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<title>Linked Data Platform 1.0 Primer</title>
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<section id='abstract'>
This primer provides an introduction to Linked Data Platform (LDP), including the basic concepts
of LDP including Linked Data Platform Resource (LDPR) and Linked Data Platform Container (LDPC)
and their affordances, and a running example showing how an LDP client can interact with a LDP server
in the context of read-write Linked Data application i.e. how to HTTP for accessing, updating,
creating and deleting resources from servers that expose their resources as Linked Data.
</section>
<section id="intro-section">
<h1><a id="Introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
<p>Linked Data is a universal approach for handling data which fundamentally includes the notion linking between data items.
Much like the Web is giant network of interlinked documents for a human reader, the graph of Linked Data in the Web is a
data layer on top of which applications are delivered, information is modified, processed, visualised and shared.
</p>
<p>There will be several categories of systems implementing the LDP specification. Two main categories of the LDP servers include:</p>
<dl class="glossary">
<dt>Generic / vanilla LDP servers</dt>
<dd>RDF storage systems that allow interacting with their resources by means of the LDP specification. These servers do not impose any restriction on LDPRs.</dd>
<dt>Application specific LDP severs </dt>
<dd>Systems exposing their data using the LDP specification. These systems impose restrictions on LDPRs since they have an underlying business logic and data model.</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="org-section">
<h1 id="orgnization">Organization of this Document</h1>
<p>This document is organized as follows:</p>
<ul>
</ul>
<h2 id="conventions">Conventions Used in This Document</h2>
<p>Sample resource representations are provided in <code>text/turtle</code>
format [[TURTLE]].</p>
<p>Commonly used namespace prefixes:</p>
<pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"> @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>.
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix ldp: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#>.
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.</pre>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>
This section provides a set of examples to show the Linked Data Platform interactions. Note that we do not intend these examples to be representative of the manner LDP should be used, or as a canonical example of good modeling with LDP. Instead, we intend it to be a rather simple exhibition of various features of Linked Data Platform. <br/><br/>
The examples in this section will revolve around a very simple Bug Tracker application. Bug Tracker application records the bugs of several products. The Bug Tracker allows reporting, updating and deleting bugs and products.
We can make the Bug Tracker application a LDP application by mapping the Bug Tracker data model to LDP data model and mapping the Bug Tracker interactions to LDP interactions. We can map Bug Tracker to a LDPC that contains a set of products, Product to a LDPC that contains a set of bugs, and a Bug to a LDPR.
</p>
<p>RESTful API of the example Bug Tracker system.</p>
<table class="simple">
<thead>
<th>Path</th>
<th>Method</th>
<th>Description</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">/app/</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Lists all the product descriptions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Create a new product description.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the list of product descriptions and/or app description</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Not supported.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">/app/{product-id}/</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Lists the bug reports associated with a product.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Create a new bug report associated with a product.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the project description.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Delete the project description and associated bug reports.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">/app/{product-id}/{bug-id}</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Gets the bug report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Not supported.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the bug report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Delete the bug report.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<section id="simple-ex">
<h2 >Simple scenarios</h2>
<h3 id="ProductLookup">Lookup a Product</h3>
<p>One of the main use cases of the bug tracker is to list of the bugs of a given product. If one has the url
of the product, they can look it up to get more information about the product including the bugs it contain.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="product_lookup.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client request a GET with the URI of a known Product resource.</p>
<pre class="example">GET /app/product1 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Accept: text/turtle
</pre>
<p>If the resource is available, the server responds with the representation of the resource.</p>
<pre title="HTTP response for product lookup"
class='example' data-include='product_lookup_resp.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="BugLookup">Lookup a Bug</h3>
<p>Looking up a bug is similar to looking up a product. </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_lookup.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>Based on links in the representation of the Product, the client uses GET to navigate to a known Bug resource.</p>
<pre class="example">GET /app/product1/bug3 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Accept: text/turtle
</pre>
<p>The server responds with the representation of the bug.</p>
<pre title="The response of bug lookup"
class='example' data-include='bug_look_up_resp.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="BugUpdate">Update a Bug</h3>
<p> TODO - Description </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_update.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>TODO - Description</p>
<pre title="A resquest for updating a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_update_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the update is successful, the server will respond with a success status and a new etag.</p>
<pre class="example">
HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
ETag: W/"123456790"
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="BugCreate">Create a new Bug</h3>
<p>Continuing from the previous example, we can report a Bug against 'product1' by creating a Bug LDPR under the 'Product' LDPC.
The client POSTs a representation of a Bug to the Bug Tracker LDPC. </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_create.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client POSTs a representation of a Bug to the Bug Tracker LDPC.</p>
<pre title="A resquest for creating a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the create is successful, the server responds with location of the newly created resource.</p>
<pre title="A response of creating new a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_res.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>If the creation fails, the server will respond with an appropriate status code depending on the error.
After the resource is creation, the Product A LDPC will have the following representation.</p>
<pre title="The state of the product LDPC after the bug creation"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_s1.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>And the created Bug resource will have the following representation. Note that server has added a
server managed property, creation date (dcterms:created), and a default value for the state (bt:isInState)
to the Bug in addition to what was being POSTed.</p>
<pre title="The state of the bug LDPR"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_s2.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="basic-ex">
<h2>Basic scenarios</h2>
<h3 id="ProductCreate">Creat a Product</h3>
<p>If the bug tracker allows creating new Products in the tracker, that can done by posting a representation of a new Product to the
Bug Tracker container.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>The status of the bug tracker before creating the new product.</p>
<pre title="The state of the Bug Tracker LDPC"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s1.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="product_create.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client POSTs a representation of a Product to the Bug Tracker LDPC.</p>
<pre title="A resquest for creating a product"
class='example' data-include='product_create_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the create is successful, the server responds with location of the newly created resource.</p>
<pre title="A response after creating new a b"
class='example' data-include='product_create_res.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>After creation of this new container, 'Product A', the representation of the 'Tracker' container will be</p>
<pre title="The state of the Bug Tracker after the product creation"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s2.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>and the 'Product A' will have the following representation.</p>
<pre title="The state of the new Product"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s3.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="advanced-ex">
<h2>Advanced scenarios</h2>
<section id="paging">
<h3>Pagination</h3>
</section>
<section id="odering">
<h3>Ordering</h3>
</section>
<section id="binary-res">
<h3>Handling binary resources</h3>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="ldpc">LDP Implementations</h2>
A list of implementations that plan to be LDP compliant is available in the LDP Implementations wiki page.
LDP Implementation report provides the coverage of the specification by each LDP implementation.
</section>
<section class='appendix informative' id="history">
<h1>Change History</h1>
<p>The change history is up to the editors to insert a brief summary of
changes, ordered by most recent changes first and with heading from which
public draft it has been changed from.
</p>
<ul>
<li>2013-07-03 - Moving the content from the wiki to the note.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</body>
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<title>Linked Data Platform 1.0 Primer</title>
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<body>
<section id='abstract'>
This primer provides an introduction to Linked Data Platform (LDP), including the basic concepts
of LDP including Linked Data Platform Resource (LDPR) and Linked Data Platform Container (LDPC)
and their affordances, and a running example showing how an LDP client can interact with a LDP server
in the context of read-write Linked Data application i.e. how to HTTP for accessing, updating,
creating and deleting resources from servers that expose their resources as Linked Data.
</section>
<section id="intro-section">
<h1><a id="Introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
<p>Linked Data is a universal approach for handling data which fundamentally includes the notion linking between data items.
Much like the Web is giant network of interlinked documents for a human reader, the graph of Linked Data in the Web is a
data layer on top of which applications are delivered, information is modified, processed, visualized and shared.
</p>
<p> Linked Data Platform specification discusses standard HTTP and RDF techniques and best practices that you should use, and
anti-patterns you should avoid, when constructing clients and servers that read and write Linked Data resources. The LDP
consists of two main building blocks: Linked Data Platform Resource (LDPR) and
Linked Data Platform Container (LDPC).
</p>
<p> Any HTTP resource whose state is represented in RDF that conforms to the simple lifecycle patterns and conventions in LDP
specification is an LDPR. It is recommended that LDPRs reuse existing vocabularies instead of creating their own duplicate
vocabulary terms. It is also recommended that LDPRs have at least one rdf:type set explicitly to make the representations
more useful to client applications that don’t support inferencing. For example, a FOAF file of a person as shown in Example 1
can be an example of an LDPR . It uses terms from Dublin Core [[DC-TERMS]], Friend of a Friend [[FOAF]] vocabularies.
</p>
<pre title="An example LDPR"
class='example' data-include='ldpr_ex.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p> Linked Data Platform Container (LDPC) is a specialization of an LDPR. An LDPC is a collection of same-subject, same-predicate
triples which is uniquely identified by a URI that responds to client requests for creation, modification, and enumeration of its members.
For example, a set of friends of a person can be a represented as an LDPC as shown in Example 2 that contains a collection of triples
with the pattern <code><#friends, foaf:member, ?friend> </code>.
</p>
<pre title="An example LDPC"
class='example' data-include='ldpc_ex.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<pre title="A member resource of LDPC in Example 2"
class='example' data-include='ldpc_ex_m.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>
Elements of the collection of same-subject, same-predicate triples are called Membership triples or simply members of the LDPC. Several predicates
of the LDPC ldp:membershipSubject, ldp:membershipPredicate, ldp:membershipObject defines the different aspects of the membership relation.
</p>
<p>
Use cases that motivated LDP specification varies from just publishing a dataset as Linked Data with advanced features as pagination,
providing read/write access to using Linked Data for application integration. The Linked Data Platform Use Cases and Requirements document provides
a more detailed information on the use cases that motivated the LDP specification.
</p>
<p>There will be several categories of systems implementing the LDP specification. Two main categories of the LDP servers include:</p>
<dl class="glossary">
<dt>Generic / vanilla LDP servers</dt>
<dd>RDF storage systems that allow interacting with their resources by means of the LDP specification. These servers do not impose any restriction on LDPRs.</dd>
<dt>Application specific LDP severs </dt>
<dd>Systems exposing their data using the LDP specification. These systems impose restrictions on LDPRs since they have an underlying business logic and data model.</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="org-section">
<h1 id="orgnization">Organization of this Document</h1>
<p>This document is organized as follows:</p>
<h2 id="conventions">Conventions Used in This Document</h2>
<p>Sample resource representations are provided in <code>text/turtle</code>
format [[TURTLE]].</p>
<p>Commonly used namespace prefixes:</p>
<pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"> @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>.
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix ldp: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#>.
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.</pre>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>
This section provides a set of examples to show the Linked Data Platform interactions. Note, this is a primer and should
not be considered as a canonical example of ideal LDP modeling.
The examples in this section will revolve around a very simple Bug Tracker application. Bug Tracker application records
the bugs of several products allowing reporting, updating and deleting bugs and products. We can re-use simple domain vocabulary,
e.g. has_bug or related, to express our data. LDP provides the additional interaction capability in the protocol to perform dynamic
evolution of knowledge representation.
</p>
<p>RESTful API of the example Bug Tracker system.</p>
<table class="simple">
<thead>
<th>Path</th>
<th>Method</th>
<th>Description</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<!--tr>
<td rowspan="5">/app/</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Lists all the product descriptions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Create a new product description.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the app description and/or list of product descriptions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH</td>
<td>Update the app description and/or list of product descriptions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Not allowed.</td>
</tr-->
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">/app/{product-id}/</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Lists the bug reports associated with a product.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Create a new bug report associated with a product.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the project description.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH</td>
<td>Not supported.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Delete the project description and associated bug reports.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">/app/{product-id}/{bug-id}</td>
<td>GET</td>
<td>Gets the bug report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POST</td>
<td>Not allowed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PUT</td>
<td>Update the bug report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PATCH</td>
<td>Not supported.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DELETE</td>
<td>Delete the bug report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">/*/*</td>
<td>OPTIONS</td>
<td>Discover the allowed operations over a resource</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HEAD</td>
<td>Only retrieve metainformation about a resource</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<section id="simple-ex">
<h2 >Simple scenarios</h2>
<h3 id="ProductLookup">Lookup a Product</h3>
<p> One of the main use cases of the example bug tracker is to list of the bugs of a given product. Assuming
that a user got a URL of a product by out of band means, one can look it up to get more information including
the bugs associated with it.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="product_lookup.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>To get the description of the product, a client can do a GET request on the URI of the known product resource. LDPR
servers should provide text/turtle representations of the requested LDPRs and may provide RDF format representations
using standard HTTP content negotiation. </p>
<pre class="example">GET /app/product1/ HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Accept: text/turtle; charset=UTF-8
</pre>
<p>If the product resource is available, the server responds with the representation of the resource using the requested media type,
<code>text/turtle</code> in this case.</p>
<pre title="HTTP response for product lookup"
class='example' data-include='product_lookup_resp.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
The project description resource contains both information about the project such as the title and the information about members of the product LDPC
i.e. the bugs associated with the product.
</p>
<h3 id="BugLookup">Lookup a Bug</h3>
<p>Looking up a bug is similar to looking up a product. </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_lookup.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>Based on links in the representation of the Product, the client uses GET to navigate to a known Bug resource.</p>
<pre class="example">GET /app/product1/bug3 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Accept: text/turtle
</pre>
<p>The server responds with the representation of the bug.</p>
<pre title="The response of bug lookup"
class='example' data-include='bug_look_up_resp.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="ProductLookup">Discovering operations of a product</h3>
<p>
Assuming that a user got the URL of the product by out of band means, a starting point would be to discover
which operations can be performed on the product resource.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="replace.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client does an OPTIONS with the URI of a known product description resource.</p>
<pre class="example">OPTIONS /app/product1/ HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
</pre>
<p>If the product description resource is available, the server responds with the allowed HTTP operations on the product
resource along with some other metadata.</p>
<pre title="HTTP response for OPTIONS on a product"
class='example' data-include='product_options_res.txt'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> According to the response, HTTP operations {OPTIONS,GET,POST,PUT,PATCH} are allowed on the product description resource.
In addition to the allowed operations, Accept-Post and Accept-Patch provides which media types are supported by respective operations.
The rel="type" Link header advertises that this is resource supports LDP protocol and the the rel="ldp:nonMemberResource" provides a link
to the non-member resource of this product description.
</p>
<h3 id="BugCreate">Create a new Bug</h3>
<p>Continuing from the previous example, we can report a Bug against 'product1' by creating a Bug LDPR under the 'Product' LDPC.
The client POSTs a representation of a Bug to the Bug Tracker LDPC. </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_create.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client POSTs a representation of a Bug to the Bug Tracker LDPC.</p>
<pre title="A resquest for creating a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the create is successful, the server responds with location of the newly created resource.</p>
<pre title="A response of creating new a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_res.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>If the creation fails, the server will respond with an appropriate status code depending on the error.
After the resource is creation, the Product A LDPC will have the following representation.</p>
<pre title="The state of the product LDPC after the bug creation"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_s1.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>And the created Bug resource will have the following representation. Note that server has added a
server managed property, creation date (dcterms:created), and a default value for the state (bt:isInState)
to the Bug in addition to what was being POSTed.</p>
<pre title="The state of the bug LDPR"
class='example' data-include='bug_create_s2.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="BugUpdate">Update a Bug</h3>
<p> TODO - Description </p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><img src="bug_update.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>TODO - Description</p>
<pre title="A resquest for updating a bug"
class='example' data-include='bug_update_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the update is successful, the server will respond with a success status and a new etag.</p>
<pre class="example">
HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
ETag: W/"123456790"
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section id="basic-ex">
<h2>Basic scenarios</h2>
<h3 id="ProductCreate">Create a Product</h3>
<p>If the bug tracker allows creating new Products in the tracker, that can done by posting a representation of a new Product to the
Bug Tracker container.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>The status of the bug tracker before creating the new product.</p>
<pre title="The state of the Bug Tracker LDPC"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s1.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="replace.png" /></td>
<td>
<p>The client POSTs a representation of a Product to the Bug Tracker LDPC.</p>
<pre title="A resquest for creating a product"
class='example' data-include='product_create_req.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>If the create is successful, the server responds with location of the newly created resource.</p>
<pre title="A response after creating new a b"
class='example' data-include='product_create_res.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>After creation of this new container, 'Product A', the representation of the 'Tracker' container will be</p>
<pre title="The state of the Bug Tracker after the product creation"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s2.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
<p>and the 'Product A' will have the following representation.</p>
<pre title="The state of the new Product"
class='example' data-include='product_create_s3.ttl'
data-oninclude='fixCode'></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="ProductUpdate">Update a Product</h3>
<p>If the bug tracker allows updating new product in the tracker, that can done by posting a representation of a new Product to the
Bug Tracker container.</p>
</section>
<section id="advanced-ex">
<h2>Advanced scenarios</h2>
<section id="paging">
<h3>Pagination</h3>
</section>
<section id="odering">
<h3>Ordering</h3>
</section>
<section id="binary-res">
<h3>Handling binary resources</h3>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="ldpc">LDP Implementations</h2>
A list of implementations that plan to be LDP compliant is available in the LDP Implementations wiki page.
LDP Implementation report provides the coverage of the specification by each LDP implementation.
</section>
<section class='appendix informative' id="history">
<h1>Change History</h1>
<p>The change history is up to the editors to insert a brief summary of
changes, ordered by most recent changes first and with heading from which
public draft it has been changed from.
</p>
<ul>
<li>2013-07-03 - Moving the content from the wiki to the note.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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