RDF 1.1 Turtle

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a general-purpose language for representing information in the Web.

This document defines a textual syntax for RDF called Turtle that allows an RDF graph to be completely written in a compact and natural text form, with abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes. Turtle provides levels of compatibility with the N-Triples [[N-TRIPLES]] format as well as the triple pattern syntax of the SPARQL W3C Recommendation.

Turtle Language

A Turtle document allows writing down an RDF graph in a compact textual form. An RDF graph is made up of triples consisting of a subject, predicate and object.

Comments may be given after a '#' that is not part of another lexical token and continue to the end of the line.

Simple Triples

The simplest triple statement is a sequence of (subject, predicate, object) terms, separated by whitespace and terminated by '.' after each triple.

Predicate Lists

Often the same subject will be referenced by a number of predicates. The predicateObjectList production matches a series of predicates and objects, separated by ';', following a subject. This expresses a series of RDF Triples with that subject and each predicate and object allocated to one triple. Thus, the ';' symbol is used to repeat the subject of triples that vary only in predicate and object RDF terms.

These two examples are equivalent ways of writing the triples about Spiderman.

Object Lists

As with predicates often objects are repeated with the same subject and predicate. The objectList production matches a series of objects separated by ',' following a predicate. This expresses a series of RDF Triples with the corresponding subject and predicate and each object allocated to one triple. Thus, the ',' symbol is used to repeat the subject and predicate of triples that only differ in the object RDF term.

These two examples are equivalent ways of writing Spiderman's name in two languages.

There are three types of RDF Term defined in RDF Concepts: IRIs (Internationalized Resource Identifiers), literals and blank nodes. Turtle provides a number of ways of writing each.

IRIs

IRIs may be written as relative or absolute IRIs or prefixed names. Relative and absolute IRIs are enclosed in '<' and '>' and may contain numeric escape sequences (described below). For example <http://example.org/#green-goblin>.

Relative IRIs like <#green-goblin> are resolved relative to the current base IRI. A new base IRI can be defined using the '@base' or 'BASE' directive. Specifics of this operation are defined in

The token 'a' in the predicate position of a Turtle triple represents the IRI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type .

A prefixed name is a prefix label and a local part, separated by a colon ":". A prefixed name is turned into an IRI by concatenating the IRI associated with the prefix and the local part. The '@prefix' or 'PREFIX' directive associates a prefix label with an IRI. Subsequent '@prefix' or 'PREFIX' directives may re-map the same prefix label.

The Turtle language originally permitted only the syntax including the '@' character for writing prefix and base directives. The case-insensitive 'PREFIX' and 'BASE' forms were added to align Turtle's syntax with that of SPARQL. It is advisable to serialize RDF using the '@prefix' and '@base' forms until RDF 1.1 Turtle parsers are widely deployed.

To write http://www.perceive.net/schemas/relationship/enemyOf using a prefixed name:

Define a prefix label for the vocabulary IRI http://www.perceive.net/schemas/relationship/ as somePrefix
Then write somePrefix:enemyOf which is equivalent to writing <http://www.perceive.net/schemas/relationship/enemyOf>

This can be written using either the original Turtle syntax for prefix declarations:

or SPARQL's syntax for prefix declarations:

Prefixed names are a superset of XML QNames. They differ in that the local part of prefixed names may include:

leading digits, e.g. leg:3032571 or isbn13:9780136019701
non leading colons, e.g. og:video:height
reserved character escape sequences, e.g. wgs:lat\-long

The following Turtle document contains examples of all the different ways of writing IRIs in Turtle.

The '@prefix' and '@base' directives require a trailing '.' after the IRI, the equalivent 'PREFIX' and 'BASE' must not have a trailing '.' after the IRI part of the directive.

RDF Literals

Literals are used to identify values such as strings, numbers, dates.

Quoted Literals

Quoted Literals (Grammar production RDFLiteral) have a lexical form followed by a language tag, a datatype IRI, or neither. The representation of the lexical form consists of an initial delimiter, e.g. " (U+0022), a sequence of permitted characters or numeric escape sequence or string escape sequence, and a final delimiter. The corresponding RDF lexical form is the characters between the delimiters, after processing any escape sequences. If present, the language tag is preceded by a '@' (U+0040). If there is no language tag, there may be a datatype IRI, preceeded by '^^' (U+005E U+005E). The datatype IRI in Turtle may be written using either an absolute IRI, a relative IRI, or prefixed name. If there is no datatype IRI and no language tag, the datatype is xsd:string.

'\' (U+005C) may not appear in any quoted literal except as part of an escape sequence. Other restrictions depend on the delimiter:

Literals delimited by ' (U+0027), may not contain the characters ', _LF (U+000A), or _CR (U+000D).
Literals delimited by ", may not contain the characters ", _LF, or _CR.
Literals delimited by ''' may not contain the sequence of characters '''.
Literals delimited by """ may not contain the sequence of characters """.

Numbers

Numbers can be written like other literals with lexical form and datatype (e.g. "-5.0"^^xsd:decimal). Turtle has a shorthand syntax for writing integer values, arbitrary precision decimal values, and double precision floating point values.

Data Type	Abbreviated	Lexical	Description
xsd:integer	`-5`	`"-5"^^xsd:integer`	Integer values may be written as an optional sign and a series of digits. Integers match the regular expression "`[+-]?[0-9]+`".
xsd:decimal	`-5.0`	`"-5.0"^^xsd:decimal`	Arbitrary-precision decimals may be written as an optional sign, zero or more digits, a decimal point and one or more digits. Decimals match the regular expression "`[+-]?[0-9]*\.[0-9]+`".
xsd:double	`4.2E9`	`"4.2E9"^^xsd:double`	Double-precision floating point values may be written as an optionally signed mantissa with an optional decimal point, the letter "e" or "E", and an optionally signed integer exponent. The exponent matches the regular expression "`[+-]?[0-9]+`" and the mantissa one of these regular expressions: "`[+-]?[0-9]+\.[0-9]+`", "`[+-]?\.[0-9]+`" or "`[+-]?[0-9]`".

Booleans

Boolean values may be written as either 'true' or 'false' (case-sensitive) and represent RDF literals with the datatype xsd:boolean.

RDF Blank Nodes

RDF blank nodes in Turtle are expressed as _: followed by a blank node label which is a series of name characters. The characters in the label are built upon PN_CHARS_BASE, liberalized as follows:

The characters _ and digits may appear anywhere in a blank node label.
The character . may appear anywhere except the first or last character.
The characters -, U+00B7, U+0300 to U+036F and U+203F to U+2040 are permitted anywhere except the first character.

A fresh RDF blank node is allocated for each unique blank node label in a document. Repeated use of the same blank node label identifies the same RDF blank node.

Nesting Unlabeled Blank Nodes in Turtle

In Turtle, fresh RDF blank nodes are also allocated when matching the production blankNodePropertyList and the terminal ANON. Both of these may appear in the subject or object position of a triple (see the Turtle Grammar). That subject or object is a fresh RDF blank node. This blank node also serves as the subject of the triples produced by matching the predicateObjectList production embedded in a blankNodePropertyList. The generation of these triples is described in Predicate Lists. Blank nodes are also allocated for collections described below.

The Turtle grammar allows blankNodePropertyLists to be nested. In this case, each inner [ establishes a new subject blank node which reverts to the outer node at the ], and serves as the current subject for predicate object lists.

The use of predicateObjectList within a blankNodePropertyList is a common idiom for representing a series of properties of a node.

Abbreviated:

Corresponding simple triples:

Collections

RDF provides a Collection [[RDF11-MT]] structure for lists of RDF nodes. The Turtle syntax for Collections is a possibly empty list of RDF terms enclosed by (). This collection represents an rdf:first/rdf:rest list structure with the sequence of objects of the rdf:first statements being the order of the terms enclosed by ().

The (…) syntax MUST appear in the subject or object position of a triple (see the Turtle Grammar). The blank node at the head of the list is the subject or object of the containing triple.

Examples

This example is a Turtle translation of example 7 in the RDF/XML Syntax specification (example1.ttl):

An example of an RDF collection of two literals.

which is short for (example2.ttl):

An example of two identical triples containing literal objects containing newlines, written in plain and long literal forms. The line breaks in this example are LINE FEED characters (U+000A). (example3.ttl):

As indicated by the grammar, a collection can be either a subject or an object. This subject or object will be the novel blank node for the first object, if the collection has one or more objects, or rdf:nil if the collection is empty.

For example,

is syntactic sugar for (noting that the blank nodes b0, b1 and b2 do not occur anywhere else in the RDF graph):

RDF collections can be nested and can involve other syntactic forms:

is syntactic sugar for:

Turtle compared to SPARQL

The SPARQL 1.1 Query LanguageF (SPARQL) [[SPARQL11-QUERY]] uses a Turtle style syntax for its TriplesBlock production. This production differs from the Turtle language in that:

SPARQL permits RDF Literals as the subject of RDF triples.
SPARQL permits variables (?name or $name) in any part of the triple of the form.
Turtle allows prefix and base declarations anywhere outside of a triple. In SPARQL, they are only allowed in the Prologue (at the start of the SPARQL query).
SPARQL uses case insensitive keywords, except for 'a'. Turtle's @prefix and @base declarations are case sensitive, the SPARQL dervied PREFIX and BASE are case insensitive.
'true' and 'false' are case insensitive in SPARQL and case sensitive in Turtle. TrUe is not a valid boolean value in Turtle.

For further information see the Syntax for IRIs and SPARQL Grammar sections of the SPARQL query document [[SPARQL11-QUERY]].

Turtle Grammar

A Turtle document is a Unicode[[!UNICODE]] character string encoded in UTF-8. Unicode characters only in the range U+0000 to U+10FFFF inclusive are allowed.

White Space

White space (production WS) is used to separate two terminals which would otherwise be (mis-)recognized as one terminal. Rule names below in capitals indicate where white space is significant; these form a possible choice of terminals for constructing a Turtle parser.

White space is significant in the production String.

Comments

Comments in Turtle take the form of '#', outside an IRIREF or String, and continue to the end of line (marked by characters U+000D or U+000A) or end of file if there is no end of line after the comment marker. Comments are treated as white space.

IRI References

Relative IRIs are resolved with base IRIs as per Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax [[RFC3986]] using only the basic algorithm in section 5.2. Neither Syntax-Based Normalization nor Scheme-Based Normalization (described in sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 of RFC3986) are performed. Characters additionally allowed in IRI references are treated in the same way that unreserved characters are treated in URI references, per section 6.5 of Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [[RFC3987]].

The @base or BASE directive defines the Base IRI used to resolve relative IRIs per RFC3986 section 5.1.1, "Base URI Embedded in Content". Section 5.1.2, "Base URI from the Encapsulating Entity" defines how the In-Scope Base IRI may come from an encapsulating document, such as a SOAP envelope with an xml:base directive or a mime multipart document with a Content-Location header. The "Retrieval URI" identified in 5.1.3, Base "URI from the Retrieval URI", is the URL from which a particular Turtle document was retrieved. If none of the above specifies the Base URI, the default Base URI (section 5.1.4, "Default Base URI") is used. Each @base or BASE directive sets a new In-Scope Base URI, relative to the previous one.

Escape Sequences

There are three forms of escapes used in turtle documents:

numeric escape sequences represent Unicode code points:

Escape sequence	Unicode code point
'\u' hex hex hex hex	A Unicode character in the range U+0000 to U+FFFF inclusive corresponding to the value encoded by the four hexadecimal digits interpreted from most significant to least significant digit.
'\U' hex hex hex hex hex hex hex hex	A Unicode character in the range U+0000 to U+10FFFF inclusive corresponding to the value encoded by the eight hexadecimal digits interpreted from most significant to least significant digit.

where HEX is a hexadecimal character

HEX ::= [0-9] | [A-F] | [a-f]

string escape sequences represent the characters traditionally escaped in string literals:

Escape sequence	Unicode code point
'\t'	U+0009
'\b'	U+0008
'\n'	U+000A
'\r'	U+000D
'\f'	U+000C
'\"'	U+0022
'\''	U+0027
'\\'	U+005C

reserved character escape sequences consist of a '\' followed by one of ~.-!$&'()*+,;=/?#@%_ and represent the character to the right of the '\'.

Context where each kind of escape sequence can be used
	numeric escapes	string escapes	reserved character escapes
IRIs, used as RDF terms or as in @prefix, PREFIX, @base, or BASE declarations	yes	no	no
local names	no	no	yes
Strings	yes	yes	no

%-encoded sequences are in the character range for IRIs and are explicitly allowed in local names. These appear as a '%' followed by two hex characters and represent that same sequence of three characters. These sequences are not decoded during processing. A term written as <http://a.example/%66oo-bar> in Turtle designates the IRI http://a.example/%66oo-bar and not IRI http://a.example/foo-bar. A term written as ex:%66oo-bar with a prefix @prefix ex: <http://a.example/> also designates the IRI http://a.example/%66oo-bar.

Grammar

The EBNF used here is defined in XML 1.0 [[!EBNF-NOTATION]]. Production labels consisting of a number and a final 's', e.g. [60s], reference the production with that number in the SPARQL 1.1 Query Language grammar [[SPARQL11-QUERY]].

Notes:

Keywords in single quotes ('@base', '@prefix', 'a', 'true', 'false') are case-sensitive. Keywords in double quotes ("BASE", "PREFIX") are case-insensitive.
Escape sequences UCHAR and ECHAR are case sensitive.
When tokenizing the input and choosing grammar rules, the longest match is chosen.
The Turtle grammar is LL(1) and LALR(1) when the rules with uppercased names are used as terminals.
The entry point into the grammar is turtleDoc.
In signed numbers, no white space is allowed between the sign and the number.
The [162s] ANON ::= '[' WS* ']' token allows any amount of white space and comments between []s. The single space version is used in the grammar for clarity.
The strings '@prefix' and '@base' match the pattern for LANGTAG, though neither "prefix" nor "base" are registered language subtags. This specification does not define whether a quoted literal followed by either of these tokens (e.g. "A"@base) is in the Turtle language.

Parsing

The RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax specification [[!RDF11-CONCEPTS]] defines three types of RDF Term: IRIs, literals and blank nodes. Literals are composed of a lexical form and an optional language tag [[!BCP47]] or datatype IRI. An extra type, prefix, is used during parsing to map string identifiers to namespace IRIs. This section maps a string conforming to the grammar in to a set of triples by mapping strings matching productions and lexical tokens to RDF terms or their components (e.g. language tags, lexical forms of literals). Grammar productions change the parser state and emit triples.

Parser State

Parsing Turtle requires a state of five items:

IRI baseURI — When the base production is reached, the second rule argument, IRIREF, is the base URI used for relative IRI resolution.
Map[prefix -> IRI] namespaces — The second and third rule arguments (PNAME_NS and IRIREF) in the prefixID production assign a namespace name (IRIREF) for the prefix (PNAME_NS). Outside of a prefixID production, any PNAME_NS is substituted with the namespace. Note that the prefix may be an empty string, per the PNAME_NS production: (PN_PREFIX)? ":".
Map[string -> blank node] bnodeLabels — A mapping from string to blank node.
RDF_Term curSubject — The curSubject is bound to the subject production.
RDF_Term curPredicate — The curPredicate is bound to the verb production. If token matched was "a", curPredicate is bound to the IRI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type.

RDF Term Constructors

This table maps productions and lexical tokens to RDF terms or components of RDF terms listed in :

production	type	procedure
IRIREF	IRI	The characters between "<" and ">" are taken, with the numeric escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of the IRI. Relative IRI resolution is performed per Section 6.3.
PNAME_NS	prefix	When used in a prefixID or sparqlPrefix production, the `prefix` is the potentially empty unicode string matching the first argument of the rule is a key into the namespaces map.
PNAME_NS	IRI	When used in a PrefixedName production, the `iri` is the value in the namespaces map corresponding to the first argument of the rule.
PNAME_LN	IRI	A potentially empty prefix is identified by the first sequence, `PNAME_NS`. The namespaces map MUST have a corresponding `namespace`. The unicode string of the IRI is formed by unescaping the reserved characters in the second argument, `PN_LOCAL`, and concatenating this onto the `namespace`.
STRING_LITERAL_SINGLE_QUOTE	lexical form	The characters between the outermost "'"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
STRING_LITERAL_QUOTE	lexical form	The characters between the outermost '"'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
STRING_LITERAL_LONG_SINGLE_QUOTE	lexical form	The characters between the outermost "'''"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
STRING_LITERAL_LONG_QUOTE	lexical form	The characters between the outermost '"""'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
LANGTAG	language tag	The characters following the `@` form the unicode string of the language tag.
RDFLiteral	literal	The literal has a lexical form of the first rule argument, `String`. If the `'^^' iri` rule matched, the datatype is `iri` and the literal has no language tag. If the `LANGTAG` rule matched, the datatype is `rdf:langString` and the language tag is `LANGTAG`. If neither matched, the datatype is `xsd:string` and the literal has no language tag.
INTEGER	literal	The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of `xsd:integer`.
DECIMAL	literal	The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of `xsd:decimal`.
DOUBLE	literal	The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of `xsd:double`.
BooleanLiteral	literal	The literal has a lexical form of the `true` or `false`, depending on which matched the input, and a datatype of `xsd:boolean`.
BLANK_NODE_LABEL	blank node	The string matching the second argument, `PN_LOCAL`, is a key in bnodeLabels. If there is no corresponding blank node in the map, one is allocated.
ANON	blank node	A blank node is generated.
blankNodePropertyList	blank node	A blank node is generated. Note the rules for `blankNodePropertyList` in the next section.
collection	blank node	For non-empty lists, a blank node is generated. Note the rules for `collection` in the next section.
collection	IRI	For empty lists, the resulting IRI is `rdf:nil`. Note the rules for `collection` in the next section.

RDF Triples Constructors

A Turtle document defines an RDF graph composed of set of RDF triples. The subject production sets the curSubject. The verb production sets the curPredicate. Each object N in the document produces an RDF triple: curSubject curPredicate N .

Property Lists:

Beginning the blankNodePropertyList production records the curSubject and curPredicate, and sets curSubject to a novel blank node B. Finishing the blankNodePropertyList production restores curSubject and curPredicate. The node produced by matching blankNodePropertyList is the blank node B.

Collections:

Beginning the collection production records the curSubject and curPredicate. Each object in the collection production has a curSubject set to a novel blank node B and a curPredicate set to rdf:first. For each object object_n after the first produces a triple:object_n-1 rdf:rest object_n . Finishing the collection production creates an additional triple curSubject rdf:rest rdf:nil . and restores curSubject and curPredicate The node produced by matching collection is the first blank node B for non-empty lists and rdf:nil for empty lists.

Parsing Example

The following informative example shows the semantic actions performed when parsing this Turtle document with an LALR(1) parser:

Map the prefix ericFoaf to the IRI http://www.w3.org/People/Eric/ericP-foaf.rdf#.
Map the empty prefix to the IRI http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/.
Assign curSubject the IRI http://www.w3.org/People/Eric/ericP-foaf.rdf#ericP.
Assign curPredicate the IRI http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName.
Emit an RDF triple: <...rdf#ericP> <.../givenName> "Eric" .
Assign curPredicate the IRI http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows.
Emit an RDF triple: <...rdf#ericP> <.../knows> <...who/dan-brickley> .
Emit an RDF triple: <...rdf#ericP> <.../knows> _:1 .
Save curSubject and reassign to the blank node _:1.
Save curPredicate.
Assign curPredicate the IRI http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox.
Emit an RDF triple: _:1 <.../mbox> <mailto:timbl@w3.org> .
Restore curSubject and curPredicate to their saved values (<...rdf#ericP>, <.../knows>).
Emit an RDF triple: <...rdf#ericP> <.../knows> <http://getopenid.com/amyvdh> .

Embedding Turtle in HTML documents

HTML [[HTML5]] script tags can be used to embed data blocks in documents. Turtle can be easily embedded in HTML this way.

<script type="text/turtle">
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix frbr: <http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#> .

<http://books.example.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N> a frbr:Work ;
     dc:creator "Wil Wheaton"@en ;
     dc:title "Just a Geek"@en ;
     frbr:realization <http://books.example.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>,
         <http://books.example.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK> .

<http://books.example.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK> a frbr:Expression ;
     dc:type <http://books.example.com/product-types/BOOK> .

<http://books.example.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK> a frbr:Expression ;
     dc:type <http://books.example.com/product-types/EBOOK> .
</script>

Turtle content should be placed in a script tag with the type attribute set to text/turtle. < and > symbols do not need to be escaped inside of script tags. The character encoding of the embedded Turtle will match the HTML documents encoding.

XHTML

Like JavaScript, Turtle authored for HTML (text/html) can break when used in XHTML (application/xhtml+xml). The solution is the same one used for JavaScript.

<script type="text/turtle">
# <![CDATA[
@prefix frbr: <http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#> .

<http://books.example.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N> a frbr:Work .
# ]]>
</script>

When embedded in XHTML Turtle data blocks must be enclosed in CDATA sections. Those CDATA markers must be in Turtle comments. If the character sequence "]]>" occurs in the document it must be escaped using strings escapes (\u005d\u0054\u003e). This will also make Turtle safe in polyglot documents served as both text/html and application/xhtml+xml. Failing to use CDATA sections or escape "]]>" may result in a non well-formed XML document.

Parsing Turtle in HTML

There are no syntactic or grammar differences between parsing Turtle that has been embedded and normal Turtle documents. A Turtle document parsed from an HTML DOM will be a stream of character data rather than a stream of UTF-8 encoded bytes. No decoding is necessary if the HTML document has already been parsed into DOM. Each script data block is considered to be it's own Turtle document. @prefix and @base declarations in a Turtle data bloc are scoped to that data block and do not effect other data blocks. The HTML lang attribute or XHTML xml:lang attribute have no effect on the parsing of the data blocks. The base URI of the encapsulating HTML document provides a "Base URI Embedded in Content" per RFC3986 section 5.1.1.

Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File Type

Contact:: Eric Prud'hommeaux
See also:: How to Register a Media Type for a W3C Specification; Internet Media Type registration, consistency of use
TAG Finding 3 June 2002 (Revised 4 September 2002)

The Internet Media Type / MIME Type for Turtle is "text/turtle".

It is recommended that Turtle files have the extension ".ttl" (all lowercase) on all platforms.

It is recommended that Turtle files stored on Macintosh HFS file systems be given a file type of "TEXT".

This information that follows has been submitted to the IESG for review, approval, and registration with IANA.

Type name:: text
Subtype name:: turtle
Required parameters:: None
Optional parameters:: charset — this parameter is required when transferring non-ASCII data. If present, the value of charset is always UTF-8.
Encoding considerations:: The syntax of Turtle is expressed over code points in Unicode [[!UNICODE]]. The encoding is always UTF-8 [[!UTF-8]].; Unicode code points may also be expressed using an \uXXXX (U+0000 to U+FFFF) or \UXXXXXXXX syntax (for U+10000 onwards) where X is a hexadecimal digit [0-9A-Fa-f]
Security considerations:: Turtle is a general-purpose assertion language; applications may evaluate given data to infer more assertions or to dereference IRIs, invoking the security considerations of the scheme for that IRI. Note in particular, the privacy issues in [[!RFC3023]] section 10 for HTTP IRIs. Data obtained from an inaccurate or malicious data source may lead to inaccurate or misleading conclusions, as well as the dereferencing of unintended IRIs. Care must be taken to align the trust in consulted resources with the sensitivity of the intended use of the data; inferences of potential medical treatments would likely require different trust than inferences for trip planning.; Turtle is used to express arbitrary application data; security considerations will vary by domain of use. Security tools and protocols applicable to text (e.g. PGP encryption, MD5 sum validation, password-protected compression) may also be used on Turtle documents. Security/privacy protocols must be imposed which reflect the sensitivity of the embedded information.; Turtle can express data which is presented to the user, for example, RDF Schema labels. Application rendering strings retrieved from untrusted Turtle documents must ensure that malignant strings may not be used to mislead the reader. The security considerations in the media type registration for XML ([[!RFC3023]] section 10) provide additional guidance around the expression of arbitrary data and markup.; Turtle uses IRIs as term identifiers. Applications interpreting data expressed in Turtle should address the security issues of Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [[!RFC3987]] Section 8, as well as Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax [[!RFC3986]] Section 7.; Multiple IRIs may have the same appearance. Characters in different scripts may look similar (a Cyrillic "о" may appear similar to a Latin "o"). A character followed by combining characters may have the same visual representation as another character (LATIN SMALL LETTER E followed by COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT has the same visual representation as LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Any person or application that is writing or interpreting data in Turtle must take care to use the IRI that matches the intended semantics, and avoid IRIs that make look similar. Further information about matching of similar characters can be found in Unicode Security Considerations [[UNICODE-SECURITY]] and Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [[RFC3987]] Section 8.
Interoperability considerations:: There are no known interoperability issues.
Published specification:: This specification.
Applications which use this media type:: No widely deployed applications are known to use this media type. It may be used by some web services and clients consuming their data.
Additional information:
Magic number(s):: Turtle documents may have the strings '@prefix' or '@base' (case sensitive) or the strings 'PREFIX' or 'BASE' (case insensitive) near the beginning of the document.
File extension(s):: ".ttl"
Base URI:: The Turtle '@base <IRIref>' or 'BASE <IRIref>' term can change the current base URI for relative IRIrefs in the query language that are used sequentially later in the document.
Macintosh file type code(s):: "TEXT"
Person & email address to contact for further information:: Eric Prud'hommeaux <eric@w3.org>
Intended usage:: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:: None
Author/Change controller:: The Turtle specification is the product of the RDF WG. The W3C reserves change control over this specifications.

Introduction