--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120112/diff-20111023.html Wed Jan 11 16:26:56 2012 -0800
@@ -0,0 +1,19908 @@
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+</style><style type="text/css">ol.algorithm { counter-reset:numsection; list-style-type: none; }
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+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8"><style type='text/css'>
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+</head>
+
+
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+The
+JSON-LD
+API
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+An
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</h2>
+<h2 id="unofficial-draft-12-january-2012">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">16
+October
+2011
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">12
+January
+2012
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Editors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+</ins><a href="diff-20111023.html"><ins class="diff-new">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+JSON-LD
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+harmonizes
+the
+representation
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON
+by
+outlining
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+This
+document
+outlines
+an
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+and
+a
+set
+of
+algorithms
+for
+programmatically
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#jsonldtriplecallback" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#context-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1
+Coerce
+3.3.2
+Initial
+Context
+</del>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Expansion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.8.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.10
+</span>
+Framing
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.1
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.2
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normalization" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.11
+</span>
+Normalization
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.1
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+Terms
+3.11.2
+Normalization
+State
+</del>
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.11.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.4
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+3.11.5
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+3.11.6
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+3.11.7
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+3.11.8
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+3.11.9
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+3.11.10
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+3.11.11
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+3.11.12
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+3.11.13
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+3.11.14
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+</del>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.12
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.13
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.1
+</span>
+Overview
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.2
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.3
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.4
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Acknowledgements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+Conversion
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+A.
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Acknowledgements
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#appendix-b" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+B.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Initial
+Context
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+C.
+</ins></span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">C.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">C.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+simple
+language
+for
+representing
+data
+on
+the
+Web.
+Linked
+Data
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+graph
+of
+interlinked
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+or
+Web
+sites.
+Data
+entities
+are
+described
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s,
+which
+are
+typically
+dereferencable
+and
+thus
+may
+be
+used
+to
+find
+more
+information
+about
+an
+entity,
+creating
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"Web
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Web
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Knowledge".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Knowledge".
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+simple
+publishing
+method
+for
+expressing
+not
+only
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+but
+also
+for
+adding
+semantics
+to
+existing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+light-weight
+syntax
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+Linked
+Data.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+and
+other
+Web-based
+programming
+environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+interoperable
+Web
+services
+and
+when
+storing
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+document
+storage
+engines.
+It
+is
+practical
+and
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today.
+It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+Microformats
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
+MICROFORMATS
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
+MICRODATA
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+That
+is,
+it
+supports
+every
+major
+Web-based
+structured
+data
+model
+in
+use
+today.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+syntax
+does
+not
+necessarily
+require
+applications
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+allows
+to
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+adding
+context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+either
+in-band
+or
+out-of-band.
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+JSON
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+easy
+to
+parse,
+efficient
+to
+generate,
+convertible
+to
+RDF
+in
+one
+pass,
+and
+require
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</p>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Authors
+that
+want
+a
+very
+detailed
+view
+of
+how
+JSON-LD
+processors
+operate.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+You
+must
+also
+understand
+the
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+which
+is
+the
+base
+syntax
+used
+by
+all
+of
+the
+algorithms
+in
+this
+document.
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+</p>
+<p>
+Examples
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+existing
+vocabularies
+and
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+to
+refer
+to
+Web
+Vocabularies.
+The
+following
+is
+a
+list
+of
+all
+vocabularies
+and
+their
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+abbreviations,
+as
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
+Dublin
+Core
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+dc
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+dc:title
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
+Friend
+of
+a
+Friend
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+foaf:knows
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+RDF
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+rdf
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
+XSD
+</a>
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+<code>
+xsd
+</code>,
+e.g.,
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+several
+terms
+which
+are
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name/value
+pairs
+(or
+members).
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+an
+ordered
+collection
+of
+values.
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+array
+order
+is
+not
+preserved
+by
+default,
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+(see
+<a href="#lists">
+Lists
+</a>
+).
+This
+is
+because
+the
+basic
+data
+model
+of
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">directed
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+<ins class="diff-chg">linked
+data
+</ins>
+graph
+</a>,
+which
+is
+inherently
+unordered.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes.
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Boolean
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+use
+of
+the
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+value
+is
+undefined
+within
+JSON-LD.
+<div class="issue">
+Supporting
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+in
+JSON-LD
+might
+have
+a
+number
+of
+advantages
+and
+should
+be
+evaluated.
+This
+is
+currently
+an
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">
+open
+issue
+</a>.
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="linked-data" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+</ins></p><ol><li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]).
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><dfn title="object" id="dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+object
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="property" id="dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</ins></p></div><div id="contributing" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</h3>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Technical
+discussion
+typically
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+on
+the
+second
+and
+fourth
+week
+of
+each
+month.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="the-application-programming-interface" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+The
+Application
+Programming
+Interface
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+API
+provides
+a
+clean
+mechanism
+that
+enables
+developers
+to
+convert
+JSON-LD
+data
+into
+a
+a
+variety
+of
+output
+formats
+that
+are
+easier
+to
+work
+with
+in
+various
+programming
+languages.
+If
+a
+JSON-LD
+API
+is
+provided
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+the
+entirety
+of
+the
+following
+API
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+implemented.
+</p>
+<div id="jsonldprocessor" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+JsonLdProcessor
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+interface {
+};
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>, <span class="idlRaises"><a>ProcessingError</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidFrame</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-DOMString-object-input-object-context">normalize</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-void-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context">triples</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdTripleCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">tripleCallback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+};</span>
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+compact
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#compaction">
+Compacts
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+compacted
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+an
+appropirate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+compaction
+on.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+base
+context
+to
+use
+when
+compacting
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>
+or
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+strings,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">LOAD_ERROR
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+<del class="diff-old">is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">problem
+encountered
+loading
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+ProcessingError
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+LOSSY_COMPACTION
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+The
+compaction
+would
+lead
+to
+a
+loss
+of
+information,
+such
+as
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+value.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+CONFLICTING_DATATYPES
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+The
+target
+datatype
+specified
+in
+the
+coercion
+rule
+and
+the
+datatype
+for
+the
+typed
+literal
+do
+not
+match.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+expand
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#expansion">
+Expands
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+expanded
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+expansion
+fails,
+an
+appropriate
+exception
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+copy
+and
+perform
+the
+expansion
+upon.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>
+or
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+strings,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">LOAD_ERROR
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+<del class="diff-old">is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">problem
+encountered
+loading
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options">
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#framing">
+Frames
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+using
+the
+<code>
+frame
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+is
+used
+to
+build
+the
+framed
+output
+and
+is
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+there
+are
+no
+matches
+for
+the
+frame,
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+returned.
+Exceptions
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+thrown
+if
+there
+are
+errors.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+framing
+on.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+frame
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+frame
+to
+use
+when
+re-arranging
+the
+data.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+options
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+set
+of
+options
+that
+will
+affect
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidFrame
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+frame
+must
+be
+either
+an
+object
+or
+an
+array
+of
+objects,
+if
+the
+frame
+is
+neither
+of
+these
+types,
+this
+exception
+is
+thrown.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+MULTIPLE_EMBEDS
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+subject
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+was
+specified
+in
+more
+than
+one
+place
+in
+the
+input
+frame.
+More
+than
+one
+embed
+of
+a
+given
+subject
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+not
+allowed,
+and
+if
+requested,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+result
+in
+this
+exception.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-DOMString-object-input-object-context">
+<code>
+normalize
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="#normalization">
+Normalizes
+</a>
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm">
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+copied,
+normalized
+and
+returned
+if
+there
+are
+no
+errors.
+If
+the
+compaction
+fails,
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+returned.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+output
+is
+the
+serialized
+representation
+returned
+from
+the
+</ins><a href="#normalization-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</ins></a>.<span class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+It's
+still
+an
+open
+question
+if
+the
+result
+is
+a
+DOMString
+representing
+the
+serialized
+graph
+in
+JSON-LD,
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+representation
+which
+is
+in
+normalized
+form.
+</ins></span>
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+perform
+normalization
+upon.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>
+or
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+strings,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">LOAD_ERROR
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+<del class="diff-old">is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">problem
+encountered
+loading
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">DOMString
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-void-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context">
+<code>
+triples
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Processes
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm">
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</a>,
+calling
+the
+provided
+<code>
+tripleCallback
+</code>
+for
+each
+triple
+generated.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+input
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+JSON-LD
+object
+to
+process
+when
+outputting
+triples.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+tripleCallback
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType">
+<code>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</code>
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+A
+callback
+that
+is
+called
+whenever
+a
+processing
+error
+occurs
+on
+the
+given
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+<div class="issue">
+This
+callback
+should
+be
+aligned
+with
+the
+RDF
+API.
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+context
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+object
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+An
+external
+context
+to
+use
+additionally
+to
+the
+context
+embedded
+in
+<code>
+input
+</code>
+when
+expanding
+the
+<code>
+input
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<table class="exceptions">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Exception
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excName">
+<a>
+InvalidContext
+</a>
+</td>
+<td class="excDesc">
+<table class="exceptionCodes">
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+INVALID_SYNTAX
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+A
+general
+syntax
+error
+was
+detected
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>.
+For
+example,
+if
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+maps
+to
+anything
+other
+than
+<del class="diff-old">a
+string
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>
+or
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+strings,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+this
+exception
+would
+be
+raised.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="excCodeName">
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">MULTIPLE_DATATYPES
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">LOAD_ERROR
+</ins>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="excCodeDesc">
+There
+<del class="diff-old">is
+more
+than
+one
+target
+datatype
+specified
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">was
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+property
+in
+the
+list
+of
+coercion
+rules.
+This
+means
+that
+the
+processor
+does
+not
+know
+what
+the
+developer
+intended
+for
+the
+target
+datatype
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">problem
+encountered
+loading
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">property.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">remote
+context.
+</ins>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+<del class="diff-old">object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">void
+</ins>
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="jsonldtriplecallback" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2
+</span>
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+JsonLdTripleCallback
+is
+called
+whenever
+the
+processor
+generates
+a
+triple
+during
+the
+<code>
+triple()
+</code>
+call.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">]
+interface {
+};
+</del>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdTripleCallback</span> {
+</ins><span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language">triple</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">subject</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">property</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">objectType</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">object</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">datatype</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">language</span></span>);</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+};</span>
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<div id="methods-1" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+2.2.1
+</span>
+Methods
+</h4>
+<dl class="methods">
+<dt id="widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language">
+<code>
+triple
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+This
+callback
+is
+invoked
+whenever
+a
+triple
+is
+generated
+by
+the
+processor.
+<table class="parameters">
+<tr>
+<th>
+Parameter
+</th>
+<th>
+Type
+</th>
+<th>
+Nullable
+</th>
+<th>
+Optional
+</th>
+<th>
+Description
+</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+subject
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+subject
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+property
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+property
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+objectType
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+type
+of
+object
+that
+is
+associated
+with
+the
+triple.
+Valid
+values
+are
+<code>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+literal
+</code>.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+object
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+object
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+subject
+and
+the
+property.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+datatype
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+datatype
+associated
+with
+the
+object.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="prmName">
+language
+</td>
+<td class="prmType">
+<code>
+<a>
+DOMString
+</a>
+</code>
+</td>
+<td class="prmNullTrue">
+<del class="diff-old">✔
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✔
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmOptFalse">
+<del class="diff-old">✘
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">✘
+</ins>
+</td>
+<td class="prmDesc">
+The
+language
+associated
+with
+the
+object
+in
+BCP47
+format.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div>
+<em>
+No
+exceptions.
+</em>
+</div>
+<div>
+<em>
+Return
+type:
+</em>
+<code>
+<a>
+void
+</a>
+</code>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithms" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Algorithms
+</h2>
+<p>
+All
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section
+are
+intended
+to
+operate
+on
+language-native
+data
+structures.
+That
+is,
+the
+serialization
+to
+a
+text-based
+JSON
+document
+isn't
+required
+as
+input
+or
+output
+to
+any
+of
+these
+algorithms
+and
+language-native
+data
+structures
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+applicable.
+</p>
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+<del class="diff-old">keywords
+</del>
+<dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+that
+are
+using
+in
+all
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@base
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">Used
+to
+set
+the
+base
+IRI
+for
+all
+object
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Sets
+</ins>
+the
+active
+<del class="diff-old">context
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@vocab
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+<del class="diff-old">set
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specify
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">base
+IRI
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">all
+property
+IRIs
+affected
+by
+the
+active
+context
+.
+@coerce
+Used
+to
+specify
+type
+coercion
+rules.
+@literal
+Used
+to
+specify
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+value.
+@iri
+Used
+to
+specify
+an
+IRI
+value.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal.
+</ins>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@language
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+<del class="diff-old">specify
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">set
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">language
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">type
+of
+the
+active
+subject
+or
+the
+datatype
+of
+</ins>
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@datatype
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+<del class="diff-old">datatype
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+</ins>
+a
+literal.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<code>:
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+mechanism.
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+Sets
+the
+active
+subject.
+@type
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+type
+of
+the
+active
+subject.
+</del>
+</dl>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">All
+JSON-LD
+tokens
+and
+keywords
+are
+case-sensitive.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h3>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+to
+the
+algorithm
+before
+processing
+begins.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+contents
+of
+the
+initial
+context
+is
+defined
+in
+</ins><a href="#appendix-b"><ins class="diff-new">
+Appendix
+B
+</ins></a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+subject
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+property
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+currently
+active
+object
+that
+the
+processor
+should
+use
+when
+processing.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+es
+and
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+while
+the
+processing
+algorithm
+is
+running.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+the
+context
+contained
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">
+<ins class="diff-new">blank
+node
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+a
+blank
+node
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource"><ins class="diff-new">
+resource
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+is
+neither
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+nor
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+Blank
+nodes
+may
+be
+named
+or
+unnamed
+and
+often
+take
+on
+the
+role
+of
+a
+variable
+that
+may
+represent
+either
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt>
+<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+that
+is
+specified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+specified
+via
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>,
+which
+includes
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">current
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins>
+subject
+</a>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">current
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins>
+property
+</a>.
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+is
+managed
+as
+a
+stack
+with
+elements
+from
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copied
+into
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+when
+entering
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+provided
+as
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+that
+is
+produced
+as
+output
+by
+the
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+short
+word
+defined
+with
+a
+</ins><a href="#context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a></dd><dt><dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary
+base
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.<ins class="diff-new">
+It
+is
+typically
+used
+along
+with
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+suffix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+create
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+within
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+without
+a
+datatype,
+possibly
+including
+a
+language.
+</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+an
+associated
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+</ins></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="context-1" class="section">
+<h3 id="context">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+Processing
+of
+JSON-LD
+data
+structure
+is
+managed
+recursively.
+During
+processing,
+each
+rule
+is
+applied
+using
+information
+provided
+by
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+Processing
+begins
+by
+pushing
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+onto
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+stack
+and
+initializing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>.
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+encountered,
+information
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+merged
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+is
+used
+for
+expanding
+keys
+and
+values
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+(or
+elements
+of
+a
+list
+(see
+<span a="#list-processing">
+List
+Processing
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">)).
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">))
+using
+a
+</ins><dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+mapping
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+also
+used
+to
+maintain
+</ins><dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+coercion
+mapping
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+from
+IRIs
+associated
+with
+terms
+to
+datatypes,
+and
+</ins><dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping"><ins class="diff-chg">
+list
+mapping
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+for
+IRIs
+associated
+with
+terms.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+is
+identified
+within
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+having
+a
+key
+of
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+with
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-new">array
+</ins>
+</a>
+or
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+value.
+When
+processing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>,
+special
+processing
+rules
+apply:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new,
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ol id="process-context" class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+process
+each
+element
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+in
+order
+using
+</ins><a href="#process-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>
+is
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+lexical
+form
+of
+<ins class="diff-new">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+<del class="diff-old">and
+used
+to
+initialize
+</del>
+</abbr>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Dereference
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+resulting
+document
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+</del>
+JSON
+<del class="diff-old">document
+which
+replaces
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document,
+extract
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">top-level
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+element
+using
+the
+JSON
+Pointer
+"/@context"
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-POINTER
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+Set
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">for
+subsequent
+processing.
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+the
+extracted
+content,
+or
+an
+empty
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+if
+no
+value
+exists.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Merge
+the
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+into
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+<ins class="diff-new">active
+context
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em>
+value
+</em>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+has
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@base
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@language
+</ins>
+</code>
+key,
+it
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+a
+value
+of
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+absolute
+IRI.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+null
+</ins></code>.
+Add
+the
+<del class="diff-old">base
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">language
+</ins>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">Turtle
+allows
+@base
+to
+be
+relative.
+If
+we
+did
+this,
+we
+would
+have
+to
+add
+IRI
+Expansion
+.
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+for
+each
+key
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+having
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lexical
+form
+of
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/#NT-NCName"><ins class="diff-chg">
+NCName
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">has
+a
+@vocab
+key,
+it
+must
+have
+a
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">(see
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XML-NAMES"><ins class="diff-chg">
+XML-NAMES
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]),
+or
+is
+an
+empty
+string,
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+key's
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+</ins>
+a
+simple
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+have
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lexical
+</del>
+form
+of
+<del class="diff-old">an
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix,
+absolute
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+Add
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Determine
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">vocabulary
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+local
+context
+after
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+by
+</ins>
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+has
+a
+@coerce
+key,
+it
+must
+have
+a
+value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+JSON
+object
+.
+Add
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+an
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+merge
+the
+key-value
+pair
+into
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">performing
+IRI
+Expansion
+on
+the
+associated
+value(s).
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+mapping
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li id="object-context">
+Otherwise,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key's
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a>.<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+value
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+<ins class="diff-new">a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+with
+a
+string
+value,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lexical
+form
+of
+NCName
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+have
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">form
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+simple
+string
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix,<ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Determine
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+value
+by
+performing
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">on
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">lexical
+form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+Merge
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+mapping
+is
+an
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+merge
+</ins>
+the
+key-value
+pair
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+mapping
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Merge
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+value
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+the
+form
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">local
+context
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix,<ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Determine
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+performing
+</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+result
+of
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+mapping
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+an
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+merge
+</ins>
+into
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+@coerce
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+</ins>
+mapping
+<del class="diff-old">as
+described
+below
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Merge
+all
+entries
+other
+than
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+has
+a
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key,
+the
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Merge
+into
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+active
+context
+overwriting
+any
+duplicate
+values.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+mapping
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<del class="diff-old">3.3.1
+Coerce
+Map
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Merge
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+@coerce
+mapping
+</del>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Repeat
+</ins><a href="#object-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+3.2
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+@coerce
+mapping,
+overwriting
+any
+duplicate
+values
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">until
+no
+entries
+are
+added
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">active
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">local
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+@coerce
+mapping.
+The
+@coerce
+mapping
+has
+either
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p class="note">
+<ins class="diff-chg">It
+can
+be
+difficult
+to
+distinguish
+between
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix:suffix
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">value,
+a
+single
+term
+value
+or
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+prefix:term
+or
+term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">values.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">may
+seem
+to
+be
+a
+valid
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+scheme
+</ins></em>.
+When
+<del class="diff-old">merging
+with
+an
+existing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">performing
+repeated
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion,
+a
+term
+used
+as
+a
+prefix
+may
+not
+have
+a
+valid
+</ins>
+mapping
+<ins class="diff-new">due
+to
+dependencies
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+context
+,
+map
+all
+prefix
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">resolving
+</ins>
+term
+<ins class="diff-new">definitions.
+By
+continuing
+</ins><a href="#object-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+3.2
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">until
+no
+changes
+are
+made,
+mappings
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">array
+form
+and
+replace
+with
+the
+union
+of
+the
+value
+from
+the
+local
+context
+and
+the
+value
+of
+the
+active
+context
+.
+If
+the
+result
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
+created
+using
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+with
+a
+single
+value,
+the
+processor
+may
+represent
+this
+as
+a
+string
+value.
+3.3.2
+Initial
+Context
+The
+initial
+context
+is
+initialized
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">undefined
+term
+prefix
+will
+eventually
+resolve
+to
+absolute
+IRIs.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">@base
+is
+set
+using
+section
+5.1
+Establishing
+a
+Base
+URI
+of
+[
+</del>
+<p class="issue">
+<del class="diff-old">RFC3986
+</del>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Issue
+43
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">].
+Processors
+may
+provide
+a
+means
+of
+setting
+the
+base
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">concerns
+performing
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+<del class="diff-old">programatically.
+@coerce
+is
+set
+with
+</del>
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expansion
+in
+the
+key
+position
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+mapping
+from
+@iri
+to
+@type
+.
+ {
+ "@base": ,
+ "@coerce": {
+ "@iri": "@type"
+ }
+}
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+definition.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="iri-expansion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Keys
+and
+some
+values
+are
+evaluated
+to
+produce
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+a
+value
+representing
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+into
+an
+actual
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+</p>
+<p>
+IRIs
+may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+absolute
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+a
+term
+,
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+a
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+:
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">construct,
+</del>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">as
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">value
+relative
+to
+@base
+or
+@vocab
+.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix<ins class="diff-chg">
+construct.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Split
+the
+value
+into
+a
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+<em>
+suffix
+</em>
+from
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+':'.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+a
+'_'
+(underscore),
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+is
+unchanged.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+represents
+a
+named
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-new">term
+</ins></a>
+mapping
+for
+<em>
+prefix
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison,
+</ins>
+generate
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+by
+prepending
+the
+mapped
+prefix
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+Note
+that
+an
+empty
+suffix
+and
+no
+suffix
+(meaning
+the
+value
+contains
+no
+':'
+string
+at
+all)
+are
+treated
+equivalently.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+use
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI
+being
+processed
+is
+for
+a
+property
+(i.e.,
+a
+key's
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">in
+a
+JSON
+object
+,
+or
+a
+value
+in
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">directly
+as
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.</li></ol><p></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Previous
+versions
+of
+this
+specification
+used
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@base
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">mapping)
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+active
+context
+has
+a
+</del>
+<code>
+@vocab
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">mapping,
+join
+the
+mapped
+value
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+suffix
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+If
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">define
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+<del class="diff-old">being
+processed
+is
+for
+a
+subject
+or
+object
+(i.e.,
+not
+a
+property)
+and
+the
+active
+context
+has
+a
+@base
+mapping,
+join
+the
+mapped
+value
+</del>
+</abbr>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefixes
+used
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">resolve
+relative
+IRIs.
+It
+was
+determined
+that
+this
+added
+too
+much
+complexity,
+but
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">suffix
+using
+the
+method
+described
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">issue
+can
+be
+re-examined
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">[
+RFC3986
+].
+Otherwise,
+use
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+directly
+as
+an
+IRI.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">future
+based
+on
+community
+input.
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="iri-compaction" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+keys
+and
+values
+are
+expressed
+using
+IRIs.
+This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+for
+transforming
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+a
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+<del class="diff-old">and
+prefix
+es
+</del>
+specified
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
+local
+context
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+generating
+a
+compacted
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Search
+every
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+for
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+that
+is
+a
+complete
+match
+against
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+If
+a
+complete
+match
+is
+found,
+the
+resulting
+compacted
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+complete
+match
+is
+not
+found,
+search
+for
+a
+partial
+match
+from
+the
+beginning
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+For
+all
+matches
+that
+are
+found,
+the
+resulting
+compacted
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+the
+<del class="diff-old">prefix
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</a>
+associated
+with
+the
+partially
+matched
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+concatenated
+with
+a
+colon
+(:)
+character
+and
+the
+unmatched
+part
+of
+the
+string.
+If
+there
+is
+more
+than
+one
+compacted
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+produced,
+the
+final
+value
+is
+the
+shortest
+and
+lexicographically
+least
+value
+of
+the
+entire
+set
+of
+compacted
+IRIs.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="value-expansion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+Value
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values
+in
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+compact
+form.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+expanded
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+expanding
+a
+<em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is:
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">takes
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+key
+that
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
+<ins class="diff-chg">true
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+expand
+</ins>
+the
+value
+<del class="diff-old">has
+an
+associated
+coercion
+entry
+in
+the
+local
+context
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+adding
+a
+two
+new
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">resulting
+expansion
+is
+an
+object
+populated
+according
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+representation
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+second
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type>
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+steps:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+version
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:boolean
+</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:integer
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+xsd:double
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+depending
+on
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">coercion
+</del>
+target
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+coercion,
+</ins>
+expand
+the
+value
+by
+adding
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+expanded
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">coercion
+</del>
+target
+<del class="diff-old">is
+a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+typed
+<del class="diff-old">literal,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+coercion,
+</ins>
+expand
+<del class="diff-old">the
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+</em>
+by
+adding
+two
+new
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+the
+unexpanded
+value.
+The
+second
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@datatype
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+the
+associated
+coercion
+datatype
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+rules.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+expand
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+by
+adding
+two
+new
+key-value
+pairs.
+The
+first
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+unexpanded
+value.
+The
+second
+key-value
+pair
+will
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+from
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+already
+expanded.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="value-compaction" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Value
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<p>
+Some
+values,
+such
+as
+IRIs
+and
+typed
+literals,
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+an
+expanded
+form
+in
+JSON-LD.
+These
+values
+are
+required
+to
+be
+compacted
+at
+times
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+for
+compacting
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+expanded
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is:
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+takes
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+implemented
+as
+follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">local
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+may
+be
+expressed
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
+false
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-chg">
+number
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+value
+is
+the
+native
+representation
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+contains
+a
+coercion
+target
+for
+the
+key
+that
+<del class="diff-old">is
+associated
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">matches
+the
+expression
+of
+</ins>
+the
+value,
+compact
+the
+value
+using
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+an
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key,
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+coercion
+target
+is
+a
+typed
+literal,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+key.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+the
+value
+of
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+steps.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+which
+matches
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+the
+value,
+or
+the
+value
+has
+only
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+processed
+according
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Compaction
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+steps.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+not
+modified.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="expansion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Expansion
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">As
+stated
+previously,
+expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
+</ins>
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">input
+and
+expanding
+all
+IRIs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+literals
+to
+their
+fully-expanded
+form.
+The
+output
+will
+not
+contain
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">applying
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+</del>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">declaration
+and
+will
+have
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">such
+that
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+datatypes,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+literals
+fully
+expanded.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+JSON-LD
+document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+of
+</ins><a href="#framing"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Framing
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a href="#normalization"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Normalization
+</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new"> "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<div id="expansion-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.8.1
+</span>
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+algorithm
+takes
+three
+input
+variables:
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">top-level
+item
+in
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">initial
+context
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+nil,
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+array
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+recursively
+using
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
+If
+the
+top-level
+item
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+context
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em>
+is
+an
+<del class="diff-old">object,
+update
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Update
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">local
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">active
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+outlined
+in
+the
+<a href="#context">
+context
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">section.
+Process
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">section
+and
+remove
+it
+from
+the
+expanded
+result.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+For
+</ins>
+each
+<del class="diff-old">key,
+expanding
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+and
+value
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+the
+key
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+expand
+the
+value
+</ins>
+according
+to
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-new">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+is
+not
+subject
+to
+further
+expansion.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+if
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">key
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+expand
+the
+key
+according
+to
+</ins>
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">rules.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rules
+and
+set
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Process
+each
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+subject
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion,
+replace
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+</del>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">each
+key:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+new
+key-value
+key
+where
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+value
+set
+to
+the
+current
+value.
+</ins></li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+recursively
+using
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+an
+object,
+process
+the
+object
+recursively
+using
+this
+<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm,
+passing
+copies
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">check
+to
+see
+the
+associated
+key
+has
+an
+associated
+coercion
+rule.
+If
+the
+value
+should
+be
+coerced,
+</del>
+expand
+the
+value
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+Value
+Expansion
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">rules.
+If
+the
+value
+does
+not
+need
+to
+be
+coerced,
+leave
+the
+value
+as-is.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rules,
+passing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Remove
+the
+context
+from
+the
+object.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">Otherwise,
+expand
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+according
+to
+the
+</ins><a href="#value-expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
+Value
+Expansion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+rules,
+passing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="compaction" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+Compaction
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">As
+stated
+previously,
+compaction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Compaction
+</ins>
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">compacting
+all
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+the
+most
+compact
+form
+of
+the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+is
+typically
+expressed
+in
+a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+</ins>
+IRIs
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+is
+not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+the
+API,
+provides
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-new">way
+to
+compact
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+</ins>
+given
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">output
+will
+contain
+a
+single
+top-level
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+the
+</ins>
+context
+<del class="diff-old">declaration
+and
+will
+only
+use
+term
+s
+and
+prefix
+es
+and
+will
+ensure
+that
+all
+typed
+literals
+are
+fully
+compacted.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">provided
+above
+mapped
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
+name
+</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div id="compaction-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9.1
+</span>
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<del class="diff-old">Perform
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+input
+variables:
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+be
+expanded.
+To
+begin,
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+nil,
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+set
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+</ins>
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+on
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>.
+This
+removes
+any
+existing
+context
+to
+allow
+the
+given
+context
+to
+be
+cleanly
+applied.
+<del class="diff-old">Set
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+to
+the
+given
+context.
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+top-level
+item
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+is
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+process
+each
+item
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+array
+recursively,
+starting
+at
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+recursively
+using
+</ins>
+this
+<del class="diff-old">step.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm,
+passing
+a
+copy
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+top-level
+item
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>
+is
+an
+object,
+<del class="diff-old">compress
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">for
+</ins>
+each
+key
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+steps
+defined
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+value
+</ins>
+in
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins></em><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+key
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+value
+of
+the
+key
+is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
+string
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+</ins>
+<a href="#iri-compaction">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Compaction
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">on
+the
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+on
+the
+value
+with
+the
+current
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+key
+is
+not
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+set
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">compress
+each
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">compact
+according
+to
+</ins><a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Compaction
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+the
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+an
+object
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+If
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">steps
+defined
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+contains
+only
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+or
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@value
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+</ins>
+<a href="#value-compaction">
+Value
+Compaction
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">on
+the
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+only
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key,
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+subject
+to
+list
+coercion,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+on
+that
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+on
+the
+value.
+</ins></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+this
+algorithm
+on
+the
+value.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+the
+value
+is
+already
+compacted.
+</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+the
+compacted
+value
+is
+the
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="framing" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.10
+</span>
+Framing
+</h3>
+<del class="diff-old">This
+algorithm
+is
+</del>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+Framing
+allows
+developers
+to
+query
+by
+example
+and
+force
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specific
+tree
+layout
+to
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+directed
+graph.
+A
+single
+directed
+graph
+can
+have
+many
+different
+serializations,
+each
+expressing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information.
+Developers
+typically
+<del class="diff-old">don't
+</del>
+work
+<del class="diff-old">directly
+</del>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">graphs,
+but
+rather,
+prefer
+trees
+when
+dealing
+with
+JSON.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">trees,
+represented
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s.
+</ins>
+While
+mapping
+a
+graph
+to
+a
+tree
+can
+be
+done,
+the
+layout
+of
+the
+end
+result
+must
+be
+specified
+in
+advance.
+<del class="diff-old">This
+section
+defines
+an
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A
+</ins><dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Frame
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+can
+be
+used
+by
+a
+developer
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+graph.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Framing
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+which
+expresses
+</ins>
+a
+graph
+<ins class="diff-new">of
+information,
+and
+applying
+a
+specific
+graph
+layout
+(called
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-new">
+Frame
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+document
+below
+expresses
+a
+library,
+a
+book
+and
+a
+chapter:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description",
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@id":
+ [{
+ "@id": "http://example.com/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "creator": "Plato",
+ "title": "The Republic",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ "description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ "title": "The Introduction"
+ }]
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Developers
+typically
+like
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">operate
+on
+items
+in
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">tree
+given
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">hierarchical,
+tree-based
+fashion.
+Ideally,
+</ins>
+a
+<ins class="diff-chg">developer
+would
+want
+the
+data
+above
+sorted
+into
+top-level
+libraries,
+then
+the
+books
+that
+are
+contained
+in
+each
+library,
+and
+then
+the
+chapters
+contained
+in
+each
+book.
+To
+achieve
+that
+layout,
+the
+developer
+can
+define
+the
+following
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+frame
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>:
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Chapter"
+ }
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+When
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+is
+run
+against
+the
+previously
+defined
+JSON-LD
+document,
+paired
+with
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame"><ins class="diff-chg">
+frame
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+above,
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+the
+end
+result:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new"> "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@type": "Book",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"creator": "Plato",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Republic",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "contains": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Introduction"</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ },
+ },
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.1
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+There
+was
+also
+a
+recent
+update
+to
+the
+algorithm
+in
+order
+to
+auto-embed
+frame-unspecified
+data
+(if
+the
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+is
+not
+set)
+in
+order
+to
+preserve
+graph
+information.
+This
+change
+is
+particularly
+important
+for
+comparing
+subgraphs
+(or
+verifying
+digital
+signatures
+on
+subgraphs).
+This
+change
+is
+not
+yet
+reflected
+in
+the
+algorithm
+below.
+</ins></p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+initial
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
+frame
+</a>
+provided
+to
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+context
+containing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
+omit
+default
+flag
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+objects
+should
+be
+directly
+embedded
+in
+the
+output,
+instead
+of
+being
+referred
+to
+by
+their
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+for
+properties
+to
+be
+included
+in
+the
+output,
+they
+must
+be
+explicitly
+declared
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="omit_missing_properties_flag" id="dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+a
+flag
+specifying
+that
+properties
+that
+are
+missing
+from
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+should
+be
+omitted
+from
+the
+output.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">
+<ins class="diff-new">omit
+default
+flag
+</ins></dfn></dt><dd class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
+Referenced
+from
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+framing
+context
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+but
+not
+defined
+</ins></dd><dt>
+<dfn title="match_limit" id="dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+value
+specifying
+the
+maximum
+number
+of
+matches
+to
+accept
+when
+building
+arrays
+of
+values
+during
+the
+framing
+algorithm.
+A
+value
+of
+-1
+specifies
+that
+there
+is
+no
+match
+limit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="map_of_embedded_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+map
+that
+tracks
+if
+a
+subject
+has
+been
+embedded
+in
+the
+output
+of
+the
+<a href="#framing-algorithm">
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="framing-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.10.2
+</span>
+Framing
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+framing
+algorithm
+takes
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+that
+has
+been
+normalized
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#normalization-algorithm">
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+</strong>
+),
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>
+that
+has
+been
+expanded
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
+Expansion
+Algorithm
+</a>
+(
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+),
+and
+a
+number
+of
+options
+and
+produces
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+The
+following
+series
+of
+steps
+is
+the
+recursive
+portion
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Initialize
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
+framing
+context
+</a>
+by
+setting
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>,
+clearing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>,
+and
+clearing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>.
+Override
+these
+values
+based
+on
+input
+options
+provided
+to
+the
+algorithm
+by
+the
+application.
+</li>
+<li>
+Generate
+a
+<dfn title="list_of_frames" id="dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</dfn>
+by
+processing
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+not
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+1,
+place
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+and
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+null
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+an
+empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+place
+an
+empty
+object
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+and
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+-1.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+a
+non-empty
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+add
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+into
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+and
+set
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+to
+-1.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<dfn title="match_array" id="dfn-match_array">
+match
+array
+</dfn>
+for
+each
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>
+halting
+when
+either
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+is
+zero
+or
+the
+end
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">
+list
+of
+frames
+</a>
+is
+reached.
+If
+an
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+is
+not
+an
+object,
+the
+processor
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+throw
+a
+<code>
+Invalid
+Frame
+Format
+</code>
+exception.
+Add
+each
+matching
+item
+from
+the
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+</strong>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="matches_array" href="#dfn-matches_array">
+matches
+array
+</a>
+and
+decrement
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">
+match
+limit
+</a>
+by
+1
+if:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+The
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+has
+an
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+that
+exists
+in
+the
+item's
+list
+of
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+s.
+Note:
+the
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+can
+be
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>,
+but
+only
+one
+value
+needs
+to
+be
+in
+common
+between
+the
+item
+and
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+for
+a
+match.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+does
+not
+have
+an
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>
+property,
+but
+every
+property
+in
+the
+<strong>
+expanded
+frame
+</strong>
+exists
+in
+the
+item.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p class="issue">
+<dfn title="matches_array" id="dfn-matches_array">
+<ins class="diff-new">matches
+array
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+not
+defined
+anywhere.
+</ins></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+Process
+each
+item
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_array" href="#dfn-match_array">
+match
+array
+</a>
+with
+its
+associated
+<dfn title="match_frame" id="dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</dfn>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@embed
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@explicit
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+Note:
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+exists,
+but
+the
+value
+is
+neither
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+set
+the
+associated
+flag
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+cleared
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+property,
+replace
+the
+item
+with
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+property.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+property,
+and
+its
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</a>,
+throw
+a
+<code>
+Duplicate
+Embed
+</code>
+exception.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
+object
+embed
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set
+and
+the
+item
+has
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+property
+and
+its
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+not
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">
+map
+of
+embedded
+subjects
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
+explicit
+inclusion
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set,
+then
+delete
+any
+key
+from
+the
+item
+that
+does
+not
+exist
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>,
+except
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>,
+except
+for
+<del class="diff-old">keywords
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+and
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+in
+the
+item,
+then
+build
+a
+new
+<dfn title="recursion_input_list" id="dfn-recursion_input_list">
+recursion
+input
+list
+</dfn>
+using
+the
+object
+or
+objects
+associated
+with
+the
+key.
+If
+any
+object
+contains
+an
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+value
+that
+exists
+in
+the
+<strong>
+normalized
+input
+<del class="diff-old">,
+</del>
+</strong>,
+replace
+the
+object
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">recusion
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">
+<ins class="diff-chg">recursion
+</ins>
+input
+list
+</a>
+with
+a
+new
+object
+containing
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+where
+the
+value
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>,
+and
+all
+of
+the
+other
+key-value
+pairs
+for
+that
+subject.
+Set
+the
+<dfn title="recursion_match_frame" id="dfn-recursion_match_frame">
+recursion
+match
+frame
+</dfn>
+to
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+'s
+key.
+Replace
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+by
+recursively
+calling
+this
+algorithm
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">
+recursion
+input
+list
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_match_frame" href="#dfn-recursion_match_frame">
+recursion
+match
+frame
+</a>
+as
+input.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+not
+in
+the
+item,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+the
+item
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+value
+to
+an
+empty
+array
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+key's
+value
+is
+an
+array
+or
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+otherwise.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+item's
+key
+is
+<code>
+null
+</code>,
+process
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">
+match
+frame
+</a>
+is
+an
+array,
+use
+the
+first
+frame
+from
+the
+array
+as
+the
+<dfn title="property_frame" id="dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</dfn>,
+otherwise
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+to
+an
+empty
+object.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+contains
+an
+<code>
+@omitDefault
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins></a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>
+to
+its
+value.
+Note:
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+exists,
+but
+the
+value
+is
+neither
+<code>
+true
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+false
+</code>,
+set
+the
+associated
+flag
+to
+<code>
+true
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">
+omit
+missing
+properties
+flag
+</a>
+is
+set,
+delete
+the
+key
+in
+the
+item.
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<code>
+@default
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
+keyword
+</a>
+is
+set
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">
+property
+frame
+</a>
+set
+the
+item's
+value
+to
+the
+value
+of
+<code>
+@default
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+is
+<code>
+null
+</code>
+set
+it
+to
+the
+item,
+otherwise,
+append
+the
+item
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+The
+final,
+non-recursive
+step
+of
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+requires
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
+JSON-LD
+output
+</a>
+to
+be
+compacted
+according
+to
+the
+<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
+Compaction
+Algorithm
+</a>
+by
+using
+the
+context
+provided
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
+input
+frame
+</a>.
+The
+resulting
+value
+is
+the
+final
+output
+of
+the
+compaction
+algorithm
+and
+is
+what
+should
+be
+returned
+to
+the
+application.
+</p>
+</div>
+<p class="issue">
+<ins class="diff-new">What
+are
+the
+implications
+for
+framing
+lists?
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="normalization" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.11
+</span>
+Normalization
+</h3>
+<p class="issue">
+This
+algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress,
+do
+not
+implement
+it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Normalization
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+and
+performing
+a
+deterministic
+transformation
+on
+that
+input
+that
+results
+in
+<del class="diff-old">all
+aspects
+of
+the
+graph
+being
+fully
+expanded
+and
+named
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+output
+.
+The
+normalized
+output
+is
+generated
+in
+such
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">way
+that
+any
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+will
+generate
+identical
+output
+given
+the
+same
+input.
+The
+problem
+is
+a
+fairly
+difficult
+technical
+problem
+to
+solve
+because
+it
+requires
+a
+directed
+graph
+to
+be
+ordered
+into
+a
+set
+of
+nodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">normalized
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">edges
+in
+a
+deterministic
+way.
+This
+is
+easy
+to
+do
+when
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+have
+unique
+names,
+but
+very
+difficult
+to
+do
+when
+some
+of
+the
+nodes
+are
+not
+labeled.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialized
+JSON-LD
+representation.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">In
+time,
+there
+may
+be
+more
+than
+one
+normalization
+algorithm
+that
+will
+need
+to
+be
+identified.
+For
+identification
+purposes,
+this
+algorithm
+is
+named
+"Universal
+Graph
+</del>
+Normalization
+<del class="diff-old">Algorithm
+2011"
+(
+UGNA2011
+).
+3.11.1
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+Terms
+label
+The
+subject
+IRI
+associated
+with
+a
+graph
+node.
+The
+subject
+IRI
+is
+expressed
+using
+a
+key-value
+pair
+in
+a
+JSON
+object
+where
+the
+key
+is
+@subject
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+string
+that
+is
+an
+IRI
+or
+a
+JSON
+object
+containing
+the
+key
+@iri
+and
+a
+value
+that
+is
+a
+string
+that
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">an
+IRI.
+list
+of
+expanded
+nodes
+A
+list
+of
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">achieved
+by
+transforming
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+containing
+no
+embedded
+objects
+and
+having
+all
+keys
+and
+values
+expanded
+according
+</del>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+steps
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF,
+as
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<a href="#rdf-conversion">
+<ins class="diff-new">RDF
+Conversion
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+invoking
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+Algorithm
+.
+alpha
+and
+beta
+values
+The
+words
+alpha
+and
+beta
+refer
+to
+the
+first
+and
+second
+nodes
+or
+values
+being
+examined
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">normalization
+procedure
+as
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">an
+algorithm.
+The
+names
+are
+merely
+used
+to
+refer
+to
+each
+input
+value
+to
+a
+comparison
+algorithm.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite>
+<del class="diff-old">renaming
+counter
+</del>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF-NORMALIZATION
+</ins></a>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+counter
+that
+is
+used
+during
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">],
+returning
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+.
+The
+counter
+typically
+starts
+at
+one
+(1)
+and
+counts
+up
+for
+every
+node
+that
+is
+relabeled.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serialized
+results.
+</ins></p><div class="issue"><p>
+There
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+two
+such
+renaming
+counters
+in
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">implementation
+of
+the
+normalization
+algorithm.
+The
+first
+is
+the
+labeling
+counter
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">open
+issue
+(
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/53"><ins class="diff-chg">
+ISSUE-53
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+second
+is
+the
+deterministic
+labeling
+counter
+.
+serialization
+label
+An
+identifier
+that
+is
+created
+to
+aid
+in
+the
+normalization
+process
+in
+the
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+.
+The
+value
+typically
+takes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">)
+on
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">purpose
+and
+results
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">s<NUMBER>
+or
+c<NUMBER>
+.
+3.11.2
+Normalization
+State
+When
+</del>
+performing
+<ins class="diff-new">normalization.
+Previous
+versions
+of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">steps
+required
+by
+the
+normalization
+algorithm,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+track
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification
+generated
+JSON-LD
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">many
+pieces
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">result
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">information
+in
+a
+data
+structure
+called
+</del>
+the
+normalization
+<del class="diff-old">state
+.
+Many
+of
+these
+pieces
+simply
+provide
+indexes
+into
+the
+graph.
+The
+information
+contained
+in
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm,
+however
+</ins>
+normalization
+<del class="diff-old">state
+is
+described
+below.
+node
+state
+Each
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+will
+be
+assigned
+a
+node
+state
+.
+This
+state
+contains
+the
+information
+necessary
+to
+deterministically
+label
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph.
+A
+node
+state
+includes:
+node
+reference
+A
+node
+reference
+</del>
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">reference
+to
+a
+node
+in
+the
+graph.
+For
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">process
+required
+across
+different
+linked
+data
+serializations.
+To
+be
+useful,
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">given
+node
+state
+,
+its
+node
+reference
+refers
+to
+the
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+requires
+an
+identical
+normalized
+representation
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">the
+state
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">for.
+When
+a
+node
+state
+is
+created,
+its
+node
+reference
+should
+be
+to
+the
+node
+it
+is
+created
+for.
+outgoing
+list
+Lists
+the
+label
+s
+for
+all
+nodes
+that
+are
+properties
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">independent
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">node
+reference
+.
+This
+list
+should
+be
+initialized
+by
+iterating
+over
+every
+object
+associated
+with
+a
+property
+in
+the
+node
+reference
+adding
+its
+label
+if
+it
+is
+another
+node.
+incoming
+list
+Lists
+the
+label
+s
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">data
+format
+originally
+used
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">all
+nodes
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">markup,
+or
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">graph
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">way
+in
+</ins>
+which
+<ins class="diff-new">language
+features
+or
+publisher
+preferences
+create
+differences
+in
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">node
+reference
+is
+a
+property.
+This
+list
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+list.
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+Maps
+node
+label
+s
+to
+serialization
+label
+s.
+This
+map
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+When
+this
+map
+is
+populated,
+it
+will
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">markup
+of
+identical
+graphs.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+may
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">filled
+with
+keys
+</del>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">are
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">label
+s
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">need
+for
+either
+or
+both
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+with
+a
+label
+that
+begins
+with
+_:
+and
+that
+has
+a
+path,
+via
+properties,
+that
+starts
+with
+the
+node
+reference
+.
+outgoing
+serialization
+A
+string
+that
+can
+be
+lexicographically
+compared
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">flattening
+algorithm
+or
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+outgoing
+serialization
+s
+of
+other
+node
+state
+s.
+It
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">retrieve
+such
+a
+cryptographic
+signature.
+</ins></p></div><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Normalization
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">useful
+when
+comparing
+two
+graphs
+against
+one
+another,
+when
+generating
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">detailed
+list
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">differences
+between
+two
+graphs,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">other
+related
+information.
+This
+string
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+Maps
+node
+label
+s
+to
+serialization
+label
+s.
+This
+map
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+When
+this
+map
+is
+populated,
+it
+will
+be
+filled
+with
+keys
+that
+are
+the
+label
+s
+of
+every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">when
+generating
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">label
+that
+begins
+with
+_:
+and
+that
+has
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">cryptographic
+digital
+signature
+for
+information
+contained
+in
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">path,
+via
+properties,
+that
+ends
+with
+the
+node
+reference
+.
+incoming
+serialization
+A
+string
+that
+can
+be
+lexicographically
+compared
+to
+the
+outgoing
+serialization
+s
+of
+other
+node
+state
+s.
+It
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph
+or
+when
+generating
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">representation
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">hash
+</ins>
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">incoming
+serialization
+map
+and
+other
+related
+information.
+This
+string
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+node
+state
+map
+A
+mapping
+from
+a
+node's
+label
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">information
+contained
+in
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">node
+state
+.
+It
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">graph.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+example
+below
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">initialized
+to
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+map.
+labeling
+prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">un-normalized
+JSON-LD
+document:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+</ins></pre><p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">labeling
+prefix
+is
+a
+string
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">example
+below
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">used
+as
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">beginning
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">normalized
+form
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">a
+node
+label
+.
+It
+should
+be
+initialized
+to
+a
+random
+base
+string
+that
+starts
+with
+the
+characters
+_:
+,
+is
+not
+used
+by
+any
+other
+node's
+label
+in
+</del>
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">input
+,
+and
+does
+not
+start
+with
+the
+characters
+_:c14n
+.
+The
+prefix
+has
+two
+uses.
+First
+it
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">document
+above:
+</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Whitespace
+</ins>
+is
+used
+<ins class="diff-new">below
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">temporarily
+name
+nodes
+during
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">aid
+readability.
+The
+</ins>
+normalization
+algorithm
+<ins class="diff-new">for
+JSON-LD
+removes
+all
+unnecessary
+whitespace
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+way
+that
+doesn't
+collide
+with
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">names
+that
+already
+exist
+as
+well
+as
+the
+names
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">fully
+normalized
+form.
+</ins></p><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Not
+clear
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">will
+be
+generated
+by
+the
+normalization
+algorithm.
+Second,
+it
+will
+eventually
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">whitespace
+must
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">set
+to
+_:c14n
+to
+generate
+the
+final,
+deterministic
+labels
+for
+nodes
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">normalized,
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">graph.
+This
+prefix
+will
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+representation
+can't
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">concatenated
+with
+the
+labeling
+counter
+to
+produce
+a
+node
+label
+.
+For
+example,
+_:j8r3k
+is
+a
+proper
+initial
+value
+for
+the
+labeling
+prefix
+.
+labeling
+counter
+A
+counter
+that
+is
+</del>
+used
+<del class="diff-old">to
+label
+nodes.
+It
+is
+appended
+to
+the
+labeling
+prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">directly
+</ins>
+to
+create
+a
+<del class="diff-old">node
+label
+.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+1
+.
+map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">signature,
+but
+would
+be
+based
+on
+the
+serialized
+result
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">flattened
+nodes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite>
+<del class="diff-old">A
+map
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+</del>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF-NORMALIZATION
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></p><pre class="example">[{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "_:c14n0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+}]
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Notice
+how
+</ins>
+all
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+in
+the
+graph
+where
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">key
+is
+a
+node
+label
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">s
+have
+been
+expanded
+</ins>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">sorted
+in
+alphabetical
+order.
+Also,
+notice
+how
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+is
+a
+single
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">that
+</del>
+has
+<del class="diff-old">no
+nested
+sub-objects
+and
+has
+had
+all
+properties
+for
+the
+same
+node
+merged
+into
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">been
+labeled
+with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">single
+JSON
+object
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">named
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
+blank
+node
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-chg">Normalization
+ensures
+that
+any
+arbitrary
+graph
+containing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information
+would
+be
+normalized
+to
+exactly
+the
+same
+form
+shown
+above.
+</ins></p>
+<div id="normalization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3.11.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normalization
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+normalization
+algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">expands
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">transforms
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+<del class="diff-old">,
+flattens
+the
+data
+structure,
+and
+creates
+an
+initial
+set
+of
+names
+for
+all
+nodes
+in
+the
+graph.
+The
+flattened
+data
+structure
+is
+then
+processed
+by
+a
+node
+labeling
+algorithm
+in
+order
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">into
+RDF,
+normalizes
+it
+according
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">get
+a
+fully
+expanded
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-NORMALIZATION
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+]
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">named
+list
+of
+nodes
+which
+is
+</del>
+then
+<del class="diff-old">sorted.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">transforms
+back
+to
+JSON-LD.
+</ins>
+The
+result
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+object
+representation
+that
+</ins>
+deterministically
+<del class="diff-old">named
+and
+ordered
+list
+of
+graph
+nodes.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">represents
+a
+RDF
+graph.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Expand
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Transform
+</ins>
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
+JSON-LD
+input
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+RDF
+</ins>
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+Conversion
+</ins>
+Algorithm
+<del class="diff-old">and
+store
+the
+result
+as
+the
+expanded
+input
+.
+Create
+a
+normalization
+state
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Initialize
+the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+by
+recursively
+processing
+every
+expanded
+node
+in
+the
+expanded
+input
+in
+depth-first
+order:
+If
+the
+expanded
+node
+is
+an
+unlabeled
+node,
+add
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+to
+the
+expanded
+node
+where
+the
+key
+is
+@subject
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+concatenation
+of
+the
+labeling
+prefix
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Perform
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION"><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF-NORMALIZATION
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+string
+value
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">]
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+labeling
+counter
+.
+Increment
+the
+labeling
+counter
+.
+Add
+the
+expanded
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+RDF
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+:
+If
+the
+expanded
+node
+'s
+label
+is
+already
+in
+the
+map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+a
+serialized
+N-Triples
+representation
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">flattened
+nodes
+merge
+all
+properties
+from
+the
+entry
+in
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+into
+the
+expanded
+node
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+graph.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Go
+through
+every
+property
+associated
+with
+an
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Construct
+a
+JSON
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+expanded
+node
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+remove
+any
+duplicate
+IRI
+entries
+from
+the
+array.
+If
+the
+resulting
+array
+only
+has
+one
+IRI
+entry,
+change
+it
+from
+an
+</del>
+<em>
+array
+</em>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">an
+object.
+Set
+the
+entry
+for
+the
+expanded
+node
+'s
+label
+in
+the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+to
+the
+expanded
+node
+.
+After
+exiting
+the
+recursive
+step,
+replace
+the
+reference
+to
+the
+expanded
+node
+with
+an
+object
+containing
+a
+single
+key-value
+pair
+where
+the
+key
+is
+@iri
+and
+the
+value
+is
+the
+value
+of
+the
+@subject
+key
+in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">serve
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">node.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">output
+object.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+<del class="diff-old">every
+entry
+in
+the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+,
+insert
+a
+key-value
+pair
+into
+the
+node
+state
+map
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+key
+from
+the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+and
+the
+value
+is
+a
+node
+state
+where
+its
+node
+reference
+refers
+to
+the
+value
+from
+the
+map
+of
+flattened
+nodes
+.
+Populate
+the
+incoming
+list
+for
+each
+node
+state
+by
+iterating
+over
+every
+node
+in
+the
+graph
+and
+adding
+its
+label
+to
+the
+incoming
+list
+associated
+with
+</del>
+each
+<del class="diff-old">node
+found
+in
+its
+properties.
+For
+every
+entry
+in
+the
+node
+state
+map
+that
+has
+a
+label
+that
+begins
+with
+_:c14n
+,
+relabel
+the
+node
+using
+the
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+.
+Label
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+that
+contain
+a
+@subject
+key
+associated
+with
+a
+value
+starting
+with
+_:
+according
+to
+the
+steps
+in
+the
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+.
+3.11.4
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+This
+algorithm
+renames
+a
+node
+by
+generating
+a
+unique
+new
+label
+and
+updating
+all
+references
+to
+that
+label
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">triple
+</ins>
+in
+the
+<del class="diff-old">node
+state
+map
+.
+The
+old
+label
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">N-Triples
+document
+having
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></em>,
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+normalization
+state
+must
+be
+given
+as
+an
+input
+to
+the
+algorithm.
+The
+old
+label
+is
+the
+current
+label
+of
+the
+node
+that
+is
+to
+be
+relabeled.
+The
+node
+relabeling
+algorithm
+is
+as
+follows:
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></em>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">the
+labeling
+prefix
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins></em>
+is
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">_:c14n
+and
+the
+old
+label
+begins
+with
+_:c14n
+then
+return
+as
+the
+node
+has
+already
+been
+renamed.
+Generate
+the
+new
+label
+by
+concatenating
+the
+labeling
+prefix
+with
+the
+string
+value
+of
+the
+labeling
+counter
+.
+Increment
+the
+labeling
+counter
+.
+For
+the
+node
+state
+associated
+with
+the
+old
+label
+,
+update
+every
+node
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+representation
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+represented
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+incoming
+list
+by
+changing
+all
+the
+properties
+that
+reference
+the
+old
+label
+to
+the
+new
+label
+.
+Change
+the
+old
+label
+key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+form
+as
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+node
+state
+map
+to
+the
+new
+label
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+node
+reference
+'s
+label
+to
+the
+new
+label
+</del>
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Expansion
+</ins>
+</a>.
+<del class="diff-old">3.11.5
+Deterministic
+Labeling
+Algorithm
+The
+deterministic
+labeling
+algorithm
+takes
+the
+normalization
+state
+and
+produces
+a
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+that
+is
+sorted
+and
+contains
+deterministically
+named
+and
+expanded
+nodes
+from
+the
+graph.
+</del>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Set
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-new">value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">labeling
+prefix
+to
+_:c14n
+,
+the
+labeling
+counter
+to
+1
+,
+the
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+to
+an
+empty
+array,
+and
+create
+an
+empty
+array,
+the
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+.
+For
+each
+node
+reference
+in
+the
+node
+state
+map
+:
+If
+the
+node's
+label
+does
+not
+start
+with
+_:
+then
+put
+the
+node
+reference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">last
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">node's
+label
+does
+start
+with
+_:
+then
+put
+the
+node
+reference
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">last
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+.
+Append
+to
+the
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+by
+processing
+the
+remainder
+of
+the
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+until
+it
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">empty:
+Sort
+the
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+in
+descending
+order
+according
+to
+the
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+to
+determine
+the
+sort
+order.
+Create
+a
+list
+of
+labels
+and
+initialize
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+replace
+</ins>
+it
+<del class="diff-old">to
+an
+empty
+array.
+For
+the
+first
+node
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+:
+Add
+its
+label
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+list
+of
+labels
+.
+For
+each
+key-value
+pair
+from
+its
+associated
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">having
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">list
+and
+then
+sort
+the
+list
+according
+to
+the
+lexicographical
+order
+of
+the
+keys'
+associated
+values.
+Append
+the
+list
+to
+the
+list
+of
+nodes
+to
+label
+.
+For
+each
+key-value
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key/value
+</ins>
+pair
+<del class="diff-old">from
+its
+associated
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+,
+add
+the
+key
+to
+a
+list
+and
+then
+sort
+the
+list
+according
+to
+the
+lexicographical
+order
+of
+the
+keys'
+associated
+values.
+Append
+the
+list
+to
+the
+list
+of
+nodes
+to
+label
+.
+For
+each
+label
+in
+the
+list
+</del>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">labels
+,
+relabel
+the
+associated
+node
+according
+to
+the
+Node
+Relabeling
+Algorithm
+.
+If
+any
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+label
+,
+clear
+the
+map
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+outgoing
+serialization
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+If
+any
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+contains
+a
+key
+that
+matches
+the
+label
+,
+clear
+the
+map
+and
+set
+the
+associated
+incoming
+serialization
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+Remove
+each
+node
+with
+a
+label
+that
+starts
+with
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">_:c14n
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">from
+the
+list
+of
+unfinished
+nodes
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">add
+it
+to
+the
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+.
+Sort
+the
+list
+of
+finished
+nodes
+in
+descending
+order
+according
+to
+the
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+to
+determine
+the
+sort
+order.
+3.11.6
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+The
+shallow
+comparison
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+unlabeled
+nodes,
+alpha
+and
+beta
+,
+as
+input
+and
+determines
+which
+one
+should
+come
+first
+in
+a
+sorted
+list.
+The
+following
+algorithm
+determines
+the
+steps
+that
+are
+executed
+in
+order
+to
+determine
+the
+node
+that
+should
+come
+first
+in
+a
+list:
+Compare
+the
+total
+number
+of
+node
+properties.
+The
+node
+with
+fewer
+properties
+is
+first.
+Lexicographically
+sort
+the
+property
+IRIs
+for
+each
+node
+and
+compare
+the
+sorted
+lists.
+If
+an
+IRI
+is
+found
+to
+be
+lexicographically
+smaller,
+the
+node
+containing
+that
+IRI
+is
+first.
+Compare
+the
+values
+of
+each
+property
+against
+one
+another:
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+fewer
+property
+values
+is
+first.
+Create
+</del>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">alpha
+list
+by
+adding
+all
+values
+associated
+with
+the
+alpha
+property
+that
+are
+not
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Create
+a
+beta
+list
+by
+adding
+all
+values
+associated
+with
+the
+beta
+property
+that
+is
+not
+an
+unlabeled
+node.
+Compare
+the
+length
+of
+alpha
+list
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+beta
+list
+.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+list
+</del>
+containing
+<del class="diff-old">the
+fewer
+number
+of
+items
+is
+first.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+representation
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Sort
+alpha
+list
+and
+beta
+list
+according
+to
+the
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+.
+For
+each
+offset
+into
+the
+alpha
+list
+,
+compare
+the
+item
+at
+the
+offset
+against
+the
+item
+at
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">same
+offset
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">last
+key/value
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+beta
+list
+according
+to
+the
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lesser
+item
+is
+first.
+Process
+the
+incoming
+list
+s
+associated
+with
+each
+node
+to
+determine
+order:
+The
+node
+with
+the
+shortest
+incoming
+list
+is
+first.
+Sort
+the
+incoming
+list
+s
+according
+to
+incoming
+property
+and
+then
+incoming
+label
+.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+fewest
+number
+of
+incoming
+nodes
+is
+first.
+For
+each
+offset
+into
+the
+incoming
+list
+s,
+compare
+the
+associated
+properties
+and
+label
+s:
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">label
+that
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+_:
+is
+first.
+If
+the
+nodes'
+label
+s
+do
+not
+begin
+with
+_:
+,
+then
+the
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+label
+is
+first.
+The
+node
+associated
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+associated
+property
+is
+first.
+The
+node
+with
+the
+label
+that
+does
+not
+begin
+with
+_:c14n
+is
+first.
+The
+node
+with
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+label
+is
+first.
+Otherwise,
+the
+nodes
+are
+equivalent.
+3.11.7
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+The
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+</ins>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">comparison
+algorithm
+is
+designed
+to
+compare
+two
+graph
+node
+property
+values,
+alpha
+and
+beta
+,
+against
+the
+other.
+The
+algorithm
+is
+useful
+when
+sorting
+two
+lists
+of
+graph
+node
+properties.
+If
+one
+of
+the
+values
+is
+a
+string
+</del>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+other
+is
+not,
+the
+value
+that
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">having
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string
+is
+first.
+If
+both
+values
+are
+string
+s,
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+is
+first.
+If
+one
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">single
+key
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+values
+is
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">literal
+and
+the
+other
+is
+not,
+the
+</del>
+value
+that
+is
+<del class="diff-old">a
+literal
+is
+first.
+If
+both
+values
+are
+literals:
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+@literal
+is
+first.
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+@datatype
+is
+first.
+The
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+@language
+is
+first.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Append
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+representation
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+both
+values
+are
+expanded
+IRIs,
+the
+lexicographically
+lesser
+string
+associated
+with
+@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">first.
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+ignore
+this
+triple.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">the
+two
+values
+are
+equivalent.
+3.11.8
+Deep
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+The
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm
+is
+used
+to
+compare
+the
+difference
+between
+two
+nodes,
+alpha
+and
+beta
+.
+A
+deep
+comparison
+takes
+the
+incoming
+and
+outgoing
+node
+edges
+in
+a
+graph
+into
+account
+</del>
+if
+the
+<del class="diff-old">number
+of
+properties
+and
+value
+of
+those
+properties
+are
+identical.
+The
+algorithm
+is
+helpful
+when
+sorting
+a
+list
+of
+nodes
+and
+will
+return
+whichever
+node
+should
+be
+placed
+first
+in
+a
+list
+if
+the
+two
+nodes
+are
+not
+truly
+equivalent.
+When
+performing
+the
+steps
+required
+by
+the
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+track
+state
+information
+about
+mappings.
+The
+information
+contained
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">last
+entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+mapping
+state
+is
+described
+below.
+mapping
+state
+mapping
+counter
+Keeps
+track
+of
+the
+number
+of
+nodes
+that
+have
+been
+mapped
+to
+serialization
+labels
+.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+1
+.
+processed
+labels
+map
+Keeps
+track
+of
+the
+label
+s
+of
+nodes
+that
+have
+already
+been
+assigned
+serialization
+label
+s.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+serialized
+labels
+map
+Maps
+a
+node
+label
+to
+its
+associated
+serialization
+label
+.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+adjacent
+info
+map
+Maps
+a
+serialization
+label
+to
+the
+node
+label
+associated
+with
+it,
+the
+list
+of
+sorted
+serialization
+label
+s
+for
+adjacent
+nodes,
+and
+the
+map
+of
+adjacent
+node
+serialiation
+label
+s
+to
+their
+associated
+node
+label
+s.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+key
+stack
+A
+stack
+where
+each
+element
+contains
+an
+array
+of
+adjacent
+serialization
+label
+s
+and
+an
+index
+into
+that
+array.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+a
+stack
+containing
+a
+single
+element
+where
+its
+</del>
+<em>
+array
+<del class="diff-old">contains
+a
+single
+string
+element
+s1
+and
+its
+index
+is
+set
+to
+0
+.
+serialized
+keys
+Keeps
+track
+of
+which
+serialization
+label
+s
+have
+already
+been
+written
+at
+least
+once
+to
+the
+serialization
+string
+.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+map.
+serialization
+string
+A
+string
+that
+is
+incrementally
+updated
+as
+a
+serialization
+is
+built.
+It
+is
+initialized
+to
+an
+empty
+string.
+The
+deep
+comparison
+algorithm
+</del>
+</em>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">as
+follows:
+Perform
+a
+comparison
+between
+alpha
+and
+beta
+according
+to
+the
+Shallow
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+.
+If
+the
+result
+does
+</del>
+not
+<del class="diff-old">show
+that
+the
+two
+nodes
+are
+equivalent,
+return
+the
+result.
+Compare
+incoming
+and
+outgoing
+edges
+for
+each
+node,
+updating
+their
+associated
+node
+state
+as
+each
+node
+is
+processed:
+If
+the
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+for
+alpha
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Provide
+alpha
+'s
+node
+state
+,
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+mapping
+state
+,
+outgoing
+direction
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+If
+the
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+for
+beta
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Provide
+beta
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+Object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">'s
+node
+state
+,
+a
+new
+mapping
+state
+,
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">outgoing
+direction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+If
+alpha
+'s
+outgoing
+serialization
+is
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+beta
+'s,
+then
+alpha
+is
+first.
+If
+it
+is
+greater,
+then
+beta
+is
+first.
+If
+the
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+for
+alpha
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Provide
+alpha
+'s
+node
+state
+,
+a
+new
+mapping
+state
+with
+its
+serialized
+labels
+map
+set
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">having
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">alpha
+'s
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+,
+and
+incoming
+direction
+to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+for
+beta
+is
+empty,
+generate
+the
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Provide
+beta
+'s
+node
+state
+,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Create
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+state
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
+Object
+</ins>
+</a>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">its
+serialized
+labels
+map
+set
+to
+a
+copy
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key/value
+pair
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">beta
+'s
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+,
+and
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">incoming
+direction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+the
+algorithm
+as
+inputs.
+If
+alpha
+'s
+incoming
+serialization
+is
+lexicographically
+less
+than
+beta
+'s,
+then
+alpha
+is
+first.
+If
+it
+is
+greater,
+then
+beta
+is
+first.
+3.11.9
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+The
+node
+serialization
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+node
+state
+,
+a
+mapping
+state
+,
+</del>
+and
+a
+<del class="diff-old">direction
+(either
+outgoing
+direction
+or
+incoming
+direction
+)
+as
+inputs
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+representation
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+subject
+</ins></em>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">generates
+a
+deterministic
+serialization
+for
+the
+node
+reference
+.
+If
+the
+label
+exists
+in
+the
+processed
+labels
+map
+,
+terminate
+the
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">the
+serialization
+label
+has
+already
+been
+created.
+Set
+the
+</del>
+<em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+the
+label
+in
+the
+processed
+labels
+map
+to
+true
+.
+</del>
+</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Generate
+the
+next
+serialization
+label
+for
+the
+label
+according
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+value
+</ins></em>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+.
+Create
+an
+empty
+map
+called
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+</del>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">will
+store
+mappings
+from
+serialized
+label
+s
+to
+adjacent
+node
+label
+s.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">Create
+an
+empty
+array
+called
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+that
+will
+store
+label
+s
+of
+adjacent
+nodes
+that
+haven't
+been
+assigned
+serialization
+label
+s
+yet.
+</del>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">For
+every
+label
+in
+a
+list,
+where
+the
+list
+the
+outgoing
+list
+if
+the
+direction
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">outgoing
+direction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">predicate
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">and
+the
+incoming
+list
+otherwise,
+if
+the
+label
+starts
+with
+_:
+,
+it
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">the
+target
+node
+label
+:
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
+</ins></code>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Look
+up
+the
+target
+node
+label
+in
+the
+processed
+labels
+map
+and
+if
+a
+mapping
+exists,
+update
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+value
+in
+the
+serialization
+map
+and
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+the
+target
+node
+label
+.
+Otherwise,
+add
+the
+target
+node
+label
+to
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+.
+Set
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+to
+1
+or
+the
+length
+of
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+,
+whichever
+is
+greater.
+While
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+is
+greater
+than
+0
+,
+perform
+the
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+passing
+the
+node
+state
+,
+the
+mapping
+state
+for
+the
+first
+iteration
+and
+a
+copy
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+an
+key/value
+pair
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">it
+for
+each
+subsequent
+iteration,
+the
+generated
+serialization
+label
+,
+the
+direction
+,
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+,
+and
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+.
+Decrement
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+combinations
+by
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+each
+iteration.
+3.11.10
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+The
+algorithm
+generates
+a
+serialization
+label
+given
+a
+label
+and
+a
+mapping
+state
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">returns
+the
+serialization
+label
+.
+If
+the
+label
+is
+already
+in
+the
+serialization
+labels
+map
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">return
+its
+associated
+value.
+If
+the
+label
+starts
+with
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">append
+</ins>
+the
+string
+<del class="diff-old">_:c14n
+,
+the
+serialization
+label
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representation
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">is
+the
+letter
+c
+followed
+by
+the
+number
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">to
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">follows
+_:c14n
+in
+the
+label
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">the
+serialization
+label
+is
+the
+letter
+s
+followed
+by
+the
+string
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">if
+</ins><em>
+value
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-new">has
+an
+key
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">mapping
+count
+.
+Increment
+the
+mapping
+count
+by
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">1
+.
+Create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+replace
+that
+value
+with
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+serialization
+labels
+map
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+label
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+containing
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">existing
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+the
+generated
+serialization
+label
+.
+3.11.11
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+The
+combinatorial
+serialization
+algorithm
+takes
+a
+node
+state
+,
+a
+mapping
+state
+,
+a
+serialization
+label
+,
+a
+direction
+,
+a
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+,
+</del>
+and
+a
+<del class="diff-old">adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+as
+inputs
+and
+generates
+the
+lexicographically
+least
+serialization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">string
+representation
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">nodes
+relating
+to
+the
+node
+reference
+.
+If
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+is
+not
+empty:
+Copy
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+to
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+copy
+.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Remove
+the
+first
+unserialized
+label
+from
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+</ins>
+create
+a
+new
+<del class="diff-old">new
+serialization
+label
+according
+to
+the
+Serialization
+Label
+Generation
+Algorithm
+.
+Create
+a
+new
+key-value
+mapping
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">entry
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+copy
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+new
+serialization
+label
+and
+the
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">is
+the
+unserialized
+label
+.
+Set
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+to
+1
+or
+the
+length
+of
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+,
+whichever
+is
+greater.
+While
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+is
+greater
+than
+0
+:
+Recursively
+perform
+the
+Combinatorial
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+passing
+the
+mapping
+state
+for
+the
+first
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+and
+a
+copy
+of
+it
+for
+each
+subsequent
+iteration.
+Rotate
+the
+elements
+in
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+by
+shifting
+each
+of
+them
+once
+to
+the
+right,
+moving
+the
+element
+at
+the
+end
+of
+the
+list
+to
+the
+beginning
+of
+the
+list.
+Decrement
+the
+maximum
+serialization
+rotations
+by
+1
+for
+each
+iteration.
+If
+the
+adjacent
+unserialized
+labels
+list
+is
+empty:
+Create
+a
+list
+of
+keys
+from
+the
+keys
+in
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+and
+sort
+it
+lexicographically.
+Add
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">key-value
+pair
+to
+the
+adjacent
+info
+map
+where
+the
+</del>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">is
+the
+serialization
+label
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+object
+containing
+the
+node
+reference
+'s
+label,
+the
+list
+</del>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">keys
+and
+the
+adjacent
+serialized
+labels
+map
+.
+Update
+the
+serialization
+string
+according
+to
+the
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+If
+the
+direction
+is
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">outgoing
+direction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">then
+directed
+serialization
+refers
+to
+the
+outgoing
+serialization
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">the
+directed
+serialization
+map
+refers
+to
+the
+outgoing
+serialization
+map
+,
+otherwise
+it
+refers
+to
+the
+incoming
+serialization
+and
+the
+directed
+serialization
+map
+refers
+to
+the
+incoming
+serialization
+map
+.
+Compare
+the
+serialization
+string
+to
+the
+directed
+serialization
+according
+to
+the
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+.
+If
+the
+serialization
+string
+is
+less
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+the
+directed
+serialization
+:
+For
+each
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">in
+the
+list
+of
+keys
+,
+run
+the
+Node
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Update
+the
+serialization
+string
+according
+to
+the
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+Compare
+the
+serialization
+string
+to
+the
+directed
+serialization
+again
+and
+if
+it
+is
+less
+than
+or
+equal
+and
+the
+length
+of
+the
+serialization
+string
+is
+greater
+than
+or
+equal
+to
+the
+length
+of
+the
+directed
+serialization
+,
+then
+set
+the
+directed
+serialization
+to
+the
+serialization
+string
+and
+set
+the
+directed
+serialization
+map
+to
+the
+serialized
+labels
+map
+.
+3.11.12
+Serialization
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+The
+serialization
+comparison
+algorithm
+takes
+two
+serializations,
+alpha
+and
+beta
+and
+returns
+either
+which
+of
+the
+two
+is
+less
+than
+the
+other
+or
+that
+they
+are
+equal.
+Whichever
+serialization
+is
+an
+empty
+string
+is
+greater.
+If
+they
+are
+both
+empty
+strings,
+they
+are
+equal.
+Return
+the
+result
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">being
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">lexicographical
+comparison
+of
+alpha
+and
+beta
+up
+to
+the
+number
+of
+characters
+in
+the
+shortest
+of
+the
+two
+serializations.
+3.11.13
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+The
+mapping
+serialization
+algorithm
+incrementally
+updates
+the
+serialization
+</del>
+string
+<del class="diff-old">in
+a
+mapping
+state
+.
+If
+the
+key
+stack
+is
+not
+empty:
+Pop
+the
+serialization
+key
+info
+off
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representation
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+key
+stack
+.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+<del class="diff-old">For
+each
+serialization
+key
+in
+the
+serialization
+key
+info
+array,
+starting
+at
+the
+serialization
+key
+index
+from
+the
+serialization
+key
+info
+:
+If
+the
+serialization
+key
+is
+not
+in
+the
+adjacent
+info
+map
+,
+push
+the
+serialization
+key
+info
+onto
+the
+key
+stack
+and
+exit
+from
+this
+loop.
+</del>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">If
+the
+serialization
+key
+is
+a
+key
+in
+serialized
+keys
+,
+a
+cycle
+has
+been
+detected.
+Append
+the
+concatenation
+of
+the
+_
+character
+and
+the
+serialization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+let
+</ins><em>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">to
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">serialization
+</del>
+string
+<del class="diff-old">.
+Otherwise,
+serialize
+all
+outgoing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representation
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+predicate
+</ins></em>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">incoming
+edges
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">let
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+representation
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+represented
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+related
+node
+by
+performing
+the
+following
+steps:
+Mark
+the
+serialization
+key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
+form
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">having
+been
+processed
+by
+adding
+a
+new
+key-value
+pair
+to
+serialized
+keys
+where
+the
+key
+is
+the
+serialization
+key
+and
+the
+value
+is
+true
+.
+Set
+the
+serialization
+fragment
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+serialization
+key
+.
+Set
+the
+adjacent
+info
+to
+the
+value
+of
+the
+serialization
+key
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">described
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">the
+adjacent
+info
+map
+.
+Set
+the
+adjacent
+node
+label
+to
+the
+node
+label
+from
+the
+adjacent
+info
+</del>
+<a href="#value-expansion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">Value
+Expansion
+</ins>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+<del class="diff-old">a
+mapping
+for
+the
+adjacent
+node
+label
+exists
+in
+the
+map
+of
+all
+labels
+:
+Append
+the
+result
+of
+the
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+to
+the
+serialization
+fragment
+.
+Append
+all
+of
+the
+keys
+in
+the
+adjacent
+info
+to
+the
+serialization
+fragment
+.
+Append
+the
+serialization
+fragment
+to
+the
+serialization
+string
+.
+Push
+a
+new
+key
+info
+object
+containing
+the
+keys
+from
+the
+adjacent
+info
+and
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+has
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">index
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key/value
+pair
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">0
+onto
+the
+</del>
+<em>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">stack
+.
+Recursively
+update
+the
+serialization
+string
+according
+to
+the
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+.
+3.11.14
+Label
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+The
+label
+serialization
+algorithm
+serializes
+information
+about
+a
+node
+that
+has
+been
+assigned
+a
+particular
+serialization
+label
+.
+Initialize
+the
+label
+serialization
+to
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">and
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">empty
+string.
+Append
+the
+[
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+all
+properties
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+by
+processing
+each
+key-value
+pair
+in
+the
+node
+reference
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+<ins class="diff-chg">array
+</ins>
+</a>,
+<del class="diff-old">excluding
+the
+@subject
+property.
+The
+keys
+should
+be
+processed
+in
+lexicographical
+order
+and
+their
+associated
+values
+should
+be
+processed
+in
+the
+order
+produced
+by
+the
+Object
+Comparison
+Algorithm
+:
+Build
+a
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+<
+KEY
+>
+where
+KEY
+is
+the
+current
+key.
+Append
+string
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">append
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+object
+representation
+</ins></em>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">the
+label
+serialization
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+array.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
+if
+</ins><em>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">may
+be
+a
+single
+object
+or
+</del>
+</em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">has
+</ins>
+an
+<del class="diff-old">array
+of
+objects.
+Process
+all
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+objects
+that
+are
+associated
+with
+the
+key,
+building
+an
+object
+string
+for
+each
+item:
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+an
+@iri
+</del>
+<em>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">with
+a
+value
+</del>
+</em>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">replace
+</ins>
+that
+<del class="diff-old">starts
+with
+_:
+,
+set
+the
+object
+string
+to
+the
+value
+_:
+.
+If
+the
+</del>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">does
+not
+start
+</del>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">_:
+,
+build
+the
+object
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+<
+IRI
+>
+where
+IRI
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+@iri
+key.
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">@literal
+key
+and
+a
+@datatype
+key,
+build
+the
+object
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+"
+LITERAL
+"^^<
+DATATYPE
+>
+where
+LITERAL
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+@literal
+key
+and
+DATATYPE
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+array
+containing
+</ins>
+the
+<ins class="diff-new">existing
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+with
+the
+@datatype
+key.
+If
+the
+object
+contains
+a
+@literal
+key
+</del>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">a
+@language
+key,
+build
+the
+</del>
+<em>
+object
+<del class="diff-old">string
+using
+the
+pattern
+"
+LITERAL
+"@
+LANGUAGE
+where
+LITERAL
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+@literal
+key
+and
+LANGUAGE
+is
+the
+value
+associated
+with
+the
+@language
+key.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representation
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+<del class="diff-old">the
+value
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">create
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">string.
+Build
+the
+object
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+"
+LITERAL
+"
+where
+LITERAL
+is
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">new
+entry
+in
+</ins>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">associated
+</del>
+with
+<del class="diff-old">the
+current
+key.
+If
+this
+is
+the
+second
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+append
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">|
+separator
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+the
+object
+string
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+the
+]
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+the
+[
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+all
+incoming
+references
+for
+the
+current
+label
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+by
+processing
+all
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+items
+associated
+with
+the
+incoming
+list
+:
+Build
+a
+reference
+string
+using
+the
+pattern
+<
+PROPERTY
+>
+<
+REFERER
+>
+where
+PROPERTY
+is
+the
+property
+associated
+with
+the
+incoming
+reference
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">key
+</ins></em>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">REFERER
+is
+either
+the
+subject
+of
+the
+node
+referring
+to
+the
+label
+in
+the
+incoming
+reference
+or
+_:
+if
+REFERER
+begins
+with
+_:
+.
+If
+this
+is
+the
+second
+iteration
+of
+the
+loop,
+append
+a
+|
+separator
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+the
+reference
+string
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+</del>
+<em>
+<ins class="diff-chg">object
+representation
+</ins></em>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Append
+the
+]
+character
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Append
+all
+adjacent
+node
+labels
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+by
+concatenating
+the
+string
+value
+for
+all
+of
+them,
+one
+after
+the
+other,
+to
+the
+label
+serialization
+.
+Push
+the
+adjacent
+node
+labels
+onto
+the
+key
+stack
+and
+append
+the
+result
+of
+the
+Mapping
+Serialization
+Algorithm
+to
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+as
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">label
+serialization
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">normalized
+graph
+representation.
+</ins>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="data-round-tripping" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.12
+</span>
+Data
+Round
+Tripping
+</h3>
+<p>
+When
+normalizing
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values,
+implementers
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+ensure
+that
+the
+normalized
+value
+is
+a
+string.
+In
+order
+to
+generate
+the
+string
+from
+a
+<strong>
+double
+</strong>
+value,
+output
+equivalent
+to
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">printf("%1.6e",
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">printf("%1.6e",
+</ins>
+value)
+</code>
+function
+in
+C
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+used
+where
+<strong>
+<del class="diff-old">"%1.6e"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"%1.6e"
+</ins>
+</strong>
+is
+the
+string
+formatter
+and
+<strong>
+value
+</strong>
+is
+the
+value
+to
+be
+converted.
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+convert
+the
+a
+double
+value
+in
+JavaScript,
+implementers
+can
+use
+the
+following
+snippet
+of
+code:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">// the variable 'value' below is the JavaScript native double value that is to be converted
+</del>
+<pre class="example">// the variable 'value' below is the JavaScript native double value that is to be converted
+(value).toExponential(6).replace(/(e(?:\+|-))([0-9])$/,
+'$10$2')
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+When
+data
+needs
+to
+be
+normalized,
+JSON-LD
+authors
+should
+not
+use
+values
+that
+are
+going
+to
+undergo
+automatic
+conversion.
+This
+is
+due
+to
+the
+lossy
+nature
+of
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Some
+JSON
+serializers,
+such
+as
+PHP's
+native
+implementation,
+backslash-escapes
+the
+forward
+slash
+character.
+For
+example,
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://example.com/
+</code>
+would
+be
+serialized
+as
+<code>
+http:\/\/example.com\/
+</code>
+in
+some
+versions
+of
+PHP.
+This
+is
+problematic
+when
+generating
+a
+byte
+stream
+for
+processes
+such
+as
+normalization.
+There
+is
+no
+need
+to
+backslash-escape
+forward-slashes
+in
+JSON-LD.
+To
+aid
+interoperability
+between
+JSON-LD
+processors,
+a
+JSON-LD
+serializer
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+backslash-escape
+forward
+slashes.
+</p>
+<p class="issue">
+Round-tripping
+data
+can
+be
+problematic
+if
+we
+mix
+and
+match
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+</ins>
+rules
+with
+JSON-native
+datatypes,
+like
+integers.
+Consider
+the
+following
+code
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">var myObj = { "@context" : {
+ "number" : "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ "@coerce": {
+ "xsd:nonNegativeInteger": "number"
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : 42 };
+// Map the language-native object to JSON-LD
+var jsonldText = jsonld.normalize(myObj);
+// Convert the normalized object back to a JavaScript object
+</del>
+<pre class="example">var myObj = { "@context" : {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "number" : {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ "@type": "xsd:nonNegativeInteger"
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : 42 };
+
+// Map the language-native object to JSON-LD
+var jsonldText = jsonld.normalize(myObj);
+
+// Convert the normalized object back to a JavaScript object
+</ins>
+var
+myObj2
+=
+jsonld.parse(jsonldText);
+</pre>
+<p class="issue">
+At
+this
+point,
+myObj2
+and
+myObj
+will
+have
+different
+values
+for
+the
+<del class="diff-old">"number"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"number"
+</ins>
+value.
+myObj
+will
+be
+the
+number
+42,
+while
+myObj2
+will
+be
+the
+string
+<del class="diff-old">"42".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"42".
+</ins>
+This
+type
+of
+data
+round-tripping
+error
+can
+bite
+developers.
+We
+are
+currently
+wondering
+if
+having
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"coerce
+validation"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"coercion
+validation"
+</ins>
+phase
+in
+the
+parsing/normalization
+phases
+would
+be
+a
+good
+idea.
+It
+would
+prevent
+data
+round-tripping
+issues
+like
+the
+one
+mentioned
+above.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.13
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+any
+other
+RDF-compatible
+document
+format
+using
+the
+algorithm
+specified
+in
+this
+section.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Processing
+Model
+describes
+processing
+rules
+for
+extracting
+RDF
+from
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Note
+that
+many
+uses
+of
+JSON-LD
+may
+not
+require
+generation
+of
+RDF.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+processing
+algorithm
+described
+in
+this
+section
+is
+provided
+in
+order
+to
+demonstrate
+how
+one
+might
+implement
+a
+JSON-LD
+to
+RDF
+processor.
+Conformant
+implementations
+are
+only
+required
+to
+produce
+the
+same
+type
+and
+number
+of
+triples
+during
+the
+output
+process
+and
+are
+not
+required
+to
+implement
+the
+algorithm
+exactly
+as
+described.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+is
+a
+work
+in
+progress.
+</del>
+<div class="informative section" id="overview">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.1
+</span>
+Overview
+</h4>
+<p>
+<em>
+This
+section
+is
+non-normative.
+</em>
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+have
+an
+easy
+to
+parse
+grammar
+that
+closely
+models
+existing
+practice
+in
+using
+JSON
+for
+describing
+object
+representations.
+This
+allows
+the
+use
+of
+existing
+libraries
+for
+parsing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+As
+with
+other
+grammars
+used
+for
+describing
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+a
+key
+concept
+is
+that
+of
+a
+<dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">
+resource
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</dfn>.
+Resources
+may
+be
+of
+three
+basic
+types:
+<em>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+</em>
+s,
+for
+describing
+externally
+named
+entities,
+<em>
+BNodes
+</em>,
+resources
+for
+which
+an
+external
+name
+does
+not
+exist,
+or
+is
+not
+known,
+and
+Literals,
+which
+describe
+terminal
+entities
+such
+as
+strings,
+dates
+and
+other
+representations
+having
+a
+lexical
+representation
+possibly
+including
+an
+explicit
+language
+or
+datatype.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+(
+</ins><dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+),
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+],
+is
+a
+mechanism
+for
+representing
+unique
+identifiers
+on
+the
+web.
+In
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+commonly
+used
+for
+expressing
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a>.</p><p>
+Data
+described
+with
+JSON-LD
+may
+be
+considered
+to
+be
+the
+representation
+of
+a
+graph
+made
+up
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">resources
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
+<ins class="diff-chg">resource
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+related
+via
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">resource.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
+<ins class="diff-chg">resource
+</ins></a>.
+However,
+specific
+implementations
+may
+choose
+to
+operate
+on
+the
+document
+as
+a
+normal
+JSON
+description
+of
+objects
+having
+attributes.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.2
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+Terms
+</h4>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+the
+destination
+graph
+for
+all
+triples
+generated
+by
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.3
+</span>
+RDF
+Conversion
+Algorithm
+</h4>
+<p>
+The
+algorithm
+below
+is
+designed
+for
+in-memory
+implementations
+with
+random
+access
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+elements.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+implementing
+RDF
+conversion
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+implement
+a
+processing
+algorithm
+that
+results
+in
+the
+same
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">
+default
+graph
+</a>
+that
+the
+following
+algorithm
+generates:
+</p>
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li id="processing-step-default-context">
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+with
+with
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+set
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
+initial
+context
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+initialized
+to
+NULL.
+</li>
+<li id="processing-step-associative">
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+process
+the
+local
+context
+as
+described
+in
+<a href="#context">
+Context
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+<del class="diff-old">new
+JSON
+object
+by
+mapping
+the
+keys
+from
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">copy
+of
+</ins>
+the
+current
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+active
+context
+to
+new
+</del>
+</a>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">changing
+</ins>
+keys
+<del class="diff-old">using
+the
+associated
+value
+from
+the
+current
+JSON
+object
+.
+Repeat
+the
+mapping
+until
+no
+entry
+is
+found
+within
+the
+active
+context
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+map
+to
+JSON-LD
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">for
+the
+key.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">s
+with
+those
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
+keyword
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s.
+</ins>
+Use
+the
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+in
+subsequent
+steps.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+has
+an
+@iri
+key,
+set
+the
+active
+object
+by
+performing
+IRI
+Expansion
+on
+the
+associated
+value.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+active
+subject
+,
+the
+active
+property
+and
+the
+active
+object
+.
+Return
+the
+active
+object
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+@iri
+really
+just
+behaves
+the
+same
+as
+@subject
+,
+consider
+consolidating
+them.
+If
+the
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@literal
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@value
+</ins>
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+literal
+value
+as
+follows:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@datatype
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+after
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+specified
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@datatype
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+otherwise,
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>.
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+contains
+a
+<code>
+@language
+</code>
+key,
+use
+it's
+value
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+the
+plain
+literal.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Generate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+neither
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+nor
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+generate
+</ins>
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+has
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+process
+the
+value
+as
+a
+list
+as
+described
+in
+</ins><a href="#list-conversion"><ins class="diff-new">
+List
+Conversion
+</ins></a>.</li>
+<li id="processing-step-subject">
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+has
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+value
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">using
+</del>
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+<del class="diff-old">and
+process
+</del>
+</a>.
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Process
+</ins>
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+<del class="diff-old">,
+set
+the
+active
+subject
+to
+the
+result
+and
+proceed
+</del>
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Proceed
+</ins>
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+does
+not
+have
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+newly
+generated
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
+blank
+node
+<del class="diff-old">identifier
+.
+</del>
+</a>.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+Set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+For
+each
+key
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+has
+not
+already
+been
+processed,
+perform
+the
+following
+steps:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+key
+is
+<code>
+@type
+</code>,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+<code>
+rdf:type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+to
+the
+result
+of
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+key.
+</li>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Create
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+the
+target
+of
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+coercion,
+and
+the
+value
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+process
+the
+value
+as
+a
+list
+as
+described
+in
+in
+</ins><a href="#list-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+List
+Conversion
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
+Otherwise,
+create
+</ins>
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+</a>
+and
+proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+Return
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+the
+calling
+location.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+regular
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+process
+each
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+by
+doing
+the
+following
+returning
+the
+result
+of
+processing
+the
+last
+value
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+Create
+a
+new
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>
+using
+copies
+of
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+<a href="#processing-step-associative">
+Step
+2
+</a>
+then
+proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
+processor
+state
+</a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+is
+detected:
+<ol class="algorithm">
+<li>
+If
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+a
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+coercion,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+by
+performing
+<a href="#iri-expansion">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+Expansion
+</a>
+on
+the
+string.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+is
+the
+target
+of
+coercion,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+by
+creating
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+the
+string
+and
+the
+coercion
+key
+as
+the
+datatype
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+set
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+value
+created
+from
+the
+string.
+<ins class="diff-new">If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+with
+a
+non-
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+null
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+value,
+use
+it's
+value
+to
+set
+the
+language
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+Generate
+a
+triple
+representing
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
+active
+object
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+If
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+is
+detected,
+generate
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+either
+<code>
+xsd:integer
+</code>
+or
+<code>
+xsd:double
+</code>,
+depending
+on
+if
+the
+value
+contains
+a
+fractional
+and/or
+an
+exponential
+component.
+Generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+the
+generated
+typed
+literal.
+</li>
+<li>
+Otherwise,
+if
+<strong>
+true
+</strong>
+or
+<strong>
+false
+</strong>
+is
+detected,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
+active
+subject
+</a>,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
+active
+property
+</a>
+and
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+value
+created
+from
+the
+string
+representation
+of
+the
+value
+with
+datatype
+set
+to
+<code>
+xsd:boolean
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div id="list-conversion" class="section">
+<h4>
+<span class="secno">
+3.13.4
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Acknowledgements
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+Conversion
+</ins>
+</h4>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">List
+Conversion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+values
+and
+adding
+them
+to
+a
+newly
+created
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+Collection
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+(see
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF-SCHEMA
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+])
+by
+linking
+each
+element
+of
+the
+list
+using
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:next
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
+terminating
+the
+list
+with
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+the
+following
+sequence:
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+algorithm
+is
+invoked
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+returns
+a
+value
+to
+be
+used
+as
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+object
+</ins></a>.</p><div class="note"><ins class="diff-new">
+This
+algorithm
+does
+not
+support
+lists
+containing
+lists.
+</ins></div><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+If
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+empty
+return
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Otherwise,
+generate
+a
+triple
+using
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+a
+newly
+generated
+BNode
+identified
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+For
+each
+element
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+other
+than
+the
+last
+element:
+</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Create
+a
+processor
+state
+using
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+subject
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:first
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+property
+</ins></a>.<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Process
+the
+value
+starting
+at
+</ins><a href="#processing-step-associative"><ins class="diff-new">
+Step
+2
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Proceed
+using
+the
+previous
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state"><ins class="diff-new">
+processor
+state
+</ins></a>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Unless
+this
+is
+the
+last
+element
+in
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+array
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+generate
+a
+new
+BNode
+identified
+as
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+otherwise
+use
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:nil
+</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Generate
+a
+new
+triple
+using
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
+rdf:rest
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Set
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+rest
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Return
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+first
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
+blank
+node
+</ins></a></em>.</li></ol></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements"><h2><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Acknowledgements
+</ins></h2><p>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+Dave
+<del class="diff-old">Longley,
+Dave
+</del>
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+and
+performed
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification,
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Niklas
+<del class="diff-old">Lindström,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lindstr�m,
+</ins>
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+<del class="diff-old">Another
+huge
+thank
+you
+goes
+out
+to
+Dave
+Longley
+who
+designed
+many
+of
+</del>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="appendix-b">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">B.
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Initial
+Context
+</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+initial
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+defined
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">algorithms
+used
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following
+default
+entries:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+ "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": { "@type": "@id"}
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Processors
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+act
+as
+if
+the
+initial
+context
+is
+defined
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">this
+specification,
+including
+</del>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">normalization
+algorithm
+which
+was
+a
+monumentally
+difficult
+design
+challenge.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">outer-most
+level
+when
+processing
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</ins></p><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Should
+we
+define
+other
+default
+prefixes?
+</ins>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">C.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">C.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
+[JSON-LD]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+<del class="diff-old">Kellogg,
+et
+al.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Kellogg.
+</ins>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+<cite>
+The
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+</cite>
+</a>
+Latest.
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
+<ins class="diff-new">[JSON-POINTER]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+P.
+Bryan,
+Ed.
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+Pointer
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+Latest.
+IETF
+Draft.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt"><ins class="diff-new">
+http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
+[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Graham
+Klyne;
+Jeremy
+J.
+Carroll.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+<cite>
+Resource
+Description
+Framework
+(RDF):
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+</cite>
+</a>
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[RFC3986]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RDF-NORMALIZATION]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">T.
+Berners-Lee;
+R.
+Fielding;
+L.
+Masinter.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Manu
+Sporny,
+Dave
+Longley.
+</ins><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/">
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">Uniform
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+Graph
+Normalization
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+Latest.
+W3C
+Editor's
+Draft.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[RDF-SCHEMA]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+Dan
+Brickley;
+Ramanathan
+V.
+Guha.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+RDF
+Vocabulary
+Description
+Language
+1.0:
+RDF
+Schema.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[RFC3987]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+M.
+D�rst;
+M.
+Suignard.
+</ins><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+Internationalized
+</ins>
+Resource
+<del class="diff-old">Identifier
+(URI):
+Generic
+Syntax.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+<del class="diff-old">3986.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">3987.
+</ins>
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Cameron
+McCormack.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+<cite>
+Web
+IDL.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">19
+December
+2008.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">27
+September
+2011.
+</ins>
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+(Work
+in
+progress.)
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">C.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+<del class="diff-old">Specification,
+Third
+Edition.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Specification.
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>
+December
+1999.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
+[MICRODATA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+<cite>
+Microdata
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
+[MICROFORMATS]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+<cite>
+Microformats
+</cite>
+</a>.
+URL:
+<a href="http://microformats.org">
+http://microformats.org
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">31
+March
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">15
+December
+</ins>
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-XML-NAMES"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[XML-NAMES]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+Richard
+Tobin;
+et
+al.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+Namespaces
+in
+XML
+1.0
+(Third
+Edition).
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+8
+December
+2009.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
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+
+<body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 class="title" id="title">The JSON-LD API 1.0</h1><h2 id="subtitle">An Application Programming Interface for the JSON-LD Syntax</h2><h2 id="unofficial-draft-12-january-2012">Unofficial Draft 12 January 2012</h2><dl><dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dt>Authors:</dt><dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></dd>
+</dl><p>This document is also available in this non-normative format: <a href="diff-20111023.html">diff to previous version</a>.</p><p class="copyright">This document is licensed under a <a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>.</p><hr /></div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and
+messaging format. JSON-LD [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>] harmonizes the representation of
+Linked Data in JSON by outlining a common JSON representation format for
+expressing directed graphs; mixing both Linked Data and non-Linked Data in
+a single document. This document outlines an Application Programming
+Interface and a set of algorithms for programmatically transforming
+JSON-LD documents.
+</p>
+</div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p>This document is merely a public working draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.</p>
+<p>This document is an experimental work in progress.</p>
+
+<!-- <p>
+This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
+developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
+endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
+document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
+document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
+to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
+enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
+</p> -->
+
+</div><div id="toc" class="section"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Linked Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>The Application Programming Interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#jsonldtriplecallback" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>JsonLdTripleCallback</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Algorithms</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#context-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Value Expansion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Value Compaction</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Expansion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.8.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Compaction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.10 </span>Framing</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.10.1 </span>Framing Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.10.2 </span>Framing Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#normalization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11 </span>Normalization</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normalization-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.11.1 </span>Normalization Algorithm</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.12 </span>Data Round Tripping</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13 </span>RDF Conversion</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#overview" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.1 </span>Overview</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.2 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm Terms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.3 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.13.4 </span>List Conversion</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#appendix-b" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Initial Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+
+
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+JSON, as specified in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>], is a simple language for representing
+data on the Web. Linked Data is a technique for creating a graph of interlinked data across
+different
+documents or Web sites. Data entities are described using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s,
+which are typically dereferencable and thus may be used to find more
+information about an entity, creating a "Web of Knowledge". JSON-LD is intended to be a simple
+publishing method for expressing not only Linked Data in JSON, but also for adding
+semantics to existing JSON.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+JSON-LD is designed as a light-weight syntax that can be used to express
+Linked Data. It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data
+in Javascript and other Web-based programming environments. It is also
+useful when building interoperable Web services and when storing Linked
+Data in JSON-based document storage engines. It is practical and designed
+to be as simple as possible, utilizing the large number of JSON parsers
+and libraries available today. It is designed to be able to
+express key-value pairs, RDF data, RDFa [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>] data, Microformats
+[<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">MICROFORMATS</a></cite>] data, and Microdata [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">MICRODATA</a></cite>]. That is, it supports
+every major Web-based structured data model in use today.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The syntax does not necessarily require applications to change their JSON, but
+allows to easily add meaning by adding context in a way that is either in-band or
+out-of-band. The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed systems
+running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON with
+added semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be easy to parse, efficient to
+generate, convertible to RDF in one pass, and require a very small memory footprint
+in order to operate.
+</p>
+
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</h3>
+
+<p>
+This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of Linked
+Data in JSON. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Authors that want a very detailed view of how JSON-LD processors
+ operate.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. You must also understand the
+JSON-LD Syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></cite>], which is the base syntax used by all of the
+algorithms in this document. To understand the API and how it is
+intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]. To understand how JSON-LD maps to RDF, it is helpful to be
+familiar with the basic RDF concepts [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">RDF-CONCEPTS</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>
+ Examples may contain references to existing vocabularies and use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es to refer to Web Vocabularies. The following is a list of all vocabularies and their <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> abbreviations, as used in this document:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>The <a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">Dublin Core</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>dc</code>, e.g., <code>dc:title</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">Friend of a Friend</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>foaf</code>, e.g., <code>foaf:knows</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">RDF</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>rdf</code>, e.g., <code>rdf:type</code>)</li>
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">XSD</a>
+ vocabulary (abbreviation: <code>xsd</code>, e.g., <code>xsd:integer</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] defines several terms which are used throughout this document:
+ </p><dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">JSON Object</dfn></dt><dd>
+ An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
+ more name/value pairs (or members). A name is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A single colon comes after
+ each name, separating the name from the value. A single comma separates a value
+ from a following name. The names within an object <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be unique.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ An array is an ordered collection of values. An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas. Within JSON-LD, array order is not preserved by default, unless
+ specific markup is provided (see <a href="#lists">Lists</a>). This is because the basic data model of JSON-LD
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>, which is inherently unordered.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A
+ character is represented as a single character string.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ A number is is similar to that used in most programming languages, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt><dd>
+ Boolean values.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt><dd>
+ The use of the <em>null</em> value is undefined within JSON-LD.
+ <div class="issue">Supporting <em>null</em> in JSON-LD might have a number of advantages and should be evaluated. This is currently an <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">open issue</a>.</div>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+<p></p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="linked-data" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Linked Data</h3>
+<p>
+The following definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is the one that will
+be used for this specification.
+</p>
+<ol>
+ <li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</dfn> is a set of documents, each containing a representation of a linked data graph.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</dfn> is an unordered labeled directed graph, where nodes are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>s, and edges are properties.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn> is any node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (an Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]).</li>
+ <li>An <dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">object</dfn> is a node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An object <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> at the same time.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">property</dfn> is an edge of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> that is a label in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be dereferencable to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> document describing the labeled <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with a label that is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Note that the definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> above is silent on the
+topic of unlabeled nodes. Unlabeled nodes are not considered
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. However, this specification allows for the expression
+of unlabled nodes, as most graph-based data sets on the Web contain a number
+of associated nodes that are not named and thus are not directly
+de-referenceable.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="contributing" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</h3>
+
+ <p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+ this specification:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Technical discussion typically occurs on the public mailing list:
+ <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public teleconferences</a> are held
+ on Tuesdays at 1500UTC on the second and fourth week of each month.</li>
+
+ <li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+ <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a> for the
+ specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+ IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="the-application-programming-interface" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>The Application Programming Interface</h2>
+
+ <p>This API provides a clean mechanism that enables developers to convert
+ JSON-LD data into a a variety of output formats that are easier to work with in
+ various programming languages. If a JSON-LD API is provided in a programming
+ environment, the entirety of the following API <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be implemented.
+ </p>
+
+ <div id="jsonldprocessor" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>JsonLdProcessor</h3>
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>, <span class="idlRaises"><a>ProcessingError</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidFrame</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-DOMString-object-input-object-context">normalize</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-void-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context">triples</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdTripleCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">tripleCallback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a>object</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>) raises (<span class="idlRaises"><a>InvalidContext</a></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="methods" class="section"><h4><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-object-object-input-object-context"><code>compact</code></dt><dd><a href="#compaction">Compacts</a> the given <code>input</code>
+ according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, compacted and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the compaction fails, an appropirate exception <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ thrown.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object to perform compaction on.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">The base context to use when compacting the <code>input</code>.</td></tr></table><table class="exceptions"><tr><th>Exception</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>InvalidContext</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>INVALID_SYNTAX</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, this exception would be raised.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>LOAD_ERROR</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>ProcessingError</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>LOSSY_COMPACTION</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">The compaction would lead to a loss of information, such as a
+ <code>@language</code> value.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>CONFLICTING_DATATYPES</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">The target datatype specified in the coercion rule and the
+ datatype for the typed literal do not match.</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>object</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-object-object-input-object-context"><code>expand</code></dt><dd><a href="#expansion">Expands</a> the given <code>input</code>
+ according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, expanded and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the expansion fails, an appropriate exception <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be thrown.
+
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object to copy and perform the expansion upon.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">An external context to use additionally to the context embedded in <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr></table><table class="exceptions"><tr><th>Exception</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>InvalidContext</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>INVALID_SYNTAX</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, this exception would be raised.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>LOAD_ERROR</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>object</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-object-object-input-object-frame-object-options"><code>frame</code></dt><dd><a href="#framing">Frames</a> the given <code>input</code>
+ using the <code>frame</code> according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#framing-algorithm">Framing Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> is used to build the framed output and is returned if
+ there are no errors. If there are no matches for the frame,
+ <code>null</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be returned. Exceptions <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be thrown if there are
+ errors.
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object to perform framing on.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">frame</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The frame to use when re-arranging the data.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">options</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A set of options that will affect the framing algorithm.</td></tr></table><table class="exceptions"><tr><th>Exception</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>InvalidFrame</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>INVALID_SYNTAX</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A frame must be either an object or an array of objects, if the frame
+ is neither of these types, this exception is thrown.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>MULTIPLE_EMBEDS</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A subject <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> was specified in more than one place in the input
+ frame. More than one embed of a given subject <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is not allowed, and if
+ requested, <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> result in this exception.</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>object</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-normalize-DOMString-object-input-object-context"><code>normalize</code></dt><dd><a href="#normalization">Normalizes</a> the given <code>input</code>
+ according to the steps in the
+ <a href="#normalization-algorithm">Normalization Algorithm</a>. The
+ <code>input</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be copied, normalized and returned if there are
+ no errors. If the compaction fails, <code>null</code> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be returned.
+ The output is the serialized representation returned from the
+ <a href="#normalization-algorithm">Normalization Algorithm</a>.
+ <span class="issue">It's still an open question if the result is a DOMString
+ representing the serialized graph in JSON-LD, or an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> representation
+ which is in normalized form.</span>
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object to perform normalization upon.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">An external context to use additionally to the context embedded in
+ <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr></table><table class="exceptions"><tr><th>Exception</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>InvalidContext</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>INVALID_SYNTAX</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, this exception would be raised.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>LOAD_ERROR</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>DOMString</a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-triples-void-object-input-JsonLdTripleCallback-tripleCallback-object-context"><code>triples</code></dt><dd>Processes the <code>input</code> according to the
+ <a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm">RDF Conversion Algorithm</a>, calling
+ the provided <code>tripleCallback</code> for each triple generated.
+
+
+
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">input</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The JSON-LD object to process when outputting triples.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">tripleCallback</td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdTripleCallback</code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">A callback that is called whenever a processing error occurs on
+ the given <code>input</code>.
+ <div class="issue">This callback should be aligned with the
+ RDF API.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">context</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>object</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptTrue">✔</td><td class="prmDesc">An external context to use additionally to the context embedded in
+ <code>input</code> when expanding the <code>input</code>.</td></tr></table><table class="exceptions"><tr><th>Exception</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="excName"><a>InvalidContext</a></td><td class="excDesc"><table class="exceptionCodes"><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>INVALID_SYNTAX</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">A general syntax error was detected in the <code>@context</code>.
+ For example, if a <code>@type</code> key maps to anything other than
+ <code>@id</code> or an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, this exception would be raised.</td></tr><tr><td class="excCodeName"><code>LOAD_ERROR</code></td><td class="excCodeDesc">There was a problem encountered loading a remote context.</td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></div>
+
+ </div>
+
+ <div id="jsonldtriplecallback" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>JsonLdTripleCallback</h3>
+ <p>The JsonLdTripleCallback is called whenever the processor generates a
+ triple during the <code>triple()</code> call.</p>
+
+ <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdTripleCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
+interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdTripleCallback</span> {
+<span class="idlMethod"> <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language">triple</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">subject</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">property</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">objectType</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">object</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">datatype</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">language</span></span>);</span>
+};</span>
+</pre><div id="methods-1" class="section"><h4><span class="secno">2.2.1 </span>Methods</h4><dl class="methods"><dt id="widl-JsonLdTripleCallback-triple-void-DOMString-subject-DOMString-property-DOMString-objectType-DOMString-object-DOMString-datatype-DOMString-language"><code>triple</code></dt><dd>This callback is invoked whenever a triple is generated by the processor.
+
+ <table class="parameters"><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Nullable</th><th>Optional</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td class="prmName">subject</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The subject <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that is associated with the triple.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">property</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The property <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that is associated with the triple.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">objectType</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The type of object that is associated with the triple. Valid values
+ are <code><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></code> and <code>literal</code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">object</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse">✘</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The object value associated with the subject and the property.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">datatype</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The datatype associated with the object.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">language</td><td class="prmType"><code><a>DOMString</a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue">✔</td><td class="prmOptFalse">✘</td><td class="prmDesc">The language associated with the object in BCP47 format.</td></tr></table><div><em>No exceptions.</em></div><div><em>Return type: </em><code><a>void</a></code></div></dd></dl></div>
+ </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="algorithms" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Algorithms</h2>
+
+<p>All algorithms described in this section are intended to operate on
+language-native data structures. That is, the serialization to a text-based
+JSON document isn't required as input or output to any of these algorithms and
+language-native data structures <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be used where applicable.</p>
+
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD specifies a number of syntax tokens and <dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">keyword</dfn>s that are using
+ in all algorithms described in this section:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>@context</code></dt><dd>Used to set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@id</code></dt><dd>Sets the active subject.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@language</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the language for a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@type</code></dt><dd>Used to set the type of the active subject or the datatype of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@value</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the value of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>:</code></dt><dd>The separator for JSON keys and values that use the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> mechanism.</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+ <p>All JSON-LD tokens and keywords are case-sensitive.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="algorithm-terms" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Algorithm Terms</h3>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">initial context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is specified to the algorithm before processing begins. The contents of the
+ initial context is defined in <a href="#appendix-b">Appendix B</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">active subject</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active subject that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">active property</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active property that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">active object</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the currently active object that the processor should use when
+ processing.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is used to resolve <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s while the processing
+ algorithm is running. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is the context
+ contained within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">blank node</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a blank node is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a> which is neither an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> nor a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>.
+ Blank nodes may be named or unnamed and often take on the role of a variable that may represent
+ either an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ a context that is specified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>,
+ specified via the <code>@context</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">processor state</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>, which includes the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active
+ context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> is managed
+ as a stack with elements from the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>
+ copied into a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> when entering a new
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is provided as input to the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ The JSON-LD data structure that is produced as output by the algorithm.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is a short word defined with a <a href="#context">context</a> that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be expanded
+ to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that expands to a Web Vocabulary base <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. It
+ is typically used along with a <em>suffix</em> to create an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> within a Web Vocabulary.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> without a datatype, possibly including
+ a language.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a> with an associated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+ which indicates the literal's datatype.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="context-1" class="section">
+ <h3 id="context"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Context</h3>
+ <p>Processing of JSON-LD data structure is managed recursively.
+ During processing, each rule is applied using information provided by the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.
+ Processing begins by pushing a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> onto the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> stack and
+ initializing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a>.
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is encountered,
+ information from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is merged into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</p>
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is used for expanding keys and values of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> (or elements
+ of a list (see <span a="#list-processing">List Processing</span>)) using a <dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</dfn>.
+ It is also used to maintain
+ <dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</dfn>s from IRIs associated with terms to datatypes, and
+ <dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">list mapping</dfn>s for IRIs associated with terms.</p>
+ <p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> is identified within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a key of
+ <code>@context</code> with <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> value.
+ When processing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>, special processing rules apply:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new, empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Let <em>value</em> be the value of <code>@context</code>
+ <ol id="process-context" class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process
+ each element as <em>value</em>, in order using <a href="#process-context">Step 2</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a lexical form of absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Dereference <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the resulting document is a JSON document, extract the top-level <code>@context</code>
+ element using the JSON Pointer "/@context" as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">JSON-POINTER</a></cite>]. Set <em>value</em>
+ to the extracted content, or an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> if no value exists.</li>
+ <li>Merge the of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has a <code>@language</code> key, it <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a value of a
+ simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> or <code>null</code>. Add the language to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, for each key in <em>value</em> having the lexical form of <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/#NT-NCName">NCName</a></cite> (see [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XML-NAMES">XML-NAMES</a></cite>]),
+ or is an empty string,
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the key's value is a simple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix, absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping value by
+ performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value. If the result of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ mapping is an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, merge the key-value pair into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li id="object-context">Otherwise, the key's value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a <code>@id</code> key with a string value, the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the
+ form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix, absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping value
+ by performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value. If the result of
+ the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, merge the key-value pair into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">term mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the value has a <code>@type</code> key, the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the form of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix, absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> or the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> <code>@id</code>. Determine the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> by
+ performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the associated value. If the result of the
+ <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> mapping is an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> or <code>@id</code>, merge into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">coercion mapping</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the value has a <code>@list</code> key, the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be
+ <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. Merge into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">list
+ mapping</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Merge the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>Repeat <a href="#object-context">Step 3.2</a> until no entries are added to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local
+ context</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p class="note">It can be difficult to distinguish between a <code>prefix:suffix</code> and an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>,
+ as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> may seem to be a valid <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <em>scheme</em>. When performing repeated <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion,
+ a term used as a prefix may not have a valid mapping due to dependencies in resolving term definitions. By
+ continuing <a href="#object-context">Step 3.2</a> until no changes are made, mappings to IRIs created
+ using an undefined term prefix will eventually resolve to absolute IRIs.</p>
+
+ <p class="issue"><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">Issue 43</a>
+ concerns performing <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion in the key position of a context definition.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="iri-expansion" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.4 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Keys and some values are evaluated to produce an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. This section defines an algorithm for
+ transforming a value representing an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> into an actual <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</p>
+ <p>IRIs may be represented as an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix construct.</p>
+ <p>The algorithm for generating an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Split the value into a <em>prefix</em> and <em>suffix</em> from the first occurrence of ':'.</li>
+ <li>If the prefix is a '_' (underscore), the value represents a named <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> mapping for <em>prefix</em> using
+ a case-sensitive comparison, generate an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ by prepending the mapped prefix to the (possibly empty) suffix using textual concatenation. Note that an empty
+ suffix and no suffix (meaning the value contains no ':' string at all) are treated equivalently.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, use the value directly as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+ <p class="note">
+ Previous versions of this specification used <code>@base</code> and <code>@vocab</code> to define <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> prefixes
+ used to resolve relative IRIs. It was determined that this added too much complexity, but the issue
+ can be re-examined in the future based on community input.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="iri-compaction" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some keys and values are expressed using IRIs. This section defines an
+ algorithm for transforming an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to a compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> using the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s specified in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for generating a compacted <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is:
+ </p><ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Search every key-value pair in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> for
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> that is a complete match
+ against the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. If a complete match is found, the resulting compacted
+ <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> associated with the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li>
+ <li>If a complete match is not found, search for a partial match from
+ the beginning of the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. For all matches that are found, the resulting
+ compacted <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> associated with the partially matched
+ <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> concatenated with a colon (:) character
+ and the unmatched part of the string. If there is more than one compacted <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ produced, the final value is the shortest and lexicographically least value of
+ the entire set of compacted IRIs.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p></p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="value-expansion" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Value Expansion</h3>
+ <p>Some values in JSON-LD can be expressed in a compact form. These values
+ are required to be expanded at times when processing JSON-LD documents.</p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for expanding a <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, expand the value by
+ adding a two new key-value pairs. The first key-value pair will be <code>@value</code> and
+ the string representation of <em>value</em>. The second key-value pair will be <code>@type></code>,
+ and the expanded version of <code>xsd:boolean</code>, <code>xsd:integer</code>, or <code>xsd:double</code>,
+ depending on <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of an <code>@id</code> coercion,
+ expand the value by adding a new key-value pair where the
+ key is <code>@id</code> and the value is the expanded <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> according to the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of typed literal coercion,
+ expand <em>value</em> by adding two new key-value pairs. The first key-value pair will be <code>@value</code>
+ and the unexpanded value. The second key-value pair will be <code>@type</code> and the associated coercion
+ datatype expanded according to the <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> has a <code>@language</code>,
+ expand <em>value</em> by adding two new key-value pairs. The first key-value pair will be <code>@value</code>
+ and the unexpanded value. The second key-value pair will be <code>@language</code> and value of
+ <code>@language</code> from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>.</li> <li>Otherwise, <em>value</em> is already
+ expanded.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="value-compaction" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Value Compaction</h3>
+ <p>Some values, such as IRIs and typed literals, may be expressed in an
+ expanded form in JSON-LD. These values are required to be compacted at
+ times when processing JSON-LD documents.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>The algorithm for compacting an expanded value <em>value</em> takes an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>. It is implemented as follows:</p>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value may be expressed as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">true</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">false</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>,
+ the value is the native representation of the <code>@value</code> value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a coercion target for the
+ key that matches the expression of the value, compact the value using the
+ following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the coercion target is an <code>@id</code>, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@id</code> key,
+ processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>If the coercion target is a typed literal, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> contains an <code>@id</code> key, the compacted value is <em>value</em> with
+ the value of <code>@id</code> processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <code>@language</code>, which
+ matches the <code>@language</code> of the value, or the value has only a <code>@value</code> key, the compacted
+ value is the value associated with the <code>@value</code> key.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value contains a <code>@type</code> key, the compacted value
+ is <em>value</em> with the <code>@type</code> value processed according to the
+ <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a> steps.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the value is not modified.</li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+
+<div id="expansion" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Expansion</h3>
+
+<p>Expansion is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that all <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, datatypes, and literal values are expanded so
+ that the context is no longer necessary. JSON-LD document expansion
+ is typically used as a part of <a href="#framing">Framing</a> or
+ <a href="#normalization">Normalization</a>.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type", "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Expansion algorithm against the JSON-LD input document
+ provided above would result in the following output:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<div id="expansion-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.8.1 </span>Expansion Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes three input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>, an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and a <em>value</em> to be expanded. To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial
+ context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to nil, and <em>value</em> is set to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD
+ input</a>.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each item in <em>value</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is an object
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Update the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> according to the steps outlined in
+ the <a href="#context">context</a> section and remove it from the expanded result.</li>
+ <li>For each key and value in <em>value</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the key is <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code> and the value is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ expand the value according to <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the key is <code>@value</code>, the value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> and
+ is not subject to further expansion.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the key is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, expand the key according to
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> rules and set as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the value is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is subject to <code>@list</code>
+ expansion, replace the value with a new key-value key where the key is <code>@list</code> and value
+ set to the current value.</li>
+ <li>If the value is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each item in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ recursively using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active
+ property</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the value is an object, process the object recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active
+ property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand the value according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a> rules,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Remove the context from the object.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, expand <em>value</em> according to the <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a> rules,
+ passing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="compaction" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Compaction</h3>
+
+<p>Compaction is the process of taking a JSON-LD document and applying a
+ context such that the most compact form of the document is generated. JSON
+ is typically expressed in a very compact, key-value format. That is, full
+ IRIs are rarely used as keys. At times, a JSON-LD document may be received
+ that is not in its most compact form. JSON-LD, via the API, provides a way
+ to compact a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+<p>For example, assume the following JSON-LD input document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Additionally, assume the following developer-supplied JSON-LD context:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Running the JSON-LD Compaction algorithm given the context supplied above
+ against the JSON-LD input document provided above would result in the following
+ output:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The compaction algorithm also enables the developer to map any expanded
+ format into an application-specific compacted format. While the context
+ provided above mapped <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> to
+ <strong>name</strong>, it could have also mapped it to any arbitrary string
+ provided by the developer.</p>
+
+<div id="compaction-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.9.1 </span>Compaction Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The algorithm takes two input variables: an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and a <em>value</em> to be expanded. To begin, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is set to nil, and <em>value</em> is
+ set to the result of performing the <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a> on
+ the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>. This removes any existing context to allow the given context to be cleanly
+ applied. The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> to the given context.</p>
+
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, process each item in <em>value</em> recursively
+ using this algorithm, passing a copy of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> is an object, for each key and value in <em>value</em>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the key is <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value of the key is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+ the compacted value is the result of performing <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>
+ on the value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the compacted value is the result of performing this algorithm on the value
+ with the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the key is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, set as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and
+ compact according to <a href="#iri-compaction"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Compaction</a>.</li>
+ <li>If the value is an object
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value contains only an <code>@id</code> key or the value contains a
+ <code>@value</code> key, the compacted value is the result of performing
+ <a href="#value-compaction">Value Compaction</a> on the value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value contains only a <code>@list</code> key, and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is subject to list coercion, the compacted value is the result of
+ performing this algorithm on that value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the compacted value is the result of performing this algorithm on the value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the value is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, the compacted value is the result of
+ performing this algorithm on the value.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the value is already compacted.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the compacted value is the <em>value</em>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="framing" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.10 </span>Framing</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD Framing allows developers to query by example and
+ force a specific tree layout to a JSON-LD document.</p>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD document is a representation of a directed graph. A single
+ directed graph can have many different serializations, each expressing
+ exactly the same information. Developers typically work with trees, represented as
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>s. While mapping a graph to
+ a tree can be done, the layout of the end result must be specified in advance.
+ A <dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame">Frame</dfn> can be used by a developer on a JSON-LD document to
+ specify a deterministic layout for a graph.</p>
+
+<p>Framing is the process of taking a JSON-LD document, which expresses a
+ graph of information, and applying a specific graph layout
+ (called a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">Frame</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The JSON-LD document below expresses a library, a book and a chapter:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description",
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@id":
+ [{
+ "@id": "http://example.com/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "creator": "Plato",
+ "title": "The Republic",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ "description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ "title": "The Introduction"
+ }]
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Developers typically like to operate on items in a hierarchical, tree-based
+ fashion. Ideally, a developer would want the data above sorted into top-level
+ libraries, then the books that are contained in each library, and then the
+ chapters contained in each book. To achieve that layout, the developer can
+ define the following <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">frame</a>:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Chapter"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>When the framing algorithm is run against the previously defined
+ JSON-LD document, paired with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">frame</a> above, the following
+ JSON-LD document is the end result:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",</span>
+ "@type": "Book",
+ <span class="diff">"creator": "Plato",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Republic",</span>
+ "contains": {
+ <span class="diff">"@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",</span>
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ <span class="diff">"description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"title": "The Introduction"</span>
+ },
+ },
+}</pre>
+
+<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.10.1 </span>Framing Algorithm Terms</h4>
+<p class="issue">This algorithm is a work in progress, do not implement it.
+ There was also a recent update to the algorithm in order to auto-embed
+ frame-unspecified data (if the explicit inclusion flag is not set) in order to
+ preserve graph information. This change is particularly important for comparing
+ subgraphs (or verifying digital signatures on subgraphs). This change is not yet
+ reflected in the algorithm below.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">input frame</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>the initial <a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">frame</a> provided to the framing algorithm.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">framing context</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a context containing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a>, the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that objects should be directly embedded in the output,
+ instead of being referred to by their <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that for properties to be included in the output, they
+ must be explicitly declared in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="omit_missing_properties_flag" id="dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">omit missing properties flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>a flag specifying that properties that are missing from the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> should be omitted from the output.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">omit default flag</dfn></dt>
+ <dd class="issue">Referenced from <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a>, but not defined</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="match_limit" id="dfn-match_limit">match limit</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A value specifying the maximum number of matches to accept when building
+ arrays of values during the framing algorithm. A value of -1 specifies
+ that there is no match limit.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="map_of_embedded_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">map of embedded subjects</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>A map that tracks if a subject has been embedded in the output of the
+ <a href="#framing-algorithm">Framing Algorithm</a>.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="framing-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.10.2 </span>Framing Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The framing algorithm takes <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> that has been
+ normalized according to the
+ <a href="#normalization-algorithm">Normalization Algorithm</a>
+ (<strong>normalized input</strong>), an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">input frame</a> that has been expanded according to the
+ <a href="#expansion-algorithm">Expansion Algorithm</a>
+ (<strong>expanded frame</strong>), and a number of options and produces
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a>. The following series of steps is the recursive
+ portion of the framing algorithm:</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Initialize the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">framing context</a> by setting the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a>, clearing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a>, and clearing the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">omit missing properties flag</a>. Override these values
+ based on input options provided to the algorithm by the application.</li>
+ <li>Generate a <dfn title="list_of_frames" id="dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</dfn> by processing the
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <strong>expanded frame</strong> is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, set
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">match limit</a> to 1, place the
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong> into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</a>,
+ and set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a> to <code>null</code>.</li>
+ <li>If the <strong>expanded frame</strong> is an empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, place an
+ empty object into the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</a>,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a> to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, and set
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">match limit</a> to -1.</li>
+ <li>If the <strong>expanded frame</strong> is a non-empty <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, add
+ each item in the <strong>expanded frame</strong> into the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a> to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, and set <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">match limit</a> to -1.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a <dfn title="match_array" id="dfn-match_array">match array</dfn> for each <strong>expanded frame</strong>
+ in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</a> halting when either the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">match limit</a> is zero or the end of the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_of_frames" href="#dfn-list_of_frames">list of frames</a> is reached. If an
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong> is
+ not an object, the processor <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> throw a <code>Invalid Frame Format</code>
+ exception. Add each matching item from the <strong>normalized input</strong>
+ to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="matches_array" href="#dfn-matches_array">matches array</a> and decrement the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_limit" href="#dfn-match_limit">match limit</a> by 1 if:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>The <strong>expanded frame</strong> has an <code>rdf:type</code>
+ that exists in the item's list of <code>rdf:type</code>s. Note:
+ the <code>rdf:type</code> can be an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>, but only one value needs
+ to be in common between the item and the
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong> for a match.</li>
+ <li>The <strong>expanded frame</strong> does not have an
+ <code>rdf:type</code> property, but every property in the
+ <strong>expanded frame</strong> exists in the item.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p class="issue"><dfn title="matches_array" id="dfn-matches_array">matches array</dfn> not defined anywhere.</p>
+ </li>
+ <li>Process each item in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_array" href="#dfn-match_array">match array</a> with its associated
+ <dfn title="match_frame" id="dfn-match_frame">match frame</dfn>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a> contains an <code>@embed</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> to its value.
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a> contains an <code>@explicit</code>
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> to its value.
+ Note: if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> exists, but the value is neither
+ <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, set the associated flag to
+ <code>true</code>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> is cleared and the item has
+ the <code>@id</code> property, replace the item with the value
+ of the <code>@id</code> property.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> is set and the item has
+ the <code>@id</code> property, and its <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">map of embedded subjects</a>, throw a
+ <code>Duplicate Embed</code> exception.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">object embed flag</a> is set and the item has
+ the <code>@id</code> property and its <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is not in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embedded_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_embedded_subjects">map of embedded subjects</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">explicit inclusion flag</a> is set,
+ then delete any key from the item that does not exist in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a>, except <code>@id</code>.</li>
+ <li>For each key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a>, except for
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>s and <code>rdf:type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the key is in the item, then build a new
+ <dfn title="recursion_input_list" id="dfn-recursion_input_list">recursion input list</dfn> using the object or objects
+ associated with the key. If any object contains an
+ <code>@id</code> value that exists in the
+ <strong>normalized input</strong>, replace the object in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">recursion input list</a> with a new object containing
+ the <code>@id</code> key where the value is the value of
+ the <code>@id</code>, and all of the other key-value pairs for
+ that subject. Set the <dfn title="recursion_match_frame" id="dfn-recursion_match_frame">recursion match frame</dfn> to the
+ value associated with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a>'s key. Replace
+ the value associated with the key by recursively calling this
+ algorithm using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_input_list" href="#dfn-recursion_input_list">recursion input list</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="recursion_match_frame" href="#dfn-recursion_match_frame">recursion match frame</a> as input.</li>
+ <li>If the key is not in the item, add the key to the item and
+ set the associated value to an empty array if the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a> key's value is an array
+ or <code>null</code> otherwise.</li>
+ <li>If value associated with the item's key is <code>null</code>,
+ process the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">omit missing properties flag</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If the value associated with the key in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="match_frame" href="#dfn-match_frame">match frame</a> is an array, use the first frame
+ from the array as the <dfn title="property_frame" id="dfn-property_frame">property frame</dfn>, otherwise
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">property frame</a> to an empty object.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">property frame</a> contains an
+ <code>@omitDefault</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>, set the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">omit missing properties flag</a> to its value.
+ Note: if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> exists, but the value is neither
+ <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, set the associated
+ flag to <code>true</code>.</li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_missing_properties_flag" href="#dfn-omit_missing_properties_flag">omit missing properties flag</a> is set,
+ delete the key in the item. Otherwise, if the
+ <code>@default</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a> is set in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property_frame" href="#dfn-property_frame">property frame</a> set the item's value to the value
+ of <code>@default</code>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol></li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a> is <code>null</code> set it to
+ the item, otherwise, append the item to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The final, non-recursive step of the framing algorithm requires the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">JSON-LD output</a> to be compacted according to the
+ <a href="#compaction-algorithm">Compaction Algorithm</a> by using the
+ context provided in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">input frame</a>. The resulting value is the
+ final output of the compaction algorithm and is what should be returned to the
+ application.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="issue">What are the implications for framing lists?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="normalization" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.11 </span>Normalization</h3>
+
+<p class="issue">This algorithm is a work in progress, do not implement it.</p>
+
+<p>Normalization is the process of taking <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> and
+ performing a deterministic transformation on that input that results in
+ a normalized and serialized JSON-LD representation.</p>
+
+<p>Normalization is achieved by transforming <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> to RDF,
+ as described in <a href="#rdf-conversion">RDF Conversion</a>, invoking the normalization procedure
+ as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">RDF-NORMALIZATION</a></cite>], returning the serialized results.</p>
+
+<div class="issue">
+ <p>There an open issue (<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/53">ISSUE-53</a>)
+ on the purpose and results of performing normalization. Previous versions of the
+ specification generated JSON-LD as the result of the normalization algorithm, however
+ normalization is a process required across different linked data serializations. To be useful,
+ a graph requires an identical normalized representation that is independent of the
+ data format originally used for markup, or the way in which language features or publisher
+ preferences create differences in the markup of identical graphs.</p>
+ <p>It may be that the need for either or both of flattening algorithm or to retrieve such a
+ cryptographic signature.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Normalization is useful when comparing two graphs against one another,
+ when generating a detailed list of differences between two graphs, and
+ when generating a cryptographic digital signature for information contained
+ in a graph or when generating a hash of the information contained in a graph.</p>
+
+<p>The example below is an un-normalized JSON-LD document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@type": "@id"
+ },
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example below is the normalized form of the JSON-LD document above:</p>
+
+<p class="note">Whitespace is used below to aid readability. The normalization
+ algorithm for JSON-LD removes all unnecessary whitespace in the fully
+ normalized form.</p>
+<p class="issue">Not clear that whitespace must be normalized, as the JSON-LD
+ representation can't be used directly to create a signature, but would be based
+ on the serialized result of [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">RDF-NORMALIZATION</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<pre class="example">[{
+ "@id": "_:c14n0",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+}]</pre>
+
+<p>Notice how all of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s have been expanded and sorted in
+ alphabetical order. Also, notice how the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> has been labeled with a
+ named <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>. Normalization ensures that any arbitrary graph
+ containing exactly the same information would be normalized to exactly the same form
+ shown above.</p>
+<div id="normalization-algorithm" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">3.11.1 </span>Normalization Algorithm</h4>
+
+<p>The normalization algorithm transforms the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a>
+ into RDF, normalizes it according to [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">RDF-NORMALIZATION</a></cite>] and then
+ transforms back to JSON-LD. The result is an object representation that
+ deterministically represents a RDF graph.</p>
+
+<ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Transform the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">JSON-LD input</a> to RDF according to the steps in
+ the <a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm">RDF Conversion Algorithm</a>.</li>
+ <li>Perform [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">RDF-NORMALIZATION</a></cite>] of that RDF to create a serialized N-Triples
+ representation of the RDF graph.</li>
+ <li>Construct a JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <em>array</em> to serve as the output object.</li>
+ <li>For each triple in the N-Triples document having <em>subject</em>, <em>predicate</em>,
+ and <em>object</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>predicate</em> is <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first</code>,
+ let <em>object representation</em> be <em>object</em> represented in expanded
+ form as described in <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Set <em>value</em> as the last entry in <em>array</em>.</li>
+ <li>If the last entry in <em>value</em> is <em>subject</em>, replace it with
+ the a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> having a key/value pair of <code>@list</code> and an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> containing <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, the last key/value entry in <em>value</em> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ having a single key of <em>@list</em> with a value that is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.
+ Append <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>predicate</em> is
+ <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest</code>, ignore this triple.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if the last entry in <em>array</em> is not a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> with an
+ <code>@id</code> having a value of <em>subject</em>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> with key/value pair of <code>@id</code> and
+ a string representation of <em>subject</em> and use as <em>value</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set <em>value</em> to that value.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>If <code>predicate</code> is <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</code>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has an key/value pair of <code>@type</code> and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ append the string representation of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> to that array.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has an key of <code>@type</code>, replace that value
+ with a new array containing the existing value and a string representation of
+ <em>object</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create a new entry in value with a key of <code>@type</code> and value being a
+ string representation of <em>object</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, let <em>key</em> by the string representation of <em>predicate</em> and
+ let <em>object representation</em> be <em>object</em> represented in expanded
+ form as described in <a href="#value-expansion">Value Expansion</a>.</li>
+ <li>If <em>value</em> has an key/value pair of <em>key</em> and an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ append <em>object representation</em> to that array.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, if <em>value</em> has an key of <em>key</em>, replace that value
+ with a new array containing the existing value and <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ <li>Otherwise, create a new entry in value with a key of <em>key</em> and
+ <em>object representation</em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Return <em>array</em> as the normalized graph representation.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="data-round-tripping" class="section">
+
+<h3><span class="secno">3.12 </span>Data Round Tripping</h3>
+
+<p>When normalizing <strong>xsd:double</strong> values, implementers <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em>
+ensure that the normalized value is a string. In order to generate the
+string from a <strong>double</strong> value, output equivalent to the
+<code>printf("%1.6e", value)</code> function in C <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be used where
+<strong>"%1.6e"</strong> is the string formatter and <strong>value</strong>
+is the value to be converted.</p>
+
+<p>To convert the a double value in JavaScript, implementers can use the
+following snippet of code:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">// the variable 'value' below is the JavaScript native double value that is to be converted
+(value).toExponential(6).replace(/(e(?:\+|-))([0-9])$/, '$10$2')</pre>
+
+<p class="note">When data needs to be normalized, JSON-LD authors should
+not use values that are going to undergo automatic conversion. This is due
+to the lossy nature of <strong>xsd:double</strong> values.</p>
+
+<p class="note">Some JSON serializers, such as PHP's native implementation,
+backslash-escapes the forward slash character. For example, the value
+<code>http://example.com/</code> would be serialized as
+<code>http:\/\/example.com\/</code> in some
+versions of PHP. This is problematic when generating a byte
+stream for processes such as normalization. There is no need to
+backslash-escape forward-slashes in JSON-LD. To aid interoperability between
+JSON-LD processors, a JSON-LD serializer <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> backslash-escape
+forward slashes.</p>
+
+<p class="issue">Round-tripping data can be problematic if we mix and
+match coercion rules with JSON-native datatypes, like integers. Consider the
+following code example:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">var myObj = { "@context" : {
+ "number" : {
+ "@id": "http://example.com/vocab#number",
+ "@type": "xsd:nonNegativeInteger"
+ }
+ },
+ "number" : 42 };
+
+// Map the language-native object to JSON-LD
+var jsonldText = jsonld.normalize(myObj);
+
+// Convert the normalized object back to a JavaScript object
+var myObj2 = jsonld.parse(jsonldText);</pre>
+
+<p class="issue">At this point, myObj2 and myObj will have different
+values for the "number" value. myObj will be the number 42, while
+myObj2 will be the string "42". This type of data round-tripping
+error can bite developers. We are currently wondering if having a
+"coercion validation" phase in the parsing/normalization phases would be a
+good idea. It would prevent data round-tripping issues like the
+one mentioned above.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-conversion" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.13 </span>RDF Conversion</h3>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD document <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be converted to any other RDF-compatible document
+format using the algorithm specified in this section.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The JSON-LD Processing Model describes processing rules for extracting RDF
+ from a JSON-LD document. Note that many uses of JSON-LD may not require
+ generation of RDF.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The processing algorithm described in this section is provided in
+order to demonstrate how one might implement a JSON-LD to RDF processor.
+Conformant implementations are only required to produce the same type and
+number of triples during the output process and are not required to
+implement the algorithm exactly as described.
+</p>
+
+<div class="informative section" id="overview">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.1 </span>Overview</h4><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+ <p>
+ JSON-LD is intended to have an easy to parse grammar that closely models existing
+ practice in using JSON for describing object representations. This allows the use
+ of existing libraries for parsing JSON.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ As with other grammars used for describing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, a key concept is that of
+ a <dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">resource</dfn>. Resources may be of three basic types: <em><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></em>s, for describing
+ externally named entities, <em>BNodes</em>, resources for which an external name does not
+ exist, or is not known, and Literals, which describe terminal entities such as strings,
+ dates and other representations having a lexical representation possibly including
+ an explicit language or datatype.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ An Internationalized Resource Identifier
+ (<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>),
+ as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>], is a mechanism for representing unique
+ identifiers on the web. In <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is commonly
+ used for expressing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> or an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Data described with JSON-LD may be considered to be the representation of a graph made
+ up of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a>s related via a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">resource</a>.
+ However, specific implementations may choose to operate on the document as a normal
+ JSON description of objects having attributes.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.2 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm Terms</h4>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">default graph</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ the destination graph for all triples generated by JSON-LD markup.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.3 </span>RDF Conversion Algorithm</h4>
+ <p>
+ The algorithm below is designed for in-memory implementations with random access to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> elements.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A conforming JSON-LD processor implementing RDF conversion <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> implement a
+ processing algorithm that results in the same <a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">default graph</a> that the following
+ algorithm generates:
+ </p>
+
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li id="processing-step-default-context">
+ Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> with with the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> set to the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ initialized to NULL.
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="processing-step-associative">
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> is detected, perform the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> has a <code>@context</code> key, process the local context as
+ described in <a href="#context">Context</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Create a copy of the current <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>, changing keys that map to JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>s
+ with those <a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">keyword</a>s. Use the new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> in subsequent steps.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> has a <code>@value</code> key, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>
+ to a literal value as follows:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> contains a <code>@type</code> key
+ after performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the specified<code>@type</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ otherwise, as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>. If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> contains
+ a <code>@language</code> key, use it's value to set the language of the plain literal.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If the neither the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> nor the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>, generate a triple
+ representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to the calling location.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> has a <code>@list</code> key and the value is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ process the value as a list as described in <a href="#list-conversion">List Conversion</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li id="processing-step-subject">If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> has a <code>@id</code> key:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If the value is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a>. Generate a
+ triple representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>. Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ Process the value starting at
+ <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Proceed using the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> does not have a <code>@id</code> key, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active
+ object</a> to newly generated <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a>. Generate a triple
+ representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>. Set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active
+ object</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ For each key in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> that has not already been processed, perform
+ the following steps:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If the key is <code>@type</code>, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ to <code>rdf:type</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> to the result of performing
+ <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the key.</li>
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of a <code>@list</code> coercion,
+ and the value is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>,
+ process the value as a list as described in in <a href="#list-conversion">List Conversion</a>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>,
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and process the value
+ starting at <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a> and proceed using the
+ previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Return the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to the calling location.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>If a regular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> is detected, process each value in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>
+ by doing the following returning the result of processing the last value in the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ Create a new <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a> using copies of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active
+ context</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and process the value
+ starting at <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a> then proceed using the previous
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> is detected:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of a <code>@id</code> coercion,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> by
+ performing <a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion</a> on the string.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> is the target of coercion,
+ set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> by creating a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> using
+ the string and the coercion key as the datatype <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> value created from the string.
+ If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a <code>language</code> key with a non-<code>null</code> value,
+ use it's value to set the language of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ Generate a
+ triple representing the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ If a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> is detected, generate a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> using a string representation of
+ the value with datatype set to either <code>xsd:integer</code> or
+ <code>xsd:double</code>, depending on if the value contains a
+ fractional and/or an exponential component. Generate a triple using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active
+ subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a> and the generated typed literal.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, if <strong>true</strong> or <strong>false</strong> is detected,
+ generate a triple using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a> value created from the string representation of the
+ value with datatype set to <code>xsd:boolean</code>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+<div id="list-conversion" class="section">
+ <h4><span class="secno">3.13.4 </span>List Conversion</h4>
+
+ <p>List Conversion is the process of taking an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> of values and adding them to a newly
+ created <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">RDF Collection</a></cite> (see
+ [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">RDF-SCHEMA</a></cite>]) by linking each element of the list using <code>rdf:first</code> and <code>rdf:next</code>,
+ terminating the list with <code>rdf:nil</code> using the following sequence:</p>
+ <p>The algorithm is invoked with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> <em>array</em>, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>,
+ and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> and returns a value to be used as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">active object</a>.</p>
+ <div class="note">This algorithm does not support lists containing lists.</div>
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>
+ If <em>array</em> is empty return <code>rdf:nil</code>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Otherwise, generate a triple using using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>
+ and a newly generated BNode identified as <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ For each element in <em>array</em> other than the last element:
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Create a processor state using the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>,
+ <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">active subject</a>, and
+ <code>rdf:first</code> as the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">active property</a>.
+ <ol class="algorithm">
+ <li>Process the value starting at <a href="#processing-step-associative">Step 2</a>.</li>
+ <li>Proceed using the previous <a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">processor state</a>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ <li>Unless this is the last element in <em>array</em>, generate a new BNode identified as
+ <em>rest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>, otherwise use <code>rdf:nil</code>.</li>
+ <li>Generate a new triple using <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>,
+ <code>rdf:rest</code> and <em>rest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.</li>
+ <li>Set <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em> to
+ <em>rest <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.</li>
+ <li>Return <em>first <a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">blank node</a></em>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+<p>The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj,
+Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson who reviewed, provided feedback, and
+performed several implementations of the specification, and Ian Davis, who
+created RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham, Bradley P. Allen,
+Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant, Danny Ayers, Ted
+Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Niklas Lindström, Markus Lanthaler, and Richard
+Cyganiak for their input on the specification.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="appendix-b">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>Initial Context</h2>
+ <p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">initial context</a> is defined with the following default entries:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": { "@type": "@id"}
+ }
+}</pre>
+ <p>Processors <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> act as if the initial context is defined in the outer-most level when processing
+ JSON-LD documents.</p>
+ <p class="issue">Should we define other default prefixes?</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">C. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">C.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-JSON-LD">[JSON-LD]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg. <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/"><cite>The JSON-LD Syntax</cite></a> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">[JSON-POINTER]</dt><dd>P. Bryan, Ed. <cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt">JSON Pointer</a></cite> Latest. IETF Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt">http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">[RDF-CONCEPTS]</dt><dd>Graham Klyne; Jeremy J. Carroll. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210"><cite>Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-NORMALIZATION">[RDF-NORMALIZATION]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny, Dave Longley. <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/"><cite>RDF Graph Normalization</cite></a> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/rdf-graph-normalization/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">[RDF-SCHEMA]</dt><dd>Dan Brickley; Ramanathan V. Guha. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210"><cite>RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd>M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd>D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd>Cameron McCormack. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/"><cite>Web IDL.</cite></a> 27 September 2011. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/</a>
+</dd></dl></div><div id="informative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">C.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification.</cite></a> December 1999. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICRODATA">[MICRODATA]</dt><dd>Ian Hickson; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/"><cite>Microdata</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">[MICROFORMATS]</dt><dd><a href="http://microformats.org"><cite>Microformats</cite></a>. URL: <a href="http://microformats.org">http://microformats.org</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 15 December 2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XML-NAMES">[XML-NAMES]</dt><dd>Richard Tobin; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><cite>Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition).</cite></a> 8 December 2009. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/</a>
+</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120112/spec.css Wed Jan 11 16:26:56 2012 -0800
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+
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+ol.algorithm li:before { font-weight: bold; counter-increment: numsection; content: counters(numsection, ".") ") "; }
+
+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8"><style type='text/css'>
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+.diff-old:after
+ { content: "\2193" }
+:focus { border: thin red solid}
+</style>
+</head>
+
+
+<body style="display: inherit; ">
+<div class="head">
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1 class="title" id="title">
+JSON-LD
+Syntax
+1.0
+</h1>
+<h2 id="subtitle">
+A
+Context-based
+JSON
+Serialization
+for
+Linking
+Data
+</h2>
+<h2 id="unofficial-draft-12-january-2012">
+Unofficial
+Draft
+<del class="diff-old">16
+October
+2011
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">12
+January
+2012
+</ins>
+</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<del class="diff-old">Editor:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Editors:
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+<ins class="diff-new">Gregg
+Kellogg
+</ins></a>,<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</ins></a></dd>
+<dt>
+Authors:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Manu
+Sporny
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Dave
+Longley
+</a>,
+<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
+Digital
+Bazaar
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
+Gregg
+Kellogg
+</a>,
+<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
+Kellogg
+Associates
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
+<ins class="diff-new">Markus
+Lanthaler
+</ins></a>,<a href="http://www.tugraz.at/"><ins class="diff-new">
+Graz
+University
+of
+Technology
+</ins></a>
+</dd>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Mark
+Birbeck
+</a>,
+<a href="http://webbackplane.com/">
+Backplane
+Ltd.
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+also
+available
+in
+this
+non-normative
+format:
+<a href="diff-20111023.html">
+diff
+to
+previous
+version
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="copyright">
+This
+document
+is
+licensed
+under
+a
+<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
+Creative
+Commons
+Attribution
+3.0
+License
+</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Abstract
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+has
+proven
+to
+be
+a
+highly
+useful
+object
+serialization
+and
+messaging
+format.
+In
+an
+attempt
+to
+harmonize
+the
+representation
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+in
+JSON,
+this
+specification
+outlines
+a
+common
+JSON
+representation
+format
+for
+expressing
+directed
+graphs;
+mixing
+both
+Linked
+Data
+and
+non-Linked
+Data
+in
+a
+single
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="sotd" class="introductory section">
+<h2>
+Status
+of
+This
+Document
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+merely
+a
+public
+working
+draft
+of
+a
+potential
+specification.
+It
+has
+no
+official
+standing
+of
+any
+kind
+and
+does
+not
+represent
+the
+support
+or
+consensus
+of
+any
+standards
+organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+an
+experimental
+work
+in
+progress.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="section">
+<h2 class="introductory">
+Table
+of
+Contents
+</h2>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#design" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#goals-and-rationale" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<del class="diff-old">2.2
+Linked
+Data
+</del>
+<a href="#linking-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Linking
+Data
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#the-context" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#from-json-to-json-ld" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+From
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#basic-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iris" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+IRIs
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#strings" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Strings
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#string-internationalization" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+String
+Internationalization
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Datatypes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Typed
+Literals
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#multiple-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Multiple
+<del class="diff-old">Typed
+</del>
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdf-collection" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.10
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Advanced
+Concepts
+</ins>
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#external-contexts" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">3.11
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Framing
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">External
+Contexts
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#expanded-term-definition" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expanded
+Term
+Definition
+</ins></a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#default-language" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Advanced
+Concepts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Default
+Language
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#prefixes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">External
+Contexts
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Prefixes
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iri-expansion-within-context" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.5
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Vocabulary
+Prefixes
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+Expansion
+within
+Context
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#type-coercion" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Type
+Coercion
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#chaining" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Chaining
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Unlabeled
+Nodes
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Normalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Markup
+Examples
+</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#turtle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+A.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Turtle
+</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefix-definitions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+A.1.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Prefix
+definitions
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#chaining-1" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.1.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Chaining
+</ins></a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#lists" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.1.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Markup
+Examples
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+RDFa
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microformats" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#microdata" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+C.
+</ins></span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">D.
+</ins>
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">D.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">E.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</a>
+<ul class="toc">
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+<li class="tocline">
+<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</a>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+1.
+</span>
+Introduction
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON,
+as
+specified
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+simple
+language
+for
+representing
+data
+on
+the
+Web.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+is
+a
+technique
+for
+creating
+a
+graph
+of
+interlinked
+data
+across
+different
+documents
+or
+Web
+sites.
+Data
+entities
+are
+described
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s,
+which
+are
+typically
+dereferencable
+and
+thus
+may
+be
+used
+to
+find
+more
+information
+about
+an
+entity,
+creating
+a
+<del class="diff-old">"Web
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"Web
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Knowledge".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Knowledge".
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+simple
+publishing
+method
+for
+expressing
+not
+only
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON,
+but
+also
+for
+adding
+semantics
+to
+existing
+JSON.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+as
+a
+<del class="diff-old">light-weight
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lightweight
+</ins>
+syntax
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+It
+is
+primarily
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+way
+to
+use
+Linked
+Data
+in
+Javascript
+and
+other
+Web-based
+programming
+environments.
+It
+is
+also
+useful
+when
+building
+interoperable
+Web
+services
+and
+when
+storing
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON-based
+document
+storage
+engines.
+It
+is
+practical
+and
+designed
+to
+be
+as
+simple
+as
+possible,
+utilizing
+the
+large
+number
+of
+JSON
+parsers
+and
+libraries
+available
+today.
+<del class="diff-old">It
+is
+designed
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+key-value
+pairs,
+RDF
+data,
+RDFa
+[
+RDFA-CORE
+]
+data,
+Microformats
+[
+MICROFORMATS
+]
+data,
+and
+Microdata
+[
+MICRODATA
+].
+That
+is,
+it
+supports
+every
+major
+Web-based
+structured
+data
+model
+in
+use
+today.
+</del>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+syntax
+does
+not
+necessarily
+require
+applications
+to
+change
+their
+JSON,
+but
+allows
+to
+easily
+add
+meaning
+by
+<ins class="diff-new">simply
+</ins>
+adding
+<del class="diff-old">context
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+either
+in-band
+</del>
+or
+<del class="diff-old">out-of-band.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">referencing
+a
+context.
+</ins>
+The
+syntax
+is
+designed
+to
+not
+disturb
+already
+deployed
+systems
+running
+on
+JSON,
+but
+provide
+a
+smooth
+upgrade
+path
+from
+JSON
+to
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
+</ins>
+with
+added
+semantics.
+Finally,
+the
+format
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+easy
+to
+parse,
+efficient
+to
+generate,
+<del class="diff-old">convertible
+to
+RDF
+in
+one
+pass,
+</del>
+and
+<ins class="diff-new">to
+</ins>
+require
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+in
+order
+to
+operate.
+</p>
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.1
+</span>
+How
+to
+Read
+this
+Document
+</h3>
+<p>
+This
+document
+is
+a
+detailed
+specification
+for
+a
+serialization
+of
+Linked
+Data
+in
+JSON.
+The
+document
+is
+primarily
+intended
+for
+the
+following
+audiences:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">Web
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+understand
+the
+design
+decisions
+and
+language
+syntax
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</del>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+encode
+<del class="diff-old">Microformats,
+RDFa,
+or
+Microdata
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Linked
+Data
+</ins>
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+cross-language
+compatible
+via
+JSON.
+</li>
+<li>
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">understand
+the
+design
+decisions
+and
+language
+syntax
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+Software
+developers
+that
+want
+to
+</ins>
+implement
+processors
+and
+APIs
+for
+JSON-LD.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">This
+specification
+does
+not
+describe
+the
+processing
+algorithms
+and
+programming
+interfaces,
+for
+those
+see
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+</ins></p><p>
+To
+understand
+the
+basics
+in
+this
+specification
+you
+must
+first
+be
+familiar
+with
+JSON,
+which
+is
+detailed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+To
+understand
+the
+API
+and
+how
+it
+is
+intended
+to
+operate
+in
+a
+programming
+environment,
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+have
+working
+knowledge
+of
+the
+JavaScript
+programming
+language
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
+ECMA-262
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+and
+WebIDL
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
+WEBIDL
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+<del class="diff-old">To
+understand
+how
+JSON-LD
+maps
+to
+RDF,
+it
+is
+helpful
+to
+be
+familiar
+with
+the
+basic
+RDF
+concepts
+[
+RDF-CONCEPTS
+].
+Examples
+may
+contain
+references
+to
+existing
+vocabularies
+and
+use
+prefix
+es
+to
+refer
+to
+Web
+Vocabularies.
+The
+following
+is
+a
+list
+of
+all
+vocabularies
+and
+their
+prefix
+abbreviations,
+as
+used
+in
+this
+document:
+</del>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+Dublin
+Core
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+dc
+,
+e.g.,
+dc:title
+)
+The
+Friend
+of
+a
+Friend
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+foaf
+,
+e.g.,
+foaf:knows
+)
+The
+RDF
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+rdf
+,
+e.g.,
+rdf:type
+)
+The
+XSD
+vocabulary
+(abbreviation:
+xsd
+,
+e.g.,
+xsd:integer
+)
+</del>
+<p>
+JSON
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
+RFC4627
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+defines
+several
+terms
+which
+are
+used
+throughout
+this
+document:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+object
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+pair
+of
+curly
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+name/value
+pairs
+(or
+members).
+A
+name
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>.
+A
+single
+colon
+comes
+after
+each
+name,
+separating
+the
+name
+from
+the
+value.
+A
+single
+comma
+separates
+a
+value
+from
+a
+following
+name.
+The
+names
+within
+an
+object
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
+should
+</em>
+be
+unique.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
+array
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+An
+array
+is
+an
+ordered
+collection
+of
+values.
+An
+array
+structure
+is
+represented
+as
+square
+brackets
+surrounding
+zero
+or
+more
+values
+(or
+elements).
+Elements
+are
+separated
+by
+commas.
+Within
+JSON-LD,
+array
+order
+is
+not
+preserved
+by
+default,
+unless
+specific
+markup
+is
+provided
+(see
+<a href="#rdf-collection">
+Lists
+</a>
+).
+This
+is
+because
+the
+basic
+data
+model
+of
+JSON-LD
+is
+a
+<del class="diff-old">directed
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
+<ins class="diff-chg">linked
+data
+</ins>
+graph
+</a>,
+which
+is
+inherently
+unordered.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
+string
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+string
+is
+a
+sequence
+of
+zero
+or
+more
+Unicode
+characters,
+wrapped
+in
+double
+quotes,
+using
+backslash
+escapes.
+A
+character
+is
+represented
+as
+a
+single
+character
+string.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
+number
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A
+number
+is
+is
+similar
+to
+that
+used
+in
+most
+programming
+languages,
+except
+that
+the
+octal
+and
+hexadecimal
+formats
+are
+not
+used
+and
+that
+leading
+zeros
+are
+not
+allowed.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
+true
+</dfn>
+and
+<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
+false
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Boolean
+values.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
+null
+</dfn>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+use
+of
+the
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+value
+is
+undefined
+within
+JSON-LD.
+<div class="issue">
+Supporting
+<em>
+null
+</em>
+in
+JSON-LD
+might
+have
+a
+number
+of
+advantages
+and
+should
+be
+evaluated.
+This
+is
+currently
+an
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">
+open
+issue
+</a>.
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+1.2
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Syntax
+Tokens
+and
+Keywords
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+specifies
+a
+number
+of
+syntax
+tokens
+and
+keywords
+that
+are
+using
+in
+all
+algorithms
+described
+in
+this
+section:
+</ins></p><dl><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+local
+context
+</ins></a>.</dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Sets
+the
+active
+subject.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@language
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+language
+for
+a
+literal.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+set
+the
+type
+of
+the
+active
+subject
+or
+the
+datatype
+of
+a
+literal.
+</ins></dd><dt><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@value
+</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+Used
+to
+specify
+the
+value
+of
+a
+literal.
+</ins></dd><dt><code>:</code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+separator
+for
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+that
+use
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+mechanism.
+</ins></dd></dl></div><div id="contributing" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+1.3
+</ins></span>
+Contributing
+</h3>
+<p>
+There
+are
+a
+number
+of
+ways
+that
+one
+may
+participate
+in
+the
+development
+of
+this
+specification:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Technical
+discussion
+typically
+occurs
+on
+the
+public
+mailing
+list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
+public-linked-json@w3.org
+</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
+Public
+teleconferences
+</a>
+are
+held
+on
+Tuesdays
+at
+1500UTC
+on
+the
+second
+and
+fourth
+week
+of
+each
+month.
+</li>
+<li>
+Specification
+bugs
+and
+issues
+should
+be
+reported
+in
+the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
+issue
+tracker
+</a>.
+</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
+Source
+code
+</a>
+for
+the
+specification
+can
+be
+found
+on
+Github.
+</li>
+<li>
+The
+<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">
+#json-ld
+</a>
+IRC
+channel
+is
+available
+for
+real-time
+discussion
+on
+irc.freenode.net.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="design" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+2.
+</span>
+Design
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+following
+section
+outlines
+the
+design
+goals
+and
+rationale
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+language.
+</p>
+<div id="goals-and-rationale" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+2.1
+</span>
+Goals
+and
+Rationale
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+number
+of
+design
+considerations
+were
+explored
+during
+the
+creation
+of
+this
+markup
+language:
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Simplicity
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Developers
+need
+only
+know
+JSON
+and
+three
+keywords
+to
+use
+the
+basic
+functionality
+in
+JSON-LD.
+No
+extra
+processors
+or
+software
+libraries
+are
+necessary
+to
+use
+JSON-LD
+in
+its
+most
+basic
+form.
+The
+language
+attempts
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+have
+an
+easy
+learning
+curve.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Compatibility
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+must
+be
+100%
+compatible
+with
+JSON.
+This
+ensures
+that
+all
+of
+the
+standard
+JSON
+libraries
+work
+seamlessly
+with
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Expressiveness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+syntax
+must
+be
+able
+to
+express
+directed
+graphs,
+which
+have
+been
+proven
+to
+be
+able
+to
+simply
+express
+almost
+every
+real
+world
+data
+model.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Terseness
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+JSON-LD
+syntax
+must
+be
+very
+terse
+and
+human
+readable,
+requiring
+as
+little
+as
+possible
+effort
+from
+the
+developer.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Zero
+Edits,
+most
+of
+the
+time
+</dt>
+<dd>
+JSON-LD
+provides
+a
+mechanism
+that
+allows
+developers
+to
+specify
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+out-of-band.
+This
+allows
+organizations
+that
+have
+already
+deployed
+large
+JSON-based
+infrastructure
+to
+add
+meaning
+to
+their
+JSON
+documents
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+not
+disruptive
+to
+their
+day-to-day
+operations
+and
+is
+transparent
+to
+their
+current
+customers.
+At
+times,
+mapping
+JSON
+to
+a
+graph
+representation
+can
+become
+difficult.
+In
+these
+instances,
+rather
+than
+having
+JSON-LD
+support
+esoteric
+markup,
+we
+chose
+not
+to
+support
+the
+use
+case
+and
+support
+a
+simplified
+syntax
+instead.
+So,
+while
+Zero
+Edits
+is
+a
+goal,
+it
+is
+not
+always
+possible
+without
+adding
+great
+complexity
+to
+the
+language.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+One-pass
+Processing
+</dt>
+<dd>
+JSON-LD
+supports
+one-pass
+processing,
+which
+results
+in
+a
+very
+small
+memory
+footprint
+when
+processing
+documents.
+For
+example,
+to
+<del class="diff-old">convert
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">expand
+</ins>
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+<del class="diff-old">into
+an
+RDF
+document
+of
+any
+kind,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">from
+a
+compacted
+form,
+</ins>
+only
+one
+pass
+is
+required
+over
+the
+data.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<del class="diff-old">2.2
+Linked
+Data
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+Linked
+Data
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+Linked
+Data
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+A
+linked
+data
+graph
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+subject
+s
+or
+object
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+A
+subject
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+linked
+data
+graph
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+A
+subject
+should
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+IRI
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+RFC3987
+]).
+An
+object
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+linked
+data
+graph
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+An
+object
+may
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+IRI
+.
+An
+object
+may
+be
+a
+subject
+and
+object
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+A
+property
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+linked
+data
+graph
+.
+A
+property
+should
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+IRI
+.
+An
+IRI
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+linked
+data
+graph
+should
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+Linked
+Data
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+subject
+,
+object
+or
+property
+.
+A
+literal
+is
+an
+object
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+IRI
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+Linked
+Data
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+Linked
+Data
+.
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</del>
+<div id="linking-data" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Linking
+Data
+</h3>
+<p>
+An
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+(
+<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</dfn>
+),
+as
+described
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
+RFC3987
+</a>
+</cite>
+],
+is
+a
+mechanism
+for
+representing
+unique
+identifiers
+on
+the
+web.
+In
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>,
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+commonly
+used
+for
+expressing
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+or
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+defines
+a
+mechanism
+to
+map
+JSON
+terms,
+i.e.,
+keys
+and
+values,
+to
+IRIs.
+This
+does
+not
+mean
+that
+JSON-LD
+requires
+every
+key
+or
+value
+to
+be
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+but
+rather
+ensures
+that
+keys
+and
+values
+can
+be
+mapped
+to
+IRIs
+if
+the
+developer
+desires
+to
+transform
+their
+data
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+There
+are
+a
+few
+techniques
+that
+can
+ensure
+that
+developers
+will
+generate
+good
+Linked
+Data
+for
+the
+Web.
+JSON-LD
+formalizes
+those
+techniques.
+</p>
+<p>
+We
+will
+be
+using
+the
+following
+JSON
+markup
+as
+the
+example
+for
+the
+rest
+of
+this
+section:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="the-context" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+The
+Context
+</h3>
+<p>
+In
+JSON-LD,
+a
+<dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">
+context
+</dfn>
+is
+used
+to
+map
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s,
+i.e.,
+keys
+<del class="diff-old">and
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">with
+associated
+</ins>
+values
+in
+an
+JSON
+document,
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+A
+<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
+term
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+short
+word
+that
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+expanded
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+<ins class="diff-new">A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+have
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/#NT-NCName"><ins class="diff-new">
+NCName
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+(see
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XML-NAMES"><ins class="diff-new">
+XML-NAMES
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]),
+or
+be
+an
+empty
+string.
+</ins></p><p>
+The
+Web
+uses
+IRIs
+for
+unambiguous
+identification.
+The
+idea
+is
+that
+these
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+mean
+something
+that
+may
+be
+of
+use
+to
+other
+developers
+and
+that
+it
+is
+useful
+to
+give
+them
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier.
+That
+is,
+it
+is
+useful
+for
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+to
+expand
+to
+IRIs
+so
+that
+developers
+don't
+accidentally
+step
+on
+each
+other's
+Web
+Vocabulary
+terms.
+For
+example,
+the
+term
+<code>
+name
+</code>
+may
+map
+directly
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+This
+allows
+JSON-LD
+documents
+to
+be
+constructed
+using
+the
+common
+JSON
+practice
+of
+simple
+name/value
+pairs
+while
+ensuring
+that
+the
+data
+is
+useful
+outside
+of
+the
+page,
+API
+or
+database
+in
+which
+it
+resides.
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+value
+of
+a
+term
+mapping
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+simple
+string
+with
+the
+lexical
+form
+of
+an
+absolute
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+These
+Linked
+Data
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+are
+typically
+collected
+in
+a
+context
+document
+that
+would
+look
+something
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+This
+context
+document
+can
+then
+be
+used
+in
+an
+JSON-LD
+document
+by
+adding
+a
+single
+line.
+The
+JSON
+markup
+as
+shown
+in
+the
+previous
+section
+could
+be
+changed
+as
+follows
+to
+link
+to
+the
+context
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+additions
+above
+transform
+the
+previous
+JSON
+document
+into
+a
+JSON
+document
+with
+added
+semantics
+because
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+specifies
+how
+the
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+homepage
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+avatar
+</strong>
+terms
+map
+to
+IRIs.
+Mapping
+those
+keys
+to
+IRIs
+gives
+the
+data
+global
+context.
+If
+two
+developers
+use
+the
+same
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+to
+describe
+a
+property,
+they
+are
+more
+than
+likely
+expressing
+the
+same
+concept.
+This
+allows
+both
+developers
+to
+re-use
+each
+others
+data
+without
+having
+to
+agree
+to
+how
+their
+data
+will
+inter-operate
+on
+a
+site-by-site
+basis.
+Contexts
+may
+also
+contain
+datatype
+information
+for
+certain
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+as
+well
+as
+other
+processing
+instructions
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor.
+</p>
+<p>
+Contexts
+may
+be
+specified
+in-line.
+This
+ensures
+that
+JSON-LD
+documents
+can
+be
+processed
+when
+a
+JSON-LD
+processor
+does
+not
+have
+access
+to
+the
+Web.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Contexts
+may
+be
+used
+at
+any
+time
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+defined,
+and
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+specify
+multiple
+contexts,
+to
+be
+processed
+in
+order,
+for
+example
+to
+include
+standard
+prefix
+definitions
+along
+with
+an
+author-specific
+prefix
+definition.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+set
+of
+contexts
+defined
+within
+a
+specific
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+termed
+a
+</ins><dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></dfn>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+</ins><dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-chg">
+refers
+to
+the
+accumulation
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+local
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+that
+are
+in
+scope
+at
+a
+specific
+point
+within
+the
+document.
+The
+following
+example
+specifies
+an
+external
+context
+and
+then
+layers
+a
+local
+context
+on
+top
+of
+the
+external
+context:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ {
+ "pic": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+</ins> <span class="diff">"pic": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"</span>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+strives
+to
+ensure
+that
+developers
+don't
+have
+to
+change
+the
+JSON
+that
+is
+going
+into
+and
+being
+returned
+from
+their
+Web
+APIs.
+This
+means
+that
+developers
+can
+also
+specify
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+for
+JSON
+data
+in
+an
+out-of-band
+fashion.
+This
+is
+described
+later
+in
+this
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+uses
+a
+special
+type
+of
+machine-readable
+document
+called
+a
+<dfn title="web_vocabulary" id="dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</dfn>
+to
+define
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+that
+are
+then
+used
+to
+describe
+concepts
+and
+<del class="diff-old">"things"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"things"
+</ins>
+in
+the
+world.
+Typically,
+these
+Web
+Vocabulary
+documents
+have
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+associated
+with
+them
+and
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+declarations.
+<del class="diff-old">A
+prefix
+,
+like
+a
+term
+,
+is
+a
+short
+word
+that
+expands
+to
+a
+Web
+Vocabulary
+base
+IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+es
+are
+helpful
+when
+a
+developer
+wants
+to
+mix
+multiple
+vocabularies
+together
+in
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+but
+does
+not
+want
+to
+go
+to
+the
+trouble
+of
+defining
+every
+single
+term
+in
+every
+single
+vocabulary.
+Some
+Web
+Vocabularies
+may
+have
+dozens
+of
+terms
+defined.
+If
+a
+developer
+wants
+to
+use
+3-4
+different
+vocabularies,
+the
+number
+of
+terms
+that
+would
+have
+to
+be
+declared
+in
+a
+single
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+could
+become
+quite
+large.
+To
+reduce
+the
+number
+of
+different
+terms
+that
+must
+be
+defined,
+JSON-LD
+also
+allows
+prefixes
+to
+be
+used
+to
+compact
+IRIs.
+</p>
+<p>
+For
+example,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</code>
+specifies
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+which
+may
+be
+represented
+using
+the
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+The
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+Web
+Vocabulary
+contains
+a
+term
+called
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>.
+If
+you
+join
+the
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+with
+the
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>
+suffix,
+you
+can
+build
+a
+compact
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+that
+will
+expand
+out
+into
+an
+absolute
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+for
+the
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+vocabulary
+term.
+That
+is,
+the
+compact
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+or
+short-form,
+is
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+and
+the
+expanded-form
+is
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+This
+vocabulary
+term
+is
+used
+to
+specify
+a
+person's
+name.
+</p>
+<p>
+Developers,
+and
+machines,
+are
+able
+to
+use
+this
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+(plugging
+it
+directly
+into
+a
+web
+browser,
+for
+instance)
+to
+go
+to
+the
+term
+and
+get
+a
+definition
+of
+what
+the
+term
+means.
+Much
+like
+we
+can
+use
+<a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/">
+WordNet
+</a>
+today
+to
+see
+the
+definition
+of
+words
+in
+the
+English
+language.
+Developers
+and
+machines
+need
+the
+same
+sort
+of
+definition
+of
+terms.
+IRIs
+provide
+a
+way
+to
+ensure
+that
+these
+terms
+are
+unambiguous.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+provides
+a
+collection
+of
+vocabulary
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+that
+can
+be
+used
+to
+expand
+JSON
+keys
+and
+values
+into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+To
+ensure
+the
+best
+possible
+performance,
+it
+is
+a
+best
+practice
+to
+put
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+definition
+at
+the
+top
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+If
+it
+isn't
+listed
+first,
+processors
+have
+to
+save
+each
+key-value
+pair
+until
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+processed.
+This
+creates
+a
+memory
+and
+complexity
+burden
+for
+one-pass
+processors.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="from-json-to-json-ld" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">2.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">2.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+From
+JSON
+to
+JSON-LD
+</h3>
+<p>
+If
+a
+set
+of
+<del class="diff-old">terms
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+such
+as,
+<strong>
+name
+</strong>,
+<strong>
+homepage
+</strong>,
+and
+<strong>
+avatar
+</strong>,
+are
+defined
+in
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+and
+that
+context
+is
+used
+to
+resolve
+the
+names
+in
+JSON
+objects,
+machines
+are
+able
+to
+automatically
+expand
+the
+terms
+to
+something
+meaningful
+and
+unambiguous,
+like
+this:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "<span class="diff">http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Doing
+this
+allows
+JSON
+to
+be
+unambiguously
+machine-readable
+without
+requiring
+developers
+to
+drastically
+change
+their
+workflow.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+Please
+note
+that
+this
+JSON-LD
+document
+doesn't
+define
+the
+subject
+and
+will
+thus
+result
+in
+an
+unlabeled
+or
+blank
+node.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="basic-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+3.
+</span>
+Basic
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+is
+designed
+to
+ensure
+that
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+concepts
+can
+be
+marked
+up
+in
+a
+way
+that
+is
+simple
+to
+understand
+and
+author
+by
+Web
+developers.
+In
+many
+cases,
+regular
+JSON
+markup
+can
+become
+Linked
+Data
+with
+the
+simple
+addition
+of
+a
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+As
+more
+JSON-LD
+features
+are
+used,
+more
+semantics
+are
+added
+to
+the
+JSON
+markup.
+</p>
+<div id="iris" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.1
+</span>
+IRIs
+</h3>
+<p>
+Expressing
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+are
+fundamental
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+as
+that
+is
+how
+most
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s
+and
+many
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
+object
+</a>
+are
+named.
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+can
+be
+expressed
+in
+a
+variety
+of
+different
+ways
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<del class="diff-old">In
+general,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Except
+within
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition,
+</ins>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+</a>
+s
+in
+the
+key
+position
+in
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+object
+</a>
+that
+have
+a
+mapping
+to
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+or
+another
+<del class="diff-old">key
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a>
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+<ins class="diff-new">active
+</ins>
+context
+</a>
+are
+expanded
+to
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+by
+JSON-LD
+processors.
+<del class="diff-old">There
+are
+special
+rules
+for
+processing
+keys
+in
+@context
+and
+when
+dealing
+with
+keys
+that
+start
+with
+the
+@subject
+character.
+</del>
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+<del class="diff-old">value
+specified
+using
+@subject
+,
+if
+it
+is
+a
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+<del class="diff-old">.
+An
+IRI
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+</del>
+</a>
+value
+specified
+using
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-new">@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><code>
+@type
+</code>.
+</li>
+<li>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+generated
+for
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+<ins class="diff-new">string
+</ins></a>
+value
+<del class="diff-old">specified
+using
+the
+@iri
+keyword.
+An
+IRI
+is
+generated
+when
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">of
+any
+key
+for
+which
+</ins>
+there
+are
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">
+<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
+</ins></a>
+rules
+in
+effect
+<del class="diff-old">for
+a
+key
+named
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">that
+identify
+the
+value
+as
+an
+</ins>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+IRIs
+<ins class="diff-new">may
+be
+represented
+as
+an
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-new">
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
+or
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix<ins class="diff-new">
+construct.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins>
+can
+be
+expressed
+directly
+in
+the
+key
+position
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+key
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>
+is
+interpreted
+as
+an
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>,
+as
+opposed
+to
+being
+interpreted
+as
+a
+string.
+</p>
+<p>
+Term
+expansion
+occurs
+for
+IRIs
+if
+<ins class="diff-new">the
+value
+matches
+</ins>
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+term
+<del class="diff-old">is
+</del>
+</a>
+defined
+within
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ""},
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>": { "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>" },
+...
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+es
+are
+expanded
+when
+<del class="diff-old">used
+in
+keys:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+form
+of
+the
+value
+is
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix:suffix
+</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+the
+prefix
+matches
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+defined
+within
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+active
+context
+</ins></a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ""},
+...
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@context</span>": { "<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>" },
+...
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-new">Term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+are
+case
+sensitive,
+and
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+matched
+using
+a
+case-sensitive
+comparison.
+</ins></p><p>
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+above
+will
+automatically
+expand
+out
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+<ins class="diff-new">See
+</ins><a href="#prefixes"><ins class="diff-new">
+Prefixes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+more
+details.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+An
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+is
+generated
+when
+a
+value
+is
+associated
+with
+a
+key
+using
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@iri
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+keyword:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "homepage": { "": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+<ins class="diff-new">Specifying
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+Object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+key
+is
+used
+to
+represent
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-new">
+but
+it
+also
+is
+the
+mechanism
+by
+which
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+defined.
+This
+is
+an
+example
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="chaining" href="#dfn-chaining"><ins class="diff-new">
+chaining
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+in
+JSON-LD,
+an
+issue
+covered
+further
+in
+</ins><a href="#chaining"><ins class="diff-new">
+Chaining
+</ins></a>.</p>
+<p>
+If
+type
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">
+coercion
+</a>
+rules
+are
+specified
+in
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+for
+a
+particular
+<del class="diff-old">vocabulary
+term,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
+<ins class="diff-chg">term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+property
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+is
+generated:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> "@context":
+ {
+ ...
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ }
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+ ...
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ ...
+ }</span>
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Even
+though
+the
+value
+<code>
+http://manu.sporny.org/
+</code>
+is
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>,
+the
+type
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">
+coercion
+</a>
+rules
+will
+transform
+the
+value
+into
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+when
+processed
+by
+a
+JSON-LD
+Processor
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.2
+</span>
+Identifying
+the
+Subject
+</h3>
+<p>
+To
+be
+able
+to
+externally
+reference
+nodes,
+it
+is
+important
+that
+each
+node
+has
+an
+unambiguous
+identifier.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+s
+are
+a
+fundamental
+concept
+of
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>,
+and
+nodes
+should
+have
+a
+de-referencable
+identifier
+used
+to
+name
+and
+locate
+them.
+For
+nodes
+to
+be
+truely
+linked,
+de-referencing
+the
+identifier
+should
+result
+in
+a
+representation
+of
+that
+node.
+Associating
+an
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+with
+a
+node
+tells
+an
+application
+that
+the
+returned
+document
+contains
+a
+description
+of
+the
+node
+requested.
+</p>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+documents
+may
+also
+contain
+descriptions
+of
+other
+nodes,
+so
+it
+is
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+uniquely
+identify
+each
+node
+which
+may
+be
+externally
+referenced.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+of
+an
+object
+in
+JSON
+is
+declared
+using
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key.
+The
+subject
+is
+the
+first
+piece
+of
+information
+needed
+by
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+in
+order
+to
+create
+the
+(subject,
+property,
+object)
+tuple,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+triple.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "<span class="diff">http://example.org/people#joebob</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://example.org/people#joebob
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+To
+ensure
+the
+best
+possible
+performance,
+it
+is
+a
+best
+practice
+to
+put
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+key
+before
+other
+key-value
+pairs
+in
+an
+object.
+If
+it
+isn't
+listed
+first,
+processors
+have
+to
+save
+each
+key-value
+pair
+until
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+is
+processed
+before
+they
+can
+create
+valid
+triples.
+This
+creates
+a
+memory
+and
+complexity
+burden
+for
+one-pass
+processors.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.3
+</span>
+Specifying
+the
+Type
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+type
+of
+a
+particular
+subject
+can
+be
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+key.
+Specifying
+the
+type
+in
+this
+way
+will
+generate
+a
+triple
+of
+the
+form
+(subject,
+type,
+type-iri).
+</p>
+<p>
+To
+be
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>,
+types
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+uniquely
+identified
+by
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<del class="diff-old">The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triple
+if
+the
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+mapped
+to
+RDF
+(in
+N-Triples
+notation):
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
+<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person>
+.
+</del>
+</div>
+<div id="strings" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.4
+</span>
+Strings
+</h3>
+<p>
+Regular
+text
+strings,
+also
+referred
+to
+as
+<dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</dfn>
+s,
+are
+easily
+expressed
+using
+regular
+JSON
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
+string
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "name": "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="string-internationalization" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.5
+</span>
+String
+Internationalization
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+makes
+an
+assumption
+that
+strings
+with
+associated
+language
+encoding
+information
+are
+not
+very
+common
+when
+used
+in
+JavaScript
+and
+Web
+Services.
+Thus,
+it
+takes
+a
+little
+more
+effort
+to
+express
+strings
+with
+associated
+language
+information.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@literal": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+for
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">花澄
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">花澄
+</ins>
+</em>
+and
+associate
+the
+<code>
+ja
+</code>
+language
+code
+with
+the
+triple
+that
+is
+generated.
+Languages
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+expressed
+in
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
+BCP47
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+format.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.6
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Datatypes
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Typed
+Literals
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+value
+with
+an
+associated
+datatype,
+also
+known
+as
+a
+<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</dfn>,
+is
+indicated
+by
+associating
+a
+literal
+with
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+which
+indicates
+the
+literal's
+datatype.
+Typed
+literals
+may
+be
+expressed
+in
+JSON-LD
+in
+three
+ways:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">keyword.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+when
+defining
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+within
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+section.
+</ins>
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+utilizing
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+specifying
+objects.
+</li>
+<li>
+By
+using
+a
+native
+JSON
+datatype.
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>
+The
+first
+example
+uses
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@coerce
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@type
+</ins>
+</code>
+keyword
+to
+express
+a
+typed
+literal:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> "@context":
+ {
+ "modified": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "dateTime": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime"
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "dateTime": "modified"
+ }
+ }
+...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "modified": {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "@type": "xsd:dateTime"
+ }
+ }</span>
+...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+second
+example
+uses
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+specifying
+objects:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "modified":
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "modified": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@type": "xsd:dateTime"
+ }</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Both
+examples
+above
+would
+generate
+an
+object
+with
+the
+literal
+value
+of
+<code>
+2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00
+</code>
+and
+the
+datatype
+of
+<code>
+http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</code>.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+third
+example
+uses
+a
+built-in
+native
+JSON
+type,
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>,
+to
+express
+a
+datatype:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age":
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">31</span>
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+<del class="diff-old">would
+generate
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">is
+really
+just
+a
+shorthand
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+triple:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">following:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+"31"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>
+.
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "31",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
+ }</span>
+...
+}
+</ins>
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+<ins class="diff-new">The
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+keyword
+is
+also
+used
+to
+associate
+a
+type
+with
+an
+object.
+Although
+the
+same
+keyword
+is
+used
+in
+both
+places,
+the
+concept
+of
+object
+type
+and
+literal
+datatype
+are,
+in
+fact,
+different.
+This
+is
+similar
+to
+object-oriented
+programming
+languages
+where
+both
+scalar
+and
+structured
+types
+use
+the
+same
+class
+inheritance
+mechanism,
+even
+though
+scalar
+types
+and
+structured
+types
+are
+inherently
+different.
+</ins></p>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.7
+</span>
+Multiple
+Objects
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+A
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+express
+multiple
+triples
+in
+a
+compact
+way
+by
+using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>
+s.
+If
+a
+subject
+has
+multiple
+values
+for
+the
+same
+property,
+the
+author
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+express
+each
+property
+as
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
+array
+</a>.
+</p>
+<p class="note">
+In
+JSON-LD,
+multiple
+objects
+on
+a
+property
+are
+not
+ordered.
+This
+is
+because
+typically
+graphs
+are
+not
+inherently
+ordered
+data
+structures.
+To
+see
+more
+on
+creating
+ordered
+collections
+in
+JSON-LD,
+see
+<a href="#rdf-collection">
+Lists
+</a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": ,
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+"jaybee"
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+"jaybee"
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="multiple-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.8
+</span>
+Multiple
+<del class="diff-old">Typed
+</del>
+Literals
+for
+a
+Single
+Property
+</h3>
+<p>
+Multiple
+<del class="diff-old">typed
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
+literal
+</a>
+s
+may
+also
+be
+expressed
+using
+the
+expanded
+form
+for
+objects:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "modified":
+ [
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ },
+ {
+ "@literal": "2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00",
+ "@datatype": "dateTime"
+ }
+ ]
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@id": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "dc:title": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {"@value": "Das Kapital", "@language": "de"},
+ {"@value": "Capital", "@language": "en"}
+ ]</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+markup
+shown
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+triples:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+ "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified>
+"2010-05-30T09:21:28-04:00"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title>
+ "Das Kapital"@de .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title>
+"Capital"@en
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="rdf-collection" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+3.9
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lists
+</ins>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Expansion
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+all
+IRI,
+datatypes,
+and
+literal
+values
+are
+expanded
+so
+that
+the
+context
+is
+no
+longer
+necessary.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Because
+graphs
+do
+not
+describe
+ordering
+for
+links
+between
+nodes,
+in
+contrast
+to
+plain
+JSON,
+multi-valued
+properties
+in
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document
+expansion
+is
+typically
+used
+as
+a
+part
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">do
+not
+provide
+an
+ordering
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">Framing
+or
+Normalization
+.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">the
+listed
+objects.
+</ins>
+For
+example,
+<del class="diff-old">assume
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">consider
+</ins>
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+input
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">simple
+</ins>
+document:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Expansion
+algorithm
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+results
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">three
+triples
+being
+generated,
+each
+relating
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">following
+output:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">subject
+to
+an
+individual
+object,
+with
+no
+inherent
+order.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+3.10
+Compaction
+</del>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Compaction
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+and
+applying
+a
+context
+such
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">As
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">most
+compact
+form
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">notion
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+document
+is
+generated.
+JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
+collections
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">typically
+expressed
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">rather
+important
+</ins>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+very
+compact,
+key-value
+format.
+That
+is,
+full
+IRIs
+are
+rarely
+used
+as
+keys.
+At
+times,
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+may
+be
+received
+that
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">data
+modeling,
+it
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">not
+in
+its
+most
+compact
+form.
+JSON-LD,
+via
+the
+API,
+provides
+a
+way
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">useful
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">compact
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">have
+specific
+language
+support.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+document.
+For
+example,
+assume
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+input
+document:
+{
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ }
+}
+Additionally,
+assume
+the
+following
+developer-supplied
+JSON-LD
+context:
+{
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+}
+Running
+the
+JSON-LD
+Compaction
+algorithm
+given
+the
+context
+supplied
+above
+against
+the
+JSON-LD
+input
+document
+provided
+above
+would
+result
+in
+the
+following
+output:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+The
+compaction
+algorithm
+also
+enables
+the
+developer
+to
+map
+any
+expanded
+format
+into
+an
+application-specific
+compacted
+format.
+While
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list
+may
+be
+represented
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">context
+provided
+above
+mapped
+</del>
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins>
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">to
+name
+,
+it
+could
+have
+also
+mapped
+it
+to
+any
+arbitrary
+string
+provided
+by
+the
+developer.
+3.11
+Framing
+A
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+directed
+graph.
+A
+single
+directed
+graph
+can
+have
+many
+different
+serializations,
+each
+expressing
+exactly
+the
+same
+information.
+Developers
+typically
+work
+with
+trees,
+represented
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">keyword
+</ins>
+as
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+object
+s.
+While
+mapping
+a
+graph
+to
+a
+tree
+can
+be
+done,
+the
+layout
+of
+the
+end
+result
+must
+be
+specified
+in
+advance.
+A
+Frame
+can
+be
+used
+by
+a
+developer
+on
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+to
+specify
+a
+deterministic
+layout
+for
+a
+graph.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">follows:
+</ins>
+</p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">{ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ] }</span>,
+...
+}
+</ins></pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Framing
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">This
+describes
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">process
+of
+taking
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+which
+expresses
+a
+graph
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">use
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">information,
+and
+applying
+a
+specific
+graph
+layout
+(called
+a
+Frame
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">this
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-chg">
+array
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">).
+The
+JSON-LD
+document
+below
+expresses
+a
+library,
+a
+book
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">as
+being
+ordered,
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">a
+chapter:
+{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": "contains"
+ },
+ },
+ "@subject":
+ [{
+ "@subject": "http://example.com/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "creator": "Plato",
+ "title": "The Republic",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+ "description": "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ "title": "The Introduction"
+ }]
+}
+Developers
+typically
+like
+to
+operate
+on
+items
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">order
+is
+maintained
+through
+alternate
+representations
+as
+described
+</ins>
+in
+<ins class="diff-new">[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+If
+every
+use
+of
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">hierarchical,
+tree-based
+fashion.
+Ideally,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">given
+multi-valued
+property
+is
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">developer
+would
+want
+the
+data
+above
+sorted
+into
+top-level
+libraries,
+then
+the
+books
+that
+are
+contained
+in
+each
+library,
+and
+then
+the
+chapters
+contained
+in
+each
+book.
+To
+achieve
+that
+layout,
+the
+developer
+can
+define
+the
+following
+frame
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">list,
+this
+may
+be
+abbreviated
+by
+adding
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+coercion
+</ins>
+</a>:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Book",
+ "contains": {
+ "@type": "Chapter"
+ }
+ }
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+<ins class="diff-chg"> ...
+ "nick": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick",
+ "@list": true
+ }
+}</span>,
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">When
+the
+framing
+algorithm
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+coercion
+</ins>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">run
+against
+the
+previously
+defined
+JSON-LD
+document,
+paired
+with
+the
+frame
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specified
+within
+an
+expanded
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">above,
+the
+following
+JSON-LD
+document
+is
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">definition
+using
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">end
+result:
+{
+ "@context": {
+ "Book": "http://example.org/vocab#Book",
+ "Chapter": "http://example.org/vocab#Chapter",
+ "contains": "http://example.org/vocab#contains",
+ "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"
+ "description": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"
+ "Library": "http://example.org/vocab#Library",
+ "title": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": "Library",
+ "contains": {
+
+ "@type": "Book",
+
+
+ "contains": {
+
+ "@type": "Chapter",
+
+
+ },
+ },
+}
+</del>
+<code>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+</ins>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+framing
+algorithm
+allows
+developers
+to
+query
+by
+example
+and
+force
+a
+specific
+tree
+layout
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+of
+this
+key,
+if
+present,
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+true
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+This
+indicates
+that
+array
+values
+of
+keys
+coerced
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@list
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+</ins>
+to
+<ins class="diff-new">be
+serialized
+as
+</ins>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
+document.
+</del>
+<a href="#rdf-collection">
+<ins class="diff-chg">List
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+4.
+</span>
+Advanced
+Concepts
+</h2>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+has
+a
+number
+of
+features
+that
+provide
+functionality
+above
+and
+beyond
+the
+core
+functionality
+described
+above.
+The
+following
+sections
+outline
+the
+features
+that
+are
+specific
+to
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<div id="external-contexts" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.1
+</span>
+External
+Contexts
+</h3>
+<p>
+Authors
+may
+choose
+to
+declare
+JSON-LD
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+s
+in
+external
+documents
+to
+promote
+re-use
+of
+contexts
+as
+well
+as
+reduce
+the
+size
+of
+JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+<p>
+In
+order
+to
+use
+an
+external
+context,
+an
+author
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+specify
+an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+a
+valid
+JSON-LD
+document.
+<del class="diff-old">If
+an
+IRI
+is
+specified,
+the
+external
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">The
+referenced
+</ins>
+document
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+<del class="diff-old">be
+dereferenced
+and
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">have
+a
+</ins>
+top-level
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON
+Object
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+The
+value
+of
+any
+</ins>
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key
+<del class="diff-old">in
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">within
+that
+object
+is
+substituted
+for
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">JSON
+Object
+must
+be
+overlayed
+on
+top
+of
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+within
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">current
+active
+context.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">referencing
+document
+to
+have
+the
+same
+effect
+as
+if
+the
+value
+were
+specified
+inline
+within
+the
+referencing
+document.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+demonstrates
+the
+use
+of
+an
+external
+context:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ,
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Authors
+may
+also
+import
+multiple
+contexts
+<ins class="diff-new">or
+a
+combination
+of
+external
+and
+local
+contexts
+</ins>
+by
+specifying
+a
+list
+of
+<del class="diff-old">contexts
+to
+import:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">contexts:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ "celebrates":
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-chg"> [
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/event"
+ ]</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins> <span class="diff">"celebrates":
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Each
+context
+in
+a
+list
+will
+be
+evaluated
+in-order.
+Duplicate
+<del class="diff-old">values
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">mappings
+within
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+be
+overwritten
+on
+a
+last-defined-overrides
+basis.
+The
+context
+list
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
+must
+</em>
+contain
+either
+de-referenceable
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+or
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
+JSON
+Object
+</a>
+s
+that
+conform
+to
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+syntax
+as
+described
+in
+this
+document.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">An
+author
+may
+nest
+contexts
+within
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s,
+with
+the
+more
+deeply
+nested
+contexts
+overriding
+the
+values
+in
+previously
+defined
+contexts:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/person#name",
+ "details": "http://example.com/person#details"
+ },</span>
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Markus",
+ ...
+ "details":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"@context": { "name": "http://example.com/organization#name" },</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Acme, Ltd."
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+name
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+is
+overridden
+in
+the
+more
+deeply
+nested
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+details
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+structure.
+Note
+that
+this
+is
+rarely
+a
+good
+authoring
+practice
+and
+is
+typically
+used
+when
+the
+JSON
+object
+has
+legacy
+applications
+using
+the
+structure
+of
+the
+object.
+</ins></p><p>
+External
+JSON-LD
+context
+documents
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+contain
+extra
+information
+located
+outside
+of
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+key,
+such
+as
+documentation
+about
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+declared
+in
+the
+document.
+<ins class="diff-new">When
+importing
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+from
+an
+external
+JSON-LD
+context
+document,
+any
+extra
+information
+contained
+outside
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@context
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+value
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+discarded.
+</ins>
+It
+is
+also
+<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">
+recommended
+</em>
+that
+a
+human-readable
+document
+encoded
+in
+HTML+RDFa
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-HTML-RDFA">
+HTML-RDFA
+</a>
+</cite>
+]
+or
+other
+Linked
+Data
+compatible
+format
+is
+served
+as
+well
+to
+explain
+the
+correct
+usage
+of
+the
+JSON-LD
+context
+document.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="expanded-term-definition" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+4.2
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Vocabulary
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Expanded
+Term
+Definition
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Within
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+definition,
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+defined
+using
+an
+expanded
+notation
+to
+allow
+for
+additional
+information
+associated
+with
+the
+term
+to
+be
+specified
+(see
+</ins><a href="#type-coerceion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Type
+Coercion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><a href="#rdf-collection"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Lists
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+).
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Instead
+of
+using
+a
+string
+representation
+of
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+is
+specified
+using
+an
+object
+having
+an
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+The
+value
+of
+this
+key
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+an
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.</p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context": {
+ "name": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"}</span>,
+ "avatar": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"}</span>
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}
+</ins></pre><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-chg">
+There
+is
+an
+open
+issue
+(
+</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43" target="_blank"><ins class="diff-chg">
+#43
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+)
+on
+allowing
+non-terms
+in
+the
+key
+position
+to
+allow
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion"><ins class="diff-chg">
+coercion
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+to
+be
+specified
+for
+CURIEs
+or
+absolute
+IRIs.
+</ins></p></div><div id="default-language" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+4.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
+Default
+Language
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+JSON-LD
+allows
+a
+default
+value
+to
+use
+as
+the
+language
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s.
+It
+is
+commonly
+the
+case
+that
+documents
+are
+written
+using
+a
+single
+language.
+As
+described
+in
+</ins><a href="string-internationalization"><ins class="diff-chg">
+String
+Internationalization
+</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
+a
+language-tagged
+literal
+may
+be
+specified
+as
+follows:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@value": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+apply
+a
+particular
+language
+code
+to
+all
+plain
+literals
+by
+setting
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+in
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@context
+</ins></code>:</p><pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context:"
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },</span>
+...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">"科学者"</span>
+...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
+plain
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+花澄
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
+科学者
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+associate
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+ja
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+language
+code
+with
+each
+literal.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+possible
+to
+override
+the
+default
+language
+by
+using
+the
+expanded
+form
+of
+a
+literal:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context:"
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+...
+ "name": "花澄"
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "Scientist",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }</span>
+...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+It
+is
+also
+possible
+to
+override
+the
+default
+language
+and
+specify
+a
+plain
+literal
+by
+omitting
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@language
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+tag
+when
+expressing
+the
+expanded
+literal
+value:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@context:"
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+...
+ "name": "花澄"
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "Ninja"
+ }</span>
+...
+}
+</ins></pre></div><div id="prefixes" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
+4.4
+</ins></span>
+Prefixes
+</h3>
+<p>
+Vocabulary
+terms
+in
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+documents
+may
+draw
+from
+a
+number
+of
+different
+Web
+vocabularies.
+At
+times,
+declaring
+every
+single
+term
+that
+a
+document
+uses
+can
+require
+the
+developer
+to
+declare
+tens,
+if
+not
+hundreds
+of
+potential
+vocabulary
+terms
+that
+may
+be
+used
+across
+an
+application.
+This
+is
+a
+concern
+for
+at
+least
+three
+reasons;
+the
+first
+is
+the
+cognitive
+load
+on
+the
+developer,
+the
+second
+is
+the
+serialized
+size
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">context,
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>,
+the
+third
+is
+future-proofing
+application
+contexts.
+In
+order
+to
+address
+these
+issues,
+the
+concept
+of
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+mechanism
+is
+introduced.
+</p>
+<p>
+A
+<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+compact
+way
+of
+expressing
+a
+base
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>
+to
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>.
+Generally,
+these
+prefixes
+are
+used
+by
+concatenating
+the
+<em>
+prefix
+</em>
+and
+a
+<em>
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">suffix
+</ins>
+</em>
+separated
+by
+a
+colon
+(
+<code>:
+</code>
+).
+The
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-new">is
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+taken
+from
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins>
+is
+a
+short
+string
+<del class="diff-old">that
+identifies
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">identifying
+</ins>
+a
+particular
+<del class="diff-old">Web
+vocabulary.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document.
+</ins>
+For
+example,
+the
+prefix
+<code>
+foaf
+</code>
+may
+be
+used
+as
+a
+short
+hand
+for
+the
+Friend-of-a-Friend
+Web
+Vocabulary,
+which
+is
+identified
+using
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
+</code>.
+A
+developer
+may
+append
+any
+of
+the
+FOAF
+Vocabulary
+terms
+to
+the
+end
+of
+the
+prefix
+to
+specify
+a
+short-hand
+version
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">full
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+for
+the
+vocabulary
+term.
+For
+example,
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+would
+be
+expanded
+out
+to
+the
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+Instead
+of
+having
+to
+remember
+and
+type
+out
+the
+entire
+<del class="diff-old">IRI,
+</del>
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr>,
+the
+developer
+can
+instead
+use
+the
+prefix
+in
+their
+JSON-LD
+markup.
+</p>
+<p>
+<ins class="diff-new">To
+generate
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+out
+of
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix:suffix
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+construct,
+the
+value
+is
+first
+split
+into
+a
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+suffix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+first
+occurrence
+of
+a
+colon
+(
+</ins><code>:</code><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+If
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
+active
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+contains
+a
+term
+mapping
+for
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+generated
+by
+prepending
+the
+mapped
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+to
+the
+(possibly
+empty)
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+suffix
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+using
+textual
+concatenation.
+If
+no
+prefix
+mapping
+is
+defined,
+the
+value
+is
+used
+directly
+as
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>.<ins class="diff-new">
+If
+the
+prefix
+is
+an
+underscore
+(
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+_
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+),
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+remains
+unchanged.
+</ins></p><p>
+The
+ability
+to
+use
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>
+es
+reduces
+the
+need
+for
+developers
+to
+declare
+every
+vocabulary
+term
+that
+they
+intend
+to
+use
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+This
+reduces
+document
+serialization
+size
+because
+every
+vocabulary
+term
+need
+not
+be
+declared
+in
+the
+context.
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+Prefix
+</a>
+also
+reduce
+the
+cognitive
+load
+on
+the
+developer.
+It
+is
+far
+easier
+to
+remember
+<code>
+foaf:name
+</code>
+than
+it
+is
+to
+remember
+<code>
+http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
+</code>.
+The
+use
+of
+prefixes
+also
+ensures
+that
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+document
+does
+not
+have
+to
+be
+updated
+in
+lock-step
+with
+an
+externally
+defined
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>.
+Without
+prefixes,
+a
+developer
+would
+need
+to
+keep
+their
+application
+context
+terms
+in
+lock-step
+with
+an
+externally
+defined
+Web
+Vocabulary.
+Rather,
+by
+just
+declaring
+the
+Web
+Vocabulary
+prefix,
+one
+can
+use
+new
+terms
+as
+they're
+declared
+without
+having
+to
+update
+the
+application's
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Consider
+the
+following
+example:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+ "@context": {
+
+
+ },
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": ,
+ : {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "Plato",
+ : "The Republic",
+ : {
+ "@subject": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": ,
+ : "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ : "The Introduction"
+ },
+ },
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"ex": "http://example.org/vocab#"</span>
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Library"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Book"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc:creator"</span>: "Plato",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Republic",
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Chapter"</span>,
+</ins> <span class="diff">"dc:description"</span>: "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Introduction"
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ }
+ }
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+this
+example,
+two
+different
+vocabularies
+are
+referred
+to
+using
+prefixes.
+Those
+prefixes
+are
+then
+used
+as
+type
+and
+property
+values
+using
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">prefix:term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">prefix:suffix
+</ins>
+</code>
+notation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Prefixes,
+also
+known
+as
+CURIEs,
+are
+defined
+more
+formally
+in
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1,
+<cite>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/#s_curies">
+Section
+6
+<del class="diff-old">"CURIE
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"CURIE
+</ins>
+Syntax
+<del class="diff-old">Definition"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Definition"
+</ins>
+</a>
+</cite>
+[
+<cite>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
+RDFA-CORE
+</a>
+</cite>
+].
+JSON-LD
+does
+not
+support
+the
+square-bracketed
+CURIE
+syntax
+as
+the
+mechanism
+is
+not
+required
+to
+disambiguate
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+in
+a
+JSON-LD
+document
+like
+it
+is
+in
+HTML
+documents.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="iri-expansion-within-context" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<ins class="diff-new">4.5
+</ins></span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+Expansion
+within
+Context
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+To
+be
+consistent
+with
+JSON-LD
+in
+general,
+anywhere
+an
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+expected,
+normal
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+expansion
+rules
+apply
+(see
+</ins><a href="#iris"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRIs
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+).
+Within
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+definition,
+this
+can
+mean
+that
+terms
+defined
+within
+a
+given
+context
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+also
+be
+used
+within
+that
+context,
+as
+long
+as
+there
+are
+no
+circular
+dependencies.
+For
+example,
+it
+is
+common
+to
+use
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+namespace
+when
+defining
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+typed
+literal
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@type": <span class="diff">"xsd:integer"</span>},
+ "homepage": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"}
+ },
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+In
+this
+example,
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+xsd
+</ins></code><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+defined,
+and
+used
+as
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-new">
+prefix
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+for
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+coercion
+of
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+age
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+property.
+</ins></p><p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+Term
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+also
+be
+used
+when
+defining
+the
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-new">
+of
+another
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
+term
+</ins></a>:</p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": <span class="diff">"foaf:name"</span>,
+ "age": {"@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:age"</span>, "@type": xsd:integer"},
+ "homepage": {"@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>, "@type": "@id"}
+ },
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+only
+exception
+is
+that
+terms
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must not"><ins class="diff-new">
+must
+not
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+used
+in
+a
+circular
+manner,
+meaning
+that
+the
+definition
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+term-1
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+not
+depend
+on
+the
+definition
+of
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+term-2
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+if
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+term-2
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+also
+depends
+on
+</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
+term-1
+</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-new">
+For
+example,
+the
+following
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context"><ins class="diff-new">
+context
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+definition
+is
+illegal:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"term1": {"@id": "term2:foo"},
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "term2": {"@id": "term1:bar"}</span>
+ },
+ ...
+}
+</ins></pre></div>
+<div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.6
+</ins>
+</span>
+Automatic
+Typing
+</h3>
+<p>
+Since
+JSON
+is
+capable
+of
+expressing
+typed
+information
+such
+as
+doubles,
+integers,
+and
+boolean
+values.
+As
+demonstrated
+below,
+JSON-LD
+utilizes
+that
+information
+to
+create
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+s:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": ,
+ "measure:cups": ,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": ,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": ,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": ,
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3e0</span>,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": <span class="diff">6.5e73</span>,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": <span class="diff">{ "@value": "4.8", "@type": "xsd:decimal" }</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p class="note">
+When
+dealing
+with
+a
+number
+of
+modern
+programming
+languages,
+including
+JavaScript
+ECMA-262,
+there
+is
+no
+distinction
+between
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+values.
+That
+is,
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+<code>
+5.3
+</code>
+and
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
+number
+</a>
+<code>
+5.3e0
+</code>
+are
+treated
+as
+if
+they
+were
+the
+same.
+When
+converting
+from
+JSON-LD
+to
+a
+language-native
+format
+and
+back,
+datatype
+information
+is
+lost
+in
+a
+number
+of
+these
+languages.
+Thus,
+one
+could
+say
+that
+<code>
+5.3
+</code>
+is
+a
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<code>
+5.3e0
+</code>
+is
+an
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>
+in
+JSON-LD,
+but
+when
+both
+values
+are
+converted
+to
+a
+language-native
+format
+the
+datatype
+difference
+between
+the
+two
+is
+lost
+because
+the
+machine-level
+representation
+will
+almost
+always
+be
+a
+<strong>
+double
+</strong>.
+Implementers
+should
+be
+aware
+of
+this
+potential
+round-tripping
+issue
+between
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+xsd:double
+</strong>.
+Specifically
+objects
+with
+a
+datatype
+of
+<strong>
+xsd:decimal
+</strong>
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+converted
+to
+a
+language
+native
+type.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="type-coercion" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.4
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.7
+</ins>
+</span>
+Type
+Coercion
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+supports
+the
+coercion
+of
+values
+to
+particular
+data
+types.
+Type
+<dfn title="coercion" id="dfn-coercion">
+coercion
+</dfn>
+allows
+someone
+deploying
+JSON-LD
+to
+coerce
+the
+incoming
+or
+outgoing
+types
+to
+the
+proper
+data
+type
+based
+on
+a
+mapping
+of
+data
+type
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s
+</ins>
+to
+property
+types.
+Using
+type
+coercion,
+<del class="diff-old">one
+may
+convert
+simple
+JSON
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">value
+representation
+is
+preserved
+without
+requiring
+the
+</ins>
+data
+<ins class="diff-new">type
+</ins>
+to
+<del class="diff-old">properly
+typed
+RDF
+data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">be
+specified
+with
+each
+usage.
+</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
+Type
+coercion
+is
+specified
+within
+an
+</ins><a href="#expanded-term-definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
+expanded
+term
+definition
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+using
+the
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key.
+The
+values
+of
+this
+key
+represent
+datatype
+IRIs
+and
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
+must
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+take
+the
+form
+of
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+term
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefix
+</ins></a>:suffix,<ins class="diff-chg">
+absolute
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+the
+keyword
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
+Specifying
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+indicates
+that
+within
+the
+body
+of
+a
+JSON-LD
+document,
+string
+values
+of
+keys
+coerced
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+are
+to
+be
+interpreted
+as
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+s,
+or
+labeled
+nodes
+and
+are
+subject
+to
+</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
+expansion.
+</ins></p><p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Terms
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix"><ins class="diff-chg">
+prefixes
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+used
+as
+the
+value
+of
+a
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+key
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-chg">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
+be
+defined
+within
+the
+same
+context.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+example
+below
+demonstrates
+how
+a
+JSON-LD
+author
+can
+coerce
+values
+to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
+plain
+literal
+</a>
+s,
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
+typed
+literal
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">s
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">s,
+IRIs
+</ins>
+and
+<del class="diff-old">IRIs.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">lists.
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "xsd:integer": "age",
+ "@iri": "homepage"
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": ,
+ "homepage":
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@type": "xsd:integer"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"}</span>
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">"http://example.org/home/"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+generate
+the
+following
+<del class="diff-old">triples:
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">turtle:
+</ins>
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
+ "John Smith" .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age>
+ "41"^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer .
+_:bnode1
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage>
+<http://example.org/home/>
+</del>
+<pre class="example">@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+[ foaf:name "John Smith";
+ foaf:age "41"^^xsd:integer;
+ foaf:homepage <http://example.org/home>
+]
+</ins>
+.
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="chaining" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.5
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.8
+</ins>
+</span>
+Chaining
+</h3>
+<p>
+Object
+<dfn title="chaining" id="dfn-chaining">
+chaining
+</dfn>
+is
+a
+JSON-LD
+feature
+that
+allows
+an
+author
+to
+use
+the
+definition
+of
+JSON-LD
+objects
+as
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
+property
+</a>
+values.
+This
+is
+a
+commonly
+used
+mechanism
+for
+creating
+a
+parent-child
+relationship
+between
+two
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
+subject
+</a>
+s.
+</p>
+<p>
+The
+example
+shows
+an
+two
+subjects
+related
+by
+a
+property
+from
+the
+first
+subject:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"> {
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": {
+ "",
+ "",
+ }
+...
+</del>
+ <pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>": {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+An
+object
+definition,
+like
+the
+one
+used
+above,
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+be
+used
+as
+a
+JSON
+value
+at
+any
+point
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.6
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.9
+</ins>
+</span>
+Identifying
+Unlabeled
+Nodes
+</h3>
+<p>
+At
+times,
+it
+becomes
+necessary
+to
+be
+able
+to
+express
+information
+without
+being
+able
+to
+specify
+the
+subject.
+Typically,
+this
+type
+of
+node
+is
+called
+an
+unlabeled
+node
+or
+a
+blank
+node.
+In
+JSON-LD,
+unlabeled
+node
+identifiers
+are
+automatically
+created
+if
+a
+subject
+is
+not
+specified
+using
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+keyword.
+However,
+authors
+may
+provide
+identifiers
+for
+unlabeled
+nodes
+by
+using
+the
+special
+<code>
+_
+</code>
+(underscore)
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>.
+This
+allows
+to
+reference
+the
+node
+locally
+within
+the
+document
+but
+not
+in
+an
+external
+document.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+...
+ "@subject": "",
+...
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg">...
+ "@id": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+...
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+example
+above
+would
+set
+the
+subject
+to
+<code>
+_:foo
+</code>,
+which
+can
+then
+be
+used
+later
+on
+in
+the
+JSON-LD
+markup
+to
+refer
+back
+to
+the
+unlabeled
+node.
+This
+practice,
+however,
+is
+usually
+frowned
+upon
+when
+generating
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+<del class="diff-old">Data.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Data
+</ins></a>.
+If
+a
+developer
+finds
+that
+they
+refer
+to
+the
+unlabeled
+node
+more
+than
+once,
+they
+should
+consider
+naming
+the
+node
+using
+a
+resolve-able
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="aliasing-keywords" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.7
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">4.10
+</ins>
+</span>
+Aliasing
+Keywords
+</h3>
+<p>
+JSON-LD
+allows
+all
+of
+the
+syntax
+keywords,
+except
+for
+<code>
+@context
+</code>,
+to
+be
+aliased.
+This
+feature
+allows
+more
+legacy
+JSON
+content
+to
+be
+supported
+by
+JSON-LD.
+It
+also
+allows
+developers
+to
+design
+domain-specific
+implementations
+using
+only
+the
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">context.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+<ins class="diff-chg">context
+</ins></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ ,
+ ,
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"url": "@id"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg">
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+<del class="diff-old">@subject
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">@id
+</ins>
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+@type
+</code>
+keywords
+have
+been
+given
+the
+aliases
+<strong>
+url
+</strong>
+and
+<strong>
+a
+</strong>,
+respectively.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="markup-examples">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">4.8
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.
+</ins>
+</span>
+<del class="diff-old">Normalization
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Markup
+Examples
+</ins></h2>
+<p>
+<del class="diff-old">Normalization
+is
+the
+process
+of
+taking
+JSON-LD
+input
+and
+performing
+a
+deterministic
+transformation
+on
+that
+input
+that
+results
+in
+a
+</del>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">output
+that
+any
+conforming
+JSON-LD
+processor
+would
+have
+generated
+given
+the
+same
+input.
+The
+problem
+is
+a
+fairly
+difficult
+technical
+problem
+to
+solve
+because
+it
+requires
+a
+directed
+graph
+to
+be
+ordered
+into
+a
+set
+of
+nodes
+and
+edges
+in
+a
+deterministic
+way.
+This
+is
+easy
+to
+do
+when
+all
+of
+the
+nodes
+have
+unique
+names,
+but
+very
+difficult
+to
+do
+when
+some
+of
+the
+nodes
+are
+not
+labeled.
+Normalization
+</del>
+is
+<del class="diff-old">useful
+when
+comparing
+two
+graphs
+against
+one
+another,
+when
+generating
+</del>
+a
+<del class="diff-old">detailed
+list
+of
+differences
+between
+two
+graphs,
+and
+when
+generating
+a
+cryptographic
+digital
+signature
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">specification
+</ins>
+for
+<del class="diff-old">information
+contained
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">representing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-chg">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">a
+graph
+or
+when
+generating
+a
+hash
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">JSON.
+A
+common
+way
+</ins>
+of
+<del class="diff-old">the
+information
+contained
+in
+a
+graph.
+The
+example
+below
+is
+an
+un-normalized
+JSON-LD
+document:
+{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "@coerce":
+ {
+ "@iri": ["homepage"]
+ }
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+}
+The
+example
+below
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">working
+with
+Linked
+Data
+</ins>
+is
+<ins class="diff-new">through
+</ins><dfn title="rdf" id="dfn-rdf"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+</ins></dfn>,
+the
+<del class="diff-old">normalized
+form
+of
+the
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Resource
+Description
+Framework.
+RDF
+can
+be
+expressed
+using
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">document
+above:
+Whitespace
+is
+used
+below
+to
+aid
+readability.
+The
+normalization
+algorithm
+for
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">by
+associating
+</ins>
+JSON-LD
+<del class="diff-old">removes
+all
+unnecessary
+whitespace
+in
+the
+fully
+normalized
+form.
+[{
+ "@subject":
+ {
+ "@iri": "_:c14n0"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage":
+ {
+ "@iri": "http://manu.sporny.org/"
+ },
+ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": "Manu Sporny"
+}]
+Notice
+how
+all
+of
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">concepts
+such
+as
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@id
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+and
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+@type
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
+with
+</ins>
+the
+<del class="diff-old">term
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">equivalent
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr>
+</a>
+s
+<del class="diff-old">have
+been
+expanded
+and
+sorted
+</del>
+in
+<del class="diff-old">alphabetical
+order.
+Also,
+notice
+how
+the
+subject
+has
+been
+labeled
+with
+a
+blank
+node
+identifier
+.
+Normalization
+ensures
+that
+any
+arbitrary
+graph
+containing
+exactly
+the
+same
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF.
+Further
+</ins>
+information
+<del class="diff-old">would
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">about
+RDF
+may
+</ins>
+be
+<del class="diff-old">normalized
+to
+exactly
+the
+same
+form
+shown
+above.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">found
+in
+[
+</ins><cite>
+<del class="diff-old">A.
+Markup
+Examples
+</del>
+<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-PRIMER">
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF-PRIMER
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+].
+</ins></p>
+<p>
+The
+JSON-LD
+markup
+examples
+below
+demonstrate
+how
+JSON-LD
+can
+be
+used
+to
+express
+semantic
+data
+marked
+up
+in
+other
+languages
+such
+as
+<ins class="diff-new">RDF/XML,
+Turtle,
+</ins>
+RDFa,
+Microformats,
+and
+Microdata.
+These
+sections
+are
+merely
+provided
+as
+proof
+that
+JSON-LD
+is
+very
+flexible
+in
+what
+it
+can
+express
+across
+different
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
+Linked
+Data
+</a>
+approaches.
+<ins class="diff-new">Details
+of
+transforming
+JSON-LD
+into
+RDF
+are
+defined
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API"><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD-API
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+].
+</ins>
+</p>
+<div id="turtle" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+A.1
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Turtle
+</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+are
+examples
+of
+representing
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf"><ins class="diff-new">
+RDF
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+as
+expressed
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-new">
+TURTLE
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]
+into
+JSON-LD.
+</ins></p><div id="prefix-definitions" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.1
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Prefix
+definitions
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+JSON-LD
+context
+has
+direct
+equivalents
+for
+the
+Turtle
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@prefix
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+declaration:
+</ins></p><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+foaf:homepage
+<http://manu.sporny.org/>
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+}
+</ins></pre><div class="note"><p><ins class="diff-new">
+JSON-LD
+has
+no
+equivalent
+for
+the
+Turtle
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
+declaration.
+Authors
+could,
+of
+course,
+use
+a
+prefix
+definition
+to
+resolve
+relative
+IRIs.
+For
+example,
+an
+empty
+prefix
+could
+be
+used
+to
+get
+a
+similar
+effect
+to
+</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
+@base
+</ins></code>:</p><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+</ins> <span class="diff">"": "http://manu.sporny.org/",</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": <span class="diff">":#me"</span>,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": <span class="diff">":" </span>}
+}
+</ins></pre></div></div><div id="chaining-1" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.2
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Chaining
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Both
+Turtle
+and
+JSON-LD
+allow
+chaining
+of
+objects,
+although
+Turtle
+only
+allows
+chaining
+of
+objects
+which
+use
+nlank
+node
+identifiers.
+</ins></p></div><pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+foaf:knows
+[
+a
+foaf:Person;
+foaf:name
+"Gregg
+Kellogg"
+]
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": ":#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+}
+</ins></pre><div id="lists" class="section"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.1.3
+</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
+Lists
+</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Both
+JSON-LD
+and
+Turtle
+can
+represent
+sequential
+lists
+of
+values.
+</ins></p><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+<ins class="diff-new">
+
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+foaf:nick
+(
+"joe"
+"bob"
+"jaybee")
+.
+</ins></pre><pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-new">
+ "@context": {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick": { "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybe" ] }
+}
+</ins></pre></div></div><div id="rdfa" class="section"><h3><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+A.2
+</ins></span>
+RDFa
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+describes
+three
+people
+with
+their
+respective
+names
+and
+homepages.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">>
+ <ul>
+ <li >
+ <a >Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li >
+ <a >Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+An
+example
+JSON-LD
+implementation
+is
+described
+below,
+however,
+there
+are
+other
+ways
+to
+mark-up
+this
+information
+such
+that
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+is
+not
+repeated.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
+ "@subject": [
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@id": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microformats" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.3
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microformats
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+following
+example
+uses
+a
+simple
+Microformats
+hCard
+example
+to
+express
+how
+the
+Microformat
+is
+represented
+in
+JSON-LD.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+<ins class="diff-chg"> <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek �elik</a>
+</ins>
+</div>
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+representation
+of
+the
+hCard
+expresses
+the
+Microformat
+terms
+in
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
+context
+</a>
+and
+uses
+them
+directly
+for
+the
+<code>
+url
+</code>
+and
+<code>
+fn
+</code>
+properties.
+Also
+note
+that
+the
+Microformat
+to
+JSON-LD
+processor
+has
+generated
+the
+proper
+URL
+type
+for
+<code>
+http://tantek.com
+</code>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url",
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn",
+ "@coerce": { "@iri": "url" }
+ },
+ "@subject": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": {"@id": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url", "@type": "@id"},
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@id": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek �elik"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div id="microdata" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">A.3
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">A.4
+</ins>
+</span>
+Microdata
+</h3>
+<p>
+The
+<del class="diff-old">Microdata
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">microdata
+</ins>
+example
+below
+expresses
+book
+information
+as
+a
+<del class="diff-old">Microdata
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">microdata
+</ins>
+Work
+item.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</del>
+<pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+<ins class="diff-chg"> itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</ins>
+</dl>
+</pre>
+<p>
+Note
+that
+the
+JSON-LD
+representation
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Microdata
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">microdata
+</ins>
+information
+stays
+true
+to
+the
+desires
+of
+the
+<del class="diff-old">Microdata
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">microdata
+</ins>
+community
+to
+avoid
+contexts
+and
+instead
+refer
+to
+items
+by
+their
+full
+<del class="diff-old">IRI.
+</del>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">[
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ ["http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK"]
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@subject": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</del>
+<pre class="example">[
+<ins class="diff-chg"> {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ [ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK" ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+</ins>
+]
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="linked-data">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+B.
+</span>
+<ins class="diff-new">Linked
+Data
+</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-new">
+The
+following
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+the
+one
+that
+will
+be
+used
+for
+this
+specification.
+</ins></p><ol><li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+set
+of
+documents,
+each
+containing
+a
+representation
+of
+a
+linked
+data
+graph.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+unordered
+labeled
+directed
+graph,
+where
+nodes
+are
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+s,
+and
+edges
+are
+properties.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+any
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+outgoing
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+(an
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifier
+as
+described
+in
+[
+</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-new">
+RFC3987
+</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
+]).
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><dfn title="object" id="dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+a
+node
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+at
+least
+one
+incoming
+edge.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+object
+</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
+may
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+and
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+at
+the
+same
+time.
+</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="property" id="dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+edge
+of
+the
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+labeled
+with
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+An
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
+that
+is
+a
+label
+in
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
+linked
+data
+graph
+</ins></a><em class="rfc2119" title="should"><ins class="diff-new">
+should
+</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
+be
+dereferencable
+to
+a
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+document
+describing
+the
+labeled
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject"><ins class="diff-new">
+subject
+</ins></a>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+or
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property"><ins class="diff-new">
+property
+</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
+A
+</ins><dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-new">
+literal
+</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
+is
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object"><ins class="diff-new">
+object
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+with
+a
+label
+that
+is
+not
+an
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
+IRI
+</ins></abbr></a></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-new">
+Note
+that
+the
+definition
+for
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
+above
+is
+silent
+on
+the
+topic
+of
+unlabeled
+nodes.
+Unlabeled
+nodes
+are
+not
+considered
+</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data"><ins class="diff-new">
+Linked
+Data
+</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
+However,
+this
+specification
+allows
+for
+the
+expression
+of
+unlabled
+nodes,
+as
+most
+graph-based
+data
+sets
+on
+the
+Web
+contain
+a
+number
+of
+associated
+nodes
+that
+are
+not
+named
+and
+thus
+are
+not
+directly
+de-referenceable.
+</ins></p></div><div class="appendix section" id="mashing-up-vocabularies"><h2><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
+C.
+</ins></span>
+Mashing
+Up
+Vocabularies
+</h2>
+<p>
+Developers
+would
+also
+benefit
+by
+allowing
+other
+vocabularies
+to
+be
+used
+automatically
+with
+their
+JSON
+API.
+There
+are
+over
+200
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+Documents
+that
+are
+available
+for
+use
+on
+the
+Web
+today.
+Some
+of
+these
+vocabularies
+are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+RDF
+-
+for
+describing
+information
+about
+objects
+and
+concepts
+on
+the
+Web.
+</li>
+<li>
+RDFS
+-
+for
+expressing
+things
+like
+labels
+and
+comments.
+</li>
+<li>
+XSD
+-
+for
+specifying
+basic
+types
+like
+strings,
+integers,
+dates
+and
+times.
+</li>
+<li>
+Dublin
+Core
+-
+for
+describing
+creative
+works.
+</li>
+<li>
+FOAF
+-
+for
+describing
+social
+networks.
+</li>
+<li>
+Calendar
+-
+for
+specifying
+events.
+</li>
+<li>
+SIOC
+-
+for
+describing
+discussions
+on
+blogs
+and
+websites.
+</li>
+<li>
+CCrel
+-
+for
+describing
+Creative
+Commons
+and
+other
+types
+of
+licenses.
+</li>
+<li>
+GEO
+-
+for
+describing
+geographic
+location.
+</li>
+<li>
+VCard
+-
+for
+describing
+organizations
+and
+people.
+</li>
+<li>
+DOAP
+-
+for
+describing
+projects.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+You
+can
+use
+these
+vocabularies
+in
+combination,
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ "",
+ "": "Manu Sporny",
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "<span class="diff">sioc:avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+Developers
+can
+also
+specify
+their
+own
+Vocabulary
+documents
+by
+modifying
+the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
+active
+context
+</a>
+in-line
+using
+the
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword,
+like
+so:
+</p>
+<del class="diff-old">{
+ ,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny",
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"
+</del>
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,
+<ins class="diff-chg"> "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"</span>
+</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+<p>
+The
+<code>
+@context
+</code>
+keyword
+is
+used
+to
+change
+how
+the
+JSON-LD
+processor
+evaluates
+key-value
+pairs.
+In
+this
+case,
+it
+was
+used
+to
+map
+one
+string
+('myvocab')
+to
+another
+string,
+which
+is
+interpreted
+as
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
+<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
+IRI
+</abbr>
+</a>.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+the
+<code>
+myvocab
+</code>
+string
+is
+replaced
+with
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+http://example.org/myvocab#
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+when
+it
+is
+detected.
+In
+the
+example
+above,
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+myvocab:personality
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+would
+expand
+to
+<del class="diff-old">"
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">"
+</ins>
+<code>
+http://example.org/myvocab#personality
+</code>
+<del class="diff-old">".
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">".
+</ins>
+</p>
+<p>
+This
+mechanism
+is
+a
+short-hand,
+called
+a
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">
+Web
+Vocabulary
+</a>
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
+prefix
+</a>,
+and
+provides
+developers
+an
+unambiguous
+way
+to
+map
+any
+JSON
+value
+to
+RDF.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="iana-considerations">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">C.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">D.
+</ins>
+</span>
+IANA
+Considerations
+</h2>
+<p>
+This
+section
+is
+included
+merely
+for
+standards
+community
+review
+and
+will
+be
+submitted
+to
+the
+Internet
+Engineering
+Steering
+Group
+if
+this
+specification
+becomes
+a
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</p>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Type
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+application
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Subtype
+name:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ld+json
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Required
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Optional
+parameters:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<code>
+form
+</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Determines
+the
+serialization
+form
+for
+the
+JSON-LD
+document.
+Valid
+values
+include;
+<code>
+compacted
+</code>,
+<code>
+expanded
+</code>,
+<del class="diff-old">framed
+,
+</del>
+and
+<code>
+normalized
+</code>.
+<del class="diff-old">Other
+values
+are
+allowed,
+but
+must
+be
+pre-pended
+with
+a
+x-
+string
+until
+they
+are
+clearly
+defined
+by
+a
+stable
+specification.
+</del>
+If
+no
+form
+is
+specified
+in
+an
+HTTP
+request
+header
+to
+a
+responding
+application,
+such
+as
+a
+Web
+server,
+the
+application
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
+may
+</em>
+choose
+any
+form.
+If
+no
+form
+is
+specified
+for
+a
+receiving
+application,
+the
+form
+<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
+must
+not
+</em>
+be
+assumed
+to
+take
+any
+particular
+form.
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">It
+is
+currently
+being
+discussed
+to
+remove
+form=framed
+from
+this
+specification
+as
+there
+are
+several
+issues
+with
+it.
+</del>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Encoding
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+same
+as
+the
+<code>
+application/json
+</code>
+MIME
+media
+type.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Security
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Since
+JSON-LD
+is
+intended
+to
+be
+a
+pure
+data
+exchange
+format
+for
+directed
+graphs,
+the
+serialization
+<em class="rfc2119" title="should not">
+should
+not
+</em>
+be
+passed
+through
+a
+code
+execution
+mechanism
+such
+as
+JavaScript's
+<code>
+eval()
+</code>
+function.
+It
+is
+<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">
+recommended
+</em>
+that
+a
+conforming
+parser
+does
+not
+attempt
+to
+directly
+evaluate
+the
+JSON-LD
+serialization
+and
+instead
+purely
+parse
+the
+input
+into
+a
+language-native
+data
+structure.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Interoperability
+considerations:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Published
+specification:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+The
+<a href="http://json-ld/spec/latest/">
+JSON-LD
+</a>
+specification.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Applications
+that
+use
+this
+media
+type:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Any
+programming
+environment
+that
+requires
+the
+exchange
+of
+directed
+graphs.
+Implementations
+of
+JSON-LD
+have
+been
+created
+for
+JavaScript,
+Python,
+Ruby,
+PHP
+and
+C++.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Additional
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<dl>
+<dt>
+Magic
+number(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Not
+Applicable
+</dd>
+<dt>
+File
+extension(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>.jsonld
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Macintosh
+file
+type
+code(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+TEXT
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Person
+&
+email
+address
+to
+contact
+for
+further
+information:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny
+<msporny@digitalbazaar.com>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Intended
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Common
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Restrictions
+on
+usage:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+None
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Author(s):
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Dave
+Longley
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Change
+controller:
+</dt>
+<dd>
+W3C
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">D.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">E.
+</ins>
+</span>
+Acknowledgements
+</h2>
+<p>
+The
+editors
+would
+like
+to
+thank
+Mark
+Birbeck,
+who
+provided
+a
+great
+deal
+of
+the
+initial
+push
+behind
+the
+JSON-LD
+work
+via
+his
+work
+on
+RDFj,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Dave
+Lehn
+and
+Mike
+Johnson
+who
+reviewed,
+provided
+feedback,
+and
+performed
+several
+implementations
+of
+the
+specification,
+and
+Ian
+Davis,
+who
+created
+RDF/JSON.
+Thanks
+also
+to
+Nathan
+Rixham,
+Bradley
+P.
+Allen,
+Kingsley
+Idehen,
+Glenn
+McDonald,
+Alexandre
+Passant,
+Danny
+Ayers,
+Ted
+Thibodeau
+Jr.,
+Olivier
+Grisel,
+Niklas
+<del class="diff-old">Lindström,
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Lindstr�m,
+</ins>
+Markus
+Lanthaler,
+and
+Richard
+Cyganiak
+for
+their
+input
+on
+the
+specification.
+<del class="diff-old">Another
+huge
+thank
+you
+goes
+out
+to
+Dave
+Longley
+who
+designed
+many
+of
+the
+algorithms
+used
+in
+this
+specification,
+including
+the
+normalization
+algorithm
+which
+was
+a
+monumentally
+difficult
+design
+challenge.
+</del>
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<h2>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.
+</ins>
+</span>
+References
+</h2>
+<div id="normative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.1
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.1
+</ins>
+</span>
+Normative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-BCP47">
+[BCP47]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+A.
+Phillips,
+M.
+Davis.
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+<cite>
+Tags
+for
+Identifying
+Languages
+</cite>
+</a>
+September
+2009.
+IETF
+Best
+Current
+Practice.
+URL:
+<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
+http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[RDF-CONCEPTS]
+Graham
+Klyne;
+Jeremy
+J.
+Carroll.
+Resource
+Description
+Framework
+(RDF):
+Concepts
+and
+Abstract
+Syntax.
+10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
+[RFC3987]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+M.
+<del class="diff-old">Dürst;
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">D�rst;
+</ins>
+M.
+Suignard.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+<cite>
+Internationalized
+Resource
+Identifiers
+(IRIs).
+</cite>
+</a>
+January
+2005.
+Internet
+RFC
+3987.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
+[RFC4627]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+D.
+Crockford.
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+<cite>
+The
+application/json
+Media
+Type
+for
+JavaScript
+Object
+Notation
+(JSON)
+</cite>
+</a>
+July
+2006.
+Internet
+RFC
+4627.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
+[WEBIDL]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Cameron
+McCormack.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+<cite>
+Web
+IDL.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">19
+December
+2008.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">27
+September
+2011.
+</ins>
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+(Work
+in
+progress.)
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div id="informative-references" class="section">
+<h3>
+<span class="secno">
+<del class="diff-old">E.2
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">F.2
+</ins>
+</span>
+Informative
+references
+</h3>
+<dl class="bibliography">
+<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
+[ECMA-262]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+<cite>
+ECMAScript
+Language
+<del class="diff-old">Specification,
+Third
+Edition.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Specification.
+</ins>
+</cite>
+</a>
+December
+1999.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
+http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-HTML-RDFA">
+[HTML-RDFA]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Manu
+Sporny;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">
+<cite>
+HTML+RDFa
+</cite>
+</a>
+04
+March
+2010.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[MICRODATA]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[JSON-LD-API]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<del class="diff-old">Ian
+Hickson;
+et
+al.
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Manu
+Sporny,
+Gregg
+Kellogg,
+Dave
+Longley,
+Eds.
+</ins>
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">Microdata
+</del>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">
+<ins class="diff-new">JSON-LD
+API
+</ins>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">04
+March
+2010.
+</del>
+</cite>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Latest.
+</ins>
+W3C
+<del class="diff-old">Working
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Editor's
+</ins>
+Draft.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
+</del>
+<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<del class="diff-old">[MICROFORMATS]
+</del>
+<dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">
+<ins class="diff-chg">[RDF-PRIMER]
+</ins>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<ins class="diff-chg">Frank
+Manola;
+Eric
+Miller.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/">
+<cite>
+<del class="diff-old">Microformats
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
+Primer.
+</ins>
+</cite>
+<del class="diff-old">.
+</del>
+</a>
+<ins class="diff-chg">10
+February
+2004.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+</ins>
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://microformats.org
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
+[RDFA-CORE]
+</dt>
+<dd>
+Shane
+McCarron;
+et
+al.
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">
+<cite>
+RDFa
+Core
+1.1:
+Syntax
+and
+processing
+rules
+for
+embedding
+RDF
+through
+attributes.
+</cite>
+</a>
+<del class="diff-old">31
+March
+</del>
+<ins class="diff-chg">15
+December
+</ins>
+2011.
+W3C
+Working
+Draft.
+URL:
+<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20110331
+</del>
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">
+<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[TURTLE]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+David
+Beckett,
+Tim
+Berners-Lee.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+Turtle:
+Terse
+RDF
+Triple
+Language.
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+January
+2008.
+W3C
+Team
+Submission.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/
+</ins></a></dd><dt id="bib-XML-NAMES"><ins class="diff-chg">
+[XML-NAMES]
+</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
+Richard
+Tobin;
+et
+al.
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><cite><ins class="diff-chg">
+Namespaces
+in
+XML
+1.0
+(Third
+Edition).
+</ins></cite></a><ins class="diff-chg">
+8
+December
+2009.
+W3C
+Recommendation.
+URL:
+</ins><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><ins class="diff-chg">
+http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/
+</ins>
+</a>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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+</style><link href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/w3c-unofficial" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" /></head>
+
+<body style="display: inherit; "><div class="head"><p></p><h1 class="title" id="title">JSON-LD Syntax 1.0</h1><h2 id="subtitle">A Context-based JSON Serialization for Linking Data</h2><h2 id="unofficial-draft-12-january-2012">Unofficial Draft 12 January 2012</h2><dl><dt>Editors:</dt><dd><a href="http://manu.sporny.org/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></dd>
+<dt>Authors:</dt><dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Manu Sporny</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Dave Longley</a>, <a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">Digital Bazaar</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://greggkellogg.net/">Gregg Kellogg</a>, <a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">Kellogg Associates</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">Markus Lanthaler</a>, <a href="http://www.tugraz.at/">Graz University of Technology</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Mark Birbeck</a>, <a href="http://webbackplane.com/">Backplane Ltd.</a></dd>
+</dl><p>This document is also available in this non-normative format: <a href="diff-20111023.html">diff to previous version</a>.</p><p class="copyright">This document is licensed under a <a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>.</p><hr /></div>
+<div id="abstract" class="introductory section"><h2>Abstract</h2>
+<p>
+JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] has proven to be a highly useful object serialization and
+messaging format. In an attempt to harmonize the representation of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>
+in JSON, this specification outlines a common JSON representation format for
+expressing directed graphs; mixing both Linked Data and non-Linked Data in
+a single document.
+</p>
+</div><div id="sotd" class="introductory section"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p>This document is merely a public working draft of a potential specification. It has no official standing of any kind and does not represent the support or consensus of any standards organisation.</p>
+<p>This document is an experimental work in progress.</p>
+
+<!-- <p>
+This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
+developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
+endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
+document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
+document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
+to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
+enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
+</p> -->
+
+</div><div id="toc" class="section"><h2 class="introductory">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#introduction" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#contributing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#design" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Design</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#goals-and-rationale" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Goals and Rationale</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linking-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Linking Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#the-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>The Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#from-json-to-json-ld" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.4 </span>From JSON to JSON-LD</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#basic-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Basic Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#iris" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>IRIs</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-the-subject" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#specifying-the-type" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Specifying the Type</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#strings" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Strings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#string-internationalization" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.5 </span>String Internationalization</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#typed-literals" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Typed Literals</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#multiple-literals-for-a-single-property" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Multiple Literals for a Single Property</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-collection" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#advanced-concepts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Advanced Concepts</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#external-contexts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>External Contexts</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#expanded-term-definition" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Expanded Term Definition</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#default-language" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Default Language</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefixes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Prefixes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iri-expansion-within-context" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion within Context</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#automatic-typing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Automatic Typing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#type-coercion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Type Coercion</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#chaining" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Chaining</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Identifying Unlabeled Nodes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#aliasing-keywords" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.10 </span>Aliasing Keywords</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#markup-examples" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A. </span>Markup Examples</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#turtle" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Turtle</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#prefix-definitions" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.1 </span>Prefix definitions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#chaining-1" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.2 </span>Chaining</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#lists" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.1.3 </span>Lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdfa" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.2 </span>RDFa</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microformats" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.3 </span>Microformats</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#microdata" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">A.4 </span>Microdata</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">B. </span>Linked Data</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#mashing-up-vocabularies" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">C. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">D. </span>IANA Considerations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">E. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">F. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">F.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">F.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
+
+
+
+<div id="introduction" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">1. </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+JSON, as specified in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>], is a simple language for representing
+data on the Web. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is a technique for creating a graph of interlinked data across
+different
+documents or Web sites. Data entities are described using <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s,
+which are typically dereferencable and thus may be used to find more
+information about an entity, creating a "Web of Knowledge". JSON-LD is intended to be a simple
+publishing method for expressing not only Linked Data in JSON, but also for adding
+semantics to existing JSON.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+JSON-LD is designed as a lightweight syntax that can be used to express
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. It is primarily intended to be a way to use Linked Data
+in Javascript and other Web-based programming environments. It is also
+useful when building interoperable Web services and when storing Linked
+Data in JSON-based document storage engines. It is practical and designed
+to be as simple as possible, utilizing the large number of JSON parsers
+and libraries available today.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The syntax does not necessarily require applications to change their JSON, but
+allows to easily add meaning by simply adding or referencing a context.
+The syntax is designed to not disturb already deployed systems
+running on JSON, but provide a smooth upgrade path from JSON to JSON-LD with
+added semantics. Finally, the format is intended to be easy to parse, efficient to
+generate, and to require a very small memory footprint in order to operate.
+</p>
+
+<div id="how-to-read-this-document" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.1 </span>How to Read this Document</h3>
+
+<p>
+This document is a detailed specification for a serialization of Linked
+Data in JSON. The document is primarily intended for the following audiences:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Software developers that want to encode Linked Data in a way that is
+ cross-language compatible via JSON.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to understand the design decisions and
+ language syntax for JSON-LD.</li>
+ <li>Software developers that want to implement processors and APIs for
+ JSON-LD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>This specification does not describe the processing algorithms and programming interfaces,
+ for those see [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>
+To understand the basics in this specification you must first be familiar with
+JSON, which is detailed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>]. To understand the API and how it is
+intended to operate in a programming environment, it is useful to have working
+knowledge of the JavaScript programming language [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a></cite>] and
+WebIDL [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>
+ JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">RFC4627</a></cite>] defines several terms which are used throughout this document:
+ </p><dl>
+ <dt><dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">JSON Object</dfn></dt><dd>
+ An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
+ more name/value pairs (or members). A name is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>. A single colon comes after
+ each name, separating the name from the value. A single comma separates a value
+ from a following name. The names within an object <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be unique.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">array</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ An array is an ordered collection of values. An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas. Within JSON-LD, array order is not preserved by default, unless
+ specific markup is provided (see <a href="#rdf-collection">Lists</a>). This is because the basic data model of JSON-LD
+ is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>, which is inherently unordered.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">string</dfn></dt><dd>
+ A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A
+ character is represented as a single character string.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">number</dfn></dt>
+ <dd>
+ A number is is similar to that used in most programming languages, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading zeros are not allowed.</dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">true</dfn> and <dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">false</dfn></dt><dd>
+ Boolean values.
+ </dd>
+ <dt><dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">null</dfn></dt><dd>
+ The use of the <em>null</em> value is undefined within JSON-LD.
+ <div class="issue">Supporting <em>null</em> in JSON-LD might have a number of advantages and should be evaluated. This is currently an <a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/11">open issue</a>.</div>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+<p></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Syntax Tokens and Keywords</h3>
+
+ <p>JSON-LD specifies a number of syntax tokens and keywords that are using
+ in all algorithms described in this section:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>@context</code></dt><dd>Used to set the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@id</code></dt><dd>Sets the active subject.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@language</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the language for a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@type</code></dt><dd>Used to set the type of the active subject or the datatype of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>@value</code></dt><dd>Used to specify the value of a literal.</dd>
+ <dt><code>:</code></dt><dd>The separator for JSON keys and values that use the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> mechanism.</dd>
+ </dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="contributing" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Contributing</h3>
+
+<p>There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of
+this specification:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Technical discussion typically occurs on the public mailing list:
+<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">public-linked-json@w3.org</a>
+</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">Public teleconferences</a> are held
+on Tuesdays at 1500UTC on the second and fourth week of each month.
+</li>
+
+<li>Specification bugs and issues should be reported in the
+<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">issue tracker</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">Source code</a> for the
+specification can be found on Github.</li>
+
+<li>The <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#json-ld">#json-ld</a>
+IRC channel is available for real-time discussion on irc.freenode.net.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="design" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">2. </span>Design</h2>
+
+<p>The following section outlines the design goals and rationale behind the
+JSON-LD markup language.
+</p>
+
+<div id="goals-and-rationale" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Goals and Rationale</h3>
+
+<p>
+A number of design considerations were explored during the creation of this
+markup language:
+</p>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>Simplicity</dt>
+ <dd>Developers need only know JSON and three keywords to use the basic
+ functionality in JSON-LD. No extra processors or software libraries are
+ necessary to use JSON-LD in its most basic form. The language attempts to
+ ensure that developers have an easy learning curve.</dd>
+ <dt>Compatibility</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD markup must be 100% compatible with JSON. This ensures that
+ all of the standard JSON libraries work seamlessly with JSON-LD documents.</dd>
+ <dt>Expressiveness</dt>
+ <dd>The syntax must be able to express directed graphs, which have been proven
+ to be able to simply express almost every real world data model.</dd>
+ <dt>Terseness</dt>
+ <dd>The JSON-LD syntax must be very terse and human readable, requiring as
+ little as possible effort from the developer.</dd>
+
+<!-- <dt>Pragmatism</dt>
+ <dd>Mixing the expression of pure Linked Data with data that is not
+ linked was an approach that was driven by pragmatism. JSON-LD attempts to be
+ more practical than theoretical in its approach to Linked Data.</dd> -->
+
+ <dt>Zero Edits, most of the time</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD provides a mechanism that allows developers to specify
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> in a way that is out-of-band. This allows organizations that have
+ already deployed large JSON-based infrastructure to add meaning to their
+ JSON documents in a way that is not disruptive to their day-to-day operations and is
+ transparent to their current customers. At times, mapping JSON to
+ a graph representation can become difficult. In these instances, rather than
+ having JSON-LD support esoteric markup, we chose not to support the use case
+ and support a simplified syntax instead. So, while Zero Edits is a goal,
+ it is not always possible without adding great complexity to the language.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>One-pass Processing</dt>
+ <dd>JSON-LD supports one-pass processing, which results in a very small memory
+ footprint when processing documents. For example, to expand a JSON-LD document
+ from a compacted form, only one pass is required over the data.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+<div id="linking-data" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Linking Data</h3>
+
+<p>
+An Internationalized Resource Identifier
+(<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn>),
+as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>], is a mechanism for representing unique
+identifiers on the web. In <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is commonly
+used for expressing a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> or an
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>JSON-LD defines a mechanism to map JSON terms, i.e., keys and values, to IRIs. This does not mean
+that JSON-LD requires every key or value to be an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, but rather ensures that
+keys and values can be mapped to IRIs if the developer desires to transform
+their data into <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. There are a few techniques that can ensure
+that developers will generate good Linked Data for the Web. JSON-LD
+formalizes those techniques.
+</p>
+
+<p>We will be using the following JSON markup as the example for the
+rest of this section:
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div id="the-context" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.3 </span>The Context</h3>
+
+<p>In JSON-LD, a <dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">context</dfn> is used to map <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s, i.e., keys with associated values
+ in an JSON document, to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s. A <dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">term</dfn> is a short word that <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be expanded to an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have the lexical form of <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/#NT-NCName">NCName</a></cite> (see [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XML-NAMES">XML-NAMES</a></cite>]), or
+ be an empty string.</p>
+<p>The Web uses IRIs for unambiguous identification. The
+ idea is that these <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s mean something that may be of use to other developers and that it is useful to
+ give them an unambiguous identifier. That is, it is useful for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s to expand to IRIs so that
+ developers don't accidentally step on each other's Web Vocabulary terms. For example, the term <code>name</code> may
+ map directly to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. This allows JSON-LD documents to be constructed
+ using the common JSON practice of simple name/value pairs while ensuring that the data is useful outside of the
+ page, API or database in which it resides. The value of a term mapping <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be a simple string with the lexical form of an absolute <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>These Linked Data <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s are typically collected in a context document that would look something like this:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>This context document can then be used in an JSON-LD document by adding a
+single line. The JSON markup as shown in the previous section could be changed
+as follows to link to the context document:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The additions above transform the previous JSON document into a JSON document
+with added semantics because the <code>@context</code> specifies how the
+<strong>name</strong>, <strong>homepage</strong>, and <strong>avatar</strong>
+terms map to IRIs.
+Mapping those keys to IRIs gives the data global context. If two
+developers use the same <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> to describe a property, they are more than likely
+expressing the same concept. This allows both developers to re-use each others
+data without having to agree to how their data will inter-operate on a
+site-by-site basis. Contexts may also contain datatype information
+for certain <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s as well as other processing instructions for
+the JSON-LD processor.</p>
+
+<p>Contexts may be specified in-line. This ensures that JSON-LD documents
+can be processed when a JSON-LD processor does not have access to the Web.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "homepage": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage",
+ "avatar": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ },</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Contexts may be used at any time a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> is defined, and a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>
+ may specify multiple contexts, to be processed in order, for example to include standard prefix
+ definitions along with an author-specific prefix definition.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The set of contexts defined within a specific <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> is termed a <dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">local context</dfn>.
+ The <dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">active context</dfn> refers to the accumulation of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">local context</a>s that are in scope
+ at a specific point within the document. The following example specifies
+ an external context and then layers a local context on top of the external
+ context:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": [
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ {
+ "pic": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"
+ }
+ ],</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ <span class="diff">"pic": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>JSON-LD strives to ensure that developers don't have to change the JSON
+ that is going into and being returned from their Web APIs. This means
+ that developers can also specify a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> for JSON data in an out-of-band
+ fashion. This is described later in this document. </p>
+
+<p>
+ JSON-LD uses a special type of machine-readable document called a
+ <dfn title="web_vocabulary" id="dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</dfn> to define <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s that are then used
+ to describe concepts and "things" in the world.
+ Typically, these Web Vocabulary documents have <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es associated
+ with them and contain a number of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> declarations.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a>es are helpful when a developer
+ wants to mix multiple vocabularies together in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, but does not want
+ to go to the trouble of defining every single term in every single vocabulary.
+ Some Web Vocabularies may have dozens of terms defined. If a developer wants to use
+ 3-4 different vocabularies, the number of terms that
+ would have to be declared in a single <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> could become quite large. To
+ reduce the number of different terms that must be defined, JSON-LD also allows
+ prefixes to be used to compact IRIs.
+</p>
+
+<p>For example, the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</code>
+specifies a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> which may be represented using the
+<code>foaf</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>. The <code>foaf</code> Web Vocabulary
+contains a term called <strong>name</strong>. If you join the
+<code>foaf</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> with the <strong>name</strong> suffix,
+you can build a compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> that will expand out into an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> for the
+<code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> vocabulary term.
+That is, the compact <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, or short-form, is <code>foaf:name</code> and the
+expanded-form is <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. This vocabulary
+term is used to specify a person's name.
+</p>
+
+<p>Developers, and machines, are able to use this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (plugging it
+directly into a web browser, for instance) to go to the term and get a
+definition of what the term means. Much like we can use <a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/">WordNet</a> today to
+see the definition
+of words in the English language. Developers and machines need the same sort of
+definition of terms. IRIs provide a way to ensure that these terms
+are unambiguous.
+</p>
+
+<p>The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> provides a collection of vocabulary <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s and
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es that can be used to expand JSON keys and values into
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s.</p>
+
+<p class="note">To ensure the best possible performance, it is a best practice to
+put the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition at the top of the JSON-LD document. If it isn't listed
+first, processors have to save each key-value pair until the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is processed.
+This creates a memory and complexity burden for one-pass processors.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="from-json-to-json-ld" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">2.4 </span>From JSON to JSON-LD</h3>
+
+<p>If a set of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s such as, <strong>name</strong>, <strong>homepage</strong>,
+and <strong>avatar</strong>,
+are defined in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, and that context is used to resolve the
+names in JSON objects, machines are able to automatically expand the terms to
+something meaningful and unambiguous, like this:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org"
+ "<span class="diff">http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Doing this allows JSON to be unambiguously machine-readable without
+requiring developers to drastically change their workflow.</p>
+<p class="note">Please note that this JSON-LD document doesn't define the
+subject and will thus result in an unlabeled or blank node.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="basic-concepts" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">3. </span>Basic Concepts</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD is designed to ensure that <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> concepts can be marked
+up in a way that is simple to understand and author by Web developers. In many
+cases, regular JSON markup can become Linked Data with the simple addition
+of a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. As more JSON-LD features are used, more semantics are added
+to the JSON markup.</p>
+
+<div id="iris" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.1 </span>IRIs</h3>
+
+<p>Expressing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s are fundamental to <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> as that is how most
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s and many <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> are named. <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s can be
+expressed in a variety of different ways in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>Except within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s in the key position in
+ a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a> that have a mapping to an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> or another <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> in the
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> are expanded to an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> by JSON-LD processors.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is generated for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value specified using
+ <code>@id</code> or <code>@type</code>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is generated for the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a> value of any key for which there
+ are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> rules in effect that identify the value as an <code>@id</code>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>IRIs may be represented as an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, or a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix construct.</p>
+
+<p>IRIs can be expressed directly in the key position like so:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>In the example above, the key
+<code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code> is interpreted as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>, as
+opposed to being interpreted as a string.</p>
+
+<p>Term expansion occurs for IRIs if the value matches a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined within the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>": { "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>" },
+...
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a>es are expanded when the form of the value is <code>prefix:suffix</code>, and the
+ prefix matches a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> defined within the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@context</span>": { "<span class="diff">foaf</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</span>" },
+...
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Term</a>s are case sensitive, and <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be matched using a case-sensitive comparison.</p>
+
+<p><code>foaf:name</code> above will automatically expand out to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+<code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. See <a href="#prefixes">Prefixes</a> for more details.</p>
+
+<p>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> is generated when a value is associated with a key using
+the <code>@id</code> keyword:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "homepage": { "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org" }
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p class="note">Specifying a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a> with an <code>@id</code> key is
+ used to represent an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, but it also is the mechanism by which a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> is defined.
+ This is an example of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="chaining" href="#dfn-chaining">chaining</a> in JSON-LD, an issue covered further in <a href="#chaining">Chaining</a>.</p>
+
+<p>If type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> rules are specified in the <code>@context</code> for
+a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> or property <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is generated:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{<span class="diff">
+ "@context": {
+ ...
+ "homepage": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"
+ }
+ ...
+ }</span>
+...
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Even though the value <code>http://manu.sporny.org/</code> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>,
+the type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> rules will transform the value into an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> when processed
+by a JSON-LD Processor</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="identifying-the-subject" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Identifying the Subject</h3>
+
+<p>
+ To be able to externally reference nodes, it is important that each node has an unambiguous identifier.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s are a fundamental concept of <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, and nodes should have a de-referencable
+ identifier used to name and locate them. For nodes to be truely linked, de-referencing the identifier
+ should result in a representation of that node. Associating an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> with a node tells an application
+ that the returned document contains a description of the node requested.
+</p>
+<p>
+ JSON-LD documents may also contain descriptions of other nodes, so it is necessary to be able to
+ uniquely identify each node which may be externally referenced.
+</p>
+<p>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>
+ of an object in JSON is declared using the <code>@id</code> key. The subject is the
+first piece of information needed by the JSON-LD processor in order to
+create the (subject, property, object) tuple, also known as a triple.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "<span class="diff">@id</span>": "<span class="diff">http://example.org/people#joebob</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would set the subject to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+<code>http://example.org/people#joebob</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="note">To ensure the best possible performance, it is a best practice to
+put the <code>@id</code> key before other key-value pairs in an object. If
+it isn't listed first, processors have to save each key-value pair until
+<code>@id</code> is processed before they can create valid triples. This
+creates a memory and complexity burden for one-pass processors.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="specifying-the-type" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.3 </span>Specifying the Type</h3>
+
+<p>The type of a particular subject can be specified using the
+<code>@type</code> key. Specifying the type in this way will generate a
+triple of the form (subject, type, type-iri).</p>
+
+<p>To be <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>, types <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be uniquely identified by an
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div id="strings" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.4 </span>Strings</h3>
+
+<p>Regular text strings, also referred to as <dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</dfn>s, are
+easily expressed using regular JSON <a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">string</a>s.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "name": "<span class="diff">Mark Birbeck</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="string-internationalization" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.5 </span>String Internationalization</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD makes an assumption that strings with associated language encoding
+information are not very common when used in JavaScript and Web Services.
+Thus, it takes a little more effort to express strings with associated
+language information.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "name": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> for
+<em>花澄</em> and associate the <code>ja</code> language code with the triple
+that is generated. Languages <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be expressed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">BCP47</a></cite>] format.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="typed-literals" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.6 </span>Typed Literals</h3>
+
+<p>
+ A value with an associated datatype, also known as a
+ <dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</dfn>, is indicated by associating a literal with
+ an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> which indicates the literal's datatype. Typed literals may be
+ expressed in JSON-LD in three ways:
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>By utilizing the <code>@type</code> keyword when defining a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> within a
+ <code>@context</code> section.</li>
+ <li>By utilizing the expanded form for specifying objects.</li>
+ <li>By using a native JSON datatype.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>The first example uses the <code>@type</code> keyword to express a typed literal:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "modified": {
+ "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified",
+ "@type": "xsd:dateTime"
+ }
+ }</span>
+...
+ "modified": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The second example uses the expanded form for specifying objects:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "modified": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00",
+ "@type": "xsd:dateTime"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Both examples above would generate an object with the literal value of
+<code>2010-05-29T14:17:39+02:00</code> and the datatype of
+<code>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime</code>.</p>
+
+<p>The third example uses a built-in native JSON type, a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>, to express a datatype:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">31</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above is really just a shorthand for the following:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{
+ "@value": "31",
+ "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p class="note">
+ The <code>@type</code> keyword is also used to associate a type with an object. Although the same keyword
+ is used in both places, the concept of object type and literal datatype are, in fact, different. This is similar
+ to object-oriented programming languages where both scalar and structured types use the same class inheritance
+ mechanism, even though scalar types and structured types are inherently different.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="multiple-objects-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.7 </span>Multiple Objects for a Single Property</h3>
+
+<p>A JSON-LD author can express multiple triples in a compact way by using
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>s. If a subject has multiple values for the same property, the author
+<em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> express each property as an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="note">In JSON-LD, multiple objects on a property are not ordered. This is because typically graphs
+are not inherently ordered data structures. To see more on creating ordered collections
+in JSON-LD, see <a href="#rdf-collection">Lists</a>.
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "joe" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "bob" .
+<http://example.org/people#joebob>
+ <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick>
+ "jaybee" .</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="multiple-literals-for-a-single-property" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">3.8 </span>Multiple Literals for a Single Property</h3>
+
+<p>Multiple <a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">literal</a>s may also be expressed using the expanded
+form for objects:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@id": "http://example.org/articles/8",
+ "dc:title": <span class="diff">
+ [
+ {"@value": "Das Kapital", "@language": "de"},
+ {"@value": "Capital", "@language": "en"}
+ ]</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The markup shown above would generate the following triples:</p>
+
+<pre class="example"><http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title>
+ "Das Kapital"@de .
+<http://example.org/articles/8>
+ <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title>
+ "Capital"@en .</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdf-collection" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">3.9 </span>Lists</h3>
+ <p>
+ Because graphs do not describe ordering for links between nodes, in contrast to plain JSON, multi-valued properties
+ in JSON-LD do not provide an ordering of the listed objects. For example, consider the following
+ simple document:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+ <p>
+ This results in three triples being generated, each relating the subject to an individual
+ object, with no inherent order.</p>
+ <p>
+ As the notion of ordered collections is rather important in data modeling, it is useful to
+ have specific language support. In JSON-LD, a list may be represented using the
+ <code>@list</code> keyword as follows:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "foaf:nick": <span class="diff">{ "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ] }</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+ <p>
+ This describes the use of this <a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">array</a> as being ordered, and order is maintained through
+ alternate representations as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>]. If every use of a given multi-valued property is a list, this
+ may be abbreviated by adding an <code>@type</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a>:
+ </p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": {
+ ...
+ "nick": {
+ "@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/nick",
+ "@list": true
+ }
+}</span>,
+...
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "nick": <span class="diff">[ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+ <p>List coercion is specified within an expanded <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> definition using the <code>@list</code> key.
+ The value of this key, if present, <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be <code>true</code>.
+ This indicates that array values of keys coerced as <code>@list</code> are to be serialized
+ as a <a href="#rdf-collection">List</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="advanced-concepts" class="section">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">4. </span>Advanced Concepts</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD has a number of features that provide functionality above and beyond
+the core functionality described above. The following sections outline the
+features that are specific to JSON-LD.
+</p>
+
+<div id="external-contexts" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.1 </span>External Contexts</h3>
+
+<p>Authors may choose to declare JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>s in external
+documents to promote re-use of contexts as well as reduce the size of JSON-LD
+documents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order to use an external context, an author <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> specify an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>
+to a valid JSON-LD document. The referenced document <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> have a
+top-level <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>. The value of any <code>@context</code> key
+within that object is substituted for the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> within the referencing document
+to have the same effect as if the value were specified inline within the
+referencing document.</p>
+
+<p>The following example demonstrates the use of an external context:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person"</span>,
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Authors may also import multiple contexts or a combination of external
+and local contexts by specifying a list of contexts:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ [
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/person",
+ { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "http://example.org/json-ld-contexts/event"
+ ]</span>
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+ <span class="diff">"celebrates":
+ {
+ "@type": "Event",
+ "description": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day",
+ "date": "R/2011-09-19"
+ }</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Each context in a list will be evaluated in-order. Duplicate mappings within
+the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>s <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be overwritten on a last-defined-overrides
+basis. The context list <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> contain either de-referenceable <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s
+or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON Object</a>s that conform to the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> syntax
+as described in this document.</p>
+
+<p>An author may nest contexts within <a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">JSON object</a>s, with the
+more deeply nested contexts overriding the values in previously defined
+contexts:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context":
+ {
+ "name": "http://example.com/person#name",
+ "details": "http://example.com/person#details"
+ },</span>
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Markus",
+ ...
+ "details":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "name": "http://example.com/organization#name" },</span>
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "Acme, Ltd."
+ }
+}</pre>
+
+<p>In the example above, the <code>name</code> prefix is overridden in the
+more deeply nested <code>details</code> structure. Note that this is
+rarely a good authoring practice and is typically used when the
+JSON object has legacy applications using the structure of the object.</p>
+
+<p>External JSON-LD context documents <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> contain extra information located
+outside of the <code>@context</code> key, such as
+documentation about the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es declared in the document.
+When importing a <code>@context</code> value from an external JSON-LD context
+document, any extra information contained outside of the
+<code>@context</code> value <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be discarded. It is
+also <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> that a human-readable document encoded in HTML+RDFa
+[<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-HTML-RDFA">HTML-RDFA</a></cite>] or other Linked Data compatible format is served as well to
+explain the correct usage of the JSON-LD context document.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="expanded-term-definition" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Expanded Term Definition</h3>
+ <p>Within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>s <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be defined using an expanded notation to allow
+ for additional information associated with the term to be specified (see <a href="#type-coerceion">Type
+ Coercion</a> and <a href="#rdf-collection">Lists</a>).</p>
+
+ <p>Instead of using a string representation of an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is specified using an object having
+ an <code>@id</code> key. The value of this key <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> be an absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "name": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage"}</span>,
+ "avatar": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/avatar"}</span>
+ },
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+ <p class="issue">There is an open issue
+ (<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43" target="_blank">#43</a>)
+ on allowing non-terms in the key position to allow <a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion" href="#dfn-coercion">coercion</a> to be specified
+ for CURIEs or absolute IRIs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="default-language" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Default Language</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD allows a default value to use as the language for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s.
+ It is commonly the case that documents are written using a single language. As described in
+ <a href="string-internationalization">String Internationalization</a>, a language-tagged literal
+ may be specified as follows:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "name":
+ {
+ "@value": "花澄",
+ "@language": "ja"
+ }
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>It is also possible to apply a particular language code to all
+plain literals by setting the <code>@language</code> key in the
+<code>@context</code>:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context:"
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },</span>
+...
+ "name": <span class="diff">"花澄"</span>
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">"科学者"</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a> for
+<em>花澄</em> and <em>科学者</em> and associate the <code>ja</code> language
+code with each literal.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible to override the default language by using the expanded
+form of a literal:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context:"
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+...
+ "name": "花澄"
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "Scientist",
+ "@language": "en"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>It is also possible to override the default language and specify a plain
+literal by omitting the <code>@language</code> tag when expressing the
+expanded literal value:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context:"
+ {
+ "@language": "ja"
+ },
+...
+ "name": "花澄"
+ "occupation": <span class="diff">
+ {
+ "@value": "Ninja"
+ }</span>
+...
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="prefixes" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Prefixes</h3>
+ <p>
+ Vocabulary terms in <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> documents may draw from a number of
+ different Web vocabularies. At times, declaring every single term that
+ a document uses can require the developer to declare tens, if not
+ hundreds of potential vocabulary terms that may be used across an
+ application. This is a concern for at least three reasons; the
+ first is the cognitive load on the developer, the second is
+ the serialized size of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>, the third is future-proofing
+ application contexts. In order to address these issues, the concept of a
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> mechanism is introduced.</p>
+ <p>
+ A <dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">prefix</dfn> is a compact way of expressing a base
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a>.
+ Generally, these prefixes are used by concatenating the <em>prefix</em> and
+ a <em>suffix</em> separated by a colon (<code>:</code>).
+ The <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a> is a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> taken from the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a>
+ and is a short string identifying a particular <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> in a JSON-LD document.
+ For example, the prefix <code>foaf</code> may be used as a short
+ hand for the Friend-of-a-Friend Web Vocabulary, which is identified using
+ the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/</code>. A developer may append any of
+ the FOAF Vocabulary terms to the end of the prefix to specify a short-hand
+ version of the absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> for the vocabulary term. For example,
+ <code>foaf:name</code> would be expanded out to the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. Instead of having to remember
+ and type out the entire <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>, the developer can instead use the prefix in
+ their JSON-LD markup.
+ </p>
+ <p>To generate an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> out of a <code>prefix:suffix</code> construct,
+ the value is first split into a <em>prefix</em> and <em>suffix</em> at the first
+ occurrence of a colon (<code>:</code>). If the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> contains a term
+ mapping for <em>prefix</em>, an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is generated by prepending the mapped
+ <em>prefix</em> to the (possibly empty) <em>suffix</em> using textual concatenation.
+ If no prefix mapping is defined, the value is used directly as an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr>. If the
+ prefix is an underscore (<code>_</code>), the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> remains unchanged.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The ability to use <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>es reduces the need for developers
+ to declare every vocabulary term that they intend to use in
+ the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>. This reduces document serialization size because
+ every vocabulary term need not be declared in the context.
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">Prefix</a> also
+ reduce the cognitive load on the developer. It is far easier to
+ remember <code>foaf:name</code> than it is to remember
+ <code>http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</code>. The use of prefixes also
+ ensures that a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> document does not have to be updated in lock-step
+ with an externally defined <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a>. Without prefixes, a developer
+ would need to keep their application context terms in lock-step with an
+ externally defined Web Vocabulary. Rather, by just declaring the
+ Web Vocabulary prefix, one can use new terms as they're declared
+ without having to update the application's JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>Consider the following example:</p>
+ <pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",</span>
+ <span class="diff">"ex": "http://example.org/vocab#"</span>
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Library"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Book"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"dc:creator"</span>: "Plato",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Republic",
+ <span class="diff">"ex:contains"</span>: {
+ "@id": "http://example.org/library/the-republic#introduction",
+ "@type": <span class="diff">"ex:Chapter"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"dc:description"</span>: "An introductory chapter on The Republic.",
+ <span class="diff">"dc:title"</span>: "The Introduction"
+ }
+ }
+}</pre>
+ <p>
+ In this example, two different vocabularies are referred to using
+ prefixes. Those prefixes are then used as type and property values using
+ the <code>prefix:suffix</code> notation.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Prefixes, also known as CURIEs, are defined more formally in RDFa Core 1.1,
+ <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-core/#s_curies">Section 6
+ "CURIE Syntax Definition"</a></cite> [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">RDFA-CORE</a></cite>].
+ JSON-LD does not support the square-bracketed CURIE syntax as the
+ mechanism is not required to disambiguate <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s in a JSON-LD document like
+ it is in HTML documents.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="iri-expansion-within-context" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.5 </span><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> Expansion within Context</h3>
+ <p>To be consistent with JSON-LD in general, anywhere an <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> is expected, normal <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion rules
+ apply (see <a href="#iris">IRIs</a>). Within a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition, this can mean that terms defined
+ within a given context <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> also be used within that context, as long as there are no circular dependencies.
+ For example, it is common to use the <code>xsd</code> namespace when defining <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"</span>,
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@type": <span class="diff">"xsd:integer"</span>},
+ "homepage": {"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"}
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre>
+<p>In this example, the <code>xsd</code> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a> is defined, and used as a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>
+ for the <code>@type</code> coercion of the <code>age</code> property.</p>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Term</a>s <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> also be used when defining the <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> of another <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>,
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": <span class="diff">"foaf:name"</span>,
+ "age": {"@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:age"</span>, "@type": xsd:integer"},
+ "homepage": {"@id": <span class="diff">"foaf:homepage"</span>, "@type": "@id"}
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The only exception is that terms <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be used in a circular manner, meaning that the definition of
+ <em>term-1</em> may not depend on the definition of <em>term-2</em> if <em>term-2</em> also depends on
+ <em>term-1</em>. For example, the following <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> definition is illegal:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"term1": {"@id": "term2:foo"},
+ "term2": {"@id": "term1:bar"}</span>
+ },
+ ...
+}</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div id="automatic-typing" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Automatic Typing</h3>
+
+<p>Since JSON is capable of expressing typed information such as doubles,
+integers, and boolean values. As demonstrated below, JSON-LD utilizes that
+information to create <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ // The following two values are automatically converted to a type of xsd:double
+ // and both values are equivalent to each other.
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3</span>,
+ "measure:cups": <span class="diff">5.3e0</span>,
+ // The following value is automatically converted to a type of xsd:double as well
+ "space:astronomicUnits": <span class="diff">6.5e73</span>,
+ // The following value should never be converted to a language-native type
+ "measure:stones": <span class="diff">{ "@value": "4.8", "@type": "xsd:decimal" }</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:integer
+ "chem:protons": <span class="diff">12</span>,
+ // This value is automatically converted to having a type of xsd:boolean
+ "sensor:active": <span class="diff">true</span>,
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p class="note">When dealing with a number of modern programming languages,
+including JavaScript ECMA-262, there is no distinction between
+<strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <strong>xsd:double</strong> values. That is,
+the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a> <code>5.3</code> and the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">number</a>
+<code>5.3e0</code> are treated as if they were the same. When converting from
+JSON-LD to a language-native format and back, datatype information is lost in a
+number of these languages. Thus, one could say that <code>5.3</code> is a
+<strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <code>5.3e0</code> is an
+<strong>xsd:double</strong> in JSON-LD, but when both values are
+converted to a language-native format the datatype difference between the two
+is lost because the machine-level representation will almost always be a
+<strong>double</strong>.
+Implementers should be aware of this potential round-tripping issue between
+<strong>xsd:decimal</strong> and <strong>xsd:double</strong>. Specifically
+objects with a datatype of <strong>xsd:decimal</strong> <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be converted
+to a language native type.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="type-coercion" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.7 </span>Type Coercion</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD supports the coercion of values to particular data types.
+Type <dfn title="coercion" id="dfn-coercion">coercion</dfn> allows someone deploying JSON-LD to coerce the incoming or
+outgoing types to the proper data type based on a mapping of data type <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s to
+property types. Using type coercion, value representation is preserved without requiring
+the data type to be specified with each usage.</p>
+
+<p>Type coercion is specified within an <a href="#expanded-term-definition">expanded term definition</a>
+ using the <code>@type</code> key. The values of this key represent datatype IRIs and <em class="rfc2119" title="must">must</em> take the form of
+ <a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">term</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>:suffix, absolute <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> or the keyword <code>@id</code>. Specifying
+ <code>@id</code> indicates that within the body of a JSON-LD document, string values of keys coerced as
+ <code>@id</code> are to be interpreted as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s, or labeled nodes and are subject to <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr> expansion.</p>
+
+<p><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">Terms</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefixes</a> used as the value of a
+ <code>@type</code> key <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be defined within the same context.</p>
+
+<p>The example below demonstrates how a JSON-LD author can coerce values to
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">plain literal</a>s, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">typed literal</a>s, IRIs and lists.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
+ "name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
+ "age": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/age", "@type": "xsd:integer"}</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">{"@id": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage", "@type": "@id"}</span>
+ },
+ "name": "John Smith",
+ "age": <span class="diff">"41"</span>,
+ "homepage": <span class="diff">"http://example.org/home/"</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would generate the following turtle:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
+
+[ foaf:name "John Smith";
+ foaf:age "41"^^xsd:integer;
+ foaf:homepage <http://example.org/home>
+] .</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div id="chaining" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">4.8 </span>Chaining</h3>
+ <p>
+ Object <dfn title="chaining" id="dfn-chaining">chaining</dfn> is a JSON-LD feature that allows an author to
+ use the definition of JSON-LD objects as <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> values. This
+ is a commonly used mechanism for creating a parent-child relationship
+ between two <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s.
+ </p>
+ <p>The example shows an two subjects related by a property from the first
+ subject:</p>
+
+ <pre class="example">{
+...
+ "name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">knows</span>": {
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">name</span>": "<span class="diff">Gregg Kellogg</span>",
+ }
+...
+}</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ An object definition, like the one used above, <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be used as a
+ JSON value at any point in JSON-LD.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="identifying-unlabeled-nodes" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.9 </span>Identifying Unlabeled Nodes</h3>
+
+<p>At times, it becomes necessary to be able to express information without
+being able to specify the subject. Typically, this type of node is called
+an unlabeled node or a blank node. In JSON-LD, unlabeled node identifiers are
+automatically created if a subject is not specified using the
+<code>@id</code> keyword. However, authors may provide identifiers for
+unlabeled nodes by using the special <code>_</code> (underscore)
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>. This allows to reference the node locally within the
+document but not in an external document.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+...
+ "@id": "<span class="diff">_:foo</span>",
+...
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The example above would set the subject to <code>_:foo</code>, which can
+then be used later on in the JSON-LD markup to refer back to the
+unlabeled node. This practice, however, is usually frowned upon when
+generating <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. If a developer finds that they refer to the unlabeled
+node more than once, they should consider naming the node using a resolve-able
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="aliasing-keywords" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">4.10 </span>Aliasing Keywords</h3>
+
+<p>JSON-LD allows all of the syntax keywords, except for <code>@context</code>,
+to be aliased. This feature allows more legacy JSON content to be supported
+by JSON-LD. It also allows developers to design domain-specific implementations
+using only the JSON-LD <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ <span class="diff">"url": "@id"</span>,
+ <span class="diff">"a": "@type"</span>,
+ "name": "http://schema.org/name"
+ },
+ "url": "http://example.com/about#gregg",
+ "a": "http://schema.org/Person",
+ "name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>In the example above, the <code>@id</code> and <code>@type</code>
+keywords have been given the aliases <strong>url</strong> and
+<strong>a</strong>, respectively.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="markup-examples">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">A. </span>Markup Examples</h2>
+
+<p>JSON-LD is a specification for representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> in JSON. A common
+ way of working with Linked Data is through <dfn title="rdf" id="dfn-rdf">RDF</dfn>, the Resource Description Framework.
+ RDF can be expressed using JSON-LD by associating JSON-LD concepts such as <code>@id</code>
+ and <code>@type</code> with the equivalent <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>s in RDF. Further information about
+ RDF may be found in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-PRIMER">RDF-PRIMER</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<p>The JSON-LD markup examples below demonstrate how JSON-LD can be used to
+ express semantic data marked up in other languages such as RDF/XML, Turtle, RDFa, Microformats,
+ and Microdata. These sections are merely provided as proof that JSON-LD is
+ very flexible in what it can express across different <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> approaches.
+ Details of transforming JSON-LD into RDF are defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD-API">JSON-LD-API</a></cite>].</p>
+
+<div id="turtle" class="section">
+ <h3><span class="secno">A.1 </span>Turtle</h3>
+
+ <p>The following are examples of representing <a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf" href="#dfn-rdf">RDF</a> as expressed in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-TURTLE">TURTLE</a></cite>] into JSON-LD.</p>
+
+<div id="prefix-definitions" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">A.1.1 </span>Prefix definitions</h4>
+<p>The JSON-LD context has direct equivalents for the Turtle <code>@prefix</code> declaration:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<http://manu.sporny.org/#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:homepage <http://manu.sporny.org/> .</pre>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": "http://manu.sporny.org/" }
+}</pre>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>JSON-LD has no equivalent for the Turtle <code>@base</code> declaration. Authors could, of course,
+ use a prefix definition to resolve relative IRIs. For example, an empty prefix could be used
+ to get a similar effect to <code>@base</code>:</p>
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ <span class="diff">"": "http://manu.sporny.org/",</span>
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": <span class="diff">":#me"</span>,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": { "@id": <span class="diff">":" </span>}
+}</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="chaining-1" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">A.1.2 </span>Chaining</h4>
+<p>Both Turtle and JSON-LD allow chaining of objects, although Turtle only allows chaining of objects which
+ use nlank node identifiers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pre class="example">@base <http://manu.sporny.org/> .
+@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<#me> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Manu Sporny";
+ foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person; foaf:name "Gregg Kellogg" ] .</pre>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": ":#me",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:knows": {
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Gregg Kellogg"
+ }
+}</pre>
+<div id="lists" class="section">
+<h4><span class="secno">A.1.3 </span>Lists</h4>
+<p>Both JSON-LD and Turtle can represent sequential lists of values.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
+
+<http://example.org/people#joebob> a foaf:Person;
+ foaf:name "Joe Bob";
+ foaf:nick ( "joe" "bob" "jaybee") .</pre>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": {
+ "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+ },
+ "@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Joe Bob",
+ "foaf:nick": { "@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybe" ] }
+}</pre>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="rdfa" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">A.2 </span>RDFa</h3>
+
+<p>The following example describes three people with their respective names and
+homepages.</p>
+
+<pre class="example"><div <span class="diff">prefix="foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span>>
+ <ul>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/bob/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Bob</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/eve/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Eve</a>
+ </li>
+ <li <span class="diff">typeof="foaf:Person"</span>>
+ <a <span class="diff">rel="foaf:homepage" href="http://example.com/manu/" property="foaf:name" </span>>Manu</a>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+</div></pre>
+
+<p>An example JSON-LD implementation is described below, however, there are
+other ways to mark-up this information such that the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> is not
+repeated.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context": { "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" },
+ "@id": [
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/bob/",
+ "foaf:name": "Bob"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode2",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/eve/",
+ "foaf:name": "Eve"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "_:bnode3",
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://example.com/manu/",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu"
+ }
+ ]
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="microformats" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">A.3 </span>Microformats</h3>
+
+<p>The following example uses a simple Microformats hCard example to express
+how the Microformat is represented in JSON-LD.</p>
+
+<pre class="example"><div class="vcard">
+ <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
+</div></pre>
+
+<p>The representation of the hCard expresses the Microformat terms in the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">context</a> and uses them directly for the <code>url</code> and <code>fn</code>
+properties. Also note that the Microformat to JSON-LD processor has
+generated the proper URL type for <code>http://tantek.com</code>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "@context":
+ {
+ "vcard": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#vcard",
+ "url": {"@id": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#url", "@type": "@id"},
+ "fn": "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#fn"
+ },
+ "@id": "_:bnode1",
+ "@type": "vcard",
+ "url": "http://tantek.com/",
+ "fn": "Tantek Çelik"
+}</pre>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="microdata" class="section">
+<h3><span class="secno">A.4 </span>Microdata</h3>
+
+<p>The microdata example below expresses book information as a microdata Work
+item.
+</p>
+
+<pre class="example"><dl itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N">
+ <dt>Title</dt>
+ <dd><cite itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/title">Just a Geek</cite></dd>
+ <dt>By</dt>
+ <dd><span itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">Wil Wheaton</span></dd>
+ <dt>Format</dt>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK">
+ Print
+ </dd>
+ <dd itemprop="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization"
+ itemscope
+ itemtype="http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression"
+ itemid="http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK">
+ <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK">
+ Ebook
+ </dd>
+</dl></pre>
+
+<p>Note that the JSON-LD representation of the microdata information stays
+true to the desires of the microdata community to avoid contexts and
+instead refer to items by their full <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</p>
+
+<pre class="example">[
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/title": "Just a Geek",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": "Whil Wheaton",
+ "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization":
+ [ "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK", "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK" ]
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/BOOK"
+ },
+ {
+ "@id": "http://purl.oreilly.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK",
+ "@type": "http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression",
+ "http://purl.org/dc/terms/type": "http://purl.oreilly.com/product-types/EBOOK"
+ }
+]</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="linked-data">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">B. </span>Linked Data</h2>
+<p>
+The following definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> is the one that will
+be used for this specification.
+</p>
+<ol>
+ <li><dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</dfn> is a set of documents, each containing a representation of a linked data graph.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</dfn> is an unordered labeled directed graph, where nodes are <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>s or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a>s, and edges are properties.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">subject</dfn> is any node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> (an Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">RFC3987</a></cite>]).</li>
+ <li>An <dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">object</dfn> is a node in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An object <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> be a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a> and <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> at the same time.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">property</dfn> is an edge of the <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be labeled with an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>.</li>
+ <li>An <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a> that is a label in a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">linked data graph</a> <em class="rfc2119" title="should">should</em> be dereferencable to a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> document describing the labeled <a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">subject</a>, <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> or <a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">property</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">literal</dfn> is an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">object</a> with a label that is not an <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a></li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Note that the definition for <a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a> above is silent on the
+topic of unlabeled nodes. Unlabeled nodes are not considered
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">Linked Data</a>. However, this specification allows for the expression
+of unlabled nodes, as most graph-based data sets on the Web contain a number
+of associated nodes that are not named and thus are not directly
+de-referenceable.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="mashing-up-vocabularies">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">C. </span>Mashing Up Vocabularies</h2>
+
+<p>Developers would also benefit by allowing other vocabularies to be used
+automatically with their JSON API. There are over 200
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> Documents that are available for use on the Web
+today. Some of these vocabularies are:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>RDF - for describing information about objects and concepts on the Web.</li>
+ <li>RDFS - for expressing things like labels and comments.</li>
+ <li>XSD - for specifying basic types like strings, integers, dates and times.</li>
+ <li>Dublin Core - for describing creative works.</li>
+ <li>FOAF - for describing social networks.</li>
+ <li>Calendar - for specifying events.</li>
+ <li>SIOC - for describing discussions on blogs and websites.</li>
+ <li>CCrel - for describing Creative Commons and other types of licenses.</li>
+ <li>GEO - for describing geographic location.</li>
+ <li>VCard - for describing organizations and people.</li>
+ <li>DOAP - for describing projects.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>You can use these vocabularies in combination, like so:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ "<span class="diff">@type</span>": "<span class="diff">foaf:Person</span>",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:name</span>": "Manu Sporny",
+ "<span class="diff">foaf:homepage</span>": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "<span class="diff">sioc:avatar</span>": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"
+}</pre>
+
+<p>Developers can also specify their own Vocabulary documents by modifying the
+<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">active context</a> in-line using the <code>@context</code> keyword,
+like so:</p>
+
+<pre class="example">{
+ <span class="diff">"@context": { "myvocab": "http://example.org/myvocab#" }</span>,
+ "@type": "foaf:Person",
+ "foaf:name": "Manu Sporny",
+ "foaf:homepage": "http://manu.sporny.org/",
+ "sioc:avatar": "http://twitter.com/account/profile_image/manusporny"<span class="diff">,
+ "myvocab:personality": "friendly"</span>
+}</pre>
+
+<p>The <code>@context</code> keyword is used to change how the JSON-LD
+processor evaluates key-value pairs. In this case, it was used to
+map one string ('myvocab') to another string, which is interpreted as
+a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></a>. In the example above, the <code>myvocab</code> string is replaced
+with "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#</code>" when it
+is detected. In the example above, "<code>myvocab:personality</code>" would
+expand to "<code>http://example.org/myvocab#personality</code>".</p>
+
+<p>This mechanism is a short-hand, called a <a class="tref internalDFN" title="web_vocabulary" href="#dfn-web_vocabulary">Web Vocabulary</a> <a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">prefix</a>,
+and provides developers an unambiguous way to map any JSON value to RDF.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="iana-considerations">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">D. </span>IANA Considerations</h2>
+
+<p>This section is included merely for standards community review and will be
+submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group if this specification
+becomes a W3C Recommendation.</p>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>Type name:</dt>
+ <dd>application</dd>
+ <dt>Subtype name:</dt>
+ <dd>ld+json</dd>
+ <dt>Required parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>form</code></dt>
+ <dd>Determines the serialization form for the JSON-LD document. Valid
+ values include; <code>compacted</code>, <code>expanded</code>,
+ and <code>normalized</code>. If no form is specified in an HTTP
+ request header to a responding application, such as a Web server,
+ the application <em class="rfc2119" title="may">may</em> choose any form. If no form is specified for a
+ receiving application, the form <em class="rfc2119" title="must not">must not</em> be assumed to take any
+ particular form.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>The same as the <code>application/json</code> MIME media type.</dd>
+ <dt>Security considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Since JSON-LD is intended to be a pure data exchange format for
+ directed graphs, the serialization <em class="rfc2119" title="should not">should not</em> be passed through a
+ code execution mechanism such as JavaScript's <code>eval()</code>
+ function. It is <em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">recommended</em> that a conforming parser does not attempt to
+ directly evaluate the JSON-LD serialization and instead purely parse the
+ input into a language-native data structure. </dd>
+ <dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>Published specification:</dt>
+ <dd>The <a href="http://json-ld/spec/latest/">JSON-LD</a> specification.</dd>
+ <dt>Applications that use this media type:</dt>
+ <dd>Any programming environment that requires the exchange of
+ directed graphs. Implementations of JSON-LD have been created for
+ JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP and C++.
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Additional information:</dt>
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Not Applicable</dd>
+ <dt>File extension(s):</dt>
+ <dd>.jsonld</dd>
+ <dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
+ <dd>TEXT</dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ <dt>Person & email address to contact for further information:</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny <msporny@digitalbazaar.com></dd>
+ <dt>Intended usage:</dt>
+ <dd>Common</dd>
+ <dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
+ <dd>None</dd>
+ <dt>Author(s):</dt>
+ <dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Dave Longley</dd>
+ <dt>Change controller:</dt>
+ <dd>W3C</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements">
+
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">E. </span>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+<p>The editors would like to thank Mark Birbeck, who provided a great deal of
+the initial push behind the JSON-LD work via his work on RDFj,
+Dave Longley, Dave Lehn and Mike Johnson who reviewed, provided feedback, and
+performed several implementations of the specification, and Ian Davis, who
+created RDF/JSON. Thanks also to Nathan Rixham, Bradley P. Allen,
+Kingsley Idehen, Glenn McDonald, Alexandre Passant, Danny Ayers, Ted
+Thibodeau Jr., Olivier Grisel, Niklas Lindström, Markus Lanthaler, and Richard
+Cyganiak for their input on the specification.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="references" class="appendix section">
+<!-- OddPage -->
+<h2><span class="secno">F. </span>References</h2><div id="normative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">F.1 </span>Normative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-BCP47">[BCP47]</dt><dd>A. Phillips, M. Davis. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt"><cite>Tags for Identifying Languages</cite></a> September 2009. IETF Best Current Practice. URL: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC3987">[RFC3987]</dt><dd>M. Dürst; M. Suignard. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt"><cite>Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs).</cite></a> January 2005. Internet RFC 3987. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RFC4627">[RFC4627]</dt><dd>D. Crockford. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt"><cite>The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)</cite></a> July 2006. Internet RFC 4627. URL: <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-WEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt><dd>Cameron McCormack. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/"><cite>Web IDL.</cite></a> 27 September 2011. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/</a>
+</dd></dl></div><div id="informative-references" class="section"><h3><span class="secno">F.2 </span>Informative references</h3><dl class="bibliography"><dt id="bib-ECMA-262">[ECMA-262]</dt><dd><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm"><cite>ECMAScript Language Specification.</cite></a> December 1999. URL: <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-HTML-RDFA">[HTML-RDFA]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/"><cite>HTML+RDFa</cite></a> 04 March 2010. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-in-html/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-JSON-LD-API">[JSON-LD-API]</dt><dd>Manu Sporny, Gregg Kellogg, Dave Longley, Eds. <cite><a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">JSON-LD API</a></cite> Latest. W3C Editor's Draft. URL: <a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/">http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDF-PRIMER">[RDF-PRIMER]</dt><dd>Frank Manola; Eric Miller. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/"><cite>RDF Primer.</cite></a> 10 February 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">[RDFA-CORE]</dt><dd>Shane McCarron; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215"><cite>RDFa Core 1.1: Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes.</cite></a> 15 December 2011. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdfa-core-20111215</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-TURTLE">[TURTLE]</dt><dd>David Beckett, Tim Berners-Lee. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/"><cite>Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language.</cite></a> January 2008. W3C Team Submission. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/">http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/</a>
+</dd><dt id="bib-XML-NAMES">[XML-NAMES]</dt><dd>Richard Tobin; et al. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/"><cite>Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition).</cite></a> 8 December 2009. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-xml-names-20091208/</a>
+</dd></dl></div></div></body></html>
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