Created Editors Draft for October 14th 2010.
Also added htmldiff program and some minor fix-ups to the ReSpec source.
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/20101014/diff-20100823.html Thu Oct 14 16:19:58 2010 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,5650 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'>
+<html dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<title>JSON-LD - Linked Data Expression in JSON</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+
+<!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+
+<style>
+.diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+</style>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+}
+
+dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: medium solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: medium dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- WEB IDL --- */
+pre.idl {
+ border-top: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ padding: 1em;
+ line-height: 120%;
+}
+
+pre.idl::before {
+ content: "WebIDL";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #90b8de;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+}
+
+.idlType {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlModule*/
+/*.idlModuleID*/
+/*.idlInterface*/
+.idlInterfaceID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlSuperclass {
+ font-style: italic;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+/*.idlAttribute*/
+.idlAttrType, .idlFieldType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlAttrName, .idlFieldName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlAttrName a, .idlFieldName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlMethod*/
+.idlMethType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlMethName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlMethName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlParam*/
+.idlParamType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlParamName {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.extAttr {
+ color: #666;
+}
+
+/*.idlConst*/
+.idlConstType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlConstName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlConstName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlException*/
+.idlExceptionID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #c00;
+}
+
+.idlTypedefID, .idlTypedefType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlRaises, .idlRaises a.idlType, .idlRaises a.idlType code, .excName a, .excName a code {
+ color: #c00;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.excName a {
+ font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.idlRaises a.idlType, .excName a.idlType {
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #c00;
+}
+
+.excGetSetTrue, .excGetSetFalse, .prmNullTrue, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptTrue, .prmOptFalse {
+ width: 45px;
+ text-align: center;
+}
+.excGetSetTrue, .prmNullTrue, .prmOptTrue { color: #0c0; }
+.excGetSetFalse, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptFalse { color: #c00; }
+
+.idlImplements a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+dl.attributes, dl.methods, dl.constants, dl.fields {
+ margin-left: 2em;
+}
+
+.attributes dt, .methods dt, .constants dt, .fields dt {
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.attributes dt code, .methods dt code, .constants dt code, .fields dt code {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #000;
+ font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.attributes dt code, .fields dt code {
+ background: #ffffd2;
+}
+
+.attributes dt .idlAttrType code, .fields dt .idlFieldType code {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ background: transparent;
+ font-family: inherit;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.methods dt code {
+ background: #d9e6f8;
+}
+
+.constants dt code {
+ background: #ddffd2;
+}
+
+.attributes dd, .methods dd, .constants dd, .fields dd {
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+table.parameters, table.exceptions {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ margin: 0.5em 0;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+table.parameters { border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de; }
+table.exceptions { border-bottom: 1px solid #deb890; }
+
+.parameters th, .exceptions th {
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+ font-family: initial;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ text-shadow: #666 1px 1px 0;
+}
+.parameters th { background: #90b8de; }
+.exceptions th { background: #deb890; }
+
+.parameters td, .exceptions td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+ vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+.parameters tr:first-child td, .exceptions tr:first-child td {
+ border-top: none;
+}
+
+.parameters td.prmName, .exceptions td.excName, .exceptions td.excCodeName {
+ width: 100px;
+}
+
+.parameters td.prmType {
+ width: 120px;
+}
+
+table.exceptions table {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* --- TOC --- */
+.toc a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a .secno {
+ color: #000;
+}
+
+/* --- TABLE --- */
+table.simple {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
+}
+
+.simple th {
+ background: #005a9c;
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.simple th[scope="row"] {
+ background: inherit;
+ color: inherit;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple tr:nth-child(even) {
+ background: #f0f6ff;
+}
+
+/* --- DL --- */
+.section dd > p:first-child {
+ margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd > p:last-child {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd {
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.section dl.attrs dd, .section dl.eldef dd {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+/* --- EXAMPLES --- */
+pre.example {
+ border-top: 1px solid #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ff4500;
+ padding: 1em;
+ margin-top: 1em;
+}
+
+pre.example::before {
+ content: "Example";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #ff4500;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+}
+
+/* --- EDITORIAL NOTES --- */
+.issue {
+ padding: 1em;
+ margin: 1em 0em 0em;
+ border: 1px solid #f00;
+ background: #ffc;
+}
+
+.issue::before {
+ content: "Issue";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ margin: -1.5em 0 0.5em 0;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ border: 1px solid #f00;
+ background: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 1em;
+}
+
+.note {
+ margin: 1em 0em 0em;
+ padding: 1em;
+ border: 2px solid #cff6d9;
+ background: #e2fff0;
+}
+
+.note::before {
+ content: "Note";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ margin: -1.5em 0 0.5em 0;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ border: 1px solid #cff6d9;
+ background: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 1em;
+}
+
+/* --- Best Practices --- */
+div.practice {
+ border: solid #bebebe 1px;
+ margin: 2em 1em 1em 2em;
+}
+
+span.practicelab {
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em 1em 1em;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+span.practicelab { background: #dfffff; }
+
+span.practicelab {
+ position: relative;
+ padding: 0 0.5em;
+ top: -1.5em;
+}
+
+p.practicedesc {
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em 1em 1em;
+}
+
+@media screen {
+ p.practicedesc {
+ position: relative;
+ top: -2em;
+ padding: 0;
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em -1em 1em;
+}
+
+/* --- SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING --- */
+pre.sh_sourceCode {
+ background-color: white;
+ color: black;
+ font-style: normal;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_keyword { color: #005a9c; font-weight: bold; } /* language keywords */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_type { color: #666; } /* basic types */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_usertype { color: teal; } /* user defined types */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_string { color: red; font-family: monospace; } /* strings and chars */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_regexp { color: orange; font-family: monospace; } /* regular expressions */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_specialchar { color: #ffc0cb; font-family: monospace; } /* e.g., \n, \t, \\ */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_comment { color: #A52A2A; font-style: italic; } /* comments */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_number { color: purple; } /* literal numbers */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_preproc { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; } /* e.g., #include, import */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_symbol { color: blue; } /* e.g., *, + */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_function { color: black; font-weight: bold; } /* function calls and declarations */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_cbracket { color: red; } /* block brackets (e.g., {, }) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_todo { font-weight: bold; background-color: #00FFFF; } /* TODO and FIXME */
+
+/* Predefined variables and functions (for instance glsl) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_predef_var { color: #00008B; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_predef_func { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; }
+
+/* for OOP */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_classname { color: teal; }
+
+/* line numbers (not yet implemented) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_linenum { display: none; }
+
+/* Internet related */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_url { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; font-family: monospace; }
+
+/* for ChangeLog and Log files */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_date { color: blue; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_time, pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_file { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_ip, pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_name { color: #006400; }
+
+/* for Prolog, Perl... */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_variable { color: #006400; }
+
+/* for LaTeX */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_italics { color: #006400; font-style: italic; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_bold { color: #006400; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_underline { color: #006400; text-decoration: underline; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_fixed { color: green; font-family: monospace; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_argument { color: #006400; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_optionalargument { color: purple; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_math { color: orange; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_bibtex { color: blue; }
+
+/* for diffs */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_oldfile { color: orange; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_newfile { color: #006400; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_difflines { color: blue; }
+
+/* for css */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_selector { color: purple; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_property { color: blue; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_value { color: #006400; font-style: italic; }
+
+/* other */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_section { color: black; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_paren { color: red; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_attribute { color: #006400; }
+
+</style><style type="text/css">ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" /><style type='text/css'>
+.diff-old-a {
+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
+.diff-new { background-color: yellow; }
+.diff-chg { background-color: lime; }
+.diff-new:before,
+.diff-new:after
+ { content: "\2191" }
+.diff-chg:before, .diff-chg:after
+ { content: "\2195" }
+.diff-old { text-decoration: line-through; background-color: #FBB; }
+.diff-old:before,
+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+-
+Linked
+Data
+Expression
+in
+JSON
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+A
+Context-based
+JSON
+Serialization
+for
+Linked
+Data
+</h2>
+<h2 id="unofficial-draft-14-october-2010">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">23
+September
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">14
+October
+</ins>
+2010
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Editor:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar,
+Inc.
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Mark
+Birbeck
+</a>,
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Backplane
+Ltd.
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar,
+Inc.
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+</ins><a href="diff-20100823.html"><ins class="diff-new">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+Developers
+that
+embed
+structured
+data
+in
+their
+Web
+pages
+can
+choose
+among
+a
+number
+of
+languages
+such
+as
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+Each
+of
+these
+structured
+data
+languages,
+while
+incompatible
+at
+the
+syntax
+level,
+can
+be
+easily
+mapped
+to
+RDF.
+JSON
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+replacement
+for
+SOAP.
+In
+an
+attempt
+to
+harmonize
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+this
+specification
+outlines
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+Linked
+Data
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+represent
+objects
+specified
+via
+RDFa,
+Microformats
+and
+Microdata.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#design-goals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Design
+Goals
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#design-rationale" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Design
+Rationale
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#map-terms-to-iris" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+Map
+Terms
+to
+IRIs
+</a>
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">4.2
+The
+Default
+Context
+</del>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">5.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#an-example-of-a-default-context" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.
+</ins>
+</span>
+An
+Example
+of
+a
+Default
+Context
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-json-ld-processing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">7.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithm
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline">
+<a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Markup
+Examples
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDFa
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microformats" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microdata" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Markup
+of
+RDF
+Concepts
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iris" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+IRIs
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#plain-literals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Plain
+Literals
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#language-specification-in-plain-literals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Language
+Specification
+in
+Plain
+Literals
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Typed
+Literals
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Multiple
+Typed
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#blank-nodes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Blank
+Nodes
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#escape-character" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Escape
+Character
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">10.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Advanced
+Concepts
+</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#disjoint-graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+10.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Disjoint
+Graphs
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+JSON
+for
+Linked
+data.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Developers
+that
+want
+to
+encode
+Microformats,
+RDFa,
+or
+Microdata
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+cross-language
+compatible
+via
+JSON.
+</li>
+<li>
+Developers
+that
+want
+to
+understand
+the
+encoding
+possibilities.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p class="issue">
+<del class="diff-old">Need
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Write
+the
+introduction
+once
+all
+of
+the
+technical
+details
+are
+hammered
+out.
+Explain
+why
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+light-weight
+mechanism
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">write
+introduction...
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">express
+RDFa,
+Microformats
+and
+Microdata.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+as
+a
+way
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+environments
+as
+well
+as
+a
+way
+to
+pass
+Linked
+Data
+to
+and
+from
+Web
+services.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+(and
+understanding)
+that
+is
+out
+there
+already.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+Microformats
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+(that
+is,
+every
+data
+model
+currently
+in
+use)
+using
+one
+unified
+format.
+It
+does
+not
+require
+anyone
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+adding
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+out-of-band
+-
+it
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+migration
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+fast
+to
+parse,
+fast
+to
+generate,
+stream-based
+and
+document-based
+processing
+compatible,
+and
+require
+a
+tiny
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="design-goals" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Design
+Goals
+</h2>
+<p>
+A
+number
+of
+design
+considerations
+were
+explored
+during
+the
+creation
+of
+this
+markup
+language:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Simplicity
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Developers
+don't
+need
+to
+know
+RDF
+in
+order
+to
+use
+the
+basic
+functionality
+provided
+by
+JSON-LD.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Compatibility
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+should
+be
+100%
+compatible
+with
+JSON.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Expressiveness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+All
+major
+RDF
+concepts
+must
+be
+expressible
+via
+the
+JSON-LD
+syntax.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Terseness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+must
+be
+very
+terse
+and
+human
+readable.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<ins class="diff-new">Zero
+Edits
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+provides
+a
+mechanism
+that
+allows
+developers
+to
+specify
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+out-of-band.
+This
+allows
+organizations
+that
+have
+already
+deployed
+large
+JSON-based
+infrastructure
+to
+add
+meaning
+to
+their
+JSON
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+not
+disruptive
+to
+their
+day-to-day
+operations
+and
+is
+transparent
+to
+their
+current
+customers.
+</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
+Streaming
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+format
+supports
+both
+document-based
+and
+stream-based
+processing.
+</ins></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="design-rationale" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Design
+Rationale
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+following
+section
+outlines
+the
+rationale
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+language.
+</p>
+<div id="map-terms-to-iris" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+Map
+Terms
+to
+IRIs
+</h3>
+<p>
+Establishing
+a
+mechanism
+to
+map
+JSON
+values
+to
+IRIs
+will
+help
+in
+the
+mapping
+of
+JSON
+objects
+to
+RDF.
+This
+does
+not
+mean
+that
+JSON-LD
+must
+be
+restrictive
+in
+declaring
+a
+set
+of
+terms,
+rather,
+experimentation
+and
+innovation
+should
+be
+supported
+as
+part
+of
+the
+core
+design
+of
+JSON-LD.
+There
+are,
+however,
+a
+number
+of
+very
+small
+design
+criterial
+that
+can
+ensure
+that
+developers
+will
+generate
+good
+RDF
+data
+that
+will
+create
+value
+for
+the
+greater
+semantic
+web
+community
+and
+JSON/REST-based
+Web
+Services
+community.
+</p>
+<p>
+We
+will
+be
+using
+the
+following
+JSON
+object
+as
+the
+example
+for
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">{"a" : "Person",
+ "name" : "Manu Sporny",
+"homepage"
+:
+"http://manu.sporny.org/"}
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+ "a": "Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">4.2
+</del>
+<h3 id="the-default-context">
+The
+Default
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+default
+context
+is
+used
+in
+RDFa
+to
+allow
+developers
+to
+use
+keywords
+as
+aliases
+for
+IRIs.
+So,
+for
+instance,
+the
+keyword
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>
+above
+could
+refer
+to
+the
+IRI
+<em>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</em>.
+The
+semantic
+web,
+just
+like
+the
+document-based
+web,
+uses
+IRIs
+for
+unambiguous
+identification.
+The
+idea
+is
+that
+these
+terms
+mean
+something,
+which
+you
+will
+eventually
+want
+to
+query.
+The
+semantic
+web
+specifies
+this
+via
+<em>
+Vocabulary
+Documents
+</em>.
+The
+IRI
+<em>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</em>
+specifies
+a
+Vocabulary
+Document,
+and
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>
+is
+a
+term
+in
+that
+vocabulary.
+Paste
+the
+two
+items
+together
+and
+you
+have
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier
+for
+a
+term.
+</p>
+<p>
+Developers,
+and
+machines,
+would
+be
+able
+to
+use
+this
+IRI
+(plugging
+it
+directly
+into
+a
+web
+browser,
+for
+instance)
+to
+go
+to
+the
+term
+and
+get
+a
+definition
+of
+what
+the
+term
+means.
+Much
+like
+we
+can
+use
+WordNet
+today
+to
+see
+the
+<a href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=definition">
+definition
+</a>
+of
+words
+in
+the
+English
+language.
+Machines
+need
+the
+same
+sort
+of
+dictionary
+of
+terms,
+and
+URIs
+provide
+a
+way
+to
+ensure
+that
+these
+terms
+are
+unambiguous.
+</p>
+<p>
+Non-prefixed
+terms
+should
+have
+term
+mappings
+declared
+in
+the
+default
+context
+so
+that
+they
+may
+be
+expanded
+later.
+</p>
+<p>
+If
+a
+set
+of
+terms,
+like
+<strong>
+Person
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+homepage
+</strong>,
+are
+pre-defined
+in
+the
+default
+context,
+and
+that
+context
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+the
+names
+in
+JSON
+objects,
+machines
+could
+automatically
+expand
+the
+terms
+to
+something
+meaningful
+and
+unambiguous,
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">{"",
+ "" : "Manu Sporny",
+"
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage
+"
+:
+"
+<
+http://manu.sporny.org
+>
+"}
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+ "<span class="diff">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "<span class="diff"><</span>http://manu.sporny.org<span class="diff">></span>"
+}
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+In
+order
+to
+differentiate
+between
+plain
+text
+and
+IRIs,
+the
+<strong>
+<
+</strong> and <strong>
+>
+</strong>
+are
+used
+around
+IRIs.
+</p>
+<p>
+Doing
+this
+would
+mean
+that
+JSON
+would
+start
+to
+become
+unambiguously
+machine-readable,
+play
+well
+with
+the
+semantic
+web,
+and
+basic
+markup
+wouldn't
+be
+that
+much
+more
+complex
+than
+basic
+JSON
+markup.
+A
+win,
+all
+around.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="mashing-up-vocabularies" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">5.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</h2>
+<p>
+Developers
+would
+also
+benefit
+by
+allowing
+other
+vocabularies
+to
+be
+used
+automatically
+with
+their
+JSON
+API.
+There
+are
+over
+200
+Vocabulary
+Documents
+that
+are
+available
+for
+use
+on
+the
+Web
+today.
+Some
+of
+these
+vocabularies
+are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+XSD
+-
+for
+specifying
+basic
+types
+like
+strings,
+integers,
+dates
+and
+times.
+</li>
+<li>
+Dublin
+Core
+-
+for
+describing
+creative
+works.
+</li>
+<li>
+FOAF
+-
+for
+describing
+social
+networks.
+</li>
+<li>
+Calendar
+-
+for
+specifying
+events.
+</li>
+<li>
+SIOC
+-
+for
+describing
+discussions
+on
+blogs
+and
+websites.
+</li>
+<li>
+CCrel
+-
+for
+describing
+Creative
+Commons
+and
+other
+types
+of
+licenses.
+</li>
+<li>
+GEO
+-
+for
+describing
+geographic
+location.
+</li>
+<li>
+VCard
+-
+for
+describing
+organizations
+and
+people.
+</li>
+<li>
+DOAP
+-
+for
+describing
+projects.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+Web
+Service
+could
+define
+these
+as
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+es
+in
+their
+default
+context
+beside
+the
+<em>
+terms
+</em>
+that
+are
+already
+defined.
+Using
+this
+feature,
+developers
+could
+also
+<del class="diff-old">do
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">express
+</ins>
+markup
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">{"",
+ "" : "Manu Sporny",
+ ",
+"sioc:avatar"
+:
+"<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+ "<span class="diff">rdf:type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "<http://manu.sporny.org/>"<span class="diff">,
+ "sioc:avatar": "<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Developers
+<del class="diff-old">could
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">can
+</ins>
+also
+<del class="diff-old">be
+allowed
+to
+</del>
+specify
+their
+own
+Vocabulary
+documents
+by
+modifying
+the
+default
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+in-line
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+#
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+character,
+</ins>
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">[{"a" : "Context",
+ "myvocab" : "http://example.org/myvocab#"}
+ },
+ {"a" : "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name" : "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage" : "<http://manu.sporny.org/>",
+ "sioc:avatar" : "<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>",
+ "myvocab:credits" : 500}
+]
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+</ins> <span class="diff">"#": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://manu.sporny.org/>",
+ "sioc:avatar": "<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:credits": 500</span>
+}
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Think
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+#
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+character
+as
+a
+"hashtable",
+which
+maps
+one
+string
+to
+another
+string.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myvocab
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+is
+replaced
+with
+"
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://example.org/myvocab#
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+"
+when
+it
+is
+detected
+above.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+"
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+myvocab:credits
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+"
+would
+expand
+to
+"
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://example.org/myvocab#credits
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+".
+</ins></p><p>
+This
+mechanism
+is
+a
+short-hand
+for
+RDF,
+and
+if
+defined,
+will
+give
+developers
+an
+unambiguous
+way
+to
+map
+any
+JSON
+value
+to
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="an-example-of-a-default-context" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">6.
+</ins>
+</span>
+An
+Example
+of
+a
+Default
+Context
+</h2>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">To
+be
+clear,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+strives
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+don't
+have
+to
+change
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON
+that
+is
+going
+into
+and
+being
+returned
+from
+their
+Web
+applications.
+A
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+aware
+Web
+Service
+<del class="diff-old">could
+</del>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+<ins class="diff-chg">may
+</ins></em>
+define
+a
+default
+<del class="diff-old">context
+like
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context.
+For
+example,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+default
+context
+could
+apply
+to
+all
+incoming
+Web
+Service
+calls
+previously
+accepting
+only
+JSON
+data:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">{"a" : "Context",
+ "__vocab__" : "http://example.org/default-vocab#",
+ "xsd" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "dc" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
+ "foaf" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "sioc" : "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#",
+ "cc" : "http://creativecommons.org/ns#",
+ "geo" : "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#",
+ "vcard" : "http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#",
+ "cal" : "http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#",
+ "doap" : "http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#",
+ "Person" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+ "#":
+ {
+ "__vocab__": "http://example.org/default-vocab#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "sioc": "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#",
+ "cc": "http://creativecommons.org/ns#",
+ "geo": "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#",
+ "vcard": "http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#",
+ "cal": "http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#",
+ "doap": "http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#",
+ "Person": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+<code>
+__vocab__
+</code>
+prefix
+is
+a
+special
+prefix
+that
+states
+that
+any
+term
+that
+doesn't
+resolve
+to
+a
+term
+or
+a
+prefix
+should
+be
+appended
+to
+the
+<code>
+__vocab__
+</code>
+IRI.
+This
+is
+done
+to
+ensure
+that
+terms
+can
+be
+transformed
+to
+an
+IRI
+at
+all
+times.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="the-json-ld-processing-algorithm" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">7.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Markup
+Examples
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Algorithm
+</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+processing
+algorithm
+described
+in
+this
+section
+is
+provided
+in
+order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+one
+might
+implement
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+to
+produce
+the
+same
+type
+and
+number
+of
+triples
+during
+the
+output
+process
+and
+are
+not
+required
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+</ins></p>
+<p class="issue">
+<del class="diff-old">Write
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+Processing
+Algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+there
+are
+still
+major
+bugs
+in
+the
+algorithm
+and
+it's
+difficult
+to
+follow.
+It's
+provided
+only
+to
+very
+early
+implementers
+to
+give
+them
+an
+idea
+of
+how
+to
+implement
+a
+processor.
+</ins></p><h4 id="processing-algorithm-terms"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Processing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</ins></h4><ul><li><dfn title="default_context" id="dfn-default_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+to
+the
+JSON-LD
+processing
+algorithm
+before
+processing
+begins.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+the
+destination
+graph
+for
+all
+triples
+generated
+by
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+subject
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+the
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+generating
+triples.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="inherited_subject" id="dfn-inherited_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inherited
+subject
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+a
+subject
+that
+was
+detected
+at
+a
+higher
+level
+of
+processing
+to
+be
+used
+to
+generate
+a
+triple
+once
+a
+</ins><a class="tref" title="current_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+current
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+discovered
+or
+generated.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+the
+currently
+active
+property
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+generating
+triples.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="inherited_property" id="dfn-inherited_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+inherited
+property
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+a
+property
+that
+was
+detected
+at
+a
+higher
+level
+of
+processing
+to
+be
+used
+to
+generate
+a
+triple
+once
+a
+</ins><a class="tref" title="current_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+current
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+discovered
+or
+generated.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+object
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+the
+currently
+active
+object
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+generating
+triples.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+a
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+CURIEs
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+the
+top-most
+item
+on
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+stack.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+at
+the
+JSON
+associative-array
+level,
+specified
+via
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+#
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="list_of_incomplete_triples" id="dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+incomplete
+triples
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+A
+list
+of
+triples
+that
+have
+yet
+to
+have
+their
+subject
+set.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="list_of_unprocessed_items" id="dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+unprocessed
+items
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+A
+list
+of
+objects
+that
+cannot
+be
+processed
+until
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+detected
+or
+the
+end
+of
+the
+current
+associative-array
+is
+detected.
+</ins></li><li><dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-chg">
+processor
+state
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+-
+the
+processor
+state,
+which
+includes
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+stack,
+</ins><a class="tref" title="current_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+current
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref" title="current_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+current
+property
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_incomplete_triples" href="#dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+incomplete
+triples
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+of
+unprocessed
+items
+</ins></a>.</li></ul><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+algorithm
+below
+is
+designed
+for
+streaming
+(SAX-based)
+implementations.
+Implementers
+will
+find
+that
+non-streaming
+(document-based)
+implementations
+will
+be
+much
+easier
+to
+implement
+as
+full
+access
+to
+the
+JSON
+object
+model
+eliminates
+</ins>
+some
+<del class="diff-old">introductory
+stuff
+about
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+the
+steps
+that
+are
+necessary
+for
+streaming
+implementations.
+A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+that
+the
+following
+algorithm
+generates:
+</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li id="processing-step-default-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_context" href="#dfn-default_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+default
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+supplied
+to
+the
+processing
+algorithm,
+push
+it
+onto
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+stack.
+</ins></li><li id="processing-step-associative"><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+an
+associative
+array
+is
+detected,
+create
+a
+new
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-chg">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Copy
+the
+</ins><a class="tref" title="current_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+current
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+stack
+to
+the
+newly
+created
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-chg">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Push
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+onto
+the
+newly
+created
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-chg">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+'s
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+stack.
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">associative
+array,
+using
+the
+newly
+created
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-new">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+do
+the
+following:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+#
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+is
+found,
+the
+processor
+merges
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+into
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+overwriting
+any
+duplicate
+values
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Process
+each
+object
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items"><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+of
+unprocessed
+items
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2.2
+</ins></a>.</li><li id="processing-associative"><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+not
+been
+detected,
+the
+current
+key-value
+pair
+is
+placed
+into
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items"><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+of
+unprocessed
+items
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+processing
+proceeds
+to
+the
+next
+key-value
+pair.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+known
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+</ins></li><ol class="algorithm"><li id="processing-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+is
+found,
+the
+processor
+sets
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+value
+after
+</ins><a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts"><ins class="diff-new">
+Object
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+been
+performed.
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+values
+are
+specified,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+subject,
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+property,
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+object.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+there
+are
+any
+triples
+in
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_incomplete_triples" href="#dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples"><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+of
+incomplete
+triples
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+complete
+each
+triple
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+the
+subject
+for
+each
+triple.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+is
+found,
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+a
+key
+that
+is
+not
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+#
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+found,
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+by
+performing
+</ins><a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts"><ins class="diff-new">
+Property
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+on
+the
+key.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+not
+an
+array,
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+by
+performing
+</ins><a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts"><ins class="diff-new">
+Object
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+on
+the
+value.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+object
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+associative
+array,
+then
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-associative"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+a
+regular
+array,
+then
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+3
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+ensuring
+that
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+are
+copied
+to
+a
+newly
+created
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-new">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+end
+of
+the
+associative
+array
+is
+detected,
+and
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+was
+not
+discovered,
+then:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+a
+</ins><a class="tref" title="blank_node_identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+identifier
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+set
+it
+as
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Complete
+any
+previously
+incomplete
+triples
+by
+running
+all
+substeps
+of
+</ins><a href="#processing-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2.2.1
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+end
+of
+the
+associative
+array
+is
+detected,
+and
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+was
+not
+discovered,
+then
+assume
+that
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+unmodified
+and
+run
+all
+substeps
+of
+</ins><a href="#processing-associative"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2.2
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+on
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items"><ins class="diff-new">
+list
+of
+unprocessed
+items
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></ol></li><li id="processing-step-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+a
+regular
+array
+is
+detected,
+process
+each
+value
+in
+the
+array
+by
+doing
+the
+following:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+associative
+array,
+processes
+per
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-associative"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+ensuring
+to
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+inherited
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+the
+newly
+created
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-new">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+not
+an
+array,
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+by
+performing
+</ins><a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts"><ins class="diff-new">
+Object
+Processing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+on
+the
+value.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+place
+it
+into
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+default
+graph
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+a
+regular
+array,
+should
+we
+support
+RDF
+List/Sequence
+Processing?
+</ins><div class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+is
+a
+regular
+array,
+should
+we
+support
+RDF
+List/Sequence
+generation
+of
+triples?
+For
+example,
+would
+implementing
+this
+be
+worth
+the
+more
+complex
+processing
+rules:
+"ex:orderedItems"
+:
+[["one",
+"two",
+"three"]]
+</ins></div></li></ol></li></ol></div><div id="markup-examples" class="section"><h2><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+8.
+</ins></span>
+Markup
+<del class="diff-old">Examples.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Examples
+</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+examples
+below
+demonstrate
+how
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+semantic
+data
+marked
+up
+in
+other
+languages
+such
+as
+RDFa,
+Microformats,
+and
+Microdata.
+These
+sections
+are
+merely
+provided
+as
+proof
+that
+JSON-LD
+is
+very
+flexible
+in
+what
+it
+can
+express
+across
+different
+Linked
+Data
+approaches.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div id="rdfa" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDFa
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+following
+example
+describes
+three
+people
+with
+their
+respective
+names
+and
+homepages.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+<div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+ <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Representation:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">An
+example
+JSON-LD
+implementation
+is
+described
+below,
+however,
+there
+are
+other
+ways
+to
+mark-up
+this
+information
+such
+that
+the
+context
+is
+not
+repeated.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">[{
+ "a" : "Context",
+ "foaf" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins>
+ {
+<del class="diff-old"> "@" : "_:bnode1",
+ "a" : "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage" : "<http://example.com/bob/>",
+ "foaf:name" : "Bob"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode1",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/bob/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+</ins>
+ },
+ {
+<del class="diff-old"> "@" : "_:bnode2",
+ "a" : "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage" : "<http://example.com/eve/>",
+ "foaf:name" : "Eve"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode2",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/eve/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+</ins>
+ },
+ {
+<del class="diff-old"> "@" : "_:bnode2",
+ "a" : "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage" : "<http://example.com/manu/>",
+ "foaf:name" : "Manu"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode3",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/manu/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+</ins>
+ }
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microformats" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+following
+example
+uses
+a
+simple
+Microformats
+hCard
+example
+to
+express
+how
+the
+Microformat
+is
+represented
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+<div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Representation:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+representation
+of
+the
+hCard
+expresses
+the
+Microformat
+terms
+in
+the
+context
+and
+uses
+them
+directly
+for
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+url
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+fn
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+properties.
+Also
+note
+that
+the
+Microformat
+to
+JSON-LD
+processor
+has
+generated
+the
+proper
+URL
+type
+for
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://tantek.com
+</ins></code>.
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">[{
+ "a" : "Context",
+ "vcard" : "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard"
+ "url" : "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url"
+ "fn" : "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ {
+ "@" : "_:bnode1",
+ "a" : "vcard",
+ "url" : "<http://tantek.com/>",
+ "fn" : "Tantek Çelik"
+ }
+]
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">{
+ "#":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard"
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url"
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@": "_:bnode1",
+ "a": "vcard",
+ "url": "<http://tantek.com/>",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+}
+</ins>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microdata" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">8.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+Microdata
+example
+below
+expresses
+book
+information
+as
+a
+Microdata
+Work
+item.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+<dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</dl>
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Representation:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Note
+that
+the
+JSON-LD
+representation
+of
+the
+Microdata
+information
+stays
+true
+to
+the
+desires
+of
+the
+Microdata
+community
+to
+avoid
+contexts
+and
+instead
+refer
+to
+items
+by
+their
+full
+IRI.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+<del class="diff-old">[{
+ "a" : "Context",
+ "__vocab__" : "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/microdata#",
+ "frbr" : "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#",
+ "dc" : "http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ },
+ {
+ "a" : "frbr:Work",
+ "@" : "<http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N>",
+ "dc:title" : "Just a Geek",
+ "dc:creator" : "Whil Wheaton",
+ "frbr:realization" : ["<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>", "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>"]
+ },
+ {
+ "a" : "frbr:Expression",
+ "@" : "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>",
+ "dc:type" : "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK>"
+ },
+ {
+ "a" : "frbr:Expression",
+ "@" : "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>",
+ "dc:type" : "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK>"
+ }
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N>",
+ "a": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>", "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>",
+ "a": "<http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression>",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK>"
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>",
+ "a": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK>"
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="markup-of-rdf-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Markup
+of
+RDF
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<del class="diff-old">Need
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">write
+introduction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ensure
+that
+most
+Linked
+Data
+concepts
+can
+be
+marked
+up
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+simple
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">understand
+and
+author
+by
+Web
+developers.
+In
+many
+cases,
+Javascript
+objects
+can
+become
+Linked
+Data
+with
+the
+simple
+addition
+of
+a
+context.
+Since
+</ins>
+RDF
+<del class="diff-old">Concepts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+also
+an
+important
+sub-community
+of
+the
+Linked
+Data
+movement,
+it
+is
+important
+that
+all
+RDF
+concepts
+are
+well-represented
+in
+this
+specification.
+This
+</ins>
+section
+<ins class="diff-new">details
+how
+each
+RDF
+concept
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div id="iris" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+IRIs
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Expressing
+IRIs
+are
+fundamental
+to
+Linked
+Data
+as
+that
+is
+how
+most
+subjects
+and
+many
+objects
+are
+identified.
+IRIs
+can
+be
+expressed
+by
+wrapping
+a
+text
+string
+with
+the
+</ins><code><</code> and <code><ins class="diff-new">
+>
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+characters.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "foaf:homepage" : "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "foaf:homepage": "<span class="diff"><</span>http://manu.sporny.org<span class="diff">></span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+object
+to
+an
+IRI
+with
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://manu.sporny.org
+</ins></code>.</p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Wrapping
+IRIs
+with
+the
+</ins><code><</code> and <code><ins class="diff-new">
+>
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+characters
+are
+only
+necessary
+when
+IRIs
+are
+specified
+as
+objects.
+At
+no
+other
+point
+do
+you
+need
+to
+wrap
+an
+IRI.
+You
+do
+not
+need
+to
+wrap
+IRIs
+when
+declaring
+a
+property,
+declaring
+a
+CURIE,
+or
+describing
+key-value
+pairs
+in
+a
+context.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">A
+subject
+is
+declared
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key.
+The
+subject
+is
+the
+first
+piece
+of
+information
+needed
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+in
+order
+to
+create
+the
+(subject,
+predicate,
+object)
+tuple,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+triple.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@</span>": "<span class="diff"><http://example.org/people#joebob></span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+</ins><code><http://example.org/people#joebob></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+type
+of
+a
+particular
+subject
+can
+be
+specified
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key.
+Specifying
+the
+type
+in
+this
+way
+will
+generate
+a
+triple
+of
+the
+form
+(subject,
+type,
+type-url).
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@": "<http://example.org/people#joebob>",
+ "<span class="diff">a</span>": "<span class="diff"><http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person></span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triple
+(in
+N-Triples
+notation):
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person>
+.
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="plain-literals" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Plain
+Literals
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Regular
+text
+strings
+are
+called
+"plain
+literals"
+in
+RDF
+and
+are
+easily
+expressed
+using
+regular
+JSON
+strings.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "foaf:name" : "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "foaf:name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="language-specification-in-plain-literals" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+Language
+Specification
+in
+Plain
+Literals
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON-LD
+attempts
+to
+make
+sure
+that
+it
+is
+easy
+to
+express
+triples
+in
+other
+languages
+while
+simultaneously
+ensuring
+that
+hefty
+data
+structures
+aren't
+required
+to
+accomplish
+simple
+language
+markup.
+When
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+symbol
+is
+used
+in
+a
+literal,
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+tags
+the
+literal
+text
+with
+the
+language
+tag
+that
+follows
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+symbol.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "foaf:name" : "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "foaf:name": "<span class="diff">花澄@ja</span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+a
+plain
+literal
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+花澄
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+associate
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+ja
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+tag
+with
+the
+triple
+that
+is
+generated.
+Languages
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+expressed
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47"><ins class="diff-new">
+BCP47
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+format.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Typed
+Literals
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Literals
+may
+also
+be
+typed
+in
+JSON-LD
+by
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+^^
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+sequence
+at
+the
+end
+of
+the
+text
+string.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "dc:modified" : "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "dc:modified": "<span class="diff">2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00^^xsd:dateTime</span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+an
+object
+with
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+datatype
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</ins></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">A
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+express
+multiple
+triples
+in
+a
+compact
+way
+by
+using
+arrays.
+If
+a
+subject
+has
+multiple
+values
+for
+the
+same
+property,
+the
+author
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+express
+each
+property
+as
+an
+array.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "foaf:nick" : ,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@": "<http://example.org/people#joebob>",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">["stu", "groknar", "radface"]</span>,
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+ "stu" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+ "groknar" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+"radface"
+.
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Multiple
+Typed
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Multiple
+typed
+literals
+are
+expressed
+very
+much
+in
+the
+same
+way
+as
+multiple
+properties:
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "dc:modified" : ],
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@": "<http://example.org/articles/8>",
+ "dcterms:modified": <span class="diff">["2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00^^xsd:dateTime", "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00^^xsd:dateTime"</span>],
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+"2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+.
+</ins></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="blank-nodes" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.9
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Blank
+Nodes
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">At
+times,
+it
+becomes
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+information
+without
+being
+able
+to
+specify
+the
+subject.
+Typically,
+this
+is
+where
+blank
+nodes
+come
+into
+play.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+blank
+node
+identifiers
+are
+automatically
+created
+if
+a
+subject
+is
+not
+specified
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key.
+However,
+authors
+may
+name
+blank
+nodes
+by
+using
+the
+special
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+_
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+CURIE
+prefix.
+</ins></p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "@" : "",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+_:foo
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+which
+can
+then
+be
+used
+later
+on
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+to
+refer
+back
+to
+the
+named
+blank
+node.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="escape-character" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Escape
+Character
+</h3>
+<p>
+Special
+characters
+in
+property
+values
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+escaped
+in
+order
+to
+not
+be
+interpreted
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">CURIEs,
+</ins>
+IRIs,
+language
+tags,
+or
+TypedLiterals.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+special
+characters
+in
+JSON-LD
+are:
+<code>
+<
+</code>, <code>
+>
+</code>,
+<code>
+@
+</code>,
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">#
+</ins></code>,<code>:
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+^
+</code>.
+</p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> "example:code" : ,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "example:code": <span class="diff">"\\<foobar\\^\\^2\\>"</span>,
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">5.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">9.11
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</h3>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">Since
+JSON
+is
+capable
+of
+expressing
+typed
+information
+such
+as
+decimals,
+integers
+and
+boolean
+values,
+JSON-LD
+utilizes
+that
+information
+to
+create
+</ins><a href="#typed-literals"><ins class="diff-new">
+Typed
+Literals
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+<del class="diff-old"> // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:decimal
+ "measure:cups" : ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons" : ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active" : ,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:decimal
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+</ins>
+...
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Acknowledgements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Advanced
+Concepts
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">There
+are
+a
+few
+advanced
+concepts
+where
+it
+is
+not
+clear
+whether
+or
+not
+the
+JSON-LD
+specification
+is
+going
+to
+support
+the
+complexity
+necessary
+to
+support
+each
+concept.
+The
+entire
+section
+on
+Advanced
+Concepts
+should
+be
+taken
+with
+a
+grain
+of
+salt;
+it
+is
+merely
+a
+list
+of
+possibilities
+where
+all
+of
+the
+benefits
+and
+drawbacks
+have
+not
+been
+explored.
+</ins></p><div id="disjoint-graphs" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+10.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Disjoint
+Graphs
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+When
+serializing
+an
+RDF
+graph
+that
+contains
+two
+or
+more
+sections
+of
+the
+graph
+which
+are
+entirely
+disjoint,
+one
+must
+use
+an
+array
+to
+express
+the
+graph
+as
+two
+graphs.
+This
+may
+not
+be
+acceptable
+to
+some
+authors,
+who
+would
+rather
+express
+the
+information
+as
+one
+graph.
+Since,
+by
+definition,
+disjoint
+graphs
+require
+there
+to
+be
+two
+top-level
+objects,
+JSON-LD
+utilizes
+a
+mechanism
+that
+allows
+disjoint
+graphs
+to
+be
+expressed
+using
+a
+single
+graph.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Assume
+the
+following
+RDF
+graph:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+<http://example.org/people#john>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
+<http://example.org/people#jane>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
+</section>
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Since
+the
+two
+subjects
+are
+entirely
+disjoint
+with
+one
+another,
+it
+is
+impossible
+to
+express
+the
+RDF
+graph
+above
+using
+a
+single
+JSON-LD
+associative
+array.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+In
+JSON-LD,
+one
+can
+use
+the
+subject
+to
+express
+disjoint
+graphs
+as
+a
+single
+graph:
+</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
+{
+ "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@":
+ [
+ {
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#john>",
+ "a": "foaf:Person"
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#jane>",
+ "a": "foaf:Person"
+ }
+ ]
+}
+</ins></pre></div><div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+10.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Acknowledgements
+</ins></h3>
+<p>
+The
+editor
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+rationale
+and
+reasoning
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+<ins class="diff-new">Dave
+Longley
+who
+reviewed
+and
+provided
+feedback
+on
+the
+overall
+specification
+and
+contexts,
+</ins>
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+<ins class="diff-new">[BCP47]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A.
+Phillips,
+M.
+Davis.
+</ins><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-new">
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">B.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+<cite>
+Microdata
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+3
+August
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/20101014/index.html Thu Oct 14 16:19:58 2010 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'>
+<html dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<title>JSON-LD - Linked Data Expression in JSON</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+
+<!--
+ === NOTA BENE ===
+ For the three scripts below, if your spec resides on dev.w3 you can check them
+ out in the same tree and use relative links so that they'll work offline,
+ -->
+
+
+
+<style>
+.diff { font-weight:bold; color:#0a3; }
+</style>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*****************************************************************
+ * ReSpec CSS
+ * Robin Berjon (robin at berjon dot com)
+ * v0.05 - 2009-07-31
+ *****************************************************************/
+
+
+/* --- INLINES --- */
+em.rfc2119 {
+ text-transform: lowercase;
+ font-variant: small-caps;
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #900;
+}
+
+h1 acronym, h2 acronym, h3 acronym, h4 acronym, h5 acronym, h6 acronym, a acronym,
+h1 abbr, h2 abbr, h3 abbr, h4 abbr, h5 abbr, h6 abbr, a abbr {
+ border: none;
+}
+
+dfn {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+a.internalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: medium solid #99c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.externalDFN {
+ color: inherit;
+ border-bottom: medium dotted #ccc;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.bibref {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+code {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+
+
+/* --- WEB IDL --- */
+pre.idl {
+ border-top: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de;
+ padding: 1em;
+ line-height: 120%;
+}
+
+pre.idl::before {
+ content: "WebIDL";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #90b8de;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+}
+
+.idlType {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlModule*/
+/*.idlModuleID*/
+/*.idlInterface*/
+.idlInterfaceID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlSuperclass {
+ font-style: italic;
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+/*.idlAttribute*/
+.idlAttrType, .idlFieldType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlAttrName, .idlFieldName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlAttrName a, .idlFieldName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlMethod*/
+.idlMethType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlMethName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlMethName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlParam*/
+.idlParamType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlParamName {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.extAttr {
+ color: #666;
+}
+
+/*.idlConst*/
+.idlConstType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+.idlConstName {
+ color: #ff4500;
+}
+.idlConstName a {
+ color: #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #ff4500;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/*.idlException*/
+.idlExceptionID {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #c00;
+}
+
+.idlTypedefID, .idlTypedefType {
+ color: #005a9c;
+}
+
+.idlRaises, .idlRaises a.idlType, .idlRaises a.idlType code, .excName a, .excName a code {
+ color: #c00;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.excName a {
+ font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.idlRaises a.idlType, .excName a.idlType {
+ border-bottom: 1px dotted #c00;
+}
+
+.excGetSetTrue, .excGetSetFalse, .prmNullTrue, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptTrue, .prmOptFalse {
+ width: 45px;
+ text-align: center;
+}
+.excGetSetTrue, .prmNullTrue, .prmOptTrue { color: #0c0; }
+.excGetSetFalse, .prmNullFalse, .prmOptFalse { color: #c00; }
+
+.idlImplements a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+dl.attributes, dl.methods, dl.constants, dl.fields {
+ margin-left: 2em;
+}
+
+.attributes dt, .methods dt, .constants dt, .fields dt {
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.attributes dt code, .methods dt code, .constants dt code, .fields dt code {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #000;
+ font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.attributes dt code, .fields dt code {
+ background: #ffffd2;
+}
+
+.attributes dt .idlAttrType code, .fields dt .idlFieldType code {
+ color: #005a9c;
+ background: transparent;
+ font-family: inherit;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.methods dt code {
+ background: #d9e6f8;
+}
+
+.constants dt code {
+ background: #ddffd2;
+}
+
+.attributes dd, .methods dd, .constants dd, .fields dd {
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+table.parameters, table.exceptions {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ margin: 0.5em 0;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+table.parameters { border-bottom: 1px solid #90b8de; }
+table.exceptions { border-bottom: 1px solid #deb890; }
+
+.parameters th, .exceptions th {
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+ font-family: initial;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ text-shadow: #666 1px 1px 0;
+}
+.parameters th { background: #90b8de; }
+.exceptions th { background: #deb890; }
+
+.parameters td, .exceptions td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+ vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+.parameters tr:first-child td, .exceptions tr:first-child td {
+ border-top: none;
+}
+
+.parameters td.prmName, .exceptions td.excName, .exceptions td.excCodeName {
+ width: 100px;
+}
+
+.parameters td.prmType {
+ width: 120px;
+}
+
+table.exceptions table {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* --- TOC --- */
+.toc a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a .secno {
+ color: #000;
+}
+
+/* --- TABLE --- */
+table.simple {
+ border-spacing: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
+}
+
+.simple th {
+ background: #005a9c;
+ color: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 5px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.simple th[scope="row"] {
+ background: inherit;
+ color: inherit;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple td {
+ padding: 3px 10px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+}
+
+.simple tr:nth-child(even) {
+ background: #f0f6ff;
+}
+
+/* --- DL --- */
+.section dd > p:first-child {
+ margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd > p:last-child {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.section dd {
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.section dl.attrs dd, .section dl.eldef dd {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+/* --- EXAMPLES --- */
+pre.example {
+ border-top: 1px solid #ff4500;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ff4500;
+ padding: 1em;
+ margin-top: 1em;
+}
+
+pre.example::before {
+ content: "Example";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ background: #ff4500;
+ color: #fff;
+ font-family: initial;
+ padding: 3px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin: -1em 0 1em -1em;
+}
+
+/* --- EDITORIAL NOTES --- */
+.issue {
+ padding: 1em;
+ margin: 1em 0em 0em;
+ border: 1px solid #f00;
+ background: #ffc;
+}
+
+.issue::before {
+ content: "Issue";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ margin: -1.5em 0 0.5em 0;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ border: 1px solid #f00;
+ background: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 1em;
+}
+
+.note {
+ margin: 1em 0em 0em;
+ padding: 1em;
+ border: 2px solid #cff6d9;
+ background: #e2fff0;
+}
+
+.note::before {
+ content: "Note";
+ display: block;
+ width: 150px;
+ margin: -1.5em 0 0.5em 0;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ border: 1px solid #cff6d9;
+ background: #fff;
+ padding: 3px 1em;
+}
+
+/* --- Best Practices --- */
+div.practice {
+ border: solid #bebebe 1px;
+ margin: 2em 1em 1em 2em;
+}
+
+span.practicelab {
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em 1em 1em;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+span.practicelab { background: #dfffff; }
+
+span.practicelab {
+ position: relative;
+ padding: 0 0.5em;
+ top: -1.5em;
+}
+
+p.practicedesc {
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em 1em 1em;
+}
+
+@media screen {
+ p.practicedesc {
+ position: relative;
+ top: -2em;
+ padding: 0;
+ margin: 1.5em 0.5em -1em 1em;
+}
+
+/* --- SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING --- */
+pre.sh_sourceCode {
+ background-color: white;
+ color: black;
+ font-style: normal;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_keyword { color: #005a9c; font-weight: bold; } /* language keywords */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_type { color: #666; } /* basic types */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_usertype { color: teal; } /* user defined types */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_string { color: red; font-family: monospace; } /* strings and chars */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_regexp { color: orange; font-family: monospace; } /* regular expressions */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_specialchar { color: #ffc0cb; font-family: monospace; } /* e.g., \n, \t, \\ */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_comment { color: #A52A2A; font-style: italic; } /* comments */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_number { color: purple; } /* literal numbers */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_preproc { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; } /* e.g., #include, import */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_symbol { color: blue; } /* e.g., *, + */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_function { color: black; font-weight: bold; } /* function calls and declarations */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_cbracket { color: red; } /* block brackets (e.g., {, }) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_todo { font-weight: bold; background-color: #00FFFF; } /* TODO and FIXME */
+
+/* Predefined variables and functions (for instance glsl) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_predef_var { color: #00008B; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_predef_func { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; }
+
+/* for OOP */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_classname { color: teal; }
+
+/* line numbers (not yet implemented) */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_linenum { display: none; }
+
+/* Internet related */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_url { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; font-family: monospace; }
+
+/* for ChangeLog and Log files */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_date { color: blue; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_time, pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_file { color: #00008B; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_ip, pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_name { color: #006400; }
+
+/* for Prolog, Perl... */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_variable { color: #006400; }
+
+/* for LaTeX */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_italics { color: #006400; font-style: italic; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_bold { color: #006400; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_underline { color: #006400; text-decoration: underline; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_fixed { color: green; font-family: monospace; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_argument { color: #006400; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_optionalargument { color: purple; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_math { color: orange; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_bibtex { color: blue; }
+
+/* for diffs */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_oldfile { color: orange; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_newfile { color: #006400; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_difflines { color: blue; }
+
+/* for css */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_selector { color: purple; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_property { color: blue; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_value { color: #006400; font-style: italic; }
+
+/* other */
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_section { color: black; font-weight: bold; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_paren { color: red; }
+pre.sh_sourceCode .sh_attribute { color: #006400; }
+
+</style><style type="text/css">ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
+ol.algorithm li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" /></head><body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 class="title" id="title">JSON-LD - Linked Data Expression in JSON</h1><h2 id="subtitle">A Context-based JSON Serialization for Linked Data</h2><h2 id="unofficial-draft-14-october-2010">Unofficial Draft 14 October 2010</h2><dl><dt>Editor:</dt><dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar, Inc.</a></dd>
+<dt>Authors:</dt><dd><a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Mark Birbeck</a>, <a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Backplane Ltd.</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar, Inc.</a></dd>
+</dl><p>This document is also available in this non-normative format: <a href="diff-20100823.html">diff to previous version</a>.</p><p class="copyright">This document is licensed under a <a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>.</p><hr /></div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+Developers that embed structured data in their Web pages can choose among
+a number of languages such as RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>], Microformats [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">MICROFORMATS</a></cite>]
+and Microdata [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">MICRODATA</a></cite>]. Each of these structured data languages, while
+incompatible at the syntax level, can be easily mapped to RDF. JSON has
+proven to be a highly useful object serialization and messaging replacement
+for SOAP. In an attempt to harmonize the representation of Linked Data in JSON,
+this specification outlines a common JSON representation format for
+Linked Data that can be used to represent objects specified via RDFa,
+Microformats and Microdata.
+</p>
+</div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p>This document is merely a public working draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.</p>
+<p>This document is an experimental work in progress.</p>
+
+<!-- <p>
+This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
+developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
+endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
+document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
+document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
+to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
+enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
+</p> -->
+
+</div><div id="toc" class="section"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>How to Read this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#design-goals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Design Goals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#design-rationale" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Design Rationale</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#map-terms-to-iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Map Terms to IRIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">5. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#an-example-of-a-default-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">6. </span>An Example of a Default Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-json-ld-processing-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">7. </span>The JSON-LD Processing Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8. </span>Markup Examples</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>RDFa</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microformats" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Microformats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microdata" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Microdata</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9. </span>Markup of RDF Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.1 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Specifying the Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#plain-literals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.4 </span>Plain Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#language-specification-in-plain-literals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.5 </span>Language Specification in Plain Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.6 </span>Typed Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.8 </span>Multiple Typed Literals for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#blank-nodes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.9 </span>Blank Nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#escape-character" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.10 </span>Escape Character</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">9.11 </span>Automatic Typing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10. </span>Advanced Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#disjoint-graphs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Disjoint Graphs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Acknowledgements</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>How to Read this Document</h2>
+
+<p>
+This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of JSON for Linked
+data. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Developers that want to encode Microformats, RDFa, or Microdata in a
+ way that is cross-language compatible via JSON.</li>
+ <li>Developers that want to understand the encoding possibilities.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+To understand this specification you must first be familiar with JSON,
+which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>].</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p class="issue">Write the introduction once all of the technical details
+are hammered out. Explain why JSON-LD is designed as a light-weight mechanism
+to express RDFa, Microformats and Microdata. It is primarily intended as
+a way to express Linked Data in Javascript environments as well as a way to pass
+Linked Data to and from Web services. It is designed to be as simple as
+possible, utilizing the large number of JSON parsers (and understanding) that
+is out there already. It is designed to be able to express key-value pairs,
+RDF data, Microformats data, and Microdata (that is, every data model
+currently in use) using one unified format. It does not require anyone to change
+their JSON, but easily add meaning by adding context in a way that is
+out-of-band - it is designed to not disturb already deployed systems running
+on JSON, but provide a smooth migration path from JSON to JSON with added
+semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be fast to parse, fast to
+generate, stream-based and document-based processing compatible, and require
+a tiny memory footprint in order to operate.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="design-goals" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Design Goals</h2>
+
+<p>
+A number of design considerations were explored during the creation of this
+markup language:
+</p>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>Simplicity</dt>
+ <dd>Developers don't need to know RDF in order to use the basic functionality
+ provided by JSON-LD.</dd>
+ <dt>Compatibility</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD markup should be 100% compatible with JSON.</dd>
+ <dt>Expressiveness</dt>
+ <dd>All major RDF concepts must be expressible via the JSON-LD syntax.</dd>
+ <dt>Terseness</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD syntax must be very terse and human readable.</dd>
+ <dt>Zero Edits</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD provides a mechanism that allows developers to specify
+ context in a way that is out-of-band. This allows organizations that have
+ already deployed large JSON-based infrastructure to add meaning to their
+ JSON in a way that is not disruptive to their day-to-day operations and is
+ transparent to their current customers.</dd>
+ <dt>Streaming</dt>
+ <dd>The format supports both document-based and stream-based processing.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="design-rationale" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Design Rationale</h2>
+
+<p>The following section outlines the rationale behind the JSON-LD markup
+language.
+</p>
+
+<div id="map-terms-to-iris" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Map Terms to IRIs</h3>
+
+<p>Establishing a mechanism to map JSON values to IRIs will
+help in the mapping of JSON objects to RDF. This does not mean that JSON-LD must
+be restrictive in declaring a set of terms, rather, experimentation and
+innovation should be supported as part of the core design of JSON-LD. There are,
+however, a number of very small design criterial that can ensure that developers
+will generate good RDF data that will create value for the greater
+semantic web community and JSON/REST-based Web Services community.
+</p>
+
+<p>We will be using the following JSON object as the example for this section:
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "a": "Person",
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+</div>
+<h3 id="the-default-context">The Default Context</h3>
+
+<p>A default context is used in RDFa to allow developers to use keywords
+as aliases for IRIs. So, for instance, the keyword <strong>name</strong>
+above could refer to the IRI <em>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</em>.
+The semantic web, just like the document-based web, uses IRIs for
+unambiguous identification. The idea is that these terms mean something,
+which you will eventually want to query. The semantic web specifies this via
+<em>Vocabulary Documents</em>. The IRI <em>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</em> specifies
+a Vocabulary Document, and <strong>name</strong> is a term in that
+vocabulary. Paste the two items together and you have an unambiguous identifier
+for a term.
+</p>
+
+<p>Developers, and machines, would be able to use this IRI (plugging it
+directly into a web browser, for instance) to go to the term and get a
+definition of what the term means. Much
+like we can use WordNet today to see the
+<a href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=definition">definition</a>
+of words in the English language. Machines need the same sort of
+dictionary of terms, and URIs provide a way to ensure that these terms
+are unambiguous.
+</p>
+
+<p>Non-prefixed terms should have term mappings declared in the default
+context so that they may be expanded later.</p>
+
+<p>If a set of terms, like <strong>Person</strong>,
+<strong>name</strong>, and <strong>homepage</strong>,
+are pre-defined in the default context, and that context is used to resolve the
+names in JSON objects, machines could automatically expand the terms to
+something meaningful and unambiguous, like this:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "<span class="diff">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "<span class="diff"><</span>http://manu.sporny.org<span class="diff">></span>"
+}</pre>
+
+<p class="note">In order to differentiate between plain text and IRIs, the
+<strong><</strong> and <strong>></strong> are used around IRIs.</p>
+
+<p>Doing this would mean that JSON would start to become unambiguously
+machine-readable, play well with the semantic web, and basic markup wouldn't
+be that much more complex than basic JSON markup. A win, all around.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="mashing-up-vocabularies" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">5. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</h2>
+
+<p>Developers would also benefit by allowing other vocabularies to be used
+automatically with their JSON API. There are over 200
+Vocabulary Documents that are available for use on the Web today. Some
+of these vocabularies are:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>XSD - for specifying basic types like strings, integers, dates and times.</li>
+ <li>Dublin Core - for describing creative works.</li>
+ <li>FOAF - for describing social networks.</li>
+ <li>Calendar - for specifying events.</li>
+ <li>SIOC - for describing discussions on blogs and websites.</li>
+ <li>CCrel - for describing Creative Commons and other types of licenses.</li>
+ <li>GEO - for describing geographic location.</li>
+ <li>VCard - for describing organizations and people.</li>
+ <li>DOAP - for describing projects.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD Web Service could define these as <em>prefix</em>es in their
+default context beside the <em>terms</em> that are already defined. Using
+this feature, developers could also express markup like this:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "<span class="diff">rdf:type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "<http://manu.sporny.org/>"<span class="diff">,
+ "sioc:avatar": "<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>"</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Developers can also specify their own Vocabulary documents by modifying the
+default context in-line using the <code>#</code> character, like so:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ <span class="diff">"#": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://manu.sporny.org/>",
+ "sioc:avatar": "<http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny>"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:credits": 500</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Think of the <code>#</code> character as a "hashtable", which maps one
+string to another string. In the example above, the <code>myvocab</code>
+string is replaced with "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#</code>" when it
+is detected above. In the example above, "<code>myvocab:credits</code>" would
+expand to "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#credits</code>".</p>
+
+<p>This mechanism is a short-hand for RDF, and if defined, will give
+developers an unambiguous way to map any JSON value to RDF.</p><p>
+
+</p></div>
+
+<div id="an-example-of-a-default-context" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">6. </span>An Example of a Default Context</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD strives to ensure that developers don't have to change the JSON
+that is going into and being returned from their Web applications. A JSON-LD
+aware Web Service <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> define a default context. For example, the
+following default context could apply to all incoming Web Service calls
+previously accepting only JSON data:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "#":
+ {
+ "__vocab__": "http://example.org/default-vocab#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/",
+ "sioc": "http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#",
+ "cc": "http://creativecommons.org/ns#",
+ "geo": "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#",
+ "vcard": "http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#",
+ "cal": "http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#",
+ "doap": "http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#",
+ "Person": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The <code>__vocab__</code> prefix is a special prefix that states
+that any term that doesn't resolve to a term or a prefix should be
+appended to the <code>__vocab__</code> IRI. This is done to ensure that
+terms can be transformed to an IRI at all times.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="the-json-ld-processing-algorithm" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">7. </span>The JSON-LD Processing Algorithm</h2>
+
+<p>
+The processing algorithm described in this section is provided in
+order to demonstrate how one might implement a JSON-LD processor.
+Conformant implementations are only required to produce the same type and
+number of triples during the output process and are not required to
+implement the algorithm exactly as described.
+</p>
+
+<p class="issue">The Processing Algorithm is a work in progress, there are
+still major bugs in the algorithm and it's difficult to follow. It's provided
+only to very early implementers to give them an idea of how to implement a
+processor.</p>
+
+<h4 id="processing-algorithm-terms">Processing Algorithm Terms</h4>
+<ul>
+<li><dfn title="default_context" id="dfn-default_context">default context</dfn> - a context that is specified to the
+JSON-LD processing algorithm before processing begins.</li>
+<li><dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">default graph</dfn> - the destination graph for all triples
+generated by JSON-LD markup.</li>
+<li><dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">active subject</dfn> - the currently active subject that the
+processor should use when generating triples.</li>
+<li><dfn title="inherited_subject" id="dfn-inherited_subject">inherited subject</dfn> - a subject that was detected at a
+higher level of processing to be used to generate a triple once a
+<a class="tref" title="current_subject">current subject</a> is discovered or generated.</li>
+<li><dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">active property</dfn> - the currently active property that the
+processor should use when generating triples.</li>
+<li><dfn title="inherited_property" id="dfn-inherited_property">inherited property</dfn> - a property that was detected at a
+higher level of processing to be used to generate a triple once a
+<a class="tref" title="current_subject">current subject</a> is discovered or generated.</li>
+<li><dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">active object</dfn> - the currently active object that the
+processor should use when generating triples.</li>
+<li><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn> - a context that is used to resolve
+CURIEs while the processing algorithm is running. The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is the top-most item on the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> stack.</li>
+<li><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn> - a context that is specified at the JSON
+associative-array level, specified via the <code>#</code> key.</li>
+<li><dfn title="list_of_incomplete_triples" id="dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples">list of incomplete triples</dfn> - A list of triples that have
+yet to have their subject set.</li>
+<li><dfn title="list_of_unprocessed_items" id="dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items">list of unprocessed items</dfn> - A list of objects that cannot be
+processed until a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is detected or the end of the
+current associative-array is detected.</li>
+<li><dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">processor state</dfn> - the processor state, which includes
+the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> stack, <a class="tref" title="current_subject">current subject</a>,
+<a class="tref" title="current_property">current property</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_incomplete_triples" href="#dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples">list of incomplete triples</a>, and the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items">list of unprocessed items</a>.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>The algorithm below is designed for streaming (SAX-based) implementations.
+Implementers will find that non-streaming (document-based) implementations will
+be much easier to implement as full access to the JSON object model eliminates
+some of the steps that are necessary for streaming implementations. A conforming
+JSON-LD processor <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> implement a processing algorithm that results in the
+same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">default graph</a> that the following algorithm generates:</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="processing-step-default-context">If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_context" href="#dfn-default_context">default context</a> is
+supplied to the
+processing algorithm, push it onto the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> stack.</li>
+
+<li id="processing-step-associative">If an associative array is
+detected, create a new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>. Copy the <a class="tref" title="current_context">current context</a> stack to
+the newly created <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>. Push the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> onto the newly created
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>'s <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> stack. For each
+key-value pair in the associative array, using the newly created
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> do the following:
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+
+ <li>If a <code>#</code> key is found, the processor
+ merges each key-value pair in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>, overwriting
+ any duplicate values in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ Process each object in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items">list of unprocessed items</a>,
+ starting at <a href="#processing-subject">Step 2.2</a>.</li>
+
+ <li id="processing-associative">If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> has not been detected, the current
+ key-value pair is placed into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items">list of unprocessed items</a>
+ and processing proceeds to the next key-value pair. Otherwise, if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is known perform the following steps:</li>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+
+ <li id="processing-subject">If a <code>@</code> key is found, the
+ processor sets the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> to the value after
+ <a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts">Object Processing</a> has been performed.
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject">inherited subject</a> and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property">inherited property</a> values are specified, generate a triple
+ using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject">inherited subject</a> for the subject, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property">inherited property</a> for the property, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> for the object.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If there are any triples in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_incomplete_triples" href="#dfn-list_of_incomplete_triples">list of incomplete triples</a>, complete each triple using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> as the subject for each triple.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If an <code>a</code> key is found, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ to <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</code>.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If a key that is not <code>#</code>,
+ <code>@</code>, or <code>a</code> is found, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> by performing
+ <a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts">Property Processing</a> on the key.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If the value is not an array, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> by performing
+ <a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts">Object Processing</a> on the value.
+ Generate a triple representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If the value is an associative array, then
+ process the value starting at
+ <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If the value is a regular array, then process the value
+ starting at
+ <a href="#processing-step-array">Step 3</a> ensuring that
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ are copied to a newly created <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If the end of the associative array is detected, and a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> was not discovered, then:
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Generate a <a class="tref" title="blank_node_identifier">blank node identifier</a> and set it as the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>Complete any previously incomplete triples by running all substeps
+ of <a href="#processing-subject">Step 2.2.1</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ </li><li>If the end of the associative array is detected, and a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> was not discovered, then assume that the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is unmodified and run all substeps of
+ <a href="#processing-associative">Step 2.2</a>
+ on the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_unprocessed_items" href="#dfn-list_of_unprocessed_items">list of unprocessed items</a>.
+ </li></ol>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="processing-step-array">If a regular array is detected,
+ process each value in the array by doing the following:
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value is an associative array, processes per
+ <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a>, ensuring to set
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_subject" href="#dfn-inherited_subject">inherited subject</a> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>
+ and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="inherited_property" href="#dfn-inherited_property">inherited property</a> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ in the newly created <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If the value is not an array, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>
+ by performing <a href="#markup-of-rdf-concepts">Object Processing</a> on
+ the value. Generate a triple representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>,
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> and
+ place it into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">default graph</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>If the value is a regular array, should we support RDF
+ List/Sequence Processing?
+ <div class="issue">If the value is a regular array, should we support
+ RDF List/Sequence generation of triples? For example, would implementing
+ this be worth the more complex processing rules: "ex:orderedItems" :
+ [["one", "two", "three"]]</div></li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="markup-examples" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">8. </span>Markup Examples</h2>
+
+<p>The JSON-LD markup examples below demonstrate how JSON-LD can be used to
+express semantic data marked up in other languages such as RDFa, Microformats,
+and Microdata. These sections are merely provided as proof that JSON-LD is
+very flexible in what it can express across different Linked Data approaches.
+</p>
+
+<div id="rdfa" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">8.1 </span>RDFa</h3>
+
+<p>The following example describes three people with their respective names and
+homepages.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+ <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</div></pre>
+
+<p>An example JSON-LD implementation is described below, however, there are
+other ways to mark-up this information such that the context is not
+repeated.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+[
+ {
+ "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode1",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/bob/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode2",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/eve/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@": "_:bnode3",
+ "a": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "<http://example.com/manu/>",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+]</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="microformats" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Microformats</h3>
+
+<p>The following example uses a simple Microformats hCard example to express
+how the Microformat is represented in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</div></pre>
+
+<p>The representation of the hCard expresses the Microformat terms in the
+context and uses them directly for the <code>url</code> and <code>fn</code>
+properties. Also note that the Microformat to JSON-LD processor has
+generated the proper URL type for <code>http://tantek.com</code>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "#":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard"
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url"
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@": "_:bnode1",
+ "a": "vcard",
+ "url": "<http://tantek.com/>",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="microdata" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Microdata</h3>
+
+<p>The Microdata example below expresses book information as a Microdata Work
+item.
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</dl></pre>
+
+<p>Note that the JSON-LD representation of the Microdata information stays
+true to the desires of the Microdata community to avoid contexts and
+instead refer to items by their full IRI.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+[
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N>",
+ "a": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>", "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>",
+ "a": "<http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression>",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK>"
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK>",
+ "a": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "<http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK>"
+ }
+]</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div id="markup-of-rdf-concepts" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">9. </span>Markup of RDF Concepts</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD is designed to ensure that most Linked Data concepts can be marked up
+in a way that is simple to understand and author by Web developers. In many
+cases, Javascript objects can become Linked Data with the simple addition
+of a context. Since RDF is also an important sub-community of the Linked
+Data movement, it is important that all RDF concepts are well-represented
+in this specification. This section details how each RDF concept can be
+expressed in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+<div id="iris" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.1 </span>IRIs</h3>
+
+<p>Expressing IRIs are fundamental to Linked Data as that is how most subjects
+and many objects are identified. IRIs can be expressed by wrapping a
+text string with the <code><</code> and <code>></code> characters.
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "foaf:homepage": "<span class="diff"><</span>http://manu.sporny.org<span class="diff">></span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would set the object to an IRI with the value of
+<code>http://manu.sporny.org</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Wrapping IRIs with the <code><</code> and <code>></code>
+characters are only necessary when IRIs are specified as objects. At no other
+point do you need to wrap an IRI. You do not need to wrap IRIs when declaring
+a property, declaring a CURIE, or describing key-value pairs in a context.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</h3>
+
+<p>A subject is declared using the <code>@</code> key. The subject is the
+first piece of information needed by the JSON-LD processor in order to
+create the (subject, predicate, object) tuple, also known as a triple.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "<span class="diff">@</span>": "<span class="diff"><http://example.org/people#joebob></span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would set the subject to
+<code><http://example.org/people#joebob></code>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.3 </span>Specifying the Type</h3>
+
+<p>The type of a particular subject can be specified using the <code>a</code>
+key. Specifying the type in this way will generate a triple of the form
+(subject, type, type-url).</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#joebob>",
+ "<span class="diff">a</span>": "<span class="diff"><http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person></span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate the following triple
+(in N-Triples notation):</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="plain-literals" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.4 </span>Plain Literals</h3>
+
+<p>Regular text strings are called "plain literals" in RDF and are easily
+expressed using regular JSON strings.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "foaf:name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="language-specification-in-plain-literals" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.5 </span>Language Specification in Plain Literals</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD attempts to make sure that it is easy to express triples in other
+languages while simultaneously ensuring that hefty data structures
+aren't required to accomplish simple language markup. When the
+<code>@</code> symbol is used in a literal, the JSON-LD processor tags
+the literal text with the language tag that follows the <code>@</code>
+symbol.
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "foaf:name": "<span class="diff">花澄@ja</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate a plain literal for <em>花澄</em> and
+associate the <code>ja</code> language tag with the triple that is
+generated. Languages <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be expressed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] format.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.6 </span>Typed Literals</h3>
+
+<p>Literals may also be typed in JSON-LD by using the <code>^^</code>
+sequence at the end of the text string.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "dc:modified": "<span class="diff">2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00^^xsd:dateTime</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate an object with the value of
+<code>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</code> and the datatype of
+<code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</code>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</h3>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD author can express multiple triples in a compact way by using
+arrays. If a subject has multiple values for the same property, the author
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> express each property as an array.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#joebob>",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">["stu", "groknar", "radface"]</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+ "stu" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+ "groknar" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
+ "radface" .</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="multiple-typed-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.8 </span>Multiple Typed Literals for a Single Property</h3>
+
+<p>Multiple typed literals are expressed very much in the same way as
+multiple properties:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "@": "<http://example.org/articles/8>",
+ "dcterms:modified": <span class="diff">["2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00^^xsd:dateTime", "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00^^xsd:dateTime"</span>],
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="blank-nodes" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.9 </span>Blank Nodes</h3>
+
+<p>At times, it becomes necessary to be able to express information without
+being able to specify the subject. Typically, this is where blank nodes come
+into play. In JSON-LD, blank node identifiers are automatically created if a
+subject is not specified using the <code>@</code> key. However, authors may
+name blank nodes by using the special <code>_</code> CURIE prefix.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "@": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would set the subject to <code>_:foo</code>, which can
+then be used later on in the JSON-LD markup to refer back to the
+named blank node.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="escape-character" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.10 </span>Escape Character</h3>
+
+<p>Special characters in property values <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be escaped in order to not be
+interpreted as CURIEs, IRIs, language tags, or TypedLiterals.</p>
+
+<p>The special characters in JSON-LD are: <code><</code>, <code>></code>,
+<code>@</code>, <code>#</code>, <code>:</code> and <code>^</code>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ "example:code": <span class="diff">"\\<foobar\\^\\^2\\>"</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">9.11 </span>Automatic Typing</h3>
+
+<p>Since JSON is capable of expressing typed information such as decimals,
+integers and boolean values, JSON-LD utilizes that information to create
+<a href="#typed-literals">Typed Literals</a>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+...
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:decimal
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">10. </span>Advanced Concepts</h2>
+
+<p class="issue">There are a few advanced concepts where it is not clear whether
+or not the JSON-LD specification is going to support the complexity necessary
+to support each concept. The entire section on Advanced Concepts should be
+taken with a grain of salt; it is merely a list of possibilities where all
+of the benefits and drawbacks have not been explored.
+</p>
+
+<div id="disjoint-graphs" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">10.1 </span>Disjoint Graphs</h3>
+
+<p>When serializing an RDF graph that contains two or more sections of the
+graph which are entirely disjoint, one must use an array to express the graph
+as two graphs. This may not be acceptable to some authors, who would rather
+express the information as one graph. Since, by definition, disjoint graphs
+require there to be two top-level objects, JSON-LD utilizes a mechanism that
+allows disjoint graphs to be expressed using a single graph.</p>
+
+<p>Assume the following RDF graph:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+<http://example.org/people#john>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
+<http://example.org/people#jane>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
+</section></pre>
+
+<p>Since the two subjects are entirely disjoint with one another, it is
+impossible to express the RDF graph above using a single JSON-LD associative
+array.</p>
+
+<p>In JSON-LD, one can use the subject to express disjoint graphs as a
+single graph:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">
+{
+ "#": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@":
+ [
+ {
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#john>",
+ "a": "foaf:Person"
+ },
+ {
+ "@": "<http://example.org/people#jane>",
+ "a": "foaf:Person"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+<h3><span class="secno">10.2 </span>Acknowledgements</h3>
+
+<p>The editor would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of the
+rationale and reasoning behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj,
+Dave Longley who reviewed and provided feedback on the overall
+specification and contexts, and Ian Davis, who created RDF/JSON.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</div><div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd>A. Phillips, M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a> September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd>D. Crockford <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd></dl></div><div id="informative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">A.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-MICRODATA">[MICRODATA]</dt><dd>Ian Hickson; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/"><cite>Microdata</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a>3 August 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-rdfa-core-20100803</a>
+</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
--- a/spec/latest/index.html Thu Oct 14 16:01:09 2010 -0400
+++ b/spec/latest/index.html Thu Oct 14 16:19:58 2010 -0400
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
// specification status (e.g. WD, LCWD, NOTE, etc.). If in doubt use ED.
specStatus: "unofficial",
//publishDate: "2010-04-29",
- // copyrightStart: "2010",
+ //copyrightStart: "2010",
// the specification's short name, as in http://www.w3.org/TR/short-name/
shortName: "json-ld",
@@ -150,11 +150,11 @@
// if there is a previously published draft, uncomment this and set its YYYY-MM-DD date
// and its maturity status
- // previousPublishDate: "1977-03-15",
- // previousMaturity: "WD",
+ previousPublishDate: "2010-08-23",
+ previousMaturity: "ED",
// if there a publicly available Editor's Draft, this is the link
- edDraftURI: "http://rdfa.digitalbazaar.com/specs/source/json-ld/",
+ edDraftURI: "http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/",
// if this is a LCWD, uncomment and set the end of its review period
// lcEnd: "2009-08-05",
@@ -185,22 +185,23 @@
],
// name of the WG
- wg: "RDFa Working Group",
+ wg: "RDFa Next Working Group",
// URI of the public WG page
- wgURI: "http://www.w3.org/2010/02/rdfa/",
+ wgURI: "",
// name (with the @w3c.org) of the public mailing to which comments are due
- wgPublicList: "public-rdfa-wg",
+ wgPublicList: "",
// URI of the patent status for this WG, for Rec-track documents
// !!!! IMPORTANT !!!!
// This is important for Rec-track documents, do not copy a patent URI from a random
// document unless you know what you're doing. If in doubt ask your friendly neighbourhood
// Team Contact.
- wgPatentURI: "http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/",
+ wgPatentURI: "",
maxTocLevel: 3,
- preProcess: [ preProc ]
+ preProcess: [ preProc ],
+ //alternateFormats: [ {uri: "diff-20100823.html", label: "diff to previous version"} ],
};
function updateExample(doc, content) {
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/tools/htmldiff.pl Thu Oct 14 16:19:58 2010 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+#
+# htmldiff - present a diff marked version of two html documents
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1998-2006 MACS, Inc.
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2007 SiSco, Inc.
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+# See http://www.themacs.com for more information.
+#
+# usage: htmldiff [[-c] [-l] [-o] oldversion newversion [output]]
+#
+# -c - disable metahtml comment processing
+# -o - disable outputting of old text
+# -l - use navindex to create sequence of diffs
+# oldversion - the previous version of the document
+# newversion - the newer version of the document
+# output - a filename to place the output in. If omitted, the output goes to
+# standard output.
+#
+# if invoked with no options or arguments, operates as a CGI script. It then
+# takes the following parameters:
+#
+# oldfile - the URL of the original file
+# newfile - the URL of the new file
+# mhtml - a flag to indicate whether it should be aware of MetaHTML comments.
+#
+# requires GNU diff utility
+# also requires the perl modules Getopt::Std
+#
+# NOTE: The markup created by htmldiff may not validate against the HTML 4.0
+# DTD. This is because the algorithm is realtively simple, and there are
+# places in the markup content model where the span element is not allowed.
+# Htmldiff is NOT aware of these places.
+#
+# $Source: /w3ccvs/WWW/2010/02/rdfa/sources/htmldiff.pl,v $
+# $Revision: 1.1 $
+#
+# $Log: htmldiff.pl,v $
+# Revision 1.1 2010/04/08 17:42:42 smccarro
+# Components of toolchain - initial version.
+#
+# Revision 1.5 2008/03/05 13:23:16 ahby
+# Fixed a problem with leading whitespace before markup.
+#
+# Revision 1.4 2007/12/13 13:09:16 ahby
+# Updated copyright and license.
+#
+# Revision 1.3 2007/12/13 12:53:34 ahby
+# Changed use of span to ins and del
+#
+# Revision 1.2 2002/02/13 16:27:23 ahby
+# Changed processing model.
+# Improved handling of old text and changed styles.
+#
+# Revision 1.1 2000/07/12 12:20:04 ahby
+# Updated to remove empty spans - this fixes validation problems under
+# strict.
+#
+# Revision 1.11 1999/12/08 19:46:45 ahby
+# Fixed validation errors introduced by placing markup where it didn't
+# belong.
+#
+# Revision 1.10 1999/10/18 13:42:58 ahby
+# Added -o to the usage message.
+#
+# Revision 1.9 1999/05/04 12:29:11 ahby
+# Added an option to turn off the display of old text.
+#
+# Revision 1.8 1999/04/09 14:37:27 ahby
+# Fixed a perl syntax error.
+#
+# Revision 1.7 1999/04/09 14:35:49 ahby
+# Added reference to MACS homepage.
+#
+# Revision 1.6 1999/04/09 14:35:09 ahby
+# Added comment about validity of generated markup.
+#
+# Revision 1.5 1999/02/22 22:17:54 ahby
+# Changed to use stylesheets.
+# Changed to rely upon span.
+# Changed to work around content model problems.
+#
+# Revision 1.4 1999/02/08 02:32:22 ahby
+# Added a copyright statement.
+#
+# Revision 1.3 1999/02/08 02:30:40 ahby
+# Added header processing.
+#
+# Revision 1.2 1998/12/10 17:31:31 ahby
+# Fixed to escape less-thans in change blocks and to not permit change
+# markup within specific elements (like TITLE).
+#
+# Revision 1.1 1998/11/26 00:09:22 ahby
+# Initial revision
+#
+#
+
+use Getopt::Std;
+
+sub usage {
+ print STDERR "htmldiff [-c] [-o] oldversion newversion [output]\n";
+ exit;
+}
+
+sub url_encode {
+ my $str = shift;
+ $str =~ s/([\x00-\x1f\x7F-\xFF])/
+ sprintf ('%%%02x', ord ($1))/eg;
+ return $str;
+}
+
+# markit - diff-mark the streams
+#
+# markit(file1, file2)
+#
+# markit relies upon GNUdiff to mark up the text.
+#
+# The markup is encoded using special control sequences:
+#
+# a block wrapped in control-a is deleted text
+# a block wrapped in control-b is old text
+# a block wrapped in control-c is new text
+#
+# The main processing loop attempts to wrap the text blocks in appropriate
+# SPANs based upon the type of text that it is.
+#
+# When the loop encounters a < in the text, it stops the span. Then it outputs
+# the element that is defined, then it restarts the span.
+
+sub markit {
+ my $retval = "";
+ my($file1) = shift;
+ my($file2) = shift;
+# my $old="<span class=\\\"diff-old-a\\\">deleted text: </span>%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%<%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'";
+ my $old="%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%<%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'";
+ my $new="%c'\012'%c'\003'%c'\012'%>%c'\012'%c'\003'%c'\012'";
+ my $unchanged="%=";
+ my $changed="%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%<%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%c'\004'%c'\012'%>%c'\012'%c'\004'%c'\012'";
+ if ($opt_o) {
+ $old = "";
+ $changed = "%c'\012'%c'\004'%c'\012'%>%c'\012'%c'\004'%c'\012'";
+ }
+# my $old="%c'\002'<font color=\\\"purple\\\" size=\\\"-2\\\">deleted text:</font><s>%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%<%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'</s>%c'\012'%c'\002'";
+# my $new="%c'\002'<font color=\\\"purple\\\"><u>%c'\012'%c'\002'%>%c'\002'</u></font>%c'\002'%c'\012'";
+# my $unchanged="%=";
+# my $changed="%c'\002'<s>%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'%<%c'\012'%c'\001'%c'\012'</s><font color=\\\"purple\\\"><u>%c'\002'%c'\012'%>%c'\012'%c'\002'</u></font>%c'\002'%c'\012'";
+
+ my @span;
+ $span[0]="</span>";
+ $span[1]="<del class=\"diff-old\">";
+ $span[2]="<del class=\"diff-old\">";
+ $span[3]="<ins class=\"diff-new\">";
+ $span[4]="<ins class=\"diff-chg\">";
+
+ my @diffEnd ;
+ $diffEnd[1] = '</del>';
+ $diffEnd[2] = '</del>';
+ $diffEnd[3] = '</ins>';
+ $diffEnd[4] = '</ins>';
+
+ my $diffcounter = 0;
+
+ open(FILE, qq(diff -d --old-group-format="$old" --new-group-format="$new" --changed-group-format="$changed" --unchanged-group-format="$unchanged" $file1 $file2 |)) || die("Diff failed: $!");
+# system (qq(diff --old-group-format="$old" --new-group-format="$new" --changed-group-format="$changed" --unchanged-group-format="$unchanged" $file1 $file2 > /tmp/output));
+
+ my $state = 0;
+ my $inblock = 0;
+ my $temp = "";
+ my $lineCount = 0;
+
+# strategy:
+#
+# process the output of diff...
+#
+# a link with control A-D means the start/end of the corresponding ordinal
+# state (1-4). Resting state is state 0.
+#
+# While in a state, accumulate the contents for that state. When exiting the
+# state, determine if it is appropriate to emit the contents with markup or
+# not (basically, if the accumulated buffer contains only empty lines or lines
+# with markup, then we don't want to emit the wrappers. We don't need them.
+#
+# Note that if there is markup in the "old" block, that markup is silently
+# removed. It isn't really that interesting, and it messes up the output
+# something fierce.
+
+ while (<FILE>) {
+ my $anchor = $opt_l ? qq[<a tabindex="$diffcounter">] : "" ;
+ my $anchorEnd = $opt_l ? q[</a>] : "" ;
+ $lineCount ++;
+ if ($state == 0) { # if we are resting and we find a marker,
+ # then we must be entering a block
+ if (m/^([\001-\004])/) {
+ $state = ord($1);
+ $_ = "";
+ }
+# if (m/^\001/) {
+# $state = 1;
+# s/^/$span[1]/;
+# } elsif (m/^\002/) {
+# $state = 2;
+# s/^/$span[2]/;
+# } elsif (m/^\003/) {
+# $state = 3;
+# s/^/$span[3]/;
+# } elsif (m/^\004/) {
+# $state = 4;
+# s/^/$span[4]/;
+# }
+ } else {
+ # if we are in "old" state, remove markup
+ if (($state == 1) || ($state == 2)) {
+ s/\<.*\>//; # get rid of any old markup
+ s/\</</g; # escape any remaining STAG or ETAGs
+ s/\>/>/g;
+ }
+ # if we found another marker, we must be exiting the state
+ if (m/^([\001-\004])/) {
+ if ($temp ne "") {
+ $_ = $span[$state] . $anchor . $temp . $anchorEnd . $diffEnd[$state] . "\n";
+ $temp = "";
+ } else {
+ $_ = "" ;
+ }
+ $state = 0;
+ } elsif (m/^\s*\</) { # otherwise, is this line markup?
+ # if it is markup AND we haven't seen anything else yet,
+ # then we will emit the markup
+ if ($temp eq "") {
+ $retval .= $_;
+ $_ = "";
+ } else { # we wrap it with the state switches and hold it
+ s/^/$anchorEnd$diffEnd[$state]/;
+ s/$/$span[$state]$anchor/;
+ $temp .= $_;
+ $_ = "";
+ }
+ } else {
+ if (m/.+/) {
+ $temp .= $_;
+ $_ = "";
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ s/\001//g;
+ s/\002//g;
+ s/\003//g;
+ s/\004//g;
+ if ($_ !~ m/^$/) {
+ $retval .= $_;
+ }
+ $diffcounter++;
+ }
+ close FILE;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[1]\n+$diffEnd[1]//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[2]\n+$diffEnd[2]//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[3]\n+$diffEnd[3]//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[4]\n+$diffEnd[4]//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[1]\n*$//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[2]\n*$//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[3]\n*$//g;
+ $retval =~ s/$span[4]\n*$//g;
+ return $retval;
+}
+
+sub splitit {
+ my $filename = shift;
+ my $headertmp = shift;
+ my $inheader=0;
+ my $preformatted=0;
+ my $inelement=0;
+ my $retval = "";
+ my $styles = q(<style type='text/css'>
+.diff-old-a {
+ font-size: smaller;
+ color: red;
+}
+
+.diff-new { background-color: yellow; }
+.diff-chg { background-color: lime; }
+.diff-new:before,
+.diff-new:after
+ { content: "\2191" }
+.diff-chg:before, .diff-chg:after
+ { content: "\2195" }
+.diff-old { text-decoration: line-through; background-color: #FBB; }
+.diff-old:before,
+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+);
+ if ($opt_t) {
+ $styles .= q(
+<script type="text/javascript">
+<!--
+function setOldDisplay() {
+ for ( var s = 0; s < document.styleSheets.length; s++ ) {
+ var css = document.styleSheets[s];
+ var mydata ;
+ try { mydata = css.cssRules ;
+ if ( ! mydata ) mydata = css.rules;
+ for ( var r = 0; r < mydata.length; r++ ) {
+ if ( mydata[r].selectorText == '.diff-old' ) {
+ mydata[r].style.display = ( mydata[r].style.display == '' ) ? 'none'
+: '';
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ } catch(e) {} ;
+ }
+}
+-->
+</script>
+);
+
+ }
+
+ if ($stripheader) {
+ open(HEADER, ">$headertmp");
+ }
+
+ my $incomment = 0;
+ my $inhead = 1;
+ open(FILE, $filename) || die("File $filename cannot be opened: $!");
+ while (<FILE>) {
+ if ($inhead == 1) {
+ if (m/(.*)\<\/head/i) {
+ print HEADER $1 ;
+ print HEADER $styles;
+ print HEADER "</head>\n";
+ # strip off everything - we have printed it
+ s/.*<\/head>//i
+ }
+ if (m/(\<body.*?>)/i) {
+ $inhead = 0;
+ print HEADER $1;
+ print HEADER "\n";
+ if ($opt_t) {
+ print HEADER q(
+<form action=""><input type="button" onclick="setOldDisplay()" value="Show/Hide Old Content" /></form>
+);
+ }
+ close HEADER;
+ s/<body.*?>//i;
+ } else {
+ print HEADER;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (!$inhead) {
+ if ($incomment) {
+ if (m;-->;) {
+ $incomment = 0;
+ s/.*-->//;
+ } else {
+ next;
+ }
+ }
+ if (m;<!--;) {
+ while (m;<!--.*-->;) {
+ s/<!--.*?-->//;
+ }
+ if (m;<!--; ) {
+ $incomment = 1;
+ s/<!--.*//;
+ }
+ }
+ if (m/\<pre/i) {
+ $preformatted = 1;
+ }
+ if (m/\<\/pre\>/i) {
+ $preformatted = 0;
+ }
+ if ($preformatted) {
+ $retval .= $_;
+ } elsif ($mhtmlcomments && /^;;;/) {
+ $retval .= $_;
+ } else {
+ my @list = split(' ');
+ foreach $element (@list) {
+ if ($element =~ m/\<H[1-6]/i) {
+# $inheader = 1;
+ }
+ if ($inheader == 0) {
+ $element =~ s/</\n</g;
+ $element =~ s/^\n//;
+ $element =~ s/>/>\n/g;
+ $element =~ s/\n$//;
+ $element =~ s/>\n([.,:!]+)/>$1/g;
+ }
+ if ($element =~ m/\<\/H[1-6]\>/i) {
+ $inheader = 0;
+ }
+ $retval .= "$element";
+ $inelement += ($element =~ s/</</g);
+ $inelement -= ($element =~ s/>/>/g);
+ if ($inelement < 0) {
+ $inelement = 0;
+ }
+ if (($inelement == 0) && ($inheader == 0)) {
+ $retval .= "\n";
+ } else {
+ $retval .= " ";
+ }
+ }
+ undef @list;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ $retval .= "\n";
+ close FILE;
+ return $retval;
+}
+
+$mhtmlcomments = 1;
+
+sub cli {
+ getopts("clto") || usage();
+
+ if ($opt_c) {$mhtmlcomments = 0;}
+
+ if (@ARGV < 2) { usage(); }
+
+ $file1 = $ARGV[0];
+ $file2 = $ARGV[1];
+ $file3 = $ARGV[2];
+
+ $tmp = splitit($file1, $headertmp1);
+ open (FILE, ">$tmp1");
+ print FILE $tmp;
+ close FILE;
+
+ $tmp = splitit($file2, $headertmp2);
+ open (FILE, ">$tmp2");
+ print FILE $tmp;
+ close FILE;
+
+ $output = "";
+
+ if ($stripheader) {
+ open(FILE, $headertmp2);
+ while (<FILE>) {
+ $output .= $_;
+ }
+ close(FILE);
+ }
+
+ $output .= markit($tmp1, $tmp2);
+
+ if ($file3) {
+ open(FILE, ">$file3");
+ print FILE $output;
+ close FILE;
+ } else {
+ print $output;
+ }
+}
+
+sub cgi {
+ use LWP::UserAgent;
+ use CGI;
+
+ my $query = new CGI;
+ my $url1 = $query->param("oldfile");
+ my $oldContent = $query->param("oldcontent") ;
+ my $url2 = $query->param("newfile");
+ my $newContent = $query->param("newcontent") ;
+ my $mhtml = $query->param("mhtml");
+ my $base = $query->param("base") ;
+
+ my $file1 = "/tmp/htdcgi1.$$";
+ my $file2 = "/tmp/htdcgi2.$$";
+
+ my $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
+ $ua->agent("SiSco, Inc. HTMLdiff/0.9 " . $ua->agent);
+
+ my $contentType = "UTF-8" ;
+
+ # Create a request
+
+ if (defined $url1 && $url1 ne '') {
+ my $req1 = new HTTP::Request GET => $url1;
+
+ my $res1 = $ua->request($req1, $file1);
+ if ($res1->is_error) {
+ print $query->header(-type=>'text/html');
+ print $res1->error_as_HTML();
+ print "<p>The URL $url1 could not be found. Please check it and try again.</p>";
+ return;
+ }
+ $contentType = $res1->content_encoding() ;
+ } elsif (defined $oldContent) {
+ if (open(FILE, ">$file1")) {
+ print FILE $oldContent ;
+ close FILE;
+ }
+ } else {
+ print $query->header(-type=>'text/html');
+ print "<p>There is no olduri and no oldcontent parameter.</p>";
+ return ;
+ }
+
+ if (defined $url2 && $url2 ne '') {
+ my $req2 = new HTTP::Request GET => $url2;
+
+ my $res2 = $ua->request($req2, $file2);
+ if ($res2->is_error) {
+ print $query->header(-type=>'text/html');
+ print $res2->error_as_HTML();
+ print "<p>The URL $url2 could not be found. Please check it and try again.</p>";
+ return;
+ } else {
+ if ($base eq '') {
+ $base = $res2->base() ;
+ }
+ $contentType = $res2->content_encoding() ;
+ }
+ } elsif (defined $newContent) {
+ if (open(FILE, ">$file2")) {
+ print FILE $newContent ;
+ close FILE;
+ }
+ } else {
+ print $query->header(-type=>'text/html');
+ print "<p>There is no newuri and no newcontent parameter.</p>";
+ return ;
+ }
+
+ $split1 = splitit($file1, $headertmp1);
+ open (FILE, ">$tmp1");
+ print FILE $split1;
+ close FILE;
+
+ $split2 = splitit($file2, $headertmp2);
+ open (FILE, ">$tmp2");
+ print FILE $split2;
+ close FILE;
+
+ $output = "";
+
+ if ($stripheader) {
+ open(FILE, $headertmp2);
+ while (<FILE>) {
+ $output .= $_;
+ }
+ close(FILE);
+ }
+
+ $output .= markit($tmp1, $tmp2);
+
+ if ($base !~ /\/$/) {
+ $base =~ s/[^\/]*$//;
+ }
+
+ if ( $base ne '' && $output !~ /<base/i ) {
+ $output =~ s/<head>/<head>\n<base href="$base">/i ||
+ $output =~ s/<html>/<html>\n<base href="$base">/i ;
+ }
+
+ print $query->header(-type=>"text/html; charset=$contentType") ;
+ print $output;
+
+ unlink $file1;
+ unlink $file2;
+
+}
+
+use File::Temp ':mktemp';
+
+$tmp1=mktemp("htdtmp1XXXXXX");
+$headertmp1=mktemp("htdhtmp1.XXXXXX");
+$tmp2=mktemp("htdtmp2.XXXXXX");
+$headertmp2=mktemp("htdhtmp2.XXXXXX");
+$stripheader = 1;
+
+if (@ARGV == 0) {
+ cgi(); # if no arguments, we must be operating as a cgi script
+} else {
+ cli(); # if there are arguments, then we are operating as a CLI
+}
+
+unlink $tmp1;
+unlink $headertmp1;
+unlink $tmp2;
+unlink $headertmp2;