PROV-O
type: Ontology
comment: This document is published by the Provenance Working Group (http://www.w3.org/2011/prov/wiki/Main_Page). If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-prov-comments@w3.org (subscribe public-prov-comments-request@w3.org, archives http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-prov-comments/). All feedback is welcome.
version IRI: WD-prov-o-20120724

unqualifiedForm
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Classes and properties used to qualify relationships are annotated with prov:unqualifiedForm to indicate the property used to assert an unqualified provenance relation.
sub property of: seeAlso

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A definition quoted from PROV-DM or PROV-CONSTRAINTS that describes the concept expressed with this OWL term.

editorialNote
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A note by the OWL development team about how this term expresses the PROV-DM concept, or how it should be used in context of semantic web or linked data.

inverse
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: PROV-O does not define all property inverses. The directionalities defined in PROV-O should be given preference over those not defined. However, if users wish to name the inverse of a PROV-O property, the local name given by prov:inverse should be used.

constraints
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A reference to the principal section of the PROV-CONSTRAINTS document that describes this concept.
sub property of: seeAlso

dm
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A reference to the principal section of the PROV-DM document that describes this concept.
sub property of: seeAlso

category
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Classify prov-o terms into three categories, including 'starting-point', 'qualifed', and 'extended'. This classification is used by the prov-o html document to gently introduce prov-o terms to its users.

editorsDefinition
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: When the prov-o term does not have a definition drawn from prov-dm, and the prov-o editor provides one.
sub property of: definition

component
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Classify prov-o terms into six components according to prov-dm, including 'agents-responsibility', 'alternate', 'annotations', 'collections', 'derivations', and 'entities-activities'. This classification is used so that readers of prov-o specification can find its correspondence with the prov-dm specification.

qualifiedForm
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: This annotation property links a subproperty of prov:wasInfluencedBy with the subclass of prov:Influence and the qualifying property that are used to qualify it. Example annotation: prov:wasGeneratedBy prov:qualifiedForm prov:qualifiedGeneration, prov:Generation . Then this unqualified assertion: :entity1 prov:wasGeneratedBy :activity1 . can be qualified by adding: :entity1 prov:qualifiedGeneration :entity1Gen . :entity1Gen a prov:Generation, prov:Influence; prov:activity :activity1; :customValue 1337 . Note how the value of the unqualified influence (prov:wasGeneratedBy :activity1) is mirrored as the value of the prov:activity (or prov:entity, or prov:agent) property on the influence class.
sub property of: seeAlso

http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#n
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A reference to the principal section of the PROV-M document that describes this concept.
sub property of: seeAlso

actedOnBehalfOf
type: ObjectProperty
component: agents-responsibility
inverse: hadDelegate
comment: An object property to express the accountability of an agent towards another agent. The subordinate agent acted on behalf of the responsible agent in an actual activity.
category: starting-point
range: Agent
domain: Agent
qualified form: Delegation
qualified form: qualifiedDelegation
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedDelegation
property chain axiom: agent

activity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: activityOfInfluence
category: qualified
comment: The property used by an prov:ActivityInfluence to cite the prov:Activity that influenced an Entity, Activity, or Agent. It can be used to refer to the activity involved in generating an entity, informing another activity, or starting another activity.
editorial note: This property behaves in spirit like rdf:object; it references the object of a prov:wasInfluencedBy triple.
range: Activity
domain: ActivityInfluence
shares definition with: ActivityInfluence
sub property of: influencer

agent
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
component: alternate
inverse: agentOfInfluence
comment: The property used by a prov:AgentInfluence to cite the Agent that influenced an Entity, Activity, or Agent. It can be used to express the agent involved in being responsible for an activity, being attributed to an entity, starting or ending an activity, or being responsible for another subordinate agent in an activity.
editorial note: This property behaves in spirit like rdf:object; it references the object of a prov:wasInfluencedBy triple.
range: Agent
domain: AgentInfluence
shares definition with: AgentInfluence
sub property of: influencer

alternateOf
type: ObjectProperty
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-alternate
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-alternate
definition: Two alternate entities present aspects of the same thing. These aspects may be the same or different, and the alternate entities may or may not overlap in time.
category: expanded
component: alternate
inverse: alternateOf
domain: Entity
range: Entity

asInBundle
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: contextOf
category: expanded
comment: The prov:mentionOf and prov:asInBundle properties are "at risk" (http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr#cfi) and may be removed from this specification based on feedback. Please send feedback to public-prov-comments@w3.org. These two properties are used to encode the PROV-DM's Mention construct (http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-mention), which might be removed from PROV if implementation experience reveals problems with supporting this construct.
comment: When :x prov:mentionOf :y and :y is described in Bundle :b, the triple :x prov:asInBundle :b is also asserted to cite the Bundle in which :y was described.
range: Bundle
domain: Entity
shares definition with: mentionOf

atLocation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The Location of any resource.
editorial note: The naming of prov:atLocation parallels prov:atTime, and is not named prov:hadLocation to avoid conflicting with the convention that prov:had* properties are used on prov:Influence classes.
inverse: locationOf
editorial note: This property is not functional because the many values could be at a variety of granularies (In this building, in this room, in that chair).
category: expanded
shares definition with: Location
range: Location
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity
  union of: InstantaneousEvent

entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: entityOfInfluence
comment: The property used by an prov:EntityInfluence to cite the Entity that was influenced by an Entity, Activity, or Agent. It can be used to refer to the entity involved in deriving another entity, being quoted or revised from, being the source of another entity, or being used in an activity.
editorial note: This property behaves in spirit like rdf:object; it references the object of a prov:wasInfluencedBy triple.
category: qualified
range: Entity
shares definition with: EntityInfluence
domain: EntityInfluence
sub property of: influencer

generated
type: ObjectProperty
component: entities-activities
inverse: wasGeneratedBy
category: expanded
editorial note: prov:generated is one of few inverse property defined, to allow Activity-oriented assertions in addition to Entity-oriented assertions.
domain: Activity
range: Entity
shares definition with: Generation
sub property of: influenced
inverse of: wasGeneratedBy

hadActivity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The _optional_ Activity of an Influence, which used, generated, invalidated, or was the responsibility of some Entity. This property is _not_ used by ActivityInfluence (use prov:activity instead).
editorial note: The multiple rdfs:domain assertions are intended. One is simpler and works for OWL-RL, the union is more specific but is not recognized by OWL-RL.
component: derivations
category: qualified
inverse: wasActivityOfInfluence
range: Activity
shares definition with: Activity
domain: Influence
domain: Class
  union of: Delegation
  union of: Derivation
  union of: End
  union of: Start

hadGeneration
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: generatedAsDerivation
category: qualified
comment: The _optional_ Generation involved in an Entity's Derivation.
component: derivations
domain: Derivation
shares definition with: Generation
range: Generation

hadMember
type: ObjectProperty
category: expanded
component: expanded
inverse: wasMemberOf
shares definition with: Collection
domain: Collection
range: Entity
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy

Axiom
comment: A collection is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents, which are themselves entities. These constituents are said to be member of the collections.
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-collection
annotated property: range
annotated target: Entity
annotated source: hadMember

hadPlan
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
component: agents-responsibility
inverse: wasPlanOf
comment: The _optional_ Plan adopted by an Agent in Association with some Activity. Plan specifications are out of the scope of this specification.
domain: Association
shares definition with: Plan
range: Plan

hadPrimarySource
type: ObjectProperty
component: derivations
category: expanded
inverse: wasPrimarySourceOf
range: Entity
domain: Entity
qualified form: Source
qualified form: qualifiedSource
sub property of: wasDerivedFrom
property chain axiom: qualifiedSource
property chain axiom: entity

Axiom
comment: hadOriginalSource property is a particular case of wasDerivedFrom (see http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/#term-original-source) that aims to give credit to the source that originated some information.
annotated property: subPropertyOf
annotated source: hadPrimarySource
annotated target: wasDerivedFrom

hadRole
type: ObjectProperty
component: agents-responsibility
inverse: wasRoleIn
category: qualified
comment: The _optional_ Role that an Entity assumed in the context of an Activity. For example, :baking prov:used :spoon; prov:qualified [ a prov:Usage; prov:entity :spoon; prov:hadRole roles:mixing_implement ].
definition: prov:hadRole references the Role (i.e. the function of an entity with respect to an activity), in the context of a usage, generation, association, start, and end.
domain: Influence
shares definition with: Role
range: Role
domain: Class
  union of: Association
  union of: End
  union of: Generation
  union of: Invalidation
  union of: Start
  union of: Usage

hadUsage
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
comment: The _optional_ Usage involved in an Entity's Derivation.
inverse: wasUsedInDerivation
component: derivations
domain: Derivation
range: Usage
shares definition with: Usage

influenced
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: wasInfluencedBy
component: agents-responsibility
category: expanded
shares definition with: Influence
inverse of: wasInfluencedBy

influencer
type: ObjectProperty
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-influence
category: qualified
inverse: hadInfluence
comment: Subproperties of prov:influencer are used to cite the object of an unqualified PROV-O triple whose predicate is a subproperty of prov:wasInfluencedBy (e.g. prov:used, prov:wasGeneratedBy). prov:influencer is used much like rdf:object is used.
editorial note: This property and its subproperties are used in the same way as the rdf:object property, i.e. to reference the object of an unqualified prov:wasInfluencedBy or prov:influenced triple.
editors definition: This property is used as part of the qualified influence pattern. Subclasses of prov:Influence use these subproperties to reference the resource (Entity, Agent, or Activity) whose influence is being qualified.
domain: Influence

invalidated
type: ObjectProperty
category: expanded
inverse: wasInvalidatedBy
component: entities-activities
editorial note: prov:invalidated is one of few inverse property defined, to allow Activity-oriented assertions in addition to Entity-oriented assertions.
domain: Activity
range: Entity
shares definition with: Invalidation
sub property of: influenced
inverse of: wasInvalidatedBy

mentionOf
type: ObjectProperty
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-mention
inverse: hadMention
category: expanded
comment: When :x prov:mentionOf :y and :y is described in Bundle :b, the triple :x prov:asInBundle :b is also asserted to cite the Bundle in which :y was described.
definition: The mention of an Entity in a Bundle (containing a description of this Entity) is another Entity that is a specialization of the former and that presents the Bundle as a further additional aspect.
comment: The prov:mentionOf and prov:asInBundle properties are "at risk" (http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr#cfi) and may be removed from this specification based on feedback. Please send feedback to public-prov-comments@w3.org. These two properties are used to encode the PROV-DM's Mention construct (http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-mention), which might be removed from PROV if implementation experience reveals problems with supporting this construct.
comment: prov:asInBundle is used to cite the Bundle in which the generalization was mentioned.
domain: Entity
range: Entity
sub property of: specializationOf

qualifiedAssociation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: qualifiedAssociationOf
comment: If this Activity prov:wasAssociatedWith Agent :ag, then it can qualify the Association using prov:qualifiedAssociation [ a prov:Association; prov:agent :ag; :foo :bar ].
component: agents-responsibility
category: qualified
domain: Activity
range: Association
shares definition with: Association
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasAssociatedWith

qualifiedAttribution
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: qualifiedAttributionOf
category: qualified
component: agents-responsibility
comment: If this Entity prov:wasAttributedTo Agent :ag, then it can qualify how it was using prov:qualifiedAttribution [ a prov:Attribution; prov:agent :ag; :foo :bar ].
shares definition with: Attribution
range: Attribution
domain: Entity
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasAttributedTo

qualifiedCommunication
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: qualifiedCommunicationOf
component: entities-activities
comment: If this Activity prov:wasInformedBy Activity :a, then it can qualify how it was Inform[ed] using prov:qualifiedCommunication [ a prov:Communication; prov:activity :a; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
domain: Activity
qualified form: Communication
range: Communication
shares definition with: Communication
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence

qualifiedDelegation
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
comment: If this Agent prov:actedOnBehalfOf Agent :ag, then it can qualify how with prov:qualifiedResponsibility [ a prov:Responsibility; prov:agent :ag; :foo :bar ].
inverse: qualifiedDelegationOf
component: agents-responsibility
domain: Agent
shares definition with: Delegation
range: Delegation
unqualified form: actedOnBehalfOf
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence

qualifiedDerivation
type: ObjectProperty
component: derivations
category: qualified
comment: If this Entity prov:wasDerivedFrom Entity :e, then it can qualify how it was derived using prov:qualifiedDerivation [ a prov:Derivation; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
inverse: qualifiedDerivationOf
shares definition with: Derivation
range: Derivation
domain: Entity
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasDerivedFrom

qualifiedEnd
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
inverse: qualifiedEndOf
component: entities-activities
comment: If this Activity prov:wasEndedBy Entity :e1, then it can qualify how it was ended using prov:qualifiedEnd [ a prov:End; prov:entity :e1; :foo :bar ].
domain: Activity
shares definition with: End
range: End
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasEndedBy

qualifiedGeneration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: If this Activity prov:generated Entity :e, then it can qualify how it did performed the Generation using prov:qualifiedGeneration [ a prov:Generation; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
inverse: qualifiedGenerationOf
component: entities-activities
category: qualified
domain: Entity
range: Generation
shares definition with: Generation
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasGeneratedBy

qualifiedInfluence
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Because prov:qualifiedInfluence is a broad relation, the more specific relations (qualifiedCommunication, qualifiedDelegation, qualifiedEnd, etc.) should be used when applicable.
category: qualified
inverse: qualifiedInfluenceOf
component: derivations
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity
range: Influence
shares definition with: Influence
unqualified form: wasInfluencedBy

qualifiedInvalidation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: If this Entity prov:wasInvalidatedBy Activity :a, then it can qualify how it was invalidated using prov:qualifiedInvalidation [ a prov:Invalidation; prov:activity :a; :foo :bar ].
component: entities-activities
category: qualified
inverse: qualifiedInvalidationOf
domain: Entity
shares definition with: Invalidation
range: Invalidation
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasInvalidatedBy

qualifiedQuotation
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
inverse: qualifiedQuotationOf
comment: If this Entity prov:wasQuotedFrom Entity :e, then it can qualify how using prov:qualifiedQuotation [ a prov:Quotation; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
component: derivations
domain: Entity
shares definition with: Quotation
range: Quotation
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasQuotedFrom

qualifiedRevision
type: ObjectProperty
comment: If this Entity prov:wasRevisionOf Entity :e, then it can qualify how it was revised using prov:qualifiedRevision [ a prov:Revision; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
inverse: revisedEntity
component: derivations
domain: Entity
range: Revision
shares definition with: Revision
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasRevisionOf

qualifiedSource
type: ObjectProperty
component: derivations
inverse: qualifiedSourceOf
comment: If this Entity prov:hadOriginalSource Entity :e, then it can qualify how using prov:qualifiedSource [ a prov:Source; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
domain: Entity
shares definition with: Source
range: Source
unqualified form: hadPrimarySource
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence

qualifiedStart
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: qualifiedStartOf
category: qualified
component: entities-activities
comment: If this Activity prov:wasStartedBy Entity :e1, then it can qualify how it was started using prov:qualifiedStart [ a prov:Start; prov:entity :e1; :foo :bar ].
domain: Activity
range: Start
shares definition with: Start
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: wasStartedBy

qualifiedUsage
type: ObjectProperty
category: qualified
inverse: qualifiedUsingActivity
component: entities-activities
comment: If this Activity prov:used Entity :e, then it can qualify how it used it using prov:qualifiedUsage [ a prov:Usage; prov:entity :e; :foo :bar ].
domain: Activity
shares definition with: Usage
range: Usage
sub property of: qualifiedInfluence
unqualified form: used

specializationOf
type: ObjectProperty
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-specialization
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-specialization
component: alternate
category: expanded
inverse: generalizationOf
definition: An entity that is a specialization of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter. In particular, the lifetime of the entity being specialized contains that of any specialization. Examples of aspects include a time period, an abstraction, and a context associated with the entity.
range: Entity
domain: Entity
sub property of: alternateOf

used
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: wasUsedBy
comment: A prov:Entity that was used by this prov:Activity. For example, :baking prov:used :spoon, :egg, :oven .
category: starting-point
component: entities-activities
domain: Activity
range: Entity
qualified form: Usage
qualified form: qualifiedUsage
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedUsage
property chain axiom: entity

wasAssociatedWith
type: ObjectProperty
component: agents-responsibility
inverse: wasAssociateFor
comment: An prov:Agent that had some (unspecified) responsibility for the occurrence of this prov:Activity.
category: starting-point
domain: Activity
range: Agent
qualified form: Association
qualified form: qualifiedAssociation
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedAssociation
property chain axiom: agent

wasAttributedTo
type: ObjectProperty
component: agents-responsibility
category: starting-point
inverse: contributed
definition: Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent.
comment: Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent.
range: Agent
qualified form: Attribution
domain: Entity
qualified form: qualifiedAttribution
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedAttribution
property chain axiom: agent

Axiom
definition: IF wasAttributedTo(e2,ag1,aAttr) holds, THEN wasInfluencedBy(e2,ag1) also holds.
comment: Attribution is a particular case of trace (see http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/#concept-trace), in the sense that it links an entity to the agent that ascribed it.
annotated property: subPropertyOf
annotated source: wasAttributedTo
annotated target: wasInfluencedBy

wasDerivedFrom
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: hadDerivation
definition: A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, a construction of an entity into another, or an update of an entity, resulting in a new one.
category: starting-point
component: derivations
qualified form: Derivation
range: Entity
domain: Entity
qualified form: qualifiedDerivation
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedDerivation
property chain axiom: entity

Axiom
comment: Derivation is a particular case of trace (see http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/#term-trace), since it links an entity to another entity that contributed to its existence.
annotated property: subPropertyOf
annotated source: wasDerivedFrom
annotated target: wasInfluencedBy

wasEndedBy
type: ObjectProperty
category: expanded
component: entities-activities
comment: End is when an activity is deemed to have ended. An end may refer to an entity, known as trigger, that terminated the activity.
inverse: ended
domain: Activity
qualified form: End
range: Entity
qualified form: qualifiedEnd
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedEnd
property chain axiom: entity

wasGeneratedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: generated
category: starting-point
component: entities-activities
range: Activity
domain: Entity
qualified form: Generation
qualified form: qualifiedGeneration
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedGeneration
property chain axiom: activity

wasInfluencedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Because prov:wasInfluencedBy is a broad relation, the more specific relations (prov:wasInformedBy, prov:actedOnBehalfOf, prov:endedBy, etc.) should be used when applicable.
editorial note: The sub-properties of prov:wasInfluencedBy can be elaborated in more detail using the Qualification Pattern. For example, the binary relation :baking prov:used :spoon can be qualified by asserting :baking prov:qualifiedUsage [ a prov:Usage; prov:entity :spoon; prov:atLocation :kitchen ] . Subproperties of prov:wasInfluencedBy may also be asserted directly without being qualified. prov:wasInfluencedBy should not be used without also using one of its subproperties.
category: qualified
inverse: influenced
component: agents-responsibility
shares definition with: Influence
range: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity

Axiom
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-influence
definition: influencee: an identifier (o2) for an entity, activity, or agent;
annotated property: domain
annotated source: wasInfluencedBy
annotated target: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity

Axiom
definition: influencer: an identifier (o1) for an ancestor entity, activity, or agent that the former depends on;
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-influence
annotated property: range
annotated source: wasInfluencedBy
annotated target: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Agent
  union of: Entity

wasInformedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: informed
comment: An activity a2 is dependent on or informed by another activity a1, by way of some unspecified entity that is generated by a1 and used by a2.
category: starting-point
component: entities-activities
range: Activity
domain: Activity
qualified form: Communication
qualified form: qualifiedCommunication
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedCommunication
property chain axiom: entity

wasInvalidatedBy
type: ObjectProperty
component: entities-activities
inverse: invalidated
category: expanded
range: Activity
domain: Entity
qualified form: Invalidation
qualified form: qualifiedInvalidation
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedInvalidation
property chain axiom: activity

wasQuotedFrom
type: ObjectProperty
category: expanded
component: derivations
inverse: quotedAs
comment: An entity is derived from an original entity by copying, or 'quoting', some or all of it.
domain: Entity
range: Entity
qualified form: Quotation
qualified form: qualifiedQuotation
sub property of: wasDerivedFrom
property chain axiom: qualifiedQuotation
property chain axiom: entity

Axiom
comment: Quotation is a particular case of derivation (see http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/#term-quotation) in which an entity is derived from an original entity by copying, or "quoting", some or all of it.
annotated property: subPropertyOf
annotated target: wasDerivedFrom
annotated source: wasQuotedFrom

wasRevisionOf
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A revision is a derivation that revises an entity into a revised version.
component: derivations
inverse: hadRevision
category: expanded
range: Entity
domain: Entity
qualified form: Revision
qualified form: qualifiedRevision
sub property of: wasDerivedFrom
property chain axiom: qualifiedRevision
property chain axiom: entity

Axiom
comment: Revision is a derivation (see http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/#term-Revision). Moreover, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#term-Revision 23 April 2012 'wasRevisionOf is a strict sub-relation of wasDerivedFrom since two entities e2 and e1 may satisfy wasDerivedFrom(e2,e1) without being a variant of each other.'
annotated property: subPropertyOf
annotated target: wasDerivedFrom
annotated source: wasRevisionOf

wasStartedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse: started
category: expanded
component: entities-activities
comment: Start is when an activity is deemed to have started. A start may refer to an entity, known as trigger, that initiated the activity.
domain: Activity
range: Entity
qualified form: Start
qualified form: qualifiedStart
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
property chain axiom: qualifiedStart
property chain axiom: entity

atTime
type: DatatypeProperty
component: entities-activities
category: qualified
comment: The time at which an InstantaneousEvent occurred, in the form of xsd:dateTime.
range: dateTime
shares definition with: InstantaneousEvent
domain: InstantaneousEvent
unqualified form: endedAtTime
unqualified form: generatedAtTime
unqualified form: invalidatedAtTime
unqualified form: startedAtTime

endedAtTime
type: DatatypeProperty
component: entities-activities
editorial note: It is the intent that the property chain holds: (prov:qualifiedEnd o prov:atTime) rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:endedAtTime.
comment: The time at which an activity ended. See also prov:startedAtTime.
category: starting-point
range: dateTime
domain: Activity
qualified form: End
qualified form: atTime

generatedAtTime
type: DatatypeProperty
category: expanded
component: entities-activities
editorial note: It is the intent that the property chain holds: (prov:qualifiedGeneration o prov:atTime) rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:generatedAtTime.
comment: The time at which an entity was completely created and is available for use.
range: dateTime
domain: Entity
qualified form: Generation
qualified form: atTime

invalidatedAtTime
type: DatatypeProperty
editorial note: It is the intent that the property chain holds: (prov:qualifiedInvalidation o prov:atTime) rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:invalidatedAtTime.
category: expanded
comment: The time at which an entity was invalidated (i.e., no longer usable).
component: entities-activities
range: dateTime
domain: Entity
qualified form: Invalidation
qualified form: atTime

startedAtTime
type: DatatypeProperty
category: starting-point
editorial note: It is the intent that the property chain holds: (prov:qualifiedStart o prov:atTime) rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:startedAtTime.
component: entities-activities
comment: The time at which an activity started. See also prov:endedAtTime.
range: dateTime
domain: Activity
qualified form: Start
qualified form: atTime

value
type: DatatypeProperty
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-attribute-value
category: expanded
editorial note: The editor's definition comes from http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/#rdfvalue
component: entities-activities
comment: Provides a value for an Entity.
editors definition: The main value (if there is one) of a structured value.
editorial note: This property serves the same purpose as rdf:value, but has been reintroduced to avoid some of the definitional ambiguity in the RDF specification (specifically, 'may be used in describing structured values').
domain: Entity

Activity
type: Class
disjoint with: Entity
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Activity
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Activity
component: entities-activities
category: starting-point
definition: An activity is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities.

ActivityInfluence
type: Class
subclass of: Influence
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hadActivity
  max cardinality: 0
disjoint with: EntityInfluence
comment: ActivityInfluence is intended to be a general subclass of Influence of an Activity. It is a superclass for more specific kinds of Influences (e.g. Generation, Communication, and Invalidation).
editors definition: ActivityInfluence provides additional descriptions of an Activity's binary influence upon any other kind of resource. Instances of ActivityInfluence use the prov:activity property to cite the influencing Activity.
comment: It is not recommended that the type ActivityInfluence be asserted without also asserting one of its more specific subclasses.
category: qualified

Agent
type: Class
disjoint with: InstantaneousEvent
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-agent
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Agent
definition: An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity.
category: starting-point
component: agents-responsibility

AgentInfluence
type: Class
subclass of: Influence
category: qualified
comment: AgentInfluence is intended to be a general subclass of Influence of an Agenty. It is a superclass for more specific kinds of Influences (e.g. Association, Attribution, Delegation).
editors definition: AgentInfluence provides additional descriptions of an Agent's binary influence upon any other kind of resource. Instances of AgentInfluence use the prov:agent property to cite the influencing Agent.
comment: It is not recommended that the type AgentInfluence be asserted without also asserting one of its more specific subclasses.

Association
type: Class
subclass of: AgentInfluence
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Association
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Association
component: agents-responsibility
comment: An instance of prov:Association provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasAssociatedWith relation from an prov:Activity to some prov:Agent that had some responsiblity for it. For example, :baking prov:wasAssociatedWith :baker; prov:qualifiedAssociation [ a prov:Association; prov:agent :baker; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
definition: An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. It further allows for a plan to be specified, which is the plan intended by the agent to achieve some goals in the context of this activity.
unqualified form: wasAssociatedWith

Attribution
type: Class
subclass of: AgentInfluence
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-attribution
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-attribution
comment: An instance of prov:Attribution provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasAttributedTo relation from an prov:Entity to some prov:Agent that had some responsible for it. For example, :cake prov:wasAttributedTo :baker; prov:qualifiedAttribution [ a prov:Attribution; prov:entity :baker; :foo :bar ].
definition: Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent. When an entity e is attributed to agent ag, entity e was generated by some unspecified activity that in turn was associated to agent ag. Thus, this relation is useful when the activity is not known, or irrelevant.
category: qualified
component: agents-responsibility
unqualified form: wasAttributedTo

Bundle
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-bundle-entity
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-bundle-declaration
category: expanded
definition: A bundle is a named set of provenance descriptions, and is itself an Entity, so allowing provenance of provenance to be expressed.
comment: Note that there are kinds of bundles (e.g. handwritten letters, audio recordings, etc.) that are not expressed in PROV-O, but can be still be described by PROV-O.

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-collection
component: collections
category: expanded
definition: A collection is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents, which are themselves entities. These constituents are said to be member of the collections.

Communication
type: Class
subclass of: ActivityInfluence
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Communication
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-wasInformedBy
component: entities-activities
category: qualified
comment: An instance of prov:Communication provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasInformedBy relation from an informed prov:Activity to the prov:Activity that informed it. For example, :you_jumping_off_bridge prov:wasInformedBy :everyone_else_jumping_off_bridge; prov:qualifiedCommunication [ a prov:Communication; prov:activity :everyone_else_jumping_off_bridge; :foo :bar ].
definition: Communication is the exchange of an entity by two activities, one activity using the entity generated by the other.
unqualified form: wasInformedBy

Delegation
type: Class
subclass of: AgentInfluence
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-delegation
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-delegation
category: qualified
comment: An instance of prov:Delegation provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:actedOnBehalfOf relation from a performing prov:Agent to some prov:Agent for whom it was performed. For example, :mixing prov:wasAssociatedWith :toddler . :toddler prov:actedOnBehalfOf :mother; prov:qualifiedDelegation [ a prov:Delegation; prov:entity :mother; :foo :bar ].
definition: Delegation is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work. For example, a student acted on behalf of his supervisor, who acted on behalf of the department chair, who acted on behalf of the university; all those agents are responsible in some way for the activity that took place but we do not say explicitly who bears responsibility and to what degree.
component: agents-responsibility
unqualified form: actedOnBehalfOf

Derivation
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Derivation
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#Derivation-Relation
definition: A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.
component: derivations
comment: An instance of prov:Derivation provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasDerivedFrom relation from some derived prov:Entity to another prov:Entity from which it was derived. For example, :chewed_bubble_gum prov:wasDerivedFrom :unwrapped_bubble_gum; prov:qualifiedDerivation [ a prov:Derivation; prov:entity :unwrapped_bubble_gum; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
unqualified form: wasDerivedFrom

EmptyCollection
type: Class
subclass of: Collection
category: expanded
component: collections
definition: An empty collection is a collection without members.
type: NamedIndividual

End
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
subclass of: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-End
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-End
comment: An instance of prov:End provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasEndedBy relation from some ended prov:Activity to an prov:Entity that ended it. For example, :ball_game prov:wasEndedBy :buzzer; prov:qualifiedEnd [ a prov:End; prov:entity :buzzer; :foo :bar; prov:atTime '2012-03-09T08:05:08-05:00'^^xsd:dateTime ].
category: qualified
definition: End is when an activity is deemed to have ended. The activity no longer exists after its end. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity precedes the activity's end. An end may refer to an entity, known as trigger, that terminated the activity, or to an activity, known as ender that generated the trigger.
component: entities-activities
unqualified form: wasEndedBy

Entity
type: Class
disjoint with: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-entity
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Entity
component: entities-activities
definition: An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary.
category: starting-point

EntityInfluence
type: Class
subclass of: Influence
comment: EntityInfluence is intended to be a general subclass of Influence of an Entity. It is a superclass for more specific kinds of Influences (e.g. Usage, Derivation, Source).
category: qualified
editors definition: EntityInfluence provides additional descriptions of an Entity's binary influence upon any other kind of resource. Instances of EntityInfluence use the prov:entity property to cite the influencing Entity.
comment: It is not recommended that the type EntityInfluence be asserted without also asserting one of its more specific subclasses.

Generation
type: Class
subclass of: ActivityInfluence
subclass of: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Generation
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Generation
comment: An instance of prov:Generation provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasGeneratedBy relation from a generated prov:Entity to the prov:Activity that generated it. For example, :cake prov:wasGeneratedBy :baking; prov:qualifiedGeneration [ a prov:Generation; prov:activity :baking; :foo :bar ].
category: qualified
component: entities-activities
definition: Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation.
unqualified form: wasGeneratedBy

Influence
type: Class
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-influence
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-influence
component: derivations
comment: An instance of prov:Influence provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasInfluencedBy relation from some influenced Activity, Entity, or Agent to the influencing Activity, Entity, or Agent. For example, :stomach_ache prov:wasInfluencedBy :spoon; prov:qualifiedInfluence [ a prov:Influence; prov:entity :spoon; :foo :bar ] . Because prov:Influence is a broad relation, the more specific relations (Communication, Delegation, End, etc.) should be used when applicable.
category: qualified
definition: Influence is the capacity an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation.
unqualified form: wasInfluencedBy

InstantaneousEvent
type: Class
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#dfn-event
component: entities-activities
comment: An instantaneous event, or event for short, happens in the world and marks a change in the world, in its activities and in its entities. The term 'event' is commonly used in process algebra with a similar meaning. Events represent communications or interactions; they are assumed to be atomic and instantaneous.
definition: The PROV data model is implicitly based on a notion of instantaneous events (or just events), that mark transitions in the world. Events include generation, usage, or invalidation of entities, as well as starting or ending of activities. This notion of event is not first-class in the data model, but it is useful for explaining its other concepts and its semantics.
category: qualified

Invalidation
type: Class
subclass of: ActivityInfluence
subclass of: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Invalidation
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Invalidation
component: entities-activities
definition: Invalidation is the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by an activity. The entity is no longer available for use (or further invalidation) after invalidation. Any generation or usage of an entity precedes its invalidation.
category: qualified
comment: An instance of prov:Invalidation provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasInvalidatedBy relation from an invalidated prov:Entity to the prov:Activity that invalidated it. For example, :uncracked_egg prov:wasInvalidatedBy :baking; prov:qualifiedInvalidation [ a prov:Invalidation; prov:activity :baking; :foo :bar ].
unqualified form: wasInvalidatedBy

Location
type: Class
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-attribute-location
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-attribute
definition: A location can be an identifiable geographic place (ISO 19112), but it can also be a non-geographic place such as a directory, row, or column. As such, there are numerous ways in which location can be expressed, such as by a coordinate, address, landmark, and so forth.
category: expanded

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-agent
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-types
definition: Agents of type Organization are social institutions such as companies, societies etc.
category: expanded
component: agents-responsibility

Person
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-agent
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-types
category: expanded
definition: Agents of type Person are people.
component: agents-responsibility

Plan
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Association
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Association
definition: A plan is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals.
category: expanded
comment: There exist no prescriptive requirement on the nature of plans, their representation, the actions or steps they consist of, or their intended goals. Since plans may evolve over time, it may become necessary to track their provenance, so plans themselves are entities. Representing the plan explicitly in the provenance can be useful for various tasks: for example, to validate the execution as represented in the provenance record, to manage expectation failures, or to provide explanations.
category: qualified
component: agents-responsibility

Quotation
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-quotation
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-quotation
comment: An instance of prov:Quotation provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasQuotedFrom relation from some taken prov:Entity from an earlier, larger prov:Entity. For example, :here_is_looking_at_you_kid prov:wasQuotedFrom :casablanca_script; prov:qualifiedQuotation [ a prov:Quotation; prov:entity :casablanca_script; :foo :bar ].
component: derivations
category: qualified
definition: A quotation is the repeat of (some or all of) an entity, such as text or image, by someone who may or may not be its original author. Quotation is a particular case of derivation.
unqualified form: wasQuotedFrom

Revision
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-revision
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Revision
component: derivations
category: qualified
definition: A revision is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original. The implication here is that the resulting entity contains substantial content from the original. Revision is a particular case of derivation.
comment: An instance of prov:Revision provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasRevisionOf relation from some newer prov:Entity to an earlier prov:Entity. For example, :draft_2 prov:wasRevisionOf :draft_1; prov:qualifiedRevision [ a prov:Revision; prov:entity :draft_1; :foo :bar ].
unqualified form: wasRevisionOf

Role
type: Class
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-attribute-role
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-attribute
definition: A role is the function of an entity or agent with respect to an activity, in the context of a usage, generation, invalidation, association, start, and end.
category: qualified
component: agents-responsibility

SoftwareAgent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-agent
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-types
component: agents-responsibility
definition: A software agent is running software.
category: expanded

Source
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-primary-source
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-original-source
definition: A primary source for a topic refers to something produced by some agent with direct experience and knowledge about the topic, at the time of the topic's study, without benefit from hindsight. Because of the directness of primary sources, they 'speak for themselves' in ways that cannot be captured through the filter of secondary sources. As such, it is important for secondary sources to reference those primary sources from which they were derived, so that their reliability can be investigated. A primary source relation is a particular case of derivation of secondary materials from their primary sources. It is recognized that the determination of primary sources can be up to interpretation, and should be done according to conventions accepted within the application's domain.
comment: An instance of prov:Source provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:hadPrimarySource relation from some secondary prov:Entity to an earlier, primary prov:Entity. For example, :blog prov:hadPrimarySource :newsArticle; prov:qualified [ a prov:Source; prov:entity :newsArticle; :foo :bar ] .
category: qualified
component: derivations
unqualified form: hadPrimarySource

Start
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
subclass of: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Start
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Start
component: entities-activities
category: qualified
comment: An instance of prov:Start provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:wasStartedBy relation from some started prov:Activity to an prov:Entity that started it. For example, :foot_race prov:wasStartedBy :bang; prov:qualifiedStart [ a prov:Start; prov:entity :bang; :foo :bar; prov:atTime '2012-03-09T08:05:08-05:00'^^xsd:dateTime ] .
definition: Start is when an activity is deemed to have started. The activity did not exist before its start. Any usage or generation involving an activity follows the activity's start. A start may refer to an entity, known as trigger, that set off the activity, or to an activity, known as starter, that generated the trigger.
unqualified form: wasStartedBy

Usage
type: Class
subclass of: EntityInfluence
subclass of: InstantaneousEvent
constraints: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-constraints.html#prov-dm-constraints-fig
dm: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#term-Usage
n: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-n.html#expression-Usage
comment: An instance of prov:Usage provides additional descriptions about the binary prov:used relation from some prov:Activity to an prov:Entity that it used. For example, :keynote prov:used :podium; prov:qualifiedUsage [ a prov:Usage; prov:entity :podium; :foo :bar ].
definition: Usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity.
category: qualified
component: entities-activities
unqualified form: used