforms an RDF literal to a JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a>
+ and a RDF blank node or <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to an JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</p>
+
+ <section class="informative">
+ <h4 id="overview-17">Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> are transformed to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value objects</a> whereas <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">IRIs</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifiers</a> are
+ transformed to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node objects</a>.
+ If the <i>use native types</i> flag is set to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a> with a
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ that equals <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code> are converted
+ to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">JSON numbers</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a>
+ with a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ that equals <code>xsd:boolean</code> are converted to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> or
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> based on their
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ as described in
+ <a class="sectionRef" href="#data-round-tripping">section 10.6 Data Round Tripping</a>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="algorithm-17">Algorithm</h4>
+
+ <p>This algorithm takes two required inputs: a <i>value</i> to be converted
+ to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> and a flag <i>use native types</i>.</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <i>value</i> is an an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank-node-identifier" href="#dfn-blank-node-identifier">blank node identifier</a>, return a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>
+ consisting of a single member <code>@id</code> whose value is set to
+ <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise <i>value</i> is an
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literal" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literal</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> result.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>converted value</i> to <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize <i>type</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a></li>
+ <li>If <i>use native types</i> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i> equals <code>xsd:string</code>, set
+ <i>converted value</i> to the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i> equals <code>xsd:boolean</code>, set
+ <i>converted value</i> to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> if the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ of <i>value</i> matches <code>true</code>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>
+ if it matches <code>false</code>. If it matches neither,
+ set <i>type</i> to <code>xsd:boolean</code>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i> equals <code>xsd:integer</code> or
+ <code>xsd:double</code> and its
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ is a valid <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code>
+ according [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>], set <i>converted value</i>
+ to the result of converting the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="lexical-form" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-lexical-form">lexical form</a>
+ to a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <i>value</i> is a
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a>
+ add a member <code>@language</code> to <i>result</i> and set its value to the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-tag" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tag">language tag</a>
+ of <i>value</i>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <i>type</i> to the
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of <i>value</i>, unless it equals <code>xsd:string</code> which is ignored.</li>
+ <li>Add a member <code>@value</code> to <i>result</i> whose value
+ is set to <i>converted value</i>.</li>
+ <li>If <i>type</i> is not <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>, add a member <code>@type</code>
+ to <i>result</i> whose value is set to <i>type</i>.</li>
+ <li>Return <i>result</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section id="data-round-tripping">
+ <h3><span class="secno">10.6 </span>Data Round Tripping</h3>
+
+ <p>When <a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">converting JSON-LD to RDF</a>
+ JSON-native <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a> are automatically
+ type-coerced to <code>xsd:integer</code> or <code>xsd:double</code>
+ depending on whether the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> has fractions or not,
+ the boolean values <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> are
+ coerced to <code>xsd:boolean</code>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>
+ are coerced to <code>xsd:string</code>. The numeric or boolean values
+ itself are converted to <dfn title="canonical-lexical-form" id="dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</dfn>, i.e., a
+ deterministic string representation as defined in
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">XMLSCHEMA11-2</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> of an <em>integer</em>, i.e.,
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> without fractions or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> coerced
+ to <code>xsd:integer</code>, is a finite-length sequence of decimal
+ digits (<code>0-9</code>) with an optional leading minus sign; leading
+ zeros are prohibited. In JavaScript, implementers can use the following
+ snippet of code to convert an integer to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span>: Sample integer serialization implementation in JavaScript</div><pre class="example">(value).toFixed(0).toString()</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> of a <em>double</em>, i.e., a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> with fractions or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> coerced to
+ <code>xsd:double</code>, consists of a mantissa followed by the
+ character <code>E</code>, followed by an exponent. The mantissa is a
+ decimal number and the exponent is an integer. Leading zeros and a
+ preceding plus sign (<code>+</code>) are prohibited in the exponent.
+ If the exponent is zero, it is indicated by <code>E0</code>. For the
+ mantissa, the preceding optional plus sign is prohibited and the
+ decimal point is required. Leading and trailing zeros are prohibited
+ subject to the following: number representations must be normalized
+ such that there is a single digit which is non-zero to the left of
+ the decimal point and at least a single digit to the right of the
+ decimal point unless the value being represented is zero. The
+ canonical representation for zero is <code>0.0E0</code>.
+ <code>xsd:double</code>'s value space is defined by the IEEE
+ double-precision 64-bit floating point type [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985">IEEE-754-1985</a></cite>] whereas
+ the value space of JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a> is not
+ specified; when converting JSON-LD to RDF the mantissa is rounded to
+ 15 digits after the decimal point. In JavaScript, implementers
+ can use the following snippet of code to convert a double to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span>: Sample floating point number serialization implementation in JavaScript</div><pre class="example">(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')</pre></div>
+
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a> of the <em>boolean</em>
+ values <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> are the strings
+ <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>When JSON-native <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>, are converted
+ to RDF, lossless data round-tripping can not be guaranteed as rounding
+ errors might occur. When converting
+ <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">RDF to JSON-LD</a>, similar
+ rounding errors might occur. Furthermore, the datatype or the lexical
+ representation might be lost. An <code>xsd:double</code> with a value
+ of <code>2.0</code> will, e.g., result in an <code>xsd:integer</code>
+ with a value of <code>2</code> in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="canonical-lexical-form" href="#dfn-canonical-lexical-form">canonical lexical form</a>
+ when converted from RDF to JSON-LD and back to RDF. It is important
+ to highlight that in practice it might be impossible to losslessly
+ convert an <code>xsd:integer</code> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> because
+ its value space is not limited. While the JSON specification [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]
+ does not limit the value space of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">numbers</a>
+ either, concrete implementations typically do have a limited value
+ space.</p>
+
+ <p>To ensure lossless round-tripping the
+ <a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">Converting from RDF algorithm</a>
+ specifies a <i>use native types</i> flag which controls whether
+ <a class="tref externalDFN" title="rdf-literals" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">RDF literals</a>
+ with a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="datatype-iri" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ equal to <code>xsd:integer</code>, <code>xsd:double</code>, or
+ <code>xsd:boolean</code> are converted to their JSON-native
+ counterparts. If the <i>use native types</i> flag is set to
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a>, all literals remain in their original string
+ representation.</p>
+
+ <p>Some JSON serializers, such as PHP's native implementation in some versions,
+ backslash-escape the forward slash character. For example, the value
+ <code>http://example.com/</code> would be serialized as <code>http:\/\/example.com\/</code>.
+ This is problematic as other JSON parsers might not understand those escaping characters.
+ There is no need to backslash-escape forward slashes in JSON-LD. To aid
+ interoperability between JSON-LD processors, forward slashes <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> be
+ backslash-escaped.</p>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Data Round Tripping -->
+
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">11. </span>The Application Programming Interface</h2>
+
+ <p>This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert
+ JSON-LD data into a variety of output formats that are often easier to
+ work with. A conformant <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementation</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em>
+ implement the entirety of the following API.</p>
+
+ <p>The JSON-LD API uses <a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future">Futures</a> to represent
+ the result of the various asynchronous operations.
+ <dfn title="future" id="dfn-future">Futures</dfn> are defined in
+ <cite><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#futures">section 4 Futures</a></cite>
+ of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM-WHATWG">DOM-WHATWG</a></cite>].</p>
+
+ <section id="the-jsonldprocessor-interface">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.1 </span>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> Interface</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> interface is the high-level programming structure
+ that developers use to access the JSON-LD transformation methods.</p>
+
+ <p>It is important to highlight that conformant
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementations</a>
+ <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> modify the input parameters. If an error is detected, the Future is
+ rejected passing a <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> with the corresponding error
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></code>
+ and processing is stopped.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">Constructor</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-any-input-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>Future</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>any</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h4 id="methods">Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>compact</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#compaction">Compacts</a> the given <i>input</i> using the
+ <i>context</i> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future">Future</a> <i>future</i> and return it. The
+ following steps are then executed asynchronously.</li>
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a <span class="idlParamType">DOMString</span>
+ representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of a remote document, dereference it.
+ If the retrieved document has a content type different than
+ <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, reject the <i>future</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of the currently being processed
+ document, if available; otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If set, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ overrides the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>compacted</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>context</i>, <i>expanded</i> as <i>element</i>, and if passed, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ flag in <i>options</i>.</li>
+ <li>Accept the <i>future</i> passing <i>compacted</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>any</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the compaction upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to compact.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the <code>input</code>; either in the
+ form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the algorithms. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>Future</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-Future-any-input-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>expand</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#expansion">Expands</a> the given <i>input</i> according to
+ the steps in the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future">Future</a> <i>future</i> and return it. The
+ following steps are then executed asynchronously.</li>
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a <span class="idlParamType">DOMString</span>
+ representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of a remote document, dereference it. If the retrieved document has a content type
+ different than <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, reject the <i>future</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of the currently being processed
+ document, if available; otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If set, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ overrides the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Accept the <i>future</i> passing <i>expanded</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>any</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects to perform the expansion upon or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> referencing the JSON-LD document to expand.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the used algorithms such. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>Future</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-Future-any-input-JsonLdContext-context-JsonLdOptions-options"><code>flatten</code></dt><dd>
+ <p><a href="#flattening">Flattens</a> the given <i>input</i> and
+ <a href="#compaction">compacts</a> it using the passed <i>context</i>
+ according to the steps in the <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>:</p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future">Future</a> <i>future</i> and return it. The
+ following steps are then executed asynchronously.</li>
+ <li>If the passed <i>input</i> is a <span class="idlParamType">DOMString</span>
+ representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> of a remote document, dereference it. If the retrieved document has a content type
+ different than <code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code> or
+ if the document cannot be parsed as JSON, reject the <i>future</i> passing an
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</a></code>
+ error.</li>
+ <li>Initialize a new empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> is set to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of the currently being processed
+ document, if available; otherwise to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>. If set, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ overrides the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>If an
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ has been passed, update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></code>
+ as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <i>input</i> has been retrieved and the response has a content type
+ <code>application/json</code> and an HTTP Link Header [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC5988">RFC5988</a></cite>] using the
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#context</code> link relation, update the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> using the
+ <a href="#context-processing-algorithm">Context Processing algorithm</a>, passing the
+ context referenced in the HTTP Link Header as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>expanded</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion algorithm</a>, passing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active-context" href="#dfn-active-context">active context</a> and <i>input</i> as <i>element</i>.</li>
+ <li>Initialize an empty <i>identifier map</i> and a <i>counter</i> (set to <code>0</code>)
+ to be used by the
+ <a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">Generate Blank Node Identifier algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Set <i>flattened</i> to the result of using the
+ <a href="#flattening-algorithm">Flattening algorithm</a>, passing
+ <i>expanded</i> as <i>element</i>, <i>context</i>, and if passed, the
+ <code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></code>
+ flag in <i>options</i> (which is internally passed to the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction algorithm</a>).</li>
+ <li>Accept the <i>future</i> passing <i>flattened</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>any</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object or array of JSON-LD objects or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ referencing the JSON-LD document to flatten.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">The context to use when compacting the flattened <code>input</code>; either
+ in the form of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a> or as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. If not
+ passed or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> is passed, the result will not be compacted
+ but kept in expanded form.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options to configure the used algorithms such. This allows, e.g.,
+ to set the input document's base <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>Future</a></code></div></dd></dl></section>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-JsonLdContext">typedef <span class="idlTypedefType">(<a>object</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlTypedefID">JsonLdContext</span>;</span></pre><div class="idlTypedefDesc">
+ <p>The identifier <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdContext" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdContext</code></a> is used to refer to the
+ <span class="idlTypedefType">(object or DOMString)</span> type.</p>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of JsonLdProcessor -->
+
+
+ <section id="the-jsonldoptions-type">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.2 </span>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> Type</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> type is used to pass various options to the
+ <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdProcessor</code></a> methods.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext">loadContext</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType">(<a>object?</a> or <a>DOMString</a>)</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext">expandContext</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode">processingMode</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">"json-ld-1.0"</span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h4 id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a> Members</h4><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base"><code>base</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, nullable</dt><dd>The base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to use when expanding or compacting the document. If set, this overrides
+ the input document's <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><code>compactArrays</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span>, defaulting to <code>true</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>true</code>, the JSON-LD processor replaces arrays with just
+ one element with that element during compaction. If set to <code>false</code>,
+ all arrays will remain arrays even if they have just one element.
+ </dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-expandContext"><code>expandContext</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>(object? or DOMString)</a></span>, defaulting to <code>null</code></dt><dd>A context that is used to initialize the active context when expanding a document.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-loadContext"><code>loadContext</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a></span></dt><dd>The callback of the context loader to be used to retrieve remote contexts.
+ If specified, it <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be used to retrieve remote contexts; otherwise, if not specified,
+ the processor's built-in context loader <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> be used.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-processingMode"><code>processingMode</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, defaulting to <code>"json-ld-1.0"</code></dt><dd>If set to <code>json-ld-1.0</code>, the JSON-LD processor <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> produce
+ exactly the same results as the algorithms defined in this specification.
+ If set to another value, the JSON-LD processor is allowed to extend
+ or modify the algorithms defined in this specification to enable
+ application-specific optimizations. The definition of such
+ optimizations is beyond the scope of this specification and thus
+ not defined. Consequently, different implementations <em class="rfc2119" title="MAY">MAY</em> implement
+ different optimizations. Developers <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST NOT">MUST NOT</em> define modes beginning
+ with <code>json-ld</code> as they are reserved for future versions
+ of this specification.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end JsonLdOptions -->
+
+
+ <section id="remote-context-retrieval">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.3 </span>Remote Context Retrieval</h3>
+
+ <p>Developers can utilize a callback to control how remote contexts are retrieved
+ by <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld-api-implementation" href="#dfn-json-ld-api-implementation">JSON-LD API Implementations</a>.
+ This section details the parameters of that callback and the data structure
+ used to return the retrieved context.</p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="loadcontextcallback">LoadContextCallback</h4>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a> defines the callback that custom context loaders
+ have to implement to be used to retrieve remote contexts.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlCallback" id="idl-def-LoadContextCallback">callback <span class="idlCallbackID">LoadContextCallback</span> = <span class="idlCallbackType"><a>Future</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">url</span></span>);</span></pre><section><h5 id="callback-loadcontextcallback-parameters">Callback <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a> Parameters</h5><dl class="callback-members"><dt id="widl-LoadContextCallback-url"><code>url</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The URL of the remote context to load.</dd></dl></section>
+
+ <p>All errors <em class="rfc2119" title="MUST">MUST</em> result in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="future" href="#dfn-future">Future</a> being rejected with
+ a <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> whose code is set to
+ <code class="error"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</a></code>.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="remotecontext">RemoteContext</h4>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-RemoteContext" class="idlType"><code>RemoteContext</code></a> type is used by a <a href="#idl-def-LoadContextCallback" class="idlType"><code>LoadContextCallback</code></a>
+ to return information about a remote context.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-RemoteContext">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">RemoteContext</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-RemoteContext-url">url</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-RemoteContext-context">context</a></span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-remotecontext-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-RemoteContext"><code>RemoteContext</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-RemoteContext-context"><code>context</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The raw content of the retrieved JSON-LD context.</dd><dt id="widl-RemoteContext-url"><code>url</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span></dt><dd>The final URL of the loaded JSON-LD context. This is important
+ to handle HTTP redirects properly.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Remote Context Retrieval -->
+
+
+ <section id="error-handling">
+ <h3><span class="secno">11.4 </span>Error Handling</h3>
+
+ <p>This section describes the datatype definitions used within the
+ JSON-LD API for error handling.</p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonlderror">JsonLdError</h4>
+
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdError" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> type is used to report processing errors.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlDictionary" id="idl-def-JsonLdError">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdError</span> {
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-code">code</a></span>;</span>
+<span class="idlMember"> <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdError-message">message</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">null</span>;</span>
+};</span></pre><section><h5 id="dictionary-jsonlderror-members">Dictionary <a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdError"><code>JsonLdError</code></a> Members</h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdError-code"><code>code</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a></span></dt><dd>a string representing the particular error type, as described in
+ the various algorithms in this document.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdError-message"><code>message</code> of type <span class="idlMemberType"><a>DOMString</a></span>, nullable, defaulting to <code>null</code></dt><dd>an optional error message containing additional debugging information.
+ The specific contents of error messages are outside the scope of this
+ specification.</dd></dl></section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h4 id="jsonlderrorcode">JsonLdErrorCode</h4>
+ <p>The <a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdErrorCode</code></a> represents the collection of valid JSON-LD error
+ codes.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlEnum" id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode">enum <span class="idlEnumID">JsonLdErrorCode</span> {
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading document failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @index value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes" class="idlEnumItem">conflicting indexes</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @id value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid local context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed" class="idlEnumItem">loading remote context failed</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context" class="idlEnumItem">invalid remote context</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion" class="idlEnumItem">recursive context inclusion</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI" class="idlEnumItem">invalid base IRI</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid vocab mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language" class="idlEnumItem">invalid default language</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition" class="idlEnumItem">keyword redefinition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition" class="idlEnumItem">invalid term definition</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">cyclic IRI mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias" class="idlEnumItem">invalid keyword alias</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords" class="idlEnumItem">colliding keywords</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping" class="idlEnumItem">invalid container mapping</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid type value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid value object value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged string</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language-tagged value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid typed value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object" class="idlEnumItem">invalid set or list object</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid language map value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists" class="idlEnumItem">compaction to list of lists</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property map</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid @reverse value</a>",
+ "<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value" class="idlEnumItem">invalid reverse property value</a>"
+};</span></pre><table class="simple"><tr><th colspan="2">Enumeration description</th></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-document-failed">loading document failed</code></td><td>The document could not be loaded or parsed as JSON.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.list-of-lists">list of lists</code></td><td>A list of lists was detected. List of lists are not supported in
+ this version of JSON-LD due to the algorithmic complexity associated
+ with conversion to RDF.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--index-value">invalid @index value</code></td><td>An <code>@index</code> member was encountered whose value was
+ not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.conflicting-indexes">conflicting indexes</code></td><td>Multiple conflicting indexes have been found for the same node.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--id-value">invalid @id value</code></td><td>An <code>@id</code> member was encountered whose value was not a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-local-context">invalid local context</code></td><td>In invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.loading-remote-context-failed">loading remote context failed</code></td><td>There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-remote-context">invalid remote context</code></td><td>No valid context document has been found for a referenced,
+ remote context.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.recursive-context-inclusion">recursive context inclusion</code></td><td>A cycle in remote context inclusions has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-base-IRI">invalid base IRI</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="base-iri" href="#dfn-base-iri">base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> has been detected, i.e., it is
+ neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-vocab-mapping">invalid vocab mapping</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="vocabulary-mapping" href="#dfn-vocabulary-mapping">vocabulary mapping</a> has been detected, i.e.,
+ it is neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-default-language">invalid default language</code></td><td>The value of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default-language" href="#dfn-default-language">default language</a> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>
+ or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and thus invalid.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.keyword-redefinition">keyword redefinition</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> redefinition has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-term-definition">invalid term definition</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a> has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property">invalid reverse property</code></td><td>An invalid reverse property definition has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-IRI-mapping">invalid IRI mapping</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local-context" href="#dfn-local-context">local context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that has
+ an invalid or missing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.cyclic-IRI-mapping">cyclic IRI mapping</code></td><td>A cycle in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri-mapping" href="#dfn-iri-mapping"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mappings</a> has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-keyword-alias">invalid keyword alias</code></td><td>An invalid <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> alias definition has been
+ encountered.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-mapping">invalid type mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@type</code> member in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ was encountered whose value could not be expanded to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute-iri" href="#dfn-absolute-iri">absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-mapping">invalid language mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@language</code> member in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term-definition" href="#dfn-term-definition">term definition</a>
+ was encountered whose value was neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a> and thus invalid.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.colliding-keywords">colliding keywords</code></td><td>Two properties which expand to the same keyword have been detected.
+ This might occur if a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> and an an alias thereof
+ are used at the same time.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-container-mapping">invalid container mapping</code></td><td>An <code>@container</code> member was encountered whose value was
+ not one of the following <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>:
+ <code>@list</code>, <code>@set</code>, or <code>@index</code>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-type-value">invalid type value</code></td><td>An invalid value for an <code>@type</code> member has been detected,
+ i.e., the value was neither a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> nor an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object">invalid value object</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> with disallowed members has been
+ detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-value-object-value">invalid value object value</code></td><td>An invalid value for the <code>@value</code> member of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="value-object" href="#dfn-value-object">value object</a> has been detected, i.e., it is neither
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="scalar" href="#dfn-scalar">scalar</a> nor <a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">null</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-string">invalid language-tagged string</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged-string" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">language-tagged string</a> with an invalid language
+ value was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-tagged-value">invalid language-tagged value</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> with an
+ associated language tag was detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-typed-value">invalid typed value</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed-value" href="#dfn-typed-value">typed value</a> with an invalid type was detected.
+ </td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-set-or-list-object">invalid set or list object</code></td><td>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="set-object" href="#dfn-set-object">set object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list-object" href="#dfn-list-object">list object</a> with
+ disallowed members has been detected.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-language-map-value">invalid language map value</code></td><td>An invalid value in a <a class="tref externalDFN" title="language-map" href="../json-ld/#dfn-language-map">language map</a>
+ has been detected. It has to be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">strings</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.compaction-to-list-of-lists">compaction to list of lists</code></td><td>The compacted document contains a list of lists as multiple
+ lists have been compacted to the same term.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-map">invalid reverse property map</code></td><td>An invalid reverse property map has been detected. No
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keywords</a> apart from <code>@context</code>
+ are allowed in reverse property maps.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid--reverse-value">invalid @reverse value</code></td><td>An invalid value for an <code>@reverse</code> member has been detected,
+ i.e., the value was not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-object" href="#dfn-json-object">JSON object</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><code id="idl-def-JsonLdErrorCode.invalid-reverse-property-value">invalid reverse property value</code></td><td>An invalid value for a reverse property has been detected. The value of an inverse
+ property must be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="node-object" href="#dfn-node-object">node object</a>.</td></tr></table>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+<!-- end of Error Handling -->
+
+</section>
+<!-- end of The Application Programming Interfaces -->
+
+
+<section class="appendix informative" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+
+ <p>A large amount of thanks goes out to the JSON-LD Community Group
+ participants who worked through many of the technical issues on the mailing
+ list and the weekly telecons - of special mention are Niklas Lindström,
+ François Daoust, Lin Clark, and Zdenko 'Denny' Vrandečić.
+ The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+ the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj.
+ The work of Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson are appreciated for reviewing,
+ and performing several implementations of the specification. Ian Davis is
+ thanked for his work on RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham,
+ Bradley P. Allen, Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant,
+ Danny Ayers, Ted Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Josh Mandel,
+ Eric Prud'hommeaux, David Wood, Guus Schreiber, Pat Hayes, Sandro Hawke,
+ Tab Atkins Jr., Anne van Kesteren, Robin Berjon, Marcos Caceres,
+ and Richard Cyganiak for their input on the specification.</p>
+</section>
+
+
+
+<div class="extLives"></div><section id="references" class="appendix" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
+<!--OddPage-->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>References</h2><section id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-DOM-WHATWG">[DOM-WHATWG]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Anne van Kesteren, Aryeh Gregor, Ms2ger, Editors. <cite><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">DOM</a>.</cite> April 2013. WHATWG Living Standard (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">[IEEE-754-1985]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">IEEE. <cite>IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic.</cite> URL: <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Markus Lanthaler, Editors. <cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/">JSON-LD 1.0</a>.</cite> W3C Editor's Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-MT">[RDF-MT]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Patrick Hayes. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210"><cite>RDF Semantics</cite></a>. 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">S. Bradner. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt"><cite>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.</cite></a> March 1997. Internet RFC 2119. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3986">[RFC3986]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt"><cite>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax (RFC 3986)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) (RFC 3987)</cite></a>. January 2005. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) (RFC 4627)</cite></a>. July 2006. RFC. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC5988">[RFC5988]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">M. Nottingham. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">Web Linking</a>.</cite> October 2010. Internet RFC 5988. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5988.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Cameron McCormack, Editor. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">Web IDL.</a></cite> 19 April 2012. W3C Candidate Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/">http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">[XMLSCHEMA11-2]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:requires">Henry S. Thompson et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/"><cite>W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes</cite></a>. 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/</a>
+</dd></dl></section><section id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter"><h3><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography" about=""><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">A. Phillips; M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a>. September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification, Edition 5.1</cite></a>. June 2011. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD-TESTS">[JSON-LD-TESTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references"><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">JSON-LD 1.0 Test Suite</a></cite>. W3C Test Suite (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/">http://www.w3.org/2013/json-ld-tests/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF11-CONCEPTS">[RDF11-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Richard Cyganiak, David Wood, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</a></cite> 15 January 2013. W3C Working Draft (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-rdf11-concepts-20130115/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd rel="dcterms:references">Eric Prud'hommeaux, Gavin Carothers, Editors. <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</a></cite> 19 February 2013. W3C Candidate Recommendation (work in progress). URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-turtle-20130219/</a>. The latest edition is available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/</a>
+</dd></dl></section></section></body></html>