Import files from https://github.com/rniwa/undomanager/commit/a2fb3b2096105bb0506f41edddde0e155a14ba4b
authorRyosuke Niwa <rniwa@webkit.org>
Tue, 27 Mar 2012 21:44:44 -0700
changeset 0 2f3551c872b8
child 1 56ac42b37fdf
Import files from https://github.com/rniwa/undomanager/commit/a2fb3b2096105bb0506f41edddde0e155a14ba4b
Makefile
source.html
undomanager.html
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+ANOLIS = anolis
+
+all: undomanager.html
+
+undomanager.html: source.html Makefile
+	$(ANOLIS) --output-encoding=ascii --omit-optional-tags --w3c-compat-xref-a-placement $< $@
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>UndoManager and DOM Transaction</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.whatwg.org/style/specification">
+</head>
+<body class="draft">
+
+<div class="head">
+<h1>UndoManager and DOM Transaction</h1>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc">Editor's proposal — 5 December 2011</h2>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Editor:</dt>
+<dd>Ryosuke Niwa &lt;<a href="mailto:rniwa@webkit.org">rniwa@webkit.org</a>&gt;
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Acknowledgements</dt>
+<dd>Anne van Kesteren, Annie Sullivan, Alex Russell, Aryeh Gregor, Ehsan Akhgari, Eric Uhrhane,
+Frederico Caldeira Knabben, Ian Hickson, Johan "Spocke" Sörlin, Jonas Sicking, Ojan Vafai</dd>
+
+<dt>Latest version:</dt>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager.html</a></dd>
+
+<dt>Previous versions:</dt>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-12-01.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-12-01.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-11-29.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-11-29.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-27.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-27.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-20.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-20.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-09.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-09.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-09-11.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-09-11.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-30.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-30.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-09.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-09.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-08.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-08.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href="http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-07-26.html">
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-07-26.html</a></dd>
+
+<dt>Use cases:</dt>
+<dd><a href="http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/UndoManager_Problem_Descriptions">
+http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/UndoManager_Problem_Descriptions</a></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc">Status</h2>
+
+<p>This document is an early proposal of the specification for Undo Manager and
+DOM transaction. This specification will replace the <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#undomanager">UndoManager</a> section
+of the main <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/html">HTML</a> specification.</p>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc">Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<!--toc-->
+
+<h2>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p>This specification defines the API to manage user agent's <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>
+    (also known as <dfn id="undo-stack">undo stack</dfn>) and make objects that can be managed by
+    the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Many rich text editors on the Web add editing operations that are not natively supported by execCommand and other Web APIs.
+    For example, many editors make modifications to DOM after an user agent executed user editing actions to work-around user agent bugs
+    and to customize for their use.</p>
+
+    <p>However, doing so breaks user agent's native undo and redo because the user agent cannot undo DOM modifications made by scripts.
+    This forces the editors to re-implement undo and redo entirely from scratch, and many editors, indeed, store innerHTML as string and recreate
+    the entire editable region whenever a user tires to undo and redo. This is very inefficient and has limited the depth of their <a href="#undo-stack">undo stack</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Also, any Web app that tries to mix contenteditable region or text fields with canvas or other non-text editable regions will have to
+    reimplement undo and redo of contenteditable regions as well because the user agent typically has one <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> per document,
+    and there is no easy way to add new undo entry to the user agent's native <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>This specification tries to address above issues by providing ways to define <a href="#undo-scope">undo scopes</a>, add items to user agent's native
+    <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>, and create a sequence of <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> that can be automatically undone or redone
+    by user agents.</p>
+
+<h2>Undo Scope and Undo Manager</h2>
+
+<h3>Definitions</h3>
+
+    <p>The user agent must associate an <dfn>undo transaction history</dfn>,
+    a list of sequences of <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a>,
+    with each <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> object.</p>
+
+    <p>The <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> has an <dfn id="undo-position">undo position</dfn>.
+    This is the position between two entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>'s list where the next
+    entry represents what needs to happen when <a href="#undo">undo</a> is done,
+    and the previous entry represents what needs to happen when <a href="#redo">redo</a></code> is done.</p>
+
+    <p>The <dfn id="undo-scope" title="undo-scope">undo scope</dfn> is the collection of DOM nodes that are managed by the same <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>.
+    A document node or an element with <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> attribute that is either an <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host">editing host</a>
+    or not <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a> defines a new <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a>,
+    and all descendent nodes of the element, excluding elements with and descendent nodes of elements with <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> attribute,
+    will be managed by a new <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>.
+    An <dfn id="undo-scope-host">undo scope host</dfn> is a document, or an element with <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> attribute that is either
+    an <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host">editing host</a>
+    or not <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Scoping Undo Transaction History</h3>
+    <p>The <dfn id="attr-undoscope" title="attr-undoscope"><code>undoscope</code></dfn> attribute is a
+    <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-microsyntaxes.html#boolean-attribute">boolean attribute</a>
+    that controls the default <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> of an element. It is to separate <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction histories</a> of multiple editable regions without scripts.
+    Using <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute, authors can easily set text fields in a widget to have a separate <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction histories</a> for example.</p>
+
+    <p>When the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute is added to an <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host">editing host</a>
+    or an element that is not <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a>, the user agent must define new <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> for the element,
+    and create a new <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> to manage any <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> made to all descendent nodes of
+    the element excluding <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents.</p>
+    
+    <p>When the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute is removed from an <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host">editing host</a>
+    or an element that is not <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a>, the user agent must remove all entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>
+    of the corresponding <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> without <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a> them and destroy the corresponding <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> for the scope.
+    After the removal, the node from which the content attribute is removed and their descendent nodes, excluding <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents,
+    belong to the <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> of the closest ancestor with
+    the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute or of the document.</p>
+
+<h4>Undo scope and contenteditable</h4>
+    <p><code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#attr-contenteditable">contenteditable</a></code> content attribute does not define a new <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a>
+    and all <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host">editing hosts</a> share the same <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> by default.
+    And the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute on an <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a> element is ignored.</p>
+
+    <p>When the <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#contenteditable">contenteditable</a></code> content attribute is added to an element,
+    the user agent must remove all entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction histories</a> of the editable <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope hosts</a> that are descendent of the element
+    and have become <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable">editable</a> without <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a> the entries
+    and destroy the corresponding <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>s as if the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute was removed from all descendent nodes
+    excluding <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents.</p>
+
+    <p>Conversely, when the <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#contenteditable">contenteditable</a></code> content attribute is removed from an element,
+    the user agent must define new <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> for each descendent element with the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute
+    and create a new <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> to manage any <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> made to descendents of each element,
+    excluding <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents, as if the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute was re-added to descendent elements with
+    the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute.</p>
+
+<h4>undoScope IDL attribute</h4>
+
+    <pre class="idl">partial interface <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614">Element</a> {
+    attribute boolean <a href="#dom-undoscope">undoScope</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class="domintro">
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-undoScope"><a href="#dom-undoscope">undoScope</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns <code>true</code> if the element is an undo scope host and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undoscope"><code>undoScope</code></dfn> IDL attribute of <code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614">Element</a></code> interfaces must <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/common-dom-interfaces.html#reflecting-content-attributes-in-idl-attributes">reflect</a>
+        the <code><a href="#attr-undoscope">undoscope</a></code> content attribute.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<h3>The <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <p>To manage transaction entries in the undo transaction history, the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> interface can be used:</p>
+
+    <pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="undomanager">UndoManager</dfn> {
+    void <a href="#dom-undomanager-transact" title="dom-UndoManager-transact">transact</a>(in Object transaction, in boolean merge);
+    void <a href="#dom-undomanager-undo" title="dom-UndoManager-undo">undo</a>();
+    void <a href="#dom-undomanager-redo" title="dom-UndoManager-redo">redo</a>();
+    getter DOMTransaction[] <a href="#dom-undomanager-item" title="dom-UndoManager-item">item</a>(in unsigned long index);
+    readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-undomanager-length" title="dom-UndoManager-length">length</a>;
+    readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-undomanager-position" title="dom-UndoManager-position">position</a>;
+    void <a href="#dom-undomanager-clearUndo" title="dom-UndoManager-clearUndo">clearUndo</a>();
+    void <a href="#dom-undomanager-clearRedo" title="dom-UndoManager-clearRedo">clearRedo</a>();
+};</pre>
+
+    <dl class="domintro">
+        <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-undoManager"><a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> object.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-undoManager"><a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> object.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-transact"><a href="#dom-undomanager-transact">transact</a>(<var title="">transaction</var>,
+            <var title="">merge</var>)</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Clears entries above the current undo position, and <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applies</a> <var title="">transaction</var>,
+            and pushes it to the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a>.
+            It also forms a <a href="#dom-transaction-group">DOM transaction group</a> if <var title="">merge</var> is set to true.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-undo"><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Unapplies all <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> in the entry immediately after
+            the current position in the reverse order and increments
+            <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> by 1
+            if <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> &lt;
+            <code title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></code>.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-redo"><a href="#dom-undomanager-redo">redo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Reapplies all <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> in the entry immediately before
+            the current position and decrements <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> by 1
+            if <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> &gt; 0</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the number of the current entry in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a>. (Entries at and past this point are redo entries.)</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the number of entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a>.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">data</var> = <var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-item"><a href="#dom-undomanager-item">item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)</dt>
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var>[<var title="">index</var>]</dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the entry with index <var title="">index</var> in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a>.</p>
+            <p>Returns null if <var title="">index</var> is out of range.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-clearundo"><a href="#dom-undomanager-clearundo">clearUndo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Removes entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a> before
+            <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> and
+            resets <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> to 0.</p></dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title="dom-UndoManager-clearredo"><a href="#dom-undomanager-clearredo">clearRedo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Removes entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history<a> after
+            <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code>.</p></dd>
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p><code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> objects represent and manage their node's
+        <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The object's <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a> are the
+        numbers in the range zero to <span title=""><var title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></var>-1</span>,
+        unless the <var title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></var> is zero, in which
+        case there are no <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#supported-property-indices">supported property indices</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-transact" title="dom-UndoManager-transact"><code>transact(<var title="">transaction</var>, <var title="">merge</var>)</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If this <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applying</a>, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a>,
+                or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a> a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a>, then throw
+                <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR">INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>Clear all entries between before the current <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> without <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a>
+            or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a> the <a href="#dom-transaction">transactions</a> in the entires.</code></li>
+            <li><a href="#dom-transaction-apply">Apply</a> the <var title="">transaction</var>.</li>
+            <li>If <var title="">merge</var> is not set to true or there are no entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>,
+            create a new entry with exactly one transaction <var title="">transaction</var> and add it to the top of
+            the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> and go to step 6.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, add <var title="">transaction</var> to the first entry in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.</li>
+            <li><a href="#fire-a-dom-transaction-event">Fire a DOM transaction event</a> for the transaction applied in step 3 at the <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>
+            of this <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> if <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>
+            had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-undo" title="dom-UndoManager-undo"><code>undo()</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applying</a>, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a>,
+            or <a href="dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a>, then throw <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR">INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>If <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> &#8804; <code title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></code>, stop.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapply</a> transactions t<sub>n</sub>, t<sub>n-1</sub>, ... t<sub>1</sub> where
+            t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> is the sequence of <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> for the entry immediately after
+            the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> and increment <a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> by 1.</li>
+            <li><a href="#fire-an-undo-event">Fire an undo event</a> for the transaction unapplied in step 3 at the <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> of this <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>
+            if <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-redo" title="dom-UndoManager-redo"><code>redo()</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applying</a>, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a>,
+            or <a href="dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a>, then throw <code class="external"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR">INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>If <code title="dom-UndoManager-position"><a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> &#8804; 0, stop.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapply</a> transactions t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> where
+            t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> is the sequence of <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> for the entry immediately before
+            the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> and decrement <a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> by 1.</li>
+            <li><a href="#fire-a-redo-event">Fire a redo event</a> for the transaction unapplied in step 3 at the <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> of this <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>
+            if <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-item" title="dom-UndoManager-item"><code>item(<var title="">n</var>)</code></dfn>
+        method must return a new array representing the <var title="">n</var>th entry in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> if
+        0 &#8804; <var>n</var> &#8804; <code title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></code>, or null otherwise.</p>
+
+        <p class="note">Being able to access an arbitrary element in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> is needed to allow scripts to determine
+        whether new DOM transaction and the last DOM transaction should form a <a href="#dom-transaction-group">DOM transaction group</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-position" title="dom-UndoManager-position"><code>position</code></dfn>
+        attribute must return the index of the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.
+        If there are no <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a>s to undo, then the value must be same as
+        <code title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></code> attribute.
+        If there are no <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a>s to redo, then the value must be zero.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-length" title="dom-UndoManager-length"><code>length</code></dfn>
+        attribute must return the number of entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.
+        This is the <var title="dom-UndoManager-length"><a href="#dom-undomanager-length">length</a></var>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-clearundo" title="dom-UndoManager-clearUndo"><code>clearUndo()</code></dfn>
+        method must remove all entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> after the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager-clearredo" title="dom-UndoManager-clearRedo"><code>clearRedo()</code></dfn>
+        method must remove all entries in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> before the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a>,
+        and move the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> to the top (set <a href="#dom-undomanager-position">position</a></code> to zero).</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id="the-active-undo-manager">The active undo manager</dfn> is the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> of the focused node in the document.
+        If no node has focus, then it's assumed to be of the document.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Each entry in the <a href="#undo-manager">UndoManager</a> consists of one or more <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a>,
+    all of which are <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a> and <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a> togehter in one
+    <a href="#undo">undo</a> or <a href="#redo">redo</a>.
+    </p>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>Because <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-item">item()</a></code> returns new array on each call,
+        modifying the array does not have any effect on the sequence of <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> of the entry,
+        and two return values of <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-item">item()</a></code> are alwys different objects.</p>
+
+        <pre>
+document.undoManager.transact(...);
+document.undoManager.transact(..., true);
+document.undoManager.transact(..., true);
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0).length); // Alerts 3
+document.undoManager.item(0).pop();
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0).length); // Still alerts 3
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0) === document.undoManager.item(0)); // Alerts false
+</pre>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="note">A typical use case for having multiple <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transactions</a> in one entry is for typing
+    multiple letters, spaces, and new lines that must be undone or redone in one step.</p>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>In the following example, letters "o" and "k" are inserted by two <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transactions</a>
+        that form one entry in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> of the <a href="#undo-manager">UndoManager</a>.
+        A br element and string "hi" are then inserted by another two <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transactions</a>
+        to form entry in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>. All transactions have the label "Typing".</p>
+
+        <pre>
+// Assume myEditor is some element that has undoscope attribute, and insert(node) is a function that inserts the specified node at where the caret is.
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('o')); }, label: 'Typing'});
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('k')); }, label: 'Typing'}, true);
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createElement('br')); }, label: 'Typing'});
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('hi')); }, label: 'Typing'}), true);
+</pre>
+        <p>When the first <a href="#undo">undo</a> is executed immediately after this code is ran, the last two transactions are <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a>,
+        and the br element and string "hi" will be removed from the DOM. The second <a href="#undo">undo</a> will <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapply</a> the first two transactions and remove "o" and "k".</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="note">Because Mac OS X and other frameworks expect applications to provide an array of undo items, simply dispatching undo and redo events
+    and having scripts manage <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> would not let the user agent populate the native UI properly.</p>
+
+<h4>undoManager IDL attribute</h4>
+
+    <pre class="idl">partial interface <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614">Element</a> {
+    attribute <a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a> <a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class="domintro">
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title="dom-undoManager"><a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> object associated with the element's <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a>
+        if the element is an <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>, or <code>null</code> otherwise.</p></dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <pre class="idl">partial interface <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#i-Document">Document</a> {
+    attribute <a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a> <a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class="domintro">
+        <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title="dom-undoManager"><a href="#dom-undomanager">undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> object associated with the document.</p></dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-undomanager" title="dom-undoManager"><code>undoManager</code></dfn> IDL attribute of
+        <code class="external"><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#document">Document</a></code> and
+        <code class="external"><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#element">Element</a></code> interfaces must return the object implementing
+        the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code> interface for the <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> if the node is an <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>.
+        If the node is not an <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>, it must return <code>null</code>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<h3>Undo: moving forward in the undo transaction history</h3>
+
+    <p>When the user invokes an undo operation, or when the
+    <code class="external"><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#execCommand">execCommand()</a></code> method is called with
+    the undo command, the user agent must perform an <dfn>undo</dfn> operation on <a href="#the-active-undo-manager">the active undo manager</a> by calling
+    the <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code> method.</p>
+
+<h3>Redo: moving backward in the undo transaction history</h3>
+
+    <p>When the user invokes a redo operation, or when the
+    <code class="external"><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#execCommand">execCommand()</a></code> method is called with
+    the redo command, the user agent must perform an <dfn>redo</dfn> operation on <a href="#the-active-undo-manager">the active undo manager</a> by calling
+    the <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-redo">redo</a>()</code> method.</p>
+
+<h2>DOM Transaction and DOM changes</h2>
+
+    <p>A <dfn>DOM transaction</dfn> is an ordered set of <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> associated with
+    a unique <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> that can be <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a>, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a>,
+    or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>To <dfn id="dom-transaction-apply" title="dom-transaction-apply">apply</dfn> a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> means to make the associated <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a>
+    under the associated <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>.
+    And to <dfn id="dom-transaction-unapply" title="dom-transaction-unapply">unapply</dfn> and to <dfn id="dom-transaction-reapply" title="dom-transaction-reapply">reapply</dfn>
+    a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> means, respectively, to revert and to remake the associated <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> under the associated <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>.
+
+    <p>A <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> can be <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a> if it appears, respectively, immediately after or immediately before
+    the <a href="#undo-position">undo position</a> in the associated <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>'s <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Mutations of DOM</h3>
+    <p><dfn>DOM changes</dfn> of a node is a sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub> where each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &#8804; i &#8804; n is either one of:</p>
+    <ul>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert">Inserting</a> or <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove">removing</a> a node under the element.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">Replacement of character data</a>.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append">Appending</a>, <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove">removing</a>,
+        or <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attribute-change">changing</a> a content attribute of the element or descendent nodes of the element.</li>
+        <li>Setting <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code> element's
+        <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute
+        or <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element">input</a></code> elment's
+        <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute.</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>The <dfn>DOM state</dfn> of a node is the state of all descendent nodes and their attributes that are affected by <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> of the element.
+    If two <a href="#dom-states">DOM states</a> of a node are equal, then the node and all its descendent nodes must be identical.</p>
+
+<h4>Reverting DOM changes</h4>
+
+    <p>To <dfn>revert DOM changes</dfn> of the sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub>,
+    revert each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &#8804; i &#8804; n in the reverse order s<sub>n</sub>, s<sub>n-1</sub>, ... s<sub>1</sub> as specified below:</p>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert">inserting</a> a <var>node</var> into a <var>parent</var> before a <var>child</var>,
+    run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its previous sibling is not <var>node</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-remove">Pre-remove</a> <var>node</var> from <var>parent</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove">removing</a> a <var>node</var> from a <var>parent</var>,
+    let <var>child</var> be the next sibling of <var>node</var> before the removal, and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not null, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a> <var>child</var> into <var>parent</var> before <var>child</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">replacing</a> data of a <var>node</var> with an <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>data</var>,
+    let <var>replacedData</var> be the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">substringed data</a> with <var>node</var>, <var>offset</var>, and <var>count</var> before the replacement,
+    and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If node's <code><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code> attribute is less than <var>offset</var>, terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">Replace data</a> of <var>node</var> with <var>offset</var>, the length of data, and <var>replacedData</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change">changing</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var> to <var>value</var>,
+    let <var>oldValue</var> be the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value">content attribute value</a> before the change,
+    <var>oldPrefix</var> be the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> before the change,
+    and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change">change</a> the attribute to <var>oldValue</var>
+    and set the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> to <var>oldPrefix</var>.</p>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append">appending</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var> to a node
+    and setting the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> to <var>prefix</var>,
+    run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a>
+        is <var>localName</var> doesn't exist on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove">remove</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove">removing</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var> from a node,
+    let <var>oldValue</var> be the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value">content attribute value</a> and
+    <var>oldPrefix</var> be the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
+    both before the removal, and run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a>
+        is <var>localName</var> exists on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, create and append the attribute whose
+        <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>,
+        with <var>oldValue</var> as the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value">content attribute value</a>
+        and set the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
+        to <var>oldPrefix</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert setting <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code>
+    element's <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    and <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element">input</a></code> element's
+    <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    to <var>value</var>, set element's <code>value</code> IDL attribute to
+    the <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#concept-textarea-raw-value">raw value</a> of the textarea element
+    and the <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/association-of-controls-and-forms.html#concept-fe-value">value</a> of the input element
+    before the setting respectively.</p>
+
+<h4>Reapplying DOM changes</h4>
+
+    <p>To <dfn>reapply DOM changes</dfn> of the sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub>,
+    reapply each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &#8804; i &#8804; n in the same order s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub> as specified below:</p>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert">inserting</a>
+    a <var>node</var> into a <var>parent</var> before a <var>child</var>, run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not null, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-insert">Pre-insert</a>
+        <var>child</var> into <var>parent</var> before <var>child</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove">removing</a>
+    a <var>node</var> from a <var>parent</var>, let <var>child</var> be the next sibling of <var>node</var> before the removal,
+    and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its previous sibling is not <var>node</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-remove">Pre-remove</a>
+        <var>node</var> from <var>parent</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">replacing</a> data
+    of a <var>node</var> with an <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>data</var>, and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If node's <code><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#dom-characterdata-length">length</a></code>
+        attribute is less than <var>offset</var>, terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace">Replace data</a> of <var>node</var>
+        with <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>replacedData</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change">changing</a> an attribute
+    whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    to <var>value</var>, let <var>prefix</var> be the
+    <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> after the change,
+    and change the attribute to <var>value</var> and set
+    the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a> to <var>prefix</var>.</p>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append">appending</a>
+    an attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    with <var>value</var> as the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value">content attribute value</a>
+    to a node and setting the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
+    to <var>prefix</var>, run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
+        <var>localName</var> exists on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append">append</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+        with <var>value</var> as the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value">content attribute value</a>
+        to the node, and set <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix">namespace prefix</a>
+        to <var>prefix</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove">removing</a>
+    an attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    from a node, run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is
+        <var>namespace</var> and <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is
+        <var>localName</var> doesn't exist on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove">remove</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace">namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name">local name</a> is <var>localName</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply setting <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element">textarea</a></code>
+    element's <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    or <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element">input</a></code> elment's
+    <code><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value">value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    to <var>value</var>, set element's <code>value</code> IDL attribute to <var>value</var>.</p>
+
+<h3>The <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction">DOMTransaction</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <pre class="idl">[NoInterfaceObject]
+interface <dfn id="dom-domtransaction">DOMTransaction</dfn> {
+    attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-domtransaction-label">label</a>;
+    attribute <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function">Function</a>? <a href="#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a>;
+    attribute <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function">Function</a>? <a href="#dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a>;
+    attribute <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function">Function</a>? <a href="#dom-domtransaction-undo">undo</a>;
+    attribute <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function">Function</a>? <a href="#dom-domtransaction-redo">redo</a>;
+};</pre>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>The <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction">DOMTransaction</a></code> interface is to be implemented by content scripts that implement a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a>.</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id="dom-domtransaction-label"><code>label</code></dfn> attribute must return <code>null</code> or a string that
+        describes the semantics of the transaction such as "Inserting text" or "Deleting selection".
+        The user agent may expose this string or a part of this string through its native UI such as menu bar or context menu.
+        When there are multiple <a href="#dom-transaction">transactions</a> in a single entry of
+        the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>, the user agent that doesn't support displaying
+        multiple labels for each entry must use the label of the first transaction in the sequence of the entry.</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id="dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic"><code>executeAutomatic()</code></dfn>, <dfn id="dom-domtransaction-execute"><code>execute()</code></dfn>,
+        <dfn id="dom-domtransaction-undo"><code>undo()</code></dfn>, and <dfn id="dom-domtransaction-redo"><code>redo()</code></dfn> are attributes that must be supported,
+        as IDL attributes, by objects implementing the <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction">DOMTransaction</a></code> interface.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>Any changes made to the value of <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a></code>,
+        <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a></code>, <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-undo">undo</a></code>,
+        or <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-redo">redo</a></code> attributes will take effect immediately. In the following example,
+        <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a></code> and <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-undo">undo</a></code> attributes are modified:</p>
+
+        <pre>
+document.undoManager.transact({ executeAutomatic: function () {
+    this.executeAutomatic = function () { alert('foo'); }
+    alert('bar');
+}, undo: function () { alert('baz'); } }); // alerts 'bar'
+document.undoManager.item(0)[0].undo = function() { alert('foobar'); }
+docuemnt.undoManager.undo(); // alerts 'foobar'
+</pre></div>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p><dfn id="dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic"><code>executeAutomatic</code></dfn> attribute must return a valid function if the transaction is a <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a>,
+        and <code>undefined</code> if it is a <a href="#manual-dom-transaction">manual DOM transaction</a> immediately before the transaction is <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a>.
+        Any changes made to the value of the <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute while the transaction is being <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a> or after the transaction had been <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a>
+        should not change the type of the <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>All <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> made in <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a></code> or
+        <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a></code> take effect immediately.
+        Sometimes, this destroys the undoManager to which it belongs.</p>
+
+        <pre>
+var scope = document.createElement('div');
+scope.undoScope = true;
+document.body.appendChild(scope);
+scope.undoManager.transact({execute: function () {
+    scope.appendChild("foo");
+    alert(scope.textContent); // "foo"
+    scope.undoScope = false;
+}});
+scope.undoManager.undo(); // Throws an error because undoManager returns null.
+</pre></div>
+
+<h3>Automatic DOM transactions</h3>
+
+    <p>An <dfn>automatic DOM transaction</dfn> is a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> where <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a>
+    are tracked by the user agent and the logic to <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapply</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapply</a>
+    the transaction is implicitly created by the user agent. </p>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>When an <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a>,
+        the user agent must call the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.
+        All <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> made by the method in the corresponding <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> of the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager<a></code>
+        must be tracked by the user agent.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>All <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> made outside of the <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> is ignored.
+        In the following example, <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code> will only remove "bar" and "foo"
+        remains in the body.</p>
+
+        <pre>
+var scope = document.createElement('div');
+scope.undoScope = true;
+document.body.appendChild(scope);
+scope.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    document.body.appendChild("foo");
+    scope.appendChild("bar");
+}});
+scope.undoManager.undo();
+alert(document.body.textContent); // Alerts "bar".
+</pre>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>When an <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a>,
+        the user agent must <a href="#revert-dom-changes">revert DOM changes</a> made inside the <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> of the the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager<a></code>
+        while <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applying</a> the transaction, and call the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-undo">undo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When an <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a>,
+        the user agent must <a href="#unrevert-dom-changes">reapply DOM changes</a> made inside the <a href="#undo-scope">undo scope</a> of the the <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager<a></code>
+        while <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applying</a> the transaction.
+        The user agent must then call the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-redo">redo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>The user agent must also restore <a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/editing/raw-file/tip/editing.html#concept-selection">selection</a> after
+        <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplying</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplying</a> an <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a>
+        in accordance to user agent's platform convention.</p>
+
+        <p>The user agent must implement <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions">user editing actions</a> and
+        <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#dnd">drag and drop</a>
+        as <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transactions</a>, and any application defined <a href="#automatic-dom-transactions">automatic DOM transactions</a> must be compatible with
+        <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions">user editing actions</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In an <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transaction</a>, <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a></code> attribute is ignored.</p>
+
+<h4>Automatic transactions and manual DOM changes</h4>
+    <p>Authors should not modify nodes that are used by <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transactions</a>
+    in <a href="#revert-dom-changes">reverting</a> or <a href="#unrevert-dom-changes">reapplying</a>
+    <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a> as it will interfere with the user agent's attempt to <a href="#transaction-unapply">unapply</a>
+    or <a href="#transaction-reapply">reapply</a> automatic DOM transactions.</p>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p>In the following example, the user agent terminates steps early while reverting
+        the <a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert">insertion</a> of
+        the text node <code>" world"</code> in the first call to <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code>
+        and doesn't make any <a href="#dom-changes">DOM changes</a>.</p>
+        <pre>
+var b = document.createTextNode("b");
+b.appendChild(document.createTextNode("hello"));
+document.body.appendChild(b);
+document.undoManager.transact({ executeAutomatic: function () {
+    document.body.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" world")); }});
+b.appendChild(document.body.lastChild);
+document.undoManager.undo(); // No-op.
+</pre>
+
+        <p>On the other hand, if we store the <a href="#dom-state">DOM state</a> as done below, then the call to
+        <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code> will successfully remove the the text node from the body.</p>
+<pre>
+document.undoManager.redo(); // No-op.
+document.body.appendChild(b.lastChild);
+document.undoManager.undo(); // " world" is removed from document.body
+</pre></div>
+
+<h3>Manual DOM transactions</h3>
+    <p>A <dfn>manual DOM transaction</dfn> is a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> where the logic to
+    <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">apply</a>, <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapply</a>, or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapply</a>
+    the transaction is explicitly defined by an application.
+    It provides a way to communicate with user agent's <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>, e.g. to populate user agent's undo menu.</p>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>When a <a href="#manual-dom-transaction">manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-execute">execute</a></code> if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When a <a href="#manual-dom-transaction">manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-undo">undo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When a <a href="#manual-dom-transaction">manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-redo">redo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a <a href="#manual-dom-transaction">manual DOM transaction</a>, <code><a id="dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic">executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute is ignored.</p>
+
+    <p class="note">Manual DOM transactions may be incompatible with automatic DOM transactions, in particular,
+    with <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions">user editing actions</a>
+    if manual DOM transaction mutates nodes that are dependent on by <a href="#automatic-dom-transaction">automatic DOM transactions</a>.</p>
+
+    <div class="example">
+        <p><a href="#manual-dom-transaction">Manual DOM transactions</a> will let authors populate items
+        in the <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>. In particular, this will let
+        the user agent to fill native UIs such as menu bars to display undoable actions.</p>
+
+        <pre>
+function drawLine(start, end, style) {
+    document.undoManager.transact({ execute: function () {
+            // Draw a line on canvas
+        }, undo: function () {
+            // Undraw a line
+        }, redo: function () { this.execute(); },
+        'Draw a line'
+    });
+}
+</pre>
+
+        <p>In this example, <var>drawLine()</var> will add a new entry to the document's
+        <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a> and the user agent can communicate the existence
+        of this undoable action via UIs such as context menu and menubars.</p></div>
+    </div>
+
+<h2>Transaction, Undo, and Redo Events</h2>
+
+    <p>When a new <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-apply">applied</a> by <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-transact">transact</a>()</code> method to an <a href="#undo-transaction-history">undo transaction history</a>
+    of a <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>, the user agent must fire a <dfn>DOM transaction event</dfn> using
+    the <code><dfn id="dom-transactionevent" title="dom-transactionEvent">TransactionEvent</dfn></code> interface.
+    When a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> is <a href="#dom-transaction-unapply">unapplied</a> or <a href="#dom-transaction-reapply">reapplied</a> though <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-undo">undo</a>()</code> method or
+    <code><a href="#dom-undomanager-redo">redo</a>()</code> method, of a <code><a href="#undomanager">UndoManager</a></code>, the user agent must fire
+    an <dfn>undo event</dfn> and a <dfn>redo event</dfn> respectively.</p>
+
+<h3>The <code><a href="#domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <pre class="idl">[Constructor(DOMString type, optional EventInit eventInitDict)]
+interface <dfn id="domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</dfn> : <a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#event">Event</a> {
+    readonly attribute Object <a href="#dom-domtransactionevent-transaction">transaction</a>;
+};</pre>
+
+    <dl class="domintro">
+        <dt><var title="">DOMTransactionEvent</var> . <code title="dom-domtransactionevent-transaction"><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent-transaction">transaction</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the transaction object that triggered this event.</p></dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class="impl">
+        <p>The <dfn id="dom-domtransactionevent-transaction" title="dom-DOMTransactionEvent-transaction"><code>transaction</code></dfn> attribute of
+        the <code><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface must return the object that implements
+        the <code><a href="#dom-domtransaction">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface that triggered the event.</p>
+
+        <p>When the user agent is required to <dfn>fire a DOM transaction event</dfn> for a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> <var>t</var> at
+        an <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> <var>h</var>, the user agent must run the following steps:</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>Create a <code><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object and initialize it to have the name "<code>DOMTransaction</code>",
+            to bubble, to not cancelable, and to have the <code>transaction</code> attribute initialized to <var>t</var>.</li>
+            <li>Dispatch the newly created <code><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object at the node <var>h</var>.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>When the user agent is required to <dfn>fire an undo event</dfn> and <dfn>fire a redo event</dfn> for a <a href="#dom-transaction">DOM transaction</a> <var>t</var> at
+        an <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> <var>h</var>, the user agent must run the following steps:</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>Create a <code><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent">DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object and initialize it to have the name "<code>undo</code>" and
+            "<code>redo</code>" respectively, to bubble, to not cancelable, and to have the <code>transaction</code> attribute initialized to <var>t</var>.</li>
+            <li>Dispatch the newly created <code><a href="#dom-domtransactionevent">TransactionEvent</a></code> object at the node <var>h</var>.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p class="note">The target node is always set to a <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a> or a node that was a <a href="#undo-scope-host">undo scope host</a>
+        immediately before <var>t</var> was applied, unapplied, or reapplied.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<script src="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/dfn.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/undomanager.html	Tue Mar 27 21:44:44 2012 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><head>
+<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=content-type>
+<title>UndoManager and DOM Transaction</title>
+<link href=http://www.whatwg.org/style/specification rel=stylesheet type=text/css>
+</head>
+<body class=draft>
+
+<div class=head>
+<h1>UndoManager and DOM Transaction</h1>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="editor's-proposal-&mdash;-5-december-2011">Editor's proposal &mdash; 5 December 2011</h2>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Editor:</dt>
+<dd>Ryosuke Niwa &lt;<a href=mailto:rniwa@webkit.org>rniwa@webkit.org</a>&gt;
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Acknowledgements</dt>
+<dd>Anne van Kesteren, Annie Sullivan, Alex Russell, Aryeh Gregor, Ehsan Akhgari, Eric Uhrhane,
+Frederico Caldeira Knabben, Ian Hickson, Johan "Spocke" S&ouml;rlin, Jonas Sicking, Ojan Vafai</dd>
+
+<dt>Latest version:</dt>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager.html</a></dd>
+
+<dt>Previous versions:</dt>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-12-01.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-12-01.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-11-29.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-11-29.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-27.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-27.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-20.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-20.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-09.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-10-09.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-09-11.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-09-11.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-30.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-30.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-09.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-09.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-08.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-08-08.html</a></dd>
+<dd><a href=http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-07-26.html>
+http://rniwa.com/editing/undomanager-2011-07-26.html</a></dd>
+
+<dt>Use cases:</dt>
+<dd><a href=http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/UndoManager_Problem_Descriptions>
+http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/UndoManager_Problem_Descriptions</a></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=status>Status</h2>
+
+<p>This document is an early proposal of the specification for Undo Manager and
+DOM transaction. This specification will replace the <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#undomanager>UndoManager</a> section
+of the main <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/html>HTML</a> specification.</p>
+
+<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id=table-of-contents>Table of Contents</h2>
+
+
+<!--begin-toc-->
+<ol class=toc>
+ <li><a href=#introduction><span class=secno>1 </span>Introduction</a></li>
+ <li><a href=#undo-scope-and-undo-manager><span class=secno>2 </span>Undo Scope and Undo Manager</a>
+  <ol>
+   <li><a href=#definitions><span class=secno>2.1 </span>Definitions</a></li>
+   <li><a href=#scoping-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.2 </span>Scoping Undo Transaction History</a>
+    <ol>
+     <li><a href=#undo-scope-and-contenteditable><span class=secno>2.2.1 </span>Undo scope and contenteditable</a></li>
+     <li><a href=#undoscope-idl-attribute><span class=secno>2.2.2 </span>undoScope IDL attribute</a></ol></li>
+   <li><a href=#the-undomanager-interface><span class=secno>2.3 </span>The <code>UndoManager</code> interface</a>
+    <ol>
+     <li><a href=#undomanager-idl-attribute><span class=secno>2.3.1 </span>undoManager IDL attribute</a></ol></li>
+   <li><a href=#undo:-moving-forward-in-the-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.4 </span>Undo: moving forward in the undo transaction history</a></li>
+   <li><a href=#redo:-moving-backward-in-the-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.5 </span>Redo: moving backward in the undo transaction history</a></ol></li>
+ <li><a href=#dom-transaction-and-dom-changes><span class=secno>3 </span>DOM Transaction and DOM changes</a>
+  <ol>
+   <li><a href=#mutations-of-dom><span class=secno>3.1 </span>Mutations of DOM</a>
+    <ol>
+     <li><a href=#reverting-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.1.1 </span>Reverting DOM changes</a></li>
+     <li><a href=#reapplying-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.1.2 </span>Reapplying DOM changes</a></ol></li>
+   <li><a href=#the-domtransaction-interface><span class=secno>3.2 </span>The <code>DOMTransaction</code> interface</a></li>
+   <li><a href=#automatic-dom-transactions><span class=secno>3.3 </span>Automatic DOM transactions</a>
+    <ol>
+     <li><a href=#automatic-transactions-and-manual-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.3.1 </span>Automatic transactions and manual DOM changes</a></ol></li>
+   <li><a href=#manual-dom-transactions><span class=secno>3.4 </span>Manual DOM transactions</a></ol></li>
+ <li><a href=#transaction,-undo,-and-redo-events><span class=secno>4 </span>Transaction, Undo, and Redo Events</a>
+  <ol>
+   <li><a href=#the-domtransactionevent-interface><span class=secno>4.1 </span>The <code>DOMTransactionEvent</code> interface</a></ol></ol>
+<!--end-toc-->
+
+<h2 id=introduction><span class=secno>1 </span>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p>This specification defines the API to manage user agent's <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>
+    (also known as <dfn id=undo-stack>undo stack</dfn>) and make objects that can be managed by
+    the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Many rich text editors on the Web add editing operations that are not natively supported by execCommand and other Web APIs.
+    For example, many editors make modifications to DOM after an user agent executed user editing actions to work-around user agent bugs
+    and to customize for their use.</p>
+
+    <p>However, doing so breaks user agent's native undo and redo because the user agent cannot undo DOM modifications made by scripts.
+    This forces the editors to re-implement undo and redo entirely from scratch, and many editors, indeed, store innerHTML as string and recreate
+    the entire editable region whenever a user tires to undo and redo. This is very inefficient and has limited the depth of their <a href=#undo-stack>undo stack</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Also, any Web app that tries to mix contenteditable region or text fields with canvas or other non-text editable regions will have to
+    reimplement undo and redo of contenteditable regions as well because the user agent typically has one <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> per document,
+    and there is no easy way to add new undo entry to the user agent's native <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>This specification tries to address above issues by providing ways to define <a href=#undo-scope>undo scopes</a>, add items to user agent's native
+    <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>, and create a sequence of <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> that can be automatically undone or redone
+    by user agents.</p>
+
+<h2 id=undo-scope-and-undo-manager><span class=secno>2 </span>Undo Scope and Undo Manager</h2>
+
+<h3 id=definitions><span class=secno>2.1 </span>Definitions</h3>
+
+    <p>The user agent must associate an <dfn id=undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</dfn>,
+    a list of sequences of <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a>,
+    with each <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> object.</p>
+
+    <p>The <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> has an <dfn id=undo-position>undo position</dfn>.
+    This is the position between two entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>'s list where the next
+    entry represents what needs to happen when <a href=#undo>undo</a> is done,
+    and the previous entry represents what needs to happen when <a href=#redo>redo</a> is done.</p>
+
+    <p>The <dfn id=undo-scope title=undo-scope>undo scope</dfn> is the collection of DOM nodes that are managed by the same <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>.
+    A document node or an element with <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> attribute that is either an <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host>editing host</a>
+    or not <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a> defines a new <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a>,
+    and all descendent nodes of the element, excluding elements with and descendent nodes of elements with <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> attribute,
+    will be managed by a new <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>.
+    An <dfn id=undo-scope-host>undo scope host</dfn> is a document, or an element with <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> attribute that is either
+    an <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host>editing host</a>
+    or not <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id=scoping-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.2 </span>Scoping Undo Transaction History</h3>
+    <p>The <dfn id=attr-undoscope title=attr-undoscope><code>undoscope</code></dfn> attribute is a
+    <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-microsyntaxes.html#boolean-attribute>boolean attribute</a>
+    that controls the default <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> of an element. It is to separate <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction histories</a> of multiple editable regions without scripts.
+    Using <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute, authors can easily set text fields in a widget to have a separate <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction histories</a> for example.</p>
+
+    <p>When the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute is added to an <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host>editing host</a>
+    or an element that is not <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a>, the user agent must define new <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> for the element,
+    and create a new <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> to manage any <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> made to all descendent nodes of
+    the element excluding <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents.</p>
+    
+    <p>When the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute is removed from an <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host>editing host</a>
+    or an element that is not <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a>, the user agent must remove all entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>
+    of the corresponding <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> without <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a> them and destroy the corresponding <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> for the scope.
+    After the removal, the node from which the content attribute is removed and their descendent nodes, excluding <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents,
+    belong to the <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> of the closest ancestor with
+    the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute or of the document.</p>
+
+<h4 id=undo-scope-and-contenteditable><span class=secno>2.2.1 </span>Undo scope and contenteditable</h4>
+    <p><code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#attr-contenteditable>contenteditable</a></code> content attribute does not define a new <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a>
+    and all <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editing-host>editing hosts</a> share the same <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> by default.
+    And the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute on an <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a> element is ignored.</p>
+
+    <p>When the <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#contenteditable>contenteditable</a></code> content attribute is added to an element,
+    the user agent must remove all entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction histories</a> of the editable <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope hosts</a> that are descendent of the element
+    and have become <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#editable>editable</a> without <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a> the entries
+    and destroy the corresponding <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>s as if the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute was removed from all descendent nodes
+    excluding <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents.</p>
+
+    <p>Conversely, when the <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#contenteditable>contenteditable</a></code> content attribute is removed from an element,
+    the user agent must define new <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> for each descendent element with the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute
+    and create a new <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> to manage any <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> made to descendents of each element,
+    excluding <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope hosts</a> and their descendents, as if the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute was re-added to descendent elements with
+    the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute.</p>
+
+<h4 id=undoscope-idl-attribute><span class=secno>2.2.2 </span>undoScope IDL attribute</h4>
+
+    <pre class=idl>partial interface <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614>Element</a> {
+    attribute boolean <a href=#dom-undoscope>undoScope</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class=domintro>
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title=dom-undoScope><a href=#dom-undoscope>undoScope</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns <code>true</code> if the element is an undo scope host and <code>false</code> otherwise.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undoscope><code>undoScope</code></dfn> IDL attribute of <code><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614>Element</a></code> interfaces must <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/common-dom-interfaces.html#reflecting-content-attributes-in-idl-attributes>reflect</a>
+        the <code><a href=#attr-undoscope>undoscope</a></code> content attribute.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<h3 id=the-undomanager-interface><span class=secno>2.3 </span>The <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <p>To manage transaction entries in the undo transaction history, the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> interface can be used:</p>
+
+    <pre class=idl>interface <dfn id=undomanager>UndoManager</dfn> {
+    void <a href=#dom-undomanager-transact title=dom-UndoManager-transact>transact</a>(in Object transaction, in boolean merge);
+    void <a href=#dom-undomanager-undo title=dom-UndoManager-undo>undo</a>();
+    void <a href=#dom-undomanager-redo title=dom-UndoManager-redo>redo</a>();
+    getter DOMTransaction[] <a href=#dom-undomanager-item title=dom-UndoManager-item>item</a>(in unsigned long index);
+    readonly attribute unsigned long <a href=#dom-undomanager-length title=dom-UndoManager-length>length</a>;
+    readonly attribute unsigned long <a href=#dom-undomanager-position title=dom-UndoManager-position>position</a>;
+    void <a href=#dom-undomanager-clearUndo title=dom-UndoManager-clearUndo>clearUndo</a>();
+    void <a href=#dom-undomanager-clearRedo title=dom-UndoManager-clearRedo>clearRedo</a>();
+};</pre>
+
+    <dl class=domintro>
+        <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title=dom-undoManager><a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> object.</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title=dom-undoManager><a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> object.</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-transact><a href=#dom-undomanager-transact>transact</a>(<var title="">transaction</var>,
+            <var title="">merge</var>)</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Clears entries above the current undo position, and <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applies</a> <var title="">transaction</var>,
+            and pushes it to the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a>.
+            It also forms a </a><a href=#dom-transaction-group>DOM transaction group</a> if <var title="">merge</var> is set to true.</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-undo><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Unapplies all <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> in the entry immediately after
+            the current position in the reverse order and increments
+            <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> by 1
+            if <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> &lt;
+            <code title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></code>.</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-redo><a href=#dom-undomanager-redo>redo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Reapplies all <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> in the entry immediately before
+            the current position and decrements <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> by 1
+            if <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> &gt; 0</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the number of the current entry in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a>. (Entries at and past this point are redo entries.)</a></dd><a>
+
+        </a><dt><a><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-length></code></a><code title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the number of entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a>.</a></dd><a>
+
+        </a><dt><a><var title="">data</var> = <var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-item></code></a><code title=dom-UndoManager-item><a href=#dom-undomanager-item>item</a></code>(<var title="">index</var>)</dt>
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var>[<var title="">index</var>]</dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the entry with index <var title="">index</var> in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a>.</a></p><a>
+            <p>Returns null if <var title="">index</var> is out of range.</a></dd><a>
+
+        </a><dt><a><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-clearundo></code></a><code title=dom-UndoManager-clearundo><a href=#dom-undomanager-clearundo>clearUndo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Removes entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a> before
+            <code title=dom-UndoManager-position></code></a><code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> and
+            resets <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> to 0.</dd>
+
+        <dt><var title="">undoManager</var> . <code title=dom-UndoManager-clearredo><a href=#dom-undomanager-clearredo>clearRedo</a>()</code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Removes entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a><a> after
+            <code title=dom-UndoManager-position></code></a><code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code>.</dd>
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p><code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> objects represent and manage their node's
+        <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The object's <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#supported-property-indices>supported property indices</a> are the
+        numbers in the range zero to <span title=""><var title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></var>-1</span>,
+        unless the <var title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></var> is zero, in which
+        case there are no <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#supported-property-indices>supported property indices</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-transact title=dom-UndoManager-transact><code>transact(<var title="">transaction</var>, <var title="">merge</var>)</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If this <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applying</a>, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a>,
+                or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a> a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a>, then throw
+                <code class=external><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR>INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>Clear all entries between before the current <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> without <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a>
+            or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a> the <a href=#dom-transaction>transactions</a> in the entires.</li>
+            <li><a href=#dom-transaction-apply>Apply</a> the <var title="">transaction</var>.</li>
+            <li>If <var title="">merge</var> is not set to true or there are no entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>,
+            create a new entry with exactly one transaction <var title="">transaction</var> and add it to the top of
+            the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> and go to step 6.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, add <var title="">transaction</var> to the first entry in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.</li>
+            <li><a href=#fire-a-dom-transaction-event>Fire a DOM transaction event</a> for the transaction applied in step 3 at the <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>
+            of this <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> if <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>
+            had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-undo title=dom-UndoManager-undo><code>undo()</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applying</a>, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a>,
+            or <a href=dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a>, then throw <code class=external><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR>INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>If <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> &le; <code title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></code>, stop.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapply</a> transactions t<sub>n</sub>, t<sub>n-1</sub>, ... t<sub>1</sub> where
+            t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> is the sequence of <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> for the entry immediately after
+            the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> and increment <a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a> by 1.</li>
+            <li><a href=#fire-an-undo-event>Fire an undo event</a> for the transaction unapplied in step 3 at the <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> of this <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>
+            if <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-redo title=dom-UndoManager-redo><code>redo()</code></dfn> will</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>If <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> is already in the process of <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applying</a>, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a>,
+            or <a href=dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a>, then throw <code class=external><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#DOMException-INVALID_ACCESS_ERR>INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</a></code> and stop.</li>
+            <li>If <code title=dom-UndoManager-position><a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a></code> &le; 0, stop.</li>
+            <li>Otherwise, <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapply</a> transactions t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> where
+            t<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>, ... t<sub>n</sub> is the sequence of <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> for the entry immediately before
+            the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> and decrement <a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a> by 1.</li>
+            <li><a href=#fire-a-redo-event>Fire a redo event</a> for the transaction unapplied in step 3 at the <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> of this <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>
+            if <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> is still in the document and <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> had not already been destroyed.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-item title=dom-UndoManager-item><code>item(<var title="">n</var>)</code></dfn>
+        method must return a new array representing the <var title="">n</var>th entry in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> if
+        0 &le; <var>n</var> &le; <code title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></code>, or null otherwise.</p>
+
+        <p class=note>Being able to access an arbitrary element in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> is needed to allow scripts to determine
+        whether new DOM transaction and the last DOM transaction should form a <a href=#dom-transaction-group>DOM transaction group</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-position title=dom-UndoManager-position><code>position</code></dfn>
+        attribute must return the index of the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.
+        If there are no <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a>s to undo, then the value must be same as
+        <code title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></code> attribute.
+        If there are no <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a>s to redo, then the value must be zero.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-length title=dom-UndoManager-length><code>length</code></dfn>
+        attribute must return the number of entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.
+        This is the <var title=dom-UndoManager-length><a href=#dom-undomanager-length>length</a></var>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-clearundo title=dom-UndoManager-clearUndo><code>clearUndo()</code></dfn>
+        method must remove all entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> after the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager-clearredo title=dom-UndoManager-clearRedo><code>clearRedo()</code></dfn>
+        method must remove all entries in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> before the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a>,
+        and move the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> to the top (set <a href=#dom-undomanager-position>position</a> to zero).</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id=the-active-undo-manager>The active undo manager</dfn> is the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> of the focused node in the document.
+        If no node has focus, then it's assumed to be of the document.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Each entry in the <a href=#undo-manager>UndoManager</a> consists of one or more <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a>,
+    all of which are <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a> and <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a> togehter in one
+    <a href=#undo>undo</a> or <a href=#redo>redo</a>.
+    </p>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p>Because <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-item>item()</a></code> returns new array on each call,
+        modifying the array does not have any effect on the sequence of <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> of the entry,
+        and two return values of <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-item>item()</a></code> are alwys different objects.</p>
+
+        <pre>document.undoManager.transact(...);
+document.undoManager.transact(..., true);
+document.undoManager.transact(..., true);
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0).length); // Alerts 3
+document.undoManager.item(0).pop();
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0).length); // Still alerts 3
+alert(document.undoManager.item(0) === document.undoManager.item(0)); // Alerts false
+</pre>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class=note>A typical use case for having multiple <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transactions</a> in one entry is for typing
+    multiple letters, spaces, and new lines that must be undone or redone in one step.</p>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p>In the following example, letters "o" and "k" are inserted by two <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transactions</a>
+        that form one entry in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> of the <a href=#undo-manager>UndoManager</a>.
+        A br element and string "hi" are then inserted by another two <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transactions</a>
+        to form entry in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>. All transactions have the label "Typing".</p>
+
+        <pre>// Assume myEditor is some element that has undoscope attribute, and insert(node) is a function that inserts the specified node at where the caret is.
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('o')); }, label: 'Typing'});
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('k')); }, label: 'Typing'}, true);
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createElement('br')); }, label: 'Typing'});
+myEditor.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    insert(document.createTextNode('hi')); }, label: 'Typing'}), true);
+</pre>
+        <p>When the first <a href=#undo>undo</a> is executed immediately after this code is ran, the last two transactions are <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a>,
+        and the br element and string "hi" will be removed from the DOM. The second <a href=#undo>undo</a> will <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapply</a> the first two transactions and remove "o" and "k".</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class=note>Because Mac OS X and other frameworks expect applications to provide an array of undo items, simply dispatching undo and redo events
+    and having scripts manage <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> would not let the user agent populate the native UI properly.</p>
+
+<h4 id=undomanager-idl-attribute><span class=secno>2.3.1 </span>undoManager IDL attribute</h4>
+
+    <pre class=idl>partial interface <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#ID-745549614>Element</a> {
+    attribute <a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a> <a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class=domintro>
+        <dt><var title="">element</var> . <code title=dom-undoManager><a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> object associated with the element's <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a>
+        if the element is an <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>, or <code>null</code> otherwise.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <pre class=idl>partial interface <a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html#i-Document>Document</a> {
+    attribute <a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a> <a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a>;
+};</pre>
+    <dl class=domintro>
+        <dt><var title="">document</var> . <code title=dom-undoManager><a href=#dom-undomanager>undoManager</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> object associated with the document.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-undomanager title=dom-undoManager><code>undoManager</code></dfn> IDL attribute of
+        <code class=external><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#document>Document</a></code> and
+        <code class=external><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#element>Element</a></code> interfaces must return the object implementing
+        the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code> interface for the <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> if the node is an <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>.
+        If the node is not an <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>, it must return <code>null</code>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<h3 id=undo:-moving-forward-in-the-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.4 </span>Undo: moving forward in the undo transaction history</h3>
+
+    <p>When the user invokes an undo operation, or when the
+    <code class=external><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#execCommand>execCommand()</a></code> method is called with
+    the undo command, the user agent must perform an <dfn id=undo>undo</dfn> operation on <a href=#the-active-undo-manager>the active undo manager</a> by calling
+    the <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code> method.</p>
+
+<h3 id=redo:-moving-backward-in-the-undo-transaction-history><span class=secno>2.5 </span>Redo: moving backward in the undo transaction history</h3>
+
+    <p>When the user invokes a redo operation, or when the
+    <code class=external><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#execCommand>execCommand()</a></code> method is called with
+    the redo command, the user agent must perform an <dfn id=redo>redo</dfn> operation on <a href=#the-active-undo-manager>the active undo manager</a> by calling
+    the <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-redo>redo</a>()</code> method.</p>
+
+<h2 id=dom-transaction-and-dom-changes><span class=secno>3 </span>DOM Transaction and DOM changes</h2>
+
+    <p>A <dfn id=dom-transaction>DOM transaction</dfn> is an ordered set of <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> associated with
+    a unique <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> that can be <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a>, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a>,
+    or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>To <dfn id=dom-transaction-apply title=dom-transaction-apply>apply</dfn> a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> means to make the associated <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a>
+    under the associated <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>.
+    And to <dfn id=dom-transaction-unapply title=dom-transaction-unapply>unapply</dfn> and to <dfn id=dom-transaction-reapply title=dom-transaction-reapply>reapply</dfn>
+    a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> means, respectively, to revert and to remake the associated <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> under the associated <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>.
+
+    <p>A <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> can be <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a> if it appears, respectively, immediately after or immediately before
+    the <a href=#undo-position>undo position</a> in the associated <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>'s <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id=mutations-of-dom><span class=secno>3.1 </span>Mutations of DOM</h3>
+    <p><dfn id=dom-changes>DOM changes</dfn> of a node is a sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub> where each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &le; i &le; n is either one of:</p>
+    <ul>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert>Inserting</a> or <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove>removing</a> a node under the element.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>Replacement of character data</a>.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append>Appending</a>, <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove>removing</a>,
+        or <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attribute-change>changing</a> a content attribute of the element or descendent nodes of the element.</li>
+        <li>Setting <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element>textarea</a></code> element's
+        <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute
+        or <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element>input</a></code> elment's
+        <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute.</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>The <dfn id=dom-state>DOM state</dfn> of a node is the state of all descendent nodes and their attributes that are affected by <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> of the element.
+    If two <a href=#dom-states>DOM states</a> of a node are equal, then the node and all its descendent nodes must be identical.</p>
+
+<h4 id=reverting-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.1.1 </span>Reverting DOM changes</h4>
+
+    <p>To <dfn id=revert-dom-changes>revert DOM changes</dfn> of the sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub>,
+    revert each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &le; i &le; n in the reverse order s<sub>n</sub>, s<sub>n-1</sub>, ... s<sub>1</sub> as specified below:</p>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert>inserting</a> a <var>node</var> into a <var>parent</var> before a <var>child</var>,
+    run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its previous sibling is not <var>node</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-remove>Pre-remove</a> <var>node</var> from <var>parent</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove>removing</a> a <var>node</var> from a <var>parent</var>,
+    let <var>child</var> be the next sibling of <var>node</var> before the removal, and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not null, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-insert>Pre-insert</a> <var>child</var> into <var>parent</var> before <var>child</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>replacing</a> data of a <var>node</var> with an <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>data</var>,
+    let <var>replacedData</var> be the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>substringed data</a> with <var>node</var>, <var>offset</var>, and <var>count</var> before the replacement,
+    and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If node's <code><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#dom-characterdata-length>length</a></code> attribute is less than <var>offset</var>, terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>Replace data</a> of <var>node</var> with <var>offset</var>, the length of data, and <var>replacedData</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change>changing</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var> to <var>value</var>,
+    let <var>oldValue</var> be the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value>content attribute value</a> before the change,
+    <var>oldPrefix</var> be the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a> before the change,
+    and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change>change</a> the attribute to <var>oldValue</var>
+    and set the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a> to <var>oldPrefix</var>.</p>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append>appending</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var> to a node
+    and setting the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a> to <var>prefix</var>,
+    run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a>
+        is <var>localName</var> doesn't exist on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove>remove</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove>removing</a> an attribute whose
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var> from a node,
+    let <var>oldValue</var> be the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value>content attribute value</a> and
+    <var>oldPrefix</var> be the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a>
+    both before the removal, and run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a>
+        is <var>localName</var> exists on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, create and append the attribute whose
+        <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>,
+        with <var>oldValue</var> as the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value>content attribute value</a>
+        and set the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a>
+        to <var>oldPrefix</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To revert setting <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element>textarea</a></code>
+    element's <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    and <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's
+    <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    to <var>value</var>, set element's <code>value</code> IDL attribute to
+    the <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#concept-textarea-raw-value>raw value</a> of the textarea element
+    and the <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/association-of-controls-and-forms.html#concept-fe-value>value</a> of the input element
+    before the setting respectively.</p>
+
+<h4 id=reapplying-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.1.2 </span>Reapplying DOM changes</h4>
+
+    <p>To <dfn id=reapply-dom-changes>reapply DOM changes</dfn> of the sequence s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub>,
+    reapply each s<sub>i</sub> with 1 &le; i &le; n in the same order s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, ... s<sub>n</sub> as specified below:</p>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert>inserting</a>
+    a <var>node</var> into a <var>parent</var> before a <var>child</var>, run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not null, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-insert>Pre-insert</a>
+        <var>child</var> into <var>parent</var> before <var>child</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-remove>removing</a>
+    a <var>node</var> from a <var>parent</var>, let <var>child</var> be the next sibling of <var>node</var> before the removal,
+    and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If <var>node</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its parent is not <var>parent</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>If <var>child</var> is not null and its previous sibling is not <var>node</var>, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-pre-remove>Pre-remove</a>
+        <var>node</var> from <var>parent</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>replacing</a> data
+    of a <var>node</var> with an <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>data</var>, and run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If node's <code><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#dom-characterdata-length>length</a></code>
+        attribute is less than <var>offset</var>, terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li><a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-cd-replace>Replace data</a> of <var>node</var>
+        with <var>offset</var>, <var>count</var>, and <var>replacedData</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-change>changing</a> an attribute
+    whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    to <var>value</var>, let <var>prefix</var> be the
+    <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a> after the change,
+    and change the attribute to <var>value</var> and set
+    the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a> to <var>prefix</var>.</p>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append>appending</a>
+    an attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    with <var>value</var> as the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value>content attribute value</a>
+    to a node and setting the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a>
+    to <var>prefix</var>, run these steps:</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a>
+        is <var>namespace</var> and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is
+        <var>localName</var> exists on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-append>append</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+        with <var>value</var> as the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-value>content attribute value</a>
+        to the node, and set <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace-prefix>namespace prefix</a>
+        to <var>prefix</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove>removing</a>
+    an attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var>
+    and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>
+    from a node, run these steps.</p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>If a content attribute whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is
+        <var>namespace</var> and <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is
+        <var>localName</var> doesn't exist on the node, then terminate these steps.</li>
+        <li>Otherwise, <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-element-attributes-remove>remove</a> the attribute
+        whose <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-namespace>namespace</a> is <var>namespace</var> and
+        <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-attribute-local-name>local name</a> is <var>localName</var>.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>To reapply setting <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#the-textarea-element>textarea</a></code>
+    element's <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-button-element.html#dom-textarea-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    or <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/the-input-element.html#the-input-element>input</a></code> elment's
+    <code><a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/common-input-element-attributes.html#dom-input-value>value</a></code> IDL attribute
+    to <var>value</var>, set element's <code>value</code> IDL attribute to <var>value</var>.</p>
+
+<h3 id=the-domtransaction-interface><span class=secno>3.2 </span>The <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction>DOMTransaction</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <pre class=idl>[NoInterfaceObject]
+interface <dfn id=dom-domtransaction>DOMTransaction</dfn> {
+    attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-domtransaction-label>label</a>;
+    attribute <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function>Function</a>? <a href=#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a>;
+    attribute <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function>Function</a>? <a href=#dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a>;
+    attribute <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function>Function</a>? <a href=#dom-domtransaction-undo>undo</a>;
+    attribute <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/complete/webappapis.html#function>Function</a>? <a href=#dom-domtransaction-redo>redo</a>;
+};</pre>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>The <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction>DOMTransaction</a></code> interface is to be implemented by content scripts that implement a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a>.</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id=dom-domtransaction-label><code>label</code></dfn> attribute must return <code>null</code> or a string that
+        describes the semantics of the transaction such as "Inserting text" or "Deleting selection".
+        The user agent may expose this string or a part of this string through its native UI such as menu bar or context menu.
+        When there are multiple <a href=#dom-transaction>transactions</a> in a single entry of
+        the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>, the user agent that doesn't support displaying
+        multiple labels for each entry must use the label of the first transaction in the sequence of the entry.</p>
+
+        <p><dfn id=dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic><code>executeAutomatic()</code></dfn>, <dfn id=dom-domtransaction-execute><code>execute()</code></dfn>,
+        <dfn id=dom-domtransaction-undo><code>undo()</code></dfn>, and <dfn id=dom-domtransaction-redo><code>redo()</code></dfn> are attributes that must be supported,
+        as IDL attributes, by objects implementing the <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction>DOMTransaction</a></code> interface.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p>Any changes made to the value of <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a></code>,
+        <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a></code>, <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-undo>undo</a></code>,
+        or <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-redo>redo</a></code> attributes will take effect immediately. In the following example,
+        <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a></code> and <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-undo>undo</a></code> attributes are modified:</p>
+
+        <pre>document.undoManager.transact({ executeAutomatic: function () {
+    this.executeAutomatic = function () { alert('foo'); }
+    alert('bar');
+}, undo: function () { alert('baz'); } }); // alerts 'bar'
+document.undoManager.item(0)[0].undo = function() { alert('foobar'); }
+docuemnt.undoManager.undo(); // alerts 'foobar'
+</pre></div>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p><dfn id=dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic><code>executeAutomatic</code></dfn> attribute must return a valid function if the transaction is a <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a>,
+        and <code>undefined</code> if it is a <a href=#manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</a> immediately before the transaction is <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a>.
+        Any changes made to the value of the <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute while the transaction is being <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a> or after the transaction had been <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a>
+        should not change the type of the <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p>All <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> made in <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a></code> or
+        <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a></code> take effect immediately.
+        Sometimes, this destroys the undoManager to which it belongs.</p>
+
+        <pre>var scope = document.createElement('div');
+scope.undoScope = true;
+document.body.appendChild(scope);
+scope.undoManager.transact({execute: function () {
+    scope.appendChild("foo");
+    alert(scope.textContent); // "foo"
+    scope.undoScope = false;
+}});
+scope.undoManager.undo(); // Throws an error because undoManager returns null.
+</pre></div>
+
+<h3 id=automatic-dom-transactions><span class=secno>3.3 </span>Automatic DOM transactions</h3>
+
+    <p>An <dfn id=automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</dfn> is a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> where <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a>
+    are tracked by the user agent and the logic to <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapply</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapply</a>
+    the transaction is implicitly created by the user agent. </p>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>When an <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a>,
+        the user agent must call the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.
+        All <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> made by the method in the corresponding <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> of the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a><a></a></code><a>
+        must be tracked by the user agent.</a></p><a>
+    </a></div><a>
+
+    </a><div class=example><a>
+        </a><p><a>All </a><a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> made outside of the <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> is ignored.
+        In the following example, <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code> will only remove "bar" and "foo"
+        remains in the body.</p>
+
+        <pre>var scope = document.createElement('div');
+scope.undoScope = true;
+document.body.appendChild(scope);
+scope.undoManager.transact({executeAutomatic: function () {
+    document.body.appendChild("foo");
+    scope.appendChild("bar");
+}});
+scope.undoManager.undo();
+alert(document.body.textContent); // Alerts "bar".
+</pre>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>When an <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a>,
+        the user agent must <a href=#revert-dom-changes>revert DOM changes</a> made inside the <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> of the the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a><a></a></code><a>
+        while </a><a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applying</a> the transaction, and call the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-undo>undo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When an <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a>,
+        the user agent must <a href=#unrevert-dom-changes>reapply DOM changes</a> made inside the <a href=#undo-scope>undo scope</a> of the the <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a><a></a></code><a>
+        while </a><a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applying</a> the transaction.
+        The user agent must then call the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-redo>redo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>The user agent must also restore <a href=https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/editing/raw-file/tip/editing.html#concept-selection>selection</a> after
+        <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplying</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplying</a> an <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a>
+        in accordance to user agent's platform convention.</p>
+
+        <p>The user agent must implement <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions>user editing actions</a> and
+        <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/dnd.html#dnd>drag and drop</a>
+        as <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transactions</a>, and any application defined <a href=#automatic-dom-transactions>automatic DOM transactions</a> must be compatible with
+        <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions>user editing actions</a>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In an <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transaction</a>, <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a></code> attribute is ignored.</p>
+
+<h4 id=automatic-transactions-and-manual-dom-changes><span class=secno>3.3.1 </span>Automatic transactions and manual DOM changes</h4>
+    <p>Authors should not modify nodes that are used by <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transactions</a>
+    in <a href=#revert-dom-changes>reverting</a> or <a href=#unrevert-dom-changes>reapplying</a>
+    <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a> as it will interfere with the user agent's attempt to <a href=#transaction-unapply>unapply</a>
+    or <a href=#transaction-reapply>reapply</a> automatic DOM transactions.</p>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p>In the following example, the user agent terminates steps early while reverting
+        the <a href=http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/domcore/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#concept-node-insert>insertion</a> of
+        the text node <code>" world"</code> in the first call to <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code>
+        and doesn't make any <a href=#dom-changes>DOM changes</a>.</p>
+        <pre>var b = document.createTextNode("b");
+b.appendChild(document.createTextNode("hello"));
+document.body.appendChild(b);
+document.undoManager.transact({ executeAutomatic: function () {
+    document.body.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" world")); }});
+b.appendChild(document.body.lastChild);
+document.undoManager.undo(); // No-op.
+</pre>
+
+        <p>On the other hand, if we store the <a href=#dom-state>DOM state</a> as done below, then the call to
+        <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code> will successfully remove the the text node from the body.</p>
+<pre>document.undoManager.redo(); // No-op.
+document.body.appendChild(b.lastChild);
+document.undoManager.undo(); // " world" is removed from document.body
+</pre></div>
+
+<h3 id=manual-dom-transactions><span class=secno>3.4 </span>Manual DOM transactions</h3>
+    <p>A <dfn id=manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</dfn> is a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> where the logic to
+    <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>apply</a>, <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapply</a>, or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapply</a>
+    the transaction is explicitly defined by an application.
+    It provides a way to communicate with user agent's <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>, e.g. to populate user agent's undo menu.</p>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>When a <a href=#manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-execute>execute</a></code> if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When a <a href=#manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-undo>undo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+
+        <p>When a <a href=#manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a>, the user agnet must call
+        the function returned by the <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-redo>redo</a></code> attribute if the attribute returns a valid function object.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In a <a href=#manual-dom-transaction>manual DOM transaction</a>, <code><a id=dom-domtransaction-executeautomatic>executeAutomatic</a></code> attribute is ignored.</p>
+
+    <p class=note>Manual DOM transactions may be incompatible with automatic DOM transactions, in particular,
+    with <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/editing.html#user-editing-actions>user editing actions</a>
+    if manual DOM transaction mutates nodes that are dependent on by <a href=#automatic-dom-transaction>automatic DOM transactions</a>.</p>
+
+    <div class=example>
+        <p><a href=#manual-dom-transaction>Manual DOM transactions</a> will let authors populate items
+        in the <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>. In particular, this will let
+        the user agent to fill native UIs such as menu bars to display undoable actions.</p>
+
+        <pre>function drawLine(start, end, style) {
+    document.undoManager.transact({ execute: function () {
+            // Draw a line on canvas
+        }, undo: function () {
+            // Undraw a line
+        }, redo: function () { this.execute(); },
+        'Draw a line'
+    });
+}
+</pre>
+
+        <p>In this example, <var>drawLine()</var> will add a new entry to the document's
+        <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a> and the user agent can communicate the existence
+        of this undoable action via UIs such as context menu and menubars.</div>
+    
+
+<h2 id=transaction,-undo,-and-redo-events><span class=secno>4 </span>Transaction, Undo, and Redo Events</h2>
+
+    <p>When a new <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-apply>applied</a> by <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-transact>transact</a>()</code> method to an <a href=#undo-transaction-history>undo transaction history</a>
+    of a <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>, the user agent must fire a <dfn id=dom-transaction-event>DOM transaction event</dfn> using
+    the <code><dfn id=dom-transactionevent title=dom-transactionEvent>TransactionEvent</dfn></code> interface.
+    When a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> is <a href=#dom-transaction-unapply>unapplied</a> or <a href=#dom-transaction-reapply>reapplied</a> though <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-undo>undo</a>()</code> method or
+    <code><a href=#dom-undomanager-redo>redo</a>()</code> method, of a <code><a href=#undomanager>UndoManager</a></code>, the user agent must fire
+    an <dfn id=undo-event>undo event</dfn> and a <dfn id=redo-event>redo event</dfn> respectively.</p>
+
+<h3 id=the-domtransactionevent-interface><span class=secno>4.1 </span>The <code><a href=#domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface</h3>
+
+    <pre class=idl>[Constructor(DOMString type, optional EventInit eventInitDict)]
+interface <dfn id=domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</dfn> : <a href=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#event>Event</a> {
+    readonly attribute Object <a href=#dom-domtransactionevent-transaction>transaction</a>;
+};</pre>
+
+    <dl class=domintro>
+        <dt><var title="">DOMTransactionEvent</var> . <code title=dom-domtransactionevent-transaction><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent-transaction>transaction</a></code></dt>
+        <dd><p>Returns the transaction object that triggered this event.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <div class=impl>
+        <p>The <dfn id=dom-domtransactionevent-transaction title=dom-DOMTransactionEvent-transaction><code>transaction</code></dfn> attribute of
+        the <code><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface must return the object that implements
+        the <code><a href=#dom-domtransaction>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> interface that triggered the event.</p>
+
+        <p>When the user agent is required to <dfn id=fire-a-dom-transaction-event>fire a DOM transaction event</dfn> for a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> <var>t</var> at
+        an <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> <var>h</var>, the user agent must run the following steps:</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>Create a <code><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object and initialize it to have the name "<code><a href=#dom-domtransaction>DOMTransaction</a></code>",
+            to bubble, to not cancelable, and to have the <code>transaction</code> attribute initialized to <var>t</var>.</li>
+            <li>Dispatch the newly created <code><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object at the node <var>h</var>.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p>When the user agent is required to <dfn id=fire-an-undo-event>fire an undo event</dfn> and <dfn id=fire-a-redo-event>fire a redo event</dfn> for a <a href=#dom-transaction>DOM transaction</a> <var>t</var> at
+        an <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> <var>h</var>, the user agent must run the following steps:</p>
+        <ol>
+            <li>Create a <code><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent>DOMTransactionEvent</a></code> object and initialize it to have the name "<code><a href=#undo>undo</a></code>" and
+            "<code><a href=#redo>redo</a></code>" respectively, to bubble, to not cancelable, and to have the <code>transaction</code> attribute initialized to <var>t</var>.</li>
+            <li>Dispatch the newly created <code><a href=#dom-domtransactionevent>TransactionEvent</a></code> object at the node <var>h</var>.</li>
+        </ol>
+
+        <p class=note>The target node is always set to a <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a> or a node that was a <a href=#undo-scope-host>undo scope host</a>
+        immediately before <var>t</var> was applied, unapplied, or reapplied.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<script src=http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/dfn.js></script>
+
+