section 7 on interpretation
authorLuc Moreau <l.moreau@ecs.soton.ac.uk>
Mon, 12 Dec 2011 22:34:10 +0000
changeset 1245 0fd11b9b3b2c
parent 1244 82434e61797f
child 1246 dbc7398ffeec
section 7 on interpretation
model/ProvenanceModel.html
model/constraints.png
model/constraints.svg
--- a/model/ProvenanceModel.html	Mon Dec 12 17:03:34 2011 -0500
+++ b/model/ProvenanceModel.html	Mon Dec 12 22:34:10 2011 +0000
@@ -430,7 +430,6 @@
 timeline. It can also help with the verification of associated
 temporal constraints (though, again, this verification is outside the
 scope of this specfication).
-
 </p>
 
 
@@ -3164,81 +3163,146 @@
     <section id="interpretation"> 
 <h2>PROV-DM Interpretation</h2>
 
-<div class="note">
-Work in progress: we are consolidating here all interpretation constraints. Need to recap some of the overview material about events. </div>
+<p>Section <a href="#section-time-event">section-time-event</a>
+introduced a notion of <a title="event">instantaneous event</a>
+marking changes in the world, in its activities and entities.  PROV-DM
+identifies four kinds of events, namely <a>entity generation
+event</a>, <a>entity usage event</a>, <a>activity start event</a>
+and <a>activity end event</a>.  PROV-DM adopts Lamport's clock
+assumptions [[CLOCK]] in the form of a partial order <a>follows</a>
+(and its inverse <a>precedes</a>) between events.  Furthermore,
+PROV-DM assumes the existence of a mapping from events to time clocks,
+though the actual mapping is not in scope of this specification.</p>
+
+<p>Given that provenance records offer a description of past entities
+and activities, to be meaningful provenance records MUST
+satisfy <em>event ordering constraints</em>, which we introduce in
+this section.  For instance, an entity can only be used after it was
+generated; hence, we say that an entity's <a title="entity generation
+event">generation event</a> precedes any of this
+entity's <a title="entity usage event">usage event</a>.  Should this
+ordering constraint be proven invalid, the associated generation and
+usage records could not be credible.  The rest of this section defines
+the <dfn>temporal interpretation</dfn> of provenance records as the
+set of event ordering constraints associated with provenance
+records.  </p>
+
+
+<p>PROV-DM also allows for time observations to be inserted in
+specific provenance records, for each of the four kinds
+of <a title="event">events</a> introduced in this specification.  The
+presence of a time observation for a given <a>event</a> fixes the
+mapping of this <a>event</a> to the timeline. The presence of time
+information in a provenance instantiates the ordering constraint with
+that time information. It is expected that such instantiated
+constraint can help corroborate provenance information. We anticipate
+that verification algorithms could be developed though this
+verification is outside the scope of this specfication.
+</p>
+
+<p>The following figure summarizes the ordering constraints in a
+graphical manner. For each subfigure, an event time line points to the
+right. Activities are represented by rectangles, whereas entities are
+represented by circles. Usage, generation and derivation records are
+represented by the corresponding edges between entities and
+activities.  The four kind of events are represented by vertical
+dotted lines (adjacent to the vertical sides of an activity's
+rectangle, or intersecting usage and generation edges).  The ordering
+constraints are represented by triangles.</p>
 
 <div style="text-align: center;">
 <img src="constraints.png" alt="constraints between events" />
+<figcaption id="constraint-summary">Summary of event ordering constraints</figcaption>
 </div>
 
 
-<p>The mere existence of an activity assertion entails some <a>event</a> ordering in the world, since an <a>activity start event</a> always <a>precedes</a> the corresponding <a>activity end event</a>.  This is expressed by constraint <a href="#start-precedes-end">start-precedes-end</a>.</p> 
-
-<div class='interpretation' id='start-precedes-end'> The following temporal constraint holds for any activity record: the
+<p>The mere existence of an activity assertion entails some <a>event</a> ordering in the world, since an <a>activity start event</a> always <a>precedes</a> the corresponding <a>activity end event</a>.  This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (a) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#start-precedes-end">start-precedes-end</a>.</p> 
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='start-precedes-end'> The following ordering constraint holds for any activity record: the
 <a title="activity start event">start event</a> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity end event">end event</a>.</div> 
 
-<p>The assertion of a generation record implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world.</p>
-
-<div class='interpretation' id='generation-activity-ordering'><span class='conditional'>If</span> an assertion <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,a,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,a,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following temporal constraint also holds: the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of the entity denoted by <span class="name">x</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity end event">end</a>
+<p>The assertion of a generation record implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world, since the corresponding event had to occur during the associated activity. This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (c) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#generation-activity-ordering">generation-activity-ordering</a>.</p> 
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='generation-activity-ordering'><span class='conditional'>If</span> an assertion <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,a,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">wasGeneratedBy(x,a,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following ordering constraint also holds: the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of the entity denoted by <span class="name">x</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity end event">end</a>
 of <span class="name">a</span> and <a>follows</a> the <a title="activity start event">start</a> of <span class="name">a</span>. 
 </div> 
 
-<p>The assertion of a usage record implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world.</p>
-
-<div class='interpretation' id='usage-generation-ordering'>For any entity, the following temporal constraint holds: the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of an entity always <a>precedes</a> any of its <a title="entity usage event">usages</a>.
-</div>
-
+
+<p>The assertion of a usage record implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world, since the corresponding event had to occur during the associated activity. This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (e) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#usage-activity-ordering">usage-activity-ordering</a>.</p>
 
 <div class='interpretation' id='usage-activity-ordering'>Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">a</span>, an entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span>, a set of attribute-value pairs <span class="name">attrs</span>, and optional time <span class="name">t</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span>
- assertion <span class="name">used(a,e,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">used(a,e,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following temporal constraint holds:
+ assertion <span class="name">used(a,e,attrs)</span> or <span class="name">used(a,e,attrs,t)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following ordering constraint holds:
  the <a title="entity usage event">usage</a> of the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity end event">end</a> of activity represented by record identified by <span class="name">a</span> and <a>follows</a> its <a title="activity start event">start</a>. 
 </div>
 
-
-<p>
+<p>Furthemore, assertion of a usage record and a generation record for a given entity implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world, since the <a title="entity generation event">generation event</a> had to precede the <a title="entity usage event">usage event</a>. This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (b) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#usage-generation-ordering">usage-generation-ordering</a>.</p>
+
+<div class='interpretation' id='usage-generation-ordering'>For any entity, the following ordering constraint holds: the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of an entity always <a>precedes</a> any of its <a title="entity usage event">usages</a>.
+</div>
+
+
 <p>If a derivation record holds for <span class="name">e2</span> and <span class="name">e1</span>, then 
-this means that the entity represented by entity record identified by <span class="name">e1</span> has an influence on the entity represented entity record identified by <span class="name">e2</span>,
-  which at the minimum implies temporal ordering, specified as follows.
-First, we consider one-activity derivations.</p>
+this means that the entity <span class="name">e1</span> had some form of influence on the entity <span class="name">e2</span>; for this to be possible, some event ordering must be satisfied.
+First, we consider one-activity derivations. In that case, the <a title="entity usage event">usage</a> of <span class="name">e1</span> has to precede the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of <span class="name">e2</span>.
+This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (d) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#derivation-usage-generation-ordering">derivation-usage-generation-ordering</a>.</p>
+
 
 <div class='interpretation' id='derivation-usage-generation-ordering'>Given an activity record identified by <span class="name">a</span>, entity records identified by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, generation record identified by <span class="name">g2</span>, and usage record identified by <span class="name">u1</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the record <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,a,g2,u1,attrs)</span>
 or <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,[prov:steps="1"] &cup; attrs)</span> holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span>
-the following temporal constraint holds:
+the following ordering constraint holds:
 the <a title="entity usage event">usage</a>
 of entity denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="entity generation event">generation</a> of
 the entity denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
 </div>
 
-<p>Then, imprecise-n derivations.</p>
+<p>For imprecise-n derivations, a similar constraint exists, but in this case, no usage record can be inferred for <span class="name">e1</span>. Instead, the constraint refers to its generation event, as
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (f) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#derivation-generation-generation-ordering">derivation-generation-generation-ordering</a>.</p>
 
 <div class='interpretation' id='derivation-generation-generation-ordering'>
 Given two entity records denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> and <span class="name">e2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the record <span class="name">wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1,[prov:steps="n"] &cup; attrs)</span>
- holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following temporal constraint holds:
+ holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following ordering constraint holds:
 the <a title="entity generation event">generation event</a> of the entity denoted by <span class="name">e1</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="entity generation event">generation event</a> of
 the entity  denoted by <span class="name">e2</span>.
   </div>
 
-<p>Note that temporal ordering is between generations of <span class="name">e1</span>
+<p>Note that event ordering is between generations of <span class="name">e1</span>
 and <span class="name">e2</span>, as opposed to precise-1 derivation,
-which implies temporal ordering between the usage of <span class="name">e1</span> and
+which implies ordering ordering between the usage of <span class="name">e1</span> and
 generation of <span class="name">e2</span>.  Indeed, in the case of
 imprecise-n derivation, nothing is known about the usage of <span class="name">e1</span>,
 since there is no associated activity.</p>
 
+<p>The assertion of an information flow ordering record between two activities of <span class="name">a1</span> and <span class="name">a2</span> also implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world, since some entity must have been generated by the former and used by the later, which implies that the start event of  <span class="name">a1</span> cannot follow the end event of  <span class="name">a2</span>. This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (g) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#wasInformedBy-ordering">wasInformedBy-ordering</a>.</p>
+
 <div class='interpretation' id='wasInformedBy-ordering'>
 Given two activity records denoted by <span class="name">a1</span> and <span class="name">a2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the record <span class="name">wasInformedBy(a2,a1)</span>
- holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following temporal constraint holds:
+ holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following ordering constraint holds:
 the <a title="activity start event">start event</a> of the activity record denoted by <span class="name">a1</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity end event">end event</a> of
 the activity record denoted by <span class="name">a2</span>.
 </div>
 
+<p>The assertion of a control flow ordering record between two activities of <span class="name">a1</span> and <span class="name">a2</span> also implies ordering of <a title="event">events</a> in the world, since  <span class="name">a1</span> must have been active before   <span class="name">a2</span> started. This is
+illustrated by Subfigure <a href="#constraint-summary">constraint-summary</a> (h) and  expressed by constraint <a href="#wasStartedBy-ordering">wasStartedBy-ordering</a>.</p>
+
+
 <div class='interpretation' id='wasStartedBy-ordering'>
 Given two activity records denoted by <span class="name">a1</span> and <span class="name">a2</span>, <span class='conditional'>if</span> the record <span class="name">wasStartedBy(a2,a1)</span>
- holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following temporal constraint holds: the
+ holds, <span class='conditional'>then</span> the following ordering constraint holds: the
 <a title="activity start event">start</a> event of the activity record denoted by <span class="name">a1</span> <a>precedes</a> the <a title="activity start event">start event</a> of
 the activity record denoted by <span class="name">a2</span>.
 </div>
 
+<div class="note">
+For completeness, we should define ordering constraint for wasAssociatedWith and actedOnBehalfOf.
+For wasAssociatedWith(a,ag), it feels that ag must have some overlap with a. 
+For actedOnBehalfOf(ag1,ag2,a), it seem that ag2 should have existed before the overlap between ag1 and a.
+</div>
 
 </section>
 
@@ -3371,6 +3435,7 @@
 <section class="appendix"> 
       <h2>Changes Since Second Public Working Draft</h2> 
 <ul>
+<li>12/12/11: Section 7 on interpretation.  </li>
 <li>12/08/11: Restructuring of Constraints.  </li>
 </ul>
     </section> 
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